Antenna

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vn

PHAN 1

LY THUYET
ANTEN

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CHUONG l : KHAl NlEM TRUONG lEN TU
---oOo---
I. ac iem song ien t.
Toan bo ly thuyet anten c xay dng tren c s cua song ien
t. ien trng va t trng ong thi ton tai trong khong gian thong
nhat tao thanh trng ien t.
Trng ien t la mot dang vat chat c ban, chuyen ong vi
van toc c trong moi he quy chieu quan tnh trong chan khong; no the
hien s ton tai va van ong qua nhng tng vi mot dang vat chat
khac la nhng hat hoac nhng moi trng chat mang ien.
Trng ien t co mang nang lng va nhiet o:
} L I F F (
2
' + = (
.
.
)
Trng ien t ac trng bi cac ai lng sau :
F: vector cng o ien trng (
.
V
)
L: Vector cam ng ien (
2
.
C
)
F: Vector cam ng t (
2
.
'r
)
I: Vector cng o t trng (
.
A
)
Trng ien t c bieu dien qua he thong phng trnh
Maxwell .
rot F= -
t
F
(1.1)
t
L
. I rct
+ = (1.2)
= L ci (1.3) D F ci = (1.4)
Ngoai ra con co phng trnh lien he :
F F L
r
= =

(
2
.
C
) (1.5)
I I F
r
= =

( T
.
V:
2
= ) (1.6)

F . = (
2
.
A
) (1.7)
. :thong lng vector mat o dong dan (
2
.
A
)
: phan bo ien tch khoi (
.
C
)
: o dan ien cua moi trng dan (
.
:
.
)
: he so ien tham tuyet oi cua moi trng (
.
A
)
oi vi moi trng chan khong }
.
F
(
t
D
'
= =

D
r
= :cac ien moi thong thng
r
= : khong kh
4
r
D D = : mot so muoi senhet
: he so t tham cua moi trng (
.
I
)
oi vi moi trng chan khong }
.
I
( D . 4

= =
r
= : oi vi moi trng thong thng
NocD tc r trdcD i-D td ccD i-D td
trdcD.

Y ngha he phng trnh Maxwell.
- Phng trnh Maxwell (1.1)va (1.2) neu ro t trng va ien trng
bien thien luon gan bo vi nhau va luon co tnh chat xoay.
- Phng trnh Maxwell (1.3)va (1.4)mo ta dang hnh hoc cua hai mat
the hien ien trng va t trng.
II. Song ien t :
Phng trnh song ien t co dang.
E = Eo cos( t -
V
x
)
Tng t : B = Bo cos( t - )
V
x

Eo , Bo , phu thuoc ieu kien au.
Ham E ( x,t ) va B ( x,t ) la cac ham song, nh vay ien trng
va t trng lan truyen trong khong gian di dang song .
Vay song ien t la trng ien t bien thien truyen i trong
khong gian. S lan truyen cua song ien t the hien qua s lan truyen
nang lng ien t, cac cng o trng (song E, song H...)va cac the
(song A, song ).
Theo dang cac mat phang ong pha cua song ien t ma ta co
song ien t phang, song tru hoac song cau...Song ien t phang la
song ien t co mat ong pha la mat phang, phng truyen cua song
phang moi ni eu vuong goc vi mot mat phang xac nh.
Song ien t c goi la n sac hay eu hoa neu cac vector
cng o ien trng, t trng bien oi hnh sin theo thi gian vi mot
tan so wxac nh.
- Song phang goi la song phang ong nhat neu vector E,H cua song
phu thuoc ch mot toa o khong gian.
- Song tru tron la dang song ma trng va nang lng lan truyen theo
chieu ban knh r toa t mot truc ra khong gian xung quanh hoac hng
vao truc.

