Broadband Communications:

Myth and Reality

Professor Stephen McLaughlin
School of Engineering & Electronics
University of Edinburgh
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
Corlerls ol Preserlal|or Corlerls ol Preserlal|or
- wral do We rear oy 3roaooano
- 3ore 8roadoard Vylrs
- F|avours ol 3roaooano Corrur|cal|or
- F|ore lo lre lore
- 03L
- w|re|ess LAN
- Fulure Tecrro|og|es
- Corc|us|ors
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
wral W||| wral W||| l l rear oy rear oy 3roaooano 3roaooano
transmission Iacility having a bandwidth suIIicient to carry
multiple voice, video or data channels simultaneously. Each
channel occupies (is modulated to) a diIIerent Irequency bandwidth
on the transmission medium and is demodulated to its original
Irequency at the receiving end; NB used originally to describe a
channel with more bandwidth than a standard 48 KHz voice grade
channel.
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
wral |s corror|y rearl oy wral |s corror|y rearl oy 3roaooano 3roaooano
t present, there is no internationally agreed deIinition oI broadband.
In general, broadband oIten reIers to internet access service with
transmission speed Irom hundreds oI kbps (kilobits per second) to
several Mbps (Megabits per second)
Note that 'dedicated bandwidth' or 'shared bandwidth' services
advertised by ISPs normally reIers to the transmission speed oI the
customer access circuit between the customer's premise and the
nearest exchange. The active users still have to share the public
network resources outside the exchange, including local and external
transmission circuit.
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
3ore 8roadoard Vylrs 3ore 8roadoard Vylrs
You can never have too much bandw|dth.
|.e. |f you bu||d |t, they w||| come
|nternet traff|c |s doub||ng every three months.
Everyone needs more bandw|dth because of the
new k|||er app||cat|ons!
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
ou car rever rave loo rucr oardW|dlr ou car rever rave loo rucr oardW|dlr
|f you bu||d |t, they w||| come.
" loW qu|c||y W||| lrey core
A Nol as qu|c||y as rary rad roped.
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
lrlerrel Trall|c douo|es every 3 rorlrs lrlerrel Trall|c douo|es every 3 rorlrs
Tre rea||ly..
8ac|oore lrall|c groWlr
aooul 100 per year |r 1990 lrrougr 1991
aooul 1,000 per year |r 1995 ard 199
aooul 100 per year |r 199Z lrrougr 2000
vera|| dala lrall|c groWlr
arourd 20 lo 30 per year |r lre 1980s
30 lo 10 per year |r 1990 lrrougr 1998
acce|eral|rg loWards 100 per year
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
3wl7Ch traffic and capacity across the Atlantic 3wl7Ch traffic and capacity across the Atlantic
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
we reed rore oardW|dlr we reed rore oardW|dlr
%raff|c |s not the same as bandw|dth!
Faclors decreas|rg oardW|dlr derard
E||r|ral|or ol 3NET r|rgs, ATV 'ce|| lax, elc.
vPNs over puo||c relWor| rep|ac|rg pr|vale ||res
Faclors |rcreas|rg oardW|dlr derard
pl|ca| sW|lcr|rg
0erard lor |oW lrarsacl|or |alercy
0w0H |s doub||ng transm|ss|on capac|ty each year!
loWever, ragrel|c slorage |s a|so douo||rg eacr yearl
3o |ocal|or rallers..........
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
3ore reasorao|e corc|us|ors 3ore reasorao|e corc|us|ors
Trarsr|ss|or capac|ly |s groW|rg al aooul lre sare
rale as lrall|c
Vagrel|c slorage |s douo||rg eacr year
3lrear|rg red|a lrall|c |s ur|||e|y lo oe a dor|rarl
laclor
|oca| slore ard rep|ay W||| rave a slrorg ro|e
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
F|avours ol 8roadoard Corrur|cal|ors F|avours ol 8roadoard Corrur|cal|ors
F|ore opl|cs
F|ore lo lre rore
03L/Cao|e Voders
0ala rales cosl elc
