Panya Buahombura

School of Metallurgical Engineering

Suranaree University of Technology

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT


 (Stress)


    

!"# ! $%
Stress !#%&   ##'
(!" )# pound per square
inch (psi), N/m2 (Pa), N/mm2 (MPa)
Tensile Stress

Compressive Stress

F
=
A

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

Shear Stress

S
=
A

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT


! (Strain)

 % -. ! $%
"

!"/ 0 

Strain !#%& 

!"%!"/%-1!"- !
$%#

 -" )# in./in., mm/mm

Tensile Strain

Compressive Strain

l lo
l
=
=
lo
lo

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

Shear Strain

a
=
= tan
h

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT


 . 

(Yield strength, YS)

 3$
(Ultimate tensile strength, TS)


 . 
(Breaking strength)

!
(Ductility)

$

#
(Modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus)

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

10

 0 3 0)-(0!" !/

 4 3! gage length !" 0


"00!"%()-( ()-($3 
53"%& hydraulic loading system 
 mechanical
loading system  ")-(
 !" 0)-(.0  load cell 53"
 $ !"//%
. stress   #
'
(!" -")-(#/ 0 3 
!" !# Engineering
Stress

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

11

  extensometer !"-$# 0)-(0


.
#
!"'-"3( 
 -"# 3
)-(  strain !"/!(  !# Engineering Strain

"$ engineering stress (()  engineering strain
() !"/$'6%& 7
'89  ! 7#
# Engineering Stress-Strain Curve
Strain

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

12

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

13

Ductile Materials

Brittle Materials

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

14

 !" stress  strain '-"3(%&# (

" stress '-"
strain 6'-"3(/%) ;.!"%&    OP !"
 stress-strain curve 53" ! stress !"'-"3(#%&#
3 P !(# Proportional Limit

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

15

"!" -"- ! $%

(permanent deformation 
 plastic deformation) "/%
! elastic limit $# !"#!/
!0
# proportional
Elastic limit

%&
#

stress

limit

/ 0   

 stress "#
#!( 
"% !" 
0

 $%-
/ 0   
 stress $#
#!( 
"% !" 
! $%/%!" $%/% /#0

$# $%-

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

16




# - Elastic deformation  

 !#
#
6 6 (Stiffness) /
#
))#
proportional limit

!#%&

psi

N/m2 (Pa)

E =

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

17


 (Yield Point) %&!"- %!" $%

#/%
%& %!" $%00 53"
#
6  . 
!(  !# Yield
Strength

!" yield point #<#%& ductile materials 53"

 upper  lower yield point 6#)  .!!(


!" lower yield point %&
# Yield strength
 00)-(!" 0   
 !") 3( $%
! %!" $%  00/   

yield point 6

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

18

 .!!" 0% /# yield point )# non-ferrous

metals  high strength steel 53" 3( $%#!(%&!"
 0 yield strength
 /-8! off-set method  0)#!"%&
proportional limit /% stress-strain curve  OX 53"
/%!" Y  7 53" stress !" Y !( !# Yield
Strength

"/%
#

off-set

$# # 0.10 0.20 %  

gage

length

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

19

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

20

Yield point elongation

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

22


")-(0/ 0  '-"$3( !" stress  strain
'-"3( YM  stress-strain curve (53"'0 ductile
materials)  stress '-"3($3 M  !

$
!" #  !(# Ultimate Strength 
 Tensile
Strength

 0 brittle materials ! !

 . !(
.!" ductile materials -

 (necking)  

/%/! 6#!"- 

TS

F Max
=
Ao

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

23

 0 ductile materials  -"-

 

 necking 
"
/ 0

3 tensile strength (
" 3)-(#/%

"@ )-( 
#/%/! '
(!"
/
#  6 .! !") 36"  ")-(
0  !
# stress . !")-(!(#
Breaking Strength

 0 brittle materials !

 . !" stress
!
#$ ( breaking strength !
##0 tensile strength

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

24


!
% -.!" 
/ "-
!

 !  2 ;.



% 9569 
 
 % Elongation
% RA =

Ao A
Ao

100

Lf = final gage length

Lo = original gage length

% 9569 '
(!"


