Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

Chapter 9: Vapor and Combined Power Cycles

We consider power cycles where the working fluid undergoes a phase change. The best example of this cycle is the steam power cycle where water (steam) is the working fluid. Carnot Vapor Cycle Heat Source TH > TL

QH
Heat Engine

Wnet QL

Heat Sink TL

The heat engine may be composed of the following components. Steam Power Cycle
Boiler 3 QIn Turbine Wturb 4

Pump 2 1 Wp Condense r Qout

The working fluid, steam (water), undergoes a thermodynamic cycle from 1-2-3-4-1. The cycle is shown on the following T-s diagram.

Chapter 9-1

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0.0

Carnot Vapor Cycle Using Steam

6000 kPa

T [C]

3 4
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

100 kPa

1
1.0 2.0 3.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

s [kJ/kg-K]

The thermal efficiency of this cycle is given as

th , Carnot =

Wnet Q = 1 out Qin Qin TL TH

= 1
Note the effect of TH and TL on th, Carnot The larger TH the larger th, Carnot The smaller TL the larger th, Carnot

To increase the thermal efficiency in any power cycle, we try to increase the maximum temperature at which heat is added. Reasons why the Carnot cycle is not used Pumping process 1-2 requires the pumping of a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor at state 1 and the delivery of a saturated liquid at state 2

To superheat the steam to take advantage of higher temperature, elaborate controls are required to keep TH constant while the steam expands and does work

To resolve the difficulties associated with the Carnot cycle, the Rankine cycle was devised.

Chapter 9-2

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

Rankine Cycle The simple Rankine cycle has the same component layout as the Carnot Cycle shown above. The simple Rankine cycle continues the condensation process 4-1 until the saturated liquid line is reached. Ideal Rankine Cycle Processes Process Description 1-2 Isentropic Compression in Pump 2-3 Constant Pressure Heat Addition in Boiler 3-4 Isentropic Expansion in Turbine 4-1 Constant Pressure Heat Rejection in Condenser The T-s diagram for the Rankine cycle is given below. Locate the processes for heat transfer and work on the diagram.

Rankine Vapor Power Cycle

500

400

6000 kPa

3
300

T [C]

200

100

2 1
2 4 6

10 kPa

4
8 10 12

0 0

s [kJ/kg-K]

Example: Compute the thermal efficiency of an ideal Rankine cycle for which steam leaves the boiler as saturated vapor at 6 MPa, 350oC and is condensed at 10 kPa. We use the power system and T-s diagram shown above. P2 = P3 = 6 MPa = 6000 kPa T3 = 350oC P1 = P4 = 10 kPa [ h3 = h_g at 3 MPa = 2804.2 kJ/kg ] [ s3 = s_g at 3 MPa = 6.1869 kJ/(kg K) ] [ h1 = h_f at 100 kPa = 417.5 kJ/kg ] [ v1 = v_f at 100 kPa = 0.00104 m^3/kg ]

Chapter 9-3

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

Pump: The pump work is obtained from the conservation of mass and energy for steady-flow but neglecting potential and kinetic energy changes and assuming the pump is adiabatic and reversible.

m1 = m2 = m m1h1 + Wpump = m2 h2 Wpump = m(h2 h1 )

Since the pumping process involves an incompressible liquid, state 2 is in the compressed liquid region, we use a second method to find the pump work or the h across the pump. Recall the property relation:

dh = Tds + vdP
Since the ideal pumping process 1-2 is isentropic, ds = 0.

The pump work is calculated from

Wpump = m(h2 h1 ) mv1 ( P2 P1 ) w pump =

Using the steam tables

Wpump m

= v1 ( P2 P1 )

w pump = v1 ( P2 P1 ) m3 kJ = 0.00101 (6000 10) kPa 3 kg m kPa kJ = 6.05 kg

Now, h2 is found from

Chapter 9-4

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

h2 = w pump + h1 kJ kJ + 19183 . kg kg kJ = 197.88 kg = 6.05

Boiler: To find the heat supplied in the boiler, we apply the steady flow conservation of mass and energy to the boiler. If we neglect the potential and kinetic energies, and note that no work is done on the steam in the boiler, then

m2 = m3 = m m h +Q = m h
2 2 in

3 3

Qin = m(h3 h2 )
We find the properties at state 3 from the superheat tables as

The heat transfer per unit mass is

Qin qin = = h3 h2 m = (3004.3 197.88) = 2806.4 kJ kg kJ kg

Turbine: The turbine work is obtained from the application of the conservation of mass and energy for steady flow. We assume the process is adiabatic and reversible and neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies.