Tnh chat cua song ien t ton tai trong moi trng chat va trong
moi trng chan khong.
a. Song ien t co chc nang:
- Tao chum tia cong suat theo mot hng nh trc.
- Lai chum tia e mot khu vc nao o co the c bao phu song.
- Cho phep o ac thong tin ve goc e co the xac nh hng.
b. Song ien t la song khong gian. Tai moi iem trong khong gian,
phng E , B eu vuong goc vi phng truyen song. Ta noi song ien
t phang thuoc loai song ien t ngang TEM
c. E , H luon cung pha va co tr so luon ti le vi nhau.
d. Bien o ien trong va t trng cua song gi khong oi trong qua
trnh lan truyen.
e. Van toc dch chuyen cua cac mat ang pha c goi la van toc pha
(hay la van toc truyen nang lng cua trng (ca ien va t kem
theo nhau).
(1.8)
trong o goi la he so pha (rad/m)
f. Nang lng va nang thong.
- Nang lng song ien t la nang lng cua trng ien t.
Nang lng nay ton tai trong vung khong gian co song ien t.
- Nang thong la nang lng truyen i mot n v dien tch trong mot
n v thi gian.
nh ngha :Vect Poynting.
La vector mat o dong cong suat ien t, vector o bang cong suat
ien t chay qua mot n v dien tch at vuong goc vi dong chay
FI =
III. Song ien t trong moi trng ban dan ien ong chat:
Ta co ien dan suat cua moi trng 0 khi o he thong cac
phng trnh Maxwell la:
rot H = F +
t
L
rot E = -
t
F

D F ci = = L ci
Neu nguon trng bien thien theo qui luat ieu hoa

.
wt
} - F F-( F = (1.9)
Re la phan thc cua ai lng phc. T cac phng trnh lien he, lay
ao ham (1.9), ket hp vi cac phng trnh lien he va so sanh vi
phng trnh Maxwell ta co:
}
.
F
( } i (
=
T s tng ng tren sau khi khao sat ngi ta rut ra ket luan :
1. Song thoc loai song ngang.
2. Vect cng o ien trng va t trng vuong goc vi nhau va ca
hai eu vuong goc vi phng truyen song.
3. Song lan truyen b moi trng hap thu lam suy giam bien o. Mc o
suy giam theo ham mu ac trng bi tha so vi =
=
2
w

(1.10) la he so hap thu.
4. ien trng va t trng truyen i vi van toc giong nhau v= c/n
(m/s).
5. mot iem trong khong gian t trng lech pha vi ien trng mot
goc.
= arctg
D
(o)
6. Bien o cng o ien trng va t trng co quan he vi nhau bi
bieu thc :
H
m
=
+
2D
D
2 2
E
m
(
.
A
)
Qua bieu thc cua he so hap thu (1.10) ta thay rang khi ien dan cang
tang va bc song cang ngan th hap thu cang nhieu .
Truyen song qua moi trng ban dan ien (mat at, mat bien) e
giam bt ton hao nen dung song co bc song ln.
IV. Song vo tuyen:
1. ac iem cua song vo tuyen:
Song vo tuyen co chung ac tnh vi cac dang chuyen ong khac. Co
the noi mot cach gan ung, chuyen ong song la bao gom s ke tiep
lien tuc nhng nh song va ay song vi nhng khoang cach bang
nhau va chuyen ong theo mot toc o co nh. V du ta nhn mot manh
go noi tren mat nc b nang len va ha xuong khi song i qua, nhng
neu khong co gio va dong nc th no se khong dch chuyen ve bat c
hng nao. ieu o ch ra rang song c tao ra au tien bi mot s
bien ong nao o xa, tnh tien qua moi trng (trong trng hp nay
la bien) vi mot toc o co nh nhng ban than moi trng th khong
dch chuyen. Khoang cach gia hai song lien tuc goi la bc song (k
hieu ). Mot dao ong hoan chnh t mot nh song qua ay song en
nh song ke tiep goi la chu k. So chu k song i qua mot iem co nh
trong mot khoang thi gian cho san goi la tan so (k hieu f), co the giai
thch tan so bang so chu k tren giay goi la Hez (Hz). Ro rang la so chu
k trong mot giay phu thuoc vao bc song va toc o ma song truyen
lan (toc o k hieu la c). Song co bc song 2m chuyen ong vi toc o
10m tren giay phai dao ong vi tan so la 5 chu k tren giay.Moi quan
he gia cac yeu to nh sau:
Toc o bang tan so x bc song
Hoac C = f x (1.11)
Bang cach suy luan t song bien co the chng minh c s that xa
hn. Mot hon a nem xuong ho cho thay song se truyen lan ra vi toc
o co nh moi hng neu nh no khong b can tr.
Song vo tuyen co ay u cac ac tnh va mo ta khac nhau ve ban
chat cho song vo tuyen la song ien t no tao nen bi trng ien va
trng t, ma khong phai la chan ong c hoc. Song ien t co ac tnh
vi song anh sang, mac du bc song cua chung dai hn yeu to nay
anh hng rat ln en ac tnh cua chung. Khi noi en chung ngi ta
thng dung khai niem ien hn khai niem t, cng o cua chung
c o bang vol/ . , cong suat o bang oat/
2
. . S ton tai cua nang
lng trong song ien t c chng minh bi mot s thc la no cam
ng dong ien trong vat chat ma no tiep xuc. Song vo tuyen co truc
ien va truc t vuong goc nhau. S nh hng cac truc nay trong
khong gian goi la phan cc va chung c bieu dien theo hng cua
truc ien. Bc song cua song vo tuyen hien nay thng nam trong
khoang 20.000m en 4mm . Toc o cua chung trong khong gian t do
la co nh khoang 300 trieu met hoac 161800 hai ly tren giay. Gia tr
nay c s dung rong rai khi xet s truyen lan cua song trong kh
quyen. V toc o la co nh, khi tan so tang th bc song giam. V du
di ay ch ro cong thc a ra tren c s dung nh the nao e
oi bc song ra tan so: Hay tm tan so cua mot ai phat song vo tuyen
phat tren bc song 1500m.