w|re|ess
lEEE802.11
Voo||e
30 ard oeyord
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
wral aooul F|ore lo lre lore wral aooul F|ore lo lre lore
For 25 years researcrers ard le|cos rave oeer
la|||rg aooul de||ver|rg l|ore lo lre rore.
Currerl|y correcl|or cosls lo prer|ses are S1500 lor l|ore
ard S200 lor copper 03L (assur|rg |arge sca|e
dep|oyrerls)l
F|ore lo lre rore |s a |org lerr goa| oul |r lre rear ard
red|ur lerr 03L ard deve|oprerls lrereol W||| oe lre
ra|r de||very recrar|sr lor oroadoard serv|ces lo lre
rore.
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
wral |s 0|g|la| 3uoscr|oer L|re wral |s 0|g|la| 3uoscr|oer L|re
03L |s a gerer|c rare lor a group ol lecrro|og|es Wr|cr
lrarsporl dala al r|gr rales over lre access parl ol lre
relWor|.
03Ls are d|sl|rcl lror corverl|ora| roders |r lral lre dala
|s or|y lrarsr|lled as lar as lre |oca| excrarge.
Tre s|gra| oardW|dlr greal|y exceeds 1|lz
8ased or secordary use ol ex|sl|rg cao|es
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
03LTre Access NelWor| 03LTre Access NelWor|
Corslrucl|or ard Topo|ogy
3|gra| 0egradal|or
No|se ard lrlerlererce
NTE
Street
Cabinet
or
PCP
Switch
Overhead DP
NTE
&3dergrou3d DP
Excrarge lo l|ex|o|||ly po|rl 1-3|r
F|ex|o|||ly po|rl lo 0P 0.5 lo 1|r
0P lo cuslorers prer|ses 50r
F|ore opl|cs |s or|y
lr lre core
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
F|avours ol 03L F|avours ol 03L
A03L operales |r 300|lz lo 1.1Vlz oard
1.5Vo|ls/s lo Vo|ls/s doWrslrear, 10|o|ls/s doWrslrear
A|Ways or (operales aoove oaseoard)
0-l03L (3l03L)
3|rg|e ||re 1Vo/s syrrelr|c serv|ce
v03L polerl|a||y operales up lo 30Vlz
52Vo|ls/s_ 300r, 2Vo|ls/s_ 900r, 13Vo|ls/s_ 1.5|r
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
8olr A03L ard v03L use 0VT rodu|al|or
(0|screle Vu|l|-Tore)
u3used to3es
due to l i 3e co3di ti o3s
to3e spaci3g
(4.3 kHz)
f reque3cy
= QAM-modul at ed
subcha33el (to3e)
i3di vidual l y opt imi zed
as a f u3ct i o3 of i mpai rme3ts
20 kHz 4 kHz 1.1 MHz
power
spectrum
spect rum used
for dow3st ream dat a
spectrum used
for upst ream dat a
POTS
u3used to3es
due to l i 3e co3di ti o3s
to3e spaci3g
(4.3 kHz)
f reque3cy
= QAM-modul at ed
subcha33el (to3e)
i3di vidual l y opt imi zed
as a f u3ct i o3 of i mpai rme3ts
20 kHz 4 kHz 1.1 MHz
power
spectrum
spect rum used
for dow3st ream dat a
spectrum used
for upst ream dat a
POTS
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
03L 8|l rales vs Reacr 03L 8|l rales vs Reacr
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
oba
Ranking
Country
DSL Subscribers
31 December 2003
DSL per
100 phone ines
31 December
2003
1 China 10,950,000 5.1
2 Japan 10,272,052 14.4
3 USA 9,119,000 4.8
4
South
Korea 6,435,955 27.7
5 ermany 4,500,000 8.4
6 France 3,262,700 9.6
7 Taiwan 2,800,000 21.4
8 Itay 2,280,000 8.3
9 Canada 2,170,243 10.9
10 UK 1,820,230 5.2
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
"4 2002 and "4 2003 Regiona rowth
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
North
America
Latin
America
& Carib
Western
Europe
Eastern
Europe
South
and East
Asia
Asia-
Pacific
Midde
East and
Africa
"4 2002
"4 2003
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
Proo|er ol crossla|| |r lre relWor|
03V = 0yrar|c 3peclrur Varagererl
Adapl lrarsr|l speclrur dyrar|ca||y
Reduce crossla|| (=ro|se) lor olrer users |r lre relWor|.
0VT |s very su|led lo app|y 03V (l|ex|o|e speclrur a||ocal|or)
e3tral
Office
&ser
Modem
&ser
Modem
e3tral
Office
Fulure errarcererls lo 03L Fulure errarcererls lo 03L
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
03V pr|rc|p|es 03V pr|rc|p|es
Rate-Adaptive (RA)
use all available power (fixed)
to maximize bit rate
while mai3tai3i3g fixed margi3
bit rate
3oise
margi3
t
r
a
3
s
m
i
t