Chapter 9-5

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

m3 = m4 = m m h =W +m h
3 3 turb

4 4

Wturb = m(h3 h4 )
We find the properties at state 4 from the steam tables by noting s4 = s3 and asking three questions

at P4 = 10kPa: s f = 0.6483 is s4 < s f ? is s f < s4 < sg ? is sg < s4 ?

s4 = s f + x4 s fg x4 = s4 s f s fg =

kJ kJ ; sg = 81502 . kg kg

6.335 0.6493 = 0.758 7.5009

h4 = h f + x4 h fg kJ kJ + 0.758(2584.7 19183) . kg kg kJ = 2005.6 kg = 19183 .

The turbine work per unit mass is

wturb = h3 h4 = (3004.3 2005.63) = 998.7 kJ kg kJ kg

Chapter 9-6

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

The net work done by the cycle is

wnet = wturb w pump = (998.7 6.05) = 992.6

The thermal efficiency is

kJ kg

kJ kg

th =

wnet qin 992.6

kJ kg = kJ 2806.4 kg = 0.354 or 35.4%

Ways to improve the simple Rankine cycle efficiency Superheat the vapor Higher average temperature during heat addition Reduces moisture at turbine exit (we want x4 in the above example > 85%) Increase boiler pressure (for fixed maximum temperature) Availability of steam is higher at higher pressures Increases the moisture at turbine exit Lower condenser pressure Less energy is lost to surroundings Increases the moisture at turbine exit

Extra Assignment: For the above example find the heat rejected by the cycle, and evaluate the thermal efficiency from

Chapter 9-7

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

th =
Reheat Cycle:

wnet q = 1 out qin qin

As the boiler pressure is increased in the simple Rankine cycle, not only does the thermal efficiency increase but also the turbine exit moisture increases. The reheat cycle allows the use of higher boiler pressures and provides a means to keep the turbine exit moisture (x > 0.85 to 0.90) at an acceptable level.

Comp Boiler Turbine Condenser Pump

Rankine Cycle with Reheat Process 1st Law Result Const. P qin = (h3 - h2) + (h5 - h4) Isentropic wout = (h3 - h4) + (h5 - h6) Const. P qout = (h6 - h1) Isentropic win = (h2 - h1) = v1(P2 - P1)

The thermal efficiency is given by

th =

wnet qin (h - h4 ) + (h5 - h6 ) - (h2 - h1 ) = 3 (h3 - h2 ) + (h5 - h4 ) h6 h1 = 1 (h3 - h2 ) + (h5 - h4 )

Example: Compare the thermal efficiency and turbine-exit quality at the condenser pressure for a simple Rankine cycle and the reheat cycle when the boiler pressure is 4 MPa, boiler exit temperature is 400oC and the condenser pressure is 10 kPa. The reheat takes place at 0.4 MPa and the steam leaves the reheater at 400oC. th 35.3% xturb exit 0.8159

No Reheat

Chapter 9-8

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

With Reheat 35.9% Regenerative Cycle

0.9664

To improve the cycle thermal efficiency, the average temperature at which heat is added must be increased. One way to do this is to allow the steam leaving the boiler to expand the steam in the turbine to an intermediate pressure. A portion of the steam is extracted from the turbine and sent to a regenerative heater to preheat the condensate before entering the boiler. This approach increases the average temperature at which heat is added in the boiler. However, this reduces the mass of steam expanding in the lower pressure stages of the turbine; and, thus, the total work done by the turbine. The work that is done is done more efficiently. The preheating of the condensate is done in a combination of open and closed heaters. In the open feedwater heater the extracted steam and the condensate are physically mixed. In the closed feedwater heater the extracted steam and the condensate are not mixed. Cycle with an open feedwater heater:
QIn