1 , hoac tan so = I: DDD . 2DD

cDD .
DDD . DDD . DD
=
Tan so song vo tuyen thng c o bang cac boi so cua Hz nh:
1 kilohec (Khz) = 10
3
Hz, 1megahec (Mhz) = 10
6
Hz, 1gigahec
(Ghz)=10
9
Hz.
oi vi mot khoang cach thi gian rat ngan, thi gian thng c
tnh bang micro giay( tc mot phan trieu cua giay). Song vo tuyen co
bc song ngan nh vay goi la song sieu ngan (viba ).
T nhng so sanh n gian tren ta hieu c ban chat chung cua
song vo tuyen. Thuoc tnh cua chung phu thuoc rat nhieu vao phng
phap bc xa chung vao khong gian. Nhng ieu can noi ay la song
vo tuyen co the c tap trung lai thanh chum tia theo mot hng nhat
nh va co the b phan xa, khuc xa, tan xa hay nhieu xa giong nh song
anh sang tuy thuoc vao ban chat moi trng ma chung i qua va nhng
muc tieu ma chung tiep xuc.
2. S nh hng.
Ta ch xet thi iem ma luc song bat au truyen trong khong gian.
Kch thc can thiet cua bo phan xa e tap trung song vo tuyen
vao mot chum tia vi o rong cho trc, phu thuoc vao bc song c
s dung, bc song cang dai th bo phan xa cang rong. V vay e co
mot bo phan xa co kch thc thch hp, e nhan c mot chum tia
hep phai s dung song co bc song rat ngan. Vi bc song 3cm bo
phan xa rong 5 fut th se cho mot chum tia rong khoang 1.5 o vi bo
phan xa rong 10 fut se cho chum tia rong 0.75 o.
o chnh xac cua viec do hng ch can thiet tren mat phang
ngang tc la phng v. Chung ta de nhan thay rang, bat ky phng v
nao chum tia cang rong th cng o cua no cang yeu.
Bo phan xa phat nang lng i theo mot chum tia hep vi goc o
nhat nh, nang lng ay c phat t tieu iem mat phan xa th bo
phan xa cung tap trung tat ca nang lng t nguon ben ngoai i en no
roi phan xa ve cung mot tieu iem ay theo cung goc o nh luc no phat
i. ieu o noi len rang anten co tnh nh hng cho ca thu va phat.
No khong nhng co li cho o chnh xac cua viec do hng ma con lam
tang cng o cua song thu c.
S suy giam cng o tn hieu theo khoang cach: cng o cua tn
hieu thu c mot iem se bien oi khi thay oi khoang cach cua
iem o en may phat nh sau:
+ Cng o trng( o bang vol/ . ) t le nghch vi khoang cach.
+ Cong suat( o bang oat/
2
. ) t le nghch vi bnh phng khoang
cach.
V. Cong suat truyen song ly tng.
Gia s nguon bc xa la ang hng va c at trong mot khong
gian t do. Ngha la trong mot moi trng ong nhat, ong hng
khong hap thu va co he so ien tham tng oi bang mot.
Ta tnh mat o thong lng nang lng cua trng bc xa mot
khoang cach ke t nguon va gia thuyet la nang lng bc xa phan bo
ong eu tren mat cau ban knh r.
Bieu th cong suat bc xa bang W. n v chieu dai la m , ta co
bieu thc thong lng nang lng qua mot n v ien tch cua mat cau
ban knh r trong mot n v thi gian la:
S = } . ' (
r 4
2
2
(1.12)
Gia tr cua bieu thc (1.12) cung chnh bang gia tr trung bnh cua
vector Poynting tren mat cau ay:
S = E
n
H
n
(1.13)
E
h
(V/m); H
n
(A/m) goi la tr hieu dung cua vect cng o ien trng
va t trng .
Trong n v o lng hp phap
H = E/120 ( A/m )
khi o (1.13) c viet lai
S =
120
2
E
(W/
2
. ) Eh =
r
p 30
(V/m)
Trong thc te ngi ta dung nhng he thong bc xa co tnh
phng hng. Mc o nh hng c anh gia bi he so phng
trnh D, he so D la mot he so ac trng cho mat o tap trung nang
lng bc xa cua anten theo mot hng nao o. Co the hieu mot cach
n gian nh sau: mot anten co hng cong suat bc xa P va co he so
tnh phng hng mot hng nao o la D se tao ra iem thu
hng o mot cng o trng co tr se giong nh mot anten ve hng
co cong suat PD tao ra. Nh vay viec s dung anten co hng se tng
ng vi viec tang cong suat bc xa len so vi anten vo hng khi o:
Eh =
r
PD 90