 %

Reduction of Area

l lo
% EL =
100
lo
Af = final cross-sectional area
Ao = original cross-sectional area
School of Metallurgical Engineering,
SUT

25

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

26

 !/!#3"# flow curve 

". 0
 3 
"B# yield point /% '
(!")-(0
  !"'-"3(  "- necking !" ultimate tensile strength
53" !") 3.!"'
(!")-(06#  6
)#
  True stress 
./ !" #)-(0 
'
(!")-( . .(
  True strain 
./
!"%!"%/% 

)-(!"$
3 . .(
53"
'89;. True stress-strain curve

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

27

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

28

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

29


6%& 
 - ! $% (permanent

or plastic deformation) 

# - 0C/ 
(resistance to identation) 53"
6  ) 
!" !
653"! $% ##@ )# ball, pyramid 
 cone %&
/%0B-)-(
-8! 
6"/%!$#-8! !(

 Brinell hardness
test, Rockwell hardness test, Vickers hardness test 
Microhardness test

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

30

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

31

%& 0
6)$096


 9/09!"!
B#1$9 10 mm 0)-(0

 0#6)( 3,000 kg %& 10 -!

 0#6)( 500 kg %& 30 -!
( B#1$9 0C !"- )
 19#  '
")
. Brinell hardness number (BHN
or HB)  
. !")    '
(!" 0
C
School of Metallurgical Engineering,
SUT

32

!"

 !") , test load (kg)

D = B#1$909, diameter of ball (mm)
d = B#1$9 0C, diameter of impression (mm)
"/%
60 -9//#- 500 HB  0!"%&$
096 //#- 650 HB  0!"%&$09
 9/09
 
#
6/#
. # 
#B#
1$9 0C !"//% % !0!0
# % !0!0
P=

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

33

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

34

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

35

%& 
#
6
#
3!"/%0)-(  0

#))$09  06)')  #

#
6/%G!"-$#0

"0
  !$# 2 (

  )  (minor load)
'
"B0)-( 53"!(!"%G#
#%&1$9
('-"  (major load) '
"3/%0
(
 "/# 3/%/!  3 % major load 
 #
#
6!"/0%G

#
6%&003($#0 !") )-

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

36

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

37

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

38

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

39

!  
0 
6000 -9 ) 

$# # 1-120 kg  

 #$ 19 53" 
.
#
Vickers hardness number (HV) /

HV


1 . 854 P
=
d 2

P = applied load (kg)

d = diagonal length of square impression (mm)

 
#/ % !0!0 

School of Metallurgical Engineering,
SUT

40

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

41

) 
6'
(!"6@ !"  
6
 )-(
 
" !"- !6 "/%) $#!" 11,000 g 53" 
) filar
micrometer eyepiece  
.
# Knoop hardness
number (KHN or HK) /



P = applied load (kg)

d = length of long diagonal (mm)

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

42

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

43

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

44

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

45

% -.'!"  absorb / (energy absorb) #!"-

!//  !
.0-!(# Toughness 53"#0'
(!"
7 stress-strain curve
-8!#@  
# toughness

 0   
 Impact
test

)-(!") 0$ ! 0 #! !"

 4  0!$# 2 ;.

 keyhole notch  Vnotch

)-(00#%& 2 % @



Charpy

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT



Izod

46

 # (Toughness) 53"#0'

(!" 7 stress-strain curve
!"!
! !
 # (toughness) #!"% 

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

47

 0   )-(0#53"$## $

(pedulum) 53"!(
#3"$3(/%!"
$ 4
0 (.
$!"-# pendulum ! potential energy
$#
#3") ( %# pendulum !/ )-(0!"
$#'
"!")-( (
" %# pendulum 
'%!"/%$# $% kinetic energy) 53" 
#
energy absorbed /
#
# #
$ -"0
$
$!/ ( pendulum

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

48

 %!"'!%&%  (Ductile to Brittle Transition)

Ductile materials  %!"'H- !%&%  (ductile
to brittle) /!".$
- ", high stress rate  fast loading rate

 !.$-!"
 ! %!"'H-  ductile %& brittle #
Impact Transition Temperature (ITT) 
 Ductile to Brittle
Transition (DBT) Temperature

 %!"'H- !%&%  %&%G 

)!"
$#'# I' )!".$-"

-0 )# 
- !" #0 -.!"%&(6 4#(

##( 
##J5!"$#0 -.(

 9
- %&
School of Metallurgical Engineering,
SUT

49

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

50

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

51

)-(00% 

)-(00!
.$-

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

52

(Effect of temperature on energy absorbed)

Impact Transition Temperature (ITT)

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

53

School of Metallurgical Engineering,

SUT

54