Rankine Steam Power Cycle with an Open Feedwater Heater

Turbine 5 Wturb 7 6 Open Feedwater heater

1-y

y
Boiler 4 3 Pump 2
p

Condense r 2 1-y 1 Pump 1 Qout

Rankine Steam Power Cycle with an Open Feedwater Heater W 2

600 500 400

3000 kPa 5 500 kPa

Wp 1

T [C]

300 200 100 0 0

4 2 1
2 4

10 kPa

Chapter 9-9 6
s [kJ/kg-K]

10

12

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

Cycle with a closed feedwater heater with steam trap to condenser:

QIn

Rankine Steam Power Cycle with a Closed Feedwater Heater

Turbine 4 Boiler 5 Wnet 6

1-y-z

y
3 2 1 Closed Feedwater Heater 7 Pump Wp Trap 8 Condense r 2

Qout

Lets sketch the T-s diagram for this closed feedwater heater cycle

Chapter 9-10

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

s
Cycle with a closed feedwater heater with pump to boiler pressure:

QIn

Rankine Steam Power Cycle with a Closed Feedwater Heater

Turbine 4 Boiler 5 Wnet 6

1-y

y
9 3 1-y 8 y Closed Feedwater Heater 2 1-y 1 7 Pump 1 Wp 1 Condense r 2

Qout

Pump 2

Wp 1

Lets sketch the T-s diagram for this closed feedwater heater cycle

Chapter 9-11

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

Consider the regenerative cycle with the open feedwater heater. To find the fraction of mass to be extracted from the turbine, apply the first law to the feedwater heater and assume, in the ideal case, that the water leaves the feedwater heater as a saturated liquid. (In the case of the closed feedwater heater, the feedwater leaves the heater at a temperature equal to the saturation temperature at the extraction pressure.) Conservation of mass for the open feedwater heater: Let y = m6 / m5 be the fraction of mass extracted from the turbine for the feedwater heater.

min = mout m6 + m2 = m3 = m5 m2 = m5 m6 = m5 (1 y )
Conservation of energy for the open feedwater heater:

Ein = Eout m6h6 + m2 h2 = m3h3 ym5h6 + (1 y )m5h2 = m5h3 y= h3 h2 h6 h2

Chapter 9-12

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

Example: An ideal regenerative steam power cycle operates so that steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa, 500oC and exhausts at 10 kPa. A single open feedwater heater is used and operates at 0.5 MPa. Compute the cycle thermal efficiency. Using the software package the following data are obtained.

State 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 kPa 10 500 500 500 3000 500 10

P
o

T h kJ/kg 191.8 640.2

s kJ/(kg K)

v m /kg 0.00101 0.00109

3

500

3456.5 2941.6 2292.7

7.2338 7.2338 7.2338

The work for pump 1 is calculated from

w pump 1 = v1 ( P2 P1 ) m3 kJ = 0.00101 (500 10) kPa 3 kg m kPa kJ = 0.5 kg

Now, h2 is found from

Chapter 9-13

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

h2 = w pump 1 + h1 kJ kJ + 1918 . kg kg kJ = 192.3 kg = 0.5

The fraction of mass extracted from the turbine for the closed feedwater heater is obtained from the energy balance on the open feedwater heater, as shown above.

y=

h3 h2 h6 h2

kJ kg = = 0163 . kJ (29416 192.3) . kg (640.2 192.3)

This means that for each kg of steam entering the turbine, 0.163 kg are extracted for the feedwater heater. The work for pump 2 is calculated from

w pump 2 = v3 ( P4 P3 ) m3 kJ = 0.00109 (3000 500) kPa 3 kg m kPa kJ = 2.7 kg

Now, h4 is found from

Chapter 9-14

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

h4 = w pump 2 + h3 kJ kJ + 640.2 kg kg kJ = 643.9 kg = 2.7

Apply the steady-flow conservation of energy to the isentropic turbine.

m5h5 = Wturb + m6h6 + m7 h7 Wturb = m5[h5 yh6 (1 y )h7 ] Wturb wturb = = h5 yh6 (1 y )h7 m5 = [3456.5 (0163)(29416) (1 0163)(2292.7)] . . . = 1058.0 kJ kg kJ kg