Tr so bien o cua cng o trng E
m
=
r
pD 60
(V/m)
Tr so tc thi cua cng o trng bang :
E =
r
pD 60
cos ( t-
r
pD
c
n 60
) = cos( wt-Kr )
w : tan so goc cua song
K=
w c
w 2
= la he so song
: bc song khong gian t do.
Trng hp nguon bc xa khong phai at trong khong gian t do
ma at tren mat at dan ien ly tng, khi ay nang lng se phan bo
theo mot na hnh cau, tr so D se tang gap oi va cng o trng se
tang len 2 lan.
VI. Phan loai song theo vo tuyen ien theo bang song va theo
phng thc lan truyen .
Cac song vo tuyen ien chia thanh 5 bang song.
1. Song cc dai: song co bc song ln hn 10.000 m (tan so thap hn 30
Khz ).
2. Song dai: la song co bc song t 10.000 m en 1.000 m.
3. Song trung: la song co bc song t 1.000 m en 100m ( tan so
300Khz en 3 Mhz ).
4. Song cc ngan : la song co bc song 10m en 1mm (tan so 30 Mhz
en 300.000 Mhz ).
Nhng phng thc lan truyen cua song vo tuyen ien
a. Nhng song vo tuyen ien lan truyen mat at se lan truyen theo
ng thang vi van toc khong oi. Do s co mat cua mat at la dan ien,
mot mat gay phan xa song, lam bien dang cau tao cua song va gay ra hap
thu song trong at, mat khac b cuon i theo o cong mat at do hien
tng nhieu xa. Nhng song nay goi la song at. Vay s lan truyen song
at co the bao gom tat ca cac bang song a neu tren.
b. Tang oi lu la mot lp kh quyen nam trc tiep sat mat at len en
o cao khoang 10 15 km. o la mot moi trng khong ong nhat.
c. Nhng song vo tuyen ien c truyen i do s khuech tan trong
tang oi lu goi la song tang oi lu. Nhng song vi bc song ngan hn
10 m mi co the truyen i theo dang nay. Tang ien ly la mot mien cua
kh quyen cao nam t o cao 60 km en 500 km tren mat at. Tang ien
ly la moi trng ban dan ien va song co the phan xa, t o nhng song
dai hn 10 m. tang ien ly la moi trng khong ong nhat nen no co
kha nang khuech tan song truyen en nhng song ngan hn 10m.
NDd y, DDdD :cD c toy-D i-D dc troy-D i
cc :d DD (.ct D Dc DDi-o D }, Dc cc
Do-D tD td tD i-D y ci :cD i-D y.
VII . Truyen song cua nhng dai song khac nhau.
1. ac iem lan truyen cua song dai va song cc dai.
T viec truyen song tren mat at tang oi lu, tang ien ly
phan trc ta se rut ra ket luan cho viec truyen song cua tng dai trong
phng thc nao cho thch hp.
oi vi song dai va song cc dai, mat at co tnh dan ien tot.
Do o khi truyen song theo phng thc song at no se b mat at hap
thu t hn oi vi song trung va song ngan. Mat khac, do bc song
cua dai song nay kha ln co the so sanh vi o cong mat at nen song
mat at co the lan truyen theo phung thc nhieu xa. Uon cong theo
mat at va at c ly kha ln. Do nhng ly do tren song dai va song
cc dai co the truyen lan theo phng thc song at e at en nhng
c ly khoang 3000 km.
Vi nhng c ly ln hn 3000 km phai thc hien s truyen
song bang tang ien ly v bc song ln no b tang ien ly hap thu
manh nen ngi ta t s dung.
Khi lan truyen song dai va cc dai, ngi ta quan sat con thay
hien tng oi cc. Biet rang, cang i xa ai phat th cng o trng
cang giam nho. Nhng neu tang c ly len na th se en mot mien ma
o cng o trng lai tang len. Mien nay nam oi dien vi ai phat
qua tam trai at va goi la mien oi cc.
Song dai va song cc dai khong b hien tng fading so vi
cac song khac no truyen i khong c xa nhng co u iem la on
nh.
cac nc on i ngi ta s dung cac loai song nay dung cho ai
phat thanh a phng va thong tin c ly gan khong qua 1000 km.
cac nc nhiet i nh Viet Nam song nay b anh hng nhieu cua ien
tri (sam set, giong bao, s phong ien cua kh quyen ) nen khong c s
dung