P
S
D
Margin-Adaptive (RA)
use all available power (fixed)
to maximize margi3
while mai3tai3i3g fixed bit rate
bit rate
3oise
margi3
t
r
a
3
s
m
i
t

P
S
D
curre3t
deployme3t
practice
Margin-Adaptive (RA)
use all available power (fixed)
to maximize margi3
while mai3tai3i3g fixed bit rate
bit rate
3oise
margi3
t
r
a
3
s
m
i
t

P
S
D
curre3t
deployme3t
practice
Power-Adaptive (PA)
= Fixed-Margin (FM)
mi3imize power
while mai3tai3i3g fixed bit rate
a3d fixed 3oise margi3
bit rate
3oise
margi3
t
r
a
3
s
m
i
t

P
S
D
DSM
DSM
Power-Adaptive (PA)
= Fixed-Margin (FM)
mi3imize power
while mai3tai3i3g fixed bit rate
a3d fixed 3oise margi3
bit rate
3oise
margi3
t
r
a
3
s
m
i
t

P
S
D
DSM
DSM
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
w|re|ess Tecrro|og|es w|re|ess Tecrro|og|es
wLAN
lEEE 802.11o ard 802.11g slardards lrarsr|l al 2.1 0lz,
Wr||e lrose lral corp|y W|lr lre 802.11a slardard lrarsr|l
al 5 0lz oller|rg dala rales ol 11-51Vo|ls/s.
L|r|led rarge ol arourd 30r W|lr d|scorl|ruous coverage.
Frequercy oards are ur||cersed lrlerlerercel
Voo||e
perales oelWeer 1-20lz |r ||cersed oards
Voderale dala rales arourd 1|o|ls/s
Exlers|ve coverage ard rarge
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
w|re|ess LAN ard 03L w|re|ess LAN ard 03L
w|re|ess roulers W|lr ar |rou||l A03L roder are
ava||ao|e lor arourd Z0
3o W|re|ess LAN avo|ds rav|rg lo W|re your rouse
W|lr CAT5 cao|el
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
w|re|ess LANwral |s lre urder|y|rg lecrro|ogy w|re|ess LANwral |s lre urder|y|rg lecrro|ogy
rlrogora| lrequercy d|v|s|or ru|l|p|ex|rg (F0V) |s a corrur|cal|ors lecrr|que
lral d|v|des a corrur|cal|ors crarre| |rlo a ruroer ol equa||y spaced lrequercy
oards. A suocarr|er carry|rg a porl|or ol lre user |rlorral|or |s lrarsr|lled |r eacr
oard. Eacr suocarr|er |s |rdeperderl ol eacr olrer.
F0V |s lre rodu|al|or lecrr|que lor 03L, W|re|ess LANs, 0|g|la| Aud|o 8roadcasl
ard 0|g|la| v|deo 8roadcasl syslers ard a card|dale lor lulure roo||e syslers.
,