The net work done by the cycle is

Wnet = Wturb Wpump 1 Wpump 2 m5 wnet = m5 wturb m1w pump 1 m3 w pump 2 m5 wnet = m5 wturb m5 (1 y ) w pump 1 m5 w pump 2 wnet = wturb (1 y ) w pump 1 w pump 2 = [1058.0 (1 0163)(0.5) 2.7] . = 1054.9 kJ kg
Chapter 9-15

kJ kg

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

Apply the steady flow conservation of mass and energy to the boiler.

m4 = m5 m4 h4 + Qin = m5h5 Qin = m5 (h5 h4 ) Qin qin = = (h5 h4 ) m5

We find the properties at state 3 from the superheat tables as The heat transfer per unit mass entering the turbine at the high pressure, state 5, is

qin = h5 h4 = (3456.5 642.9) = 2813.6 kJ kg kJ kg

The thermal efficiency is

th =

wnet qin 1054.9

kJ kg = kJ 2813.6 kg = 0.375 or 37.5%

Chapter 9-16

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

If these data were used for a Rankine cycle with no regeneration, then th = 35.6%. Thus, the one open feedwater heater operating at 0.5 MPa increased the thermal efficiency by 5.3%. However, note that the mass flowing through the lower pressure stages has been reduced by the amount extracted for the feedwater and the net work output for the regenerative cycle is about 10% lower than the standard Rankine cycle. Below is a plot of cycle thermal efficiency versus the open feedwater heater pressure. The feedwater heater pressure that makes the cycle thermal efficiency a maximum is about 400 kPa.

0.376 0.374 0.372 0.370 th 0.368 0.366 0.364 0.362 0.360 0

th vs OFWH Pressure

450

900

1350 Pofwh [kPa]

1800

2250

Chapter 9-17

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

Below is a plot of cycle net work per unit mass flow at state 5 and the fraction of mass, y, extracted for the feedwater heater versus the open feedwater heater pressure. Clearly the net cycle work decreases and the fraction of mass extracted increases with increasing extraction pressure. Why does the fraction of mass extracted increase with increasing extraction pressure?

wnet and y vs OFWH Pressure

1200 1150 1100 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.05 450 900 1350 1800 0.03 2250

wnet kJ /kg

1000 950 900 0

Pofwh [kPa]

Placement of Feedwater Heaters The extraction pressures for multiple feedwater heaters are chosen to maximize the cycle efficiency. As a rule of thumb, the extraction pressures for the feedwater heaters are chosen such that the saturation temperature difference between each component is about the same.

Tcond to FWH = Tboiler to FWH , etc.

Example: An ideal regenerative steam power cycle operates so that steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa, 500oC and exhausts at 10 kPa. Two closed feedwater heaters are to be used. Select starting values for the feedwater heater extraction pressures.

Chapter 9-18

1050

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

400

Steam

T [C]
300

233.9 C
200

3000 kPa = 62.68 C = 62.68 C

815 kPa 136.2 kPa

100

45.85 C
0 0 2

= 62.68 C 10 kPa
4 6 8 10 12

s [kJ/kg-K]

Deviation From Actual Cycles Piping losses--frictional effects reduce the available energy content of the steam Turbine losses--turbine isentropic (or adiabatic) efficiency

P3

4s

4a

P4

Chapter 9-19

Chapter 9 Lecture notes for Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 3rd Ed by Cengel and Boles

turb

wactual h3 h4 a = = wisentropic h3 h4 s

The actual enthalpy at the turbine exit (needed for the energy analysis of the next component) is

h4 a = h3 turb (h3 h4 s )
Pump losses--pump isentropic (or adiabatic) efficiency 2a

2s

P2

P1

pump =

wisentropic wactual

h2 s h1 = h2 a h1

The actual enthalpy at the pump exit (needed for the energy analysis of the next component) is

h2 a = h1 +

pump

(h2 s h1 )

Condenser losses--relative small losses that result from cooling the condensate below the saturation temperature in the condenser

Chapter 9-20