i
,

f
,

k
,

l
,

m
...
r . - -
N
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
Tre Fulure..... Tre Fulure.....
3o Wral does lre lulure ro|d...
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
Tre 0r|vers Tre 0r|vers
'O (A) 'O (D) M&TMDA WRSS
WORD (WW)
Digita
- Quality
- Security
- Reliability
- apacity
- Roami3g
Services
- Mixed services
- apacity
- Flexible billi3g
- Perso3alisatio3
Integrated WW
- Mixed 3etworks
(WAN,WAN,D',etc.)
- P based/co33ected
- Ambie3t aware3ess
- &biquity/flexibility
- 'Always co33ected'
1G 2G 3G 3G
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
'830 0es|gr Cra||erges '830 0es|gr Cra||erges
A|lrougr 30 |s ar |rporlarl l|rsl slep, severa| oas|c |ssues sl||| reed lo oe addressed lor rexl
gereral|or W|re|ess syslers
Fasl/re||ao|e oroadoard rad|os (Pl/VAC) W|lr "o3
~'00 rops '-'0 Vops u|rn aoapr|v|ry, ||nk re||ao|||ry & 0o$
3ca|ao|e sysler capac|ly lor rass-rar|el serv|ces
n|n serv|oe penerrar|on |mp||es ~Sops/$q-rm
lrlegral|or ol ru|l|p|e rad|os |rlo s|rg|e lP relWor|
un|l|eo moo|||ry aron|reorure, open neruorks u|rn
moou|ar serv|oes
NeW relWor||rg rodes, e.g. ru|l|casl, ru|l|rop & peer-lo-peer
|ouer-oosr |nlrasrruorure, neruorks rnar rou oran|oa||y
Tru|y uselu| roo||e |rlorral|or serv|ces
oeyono ueo orous|n on pnones/P0/s,
neu porrao|e oev|oes
scaling capacity
& lower cost
per bit
more flexible
networks
adaptive
services
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
830 syslers car exp|o|l Voore's |aW advarces |r rad|o speed, oul reed
lo Wor| W|lr srorler rarge...
1990
1995
2000
Year
1
10

1000
Mhz
1
10

1000
Kbps
1
10

1000
Mbps
1
10

1000
MB
L
A
A
/
W
A
A
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
L
o
c
a
l

A
c
c
e
s
s
C
P
U

S
p
e
e
d
M
e
m
o
r
y

S
i
z
e
CPU
LAN/WAN
Local
Access
Memory
Kbps
1
10

1000
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s

A
c
c
e
s
s
Wireless
CDPD
3G Mobile
802.11bWLAN,
Cable
Modem
DSL
Gbps
Router
ATM
56K modem
Sw Ethernet
802.11a, UWB,..,
short-range
radio speeds
outpacing Moore's
law over last
~5 yrsl
mplications:
{1_ 4G must support short-range radios
{2_ 8ystem should accept new radios
as they emerge
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
Hierarchical, selI-organizing network concept
currently under consideration, based on:
3 service tiers (cellular, WLN, personal area)
BS`s, P`s, FN`s (Iorwarding radio nodes), user devices
automatic discovery and power mgmt protocols
hierarchical, ad-hoc multihop routing
nternet nternet
Forwarding node
low-tier
{e.g. sensor_
user nodes
Access Point
FN
AP
BT8
3G cell
personal-area
pico-cell
WLAN
micro-cell
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
Corc|us|ors Corc|us|ors
Preserl
Voderale dala rales across ru|l|p|e ror-|rleracl|rg
syslers
Near lo red|ur lerr
lrcrease |r dala rales
Lorg lerr
Tru|y oroadoard serv|ces W|lr relWor|s |rlerWor||rg
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Royal Society oI Edinburgh, Broadband Communications
10th May, 2004
Thank You
Ary "uesl|ors