2. ac iem truyen cua song trung :
Song trung c ng dung chu yeu trong truyen thanh, no the
lan truyen bang song at nh song ien ly.
C ly truyen lan cua song trung bang phng thc song at khong
vt qua 500km en 700 km , vi c ly ln hn phai truyen lan bang
tang ien ly .
S bien oi ieu kien truyen song ve ban em va ban ngay.
- Ban em song trung truyen lan bang cach phan xa tren lp E
(lp E mat o ien t tng oi ln ) nen ve ban em co the thc hien
bang ca song at lan song tri.
- Ban ngay do s xuat hien cua lp D (co mat o ien tch nho
)nen song nay se cho truyen qua va chu s hap thu rat manh. Ban
ngay ch co hieu qua oi vi song at.
:d DDi-o cD o i-D y DcD c DD DdcD -D
:cD troD i :cD DD c c F c rt it ri
D Dci trcD tDci iD rc i-D y.
Hien tng fading cua song trung :
c ly ngan hien tng fading la hien tng giao thoa goi la song
at va song tri.
c ly xa hien tng fading la do giao thoa gia song tri va song
tri tai iem thu. Do mat tang ien ly thay oi theo chieu cao, phan xa
cua song cung bien oi dan en s thay oi quang ng i cua song.
3. ac iem truyen lan cua song ngan :
Song ngan co the truyen lan bang song at va song ien ly.
Khi tan so tang s hap thu cua mat at oi vi song mat at se tang.
V vay, oi vi song ngan neu dung ai phat co cong suat trung bnh
ch co the truyen lan c bang song at trong c ly khong vt qua
vai chuc km.
oi vi c ly ln phai truyen song bang song ien ly. Khi ay co the
dung may phat co cong suat trung bnh cung co the thong tin c va c ly
rat xa ti hang nghn km.


CHNG II : S LC VE ANTEN
VA THONG TIN VE TINH.
---oOo---
A. S lc ve Anten.
Trong mot he thong vo tuyen, mot song ien t lan truyen t may
phat en may thu qua khong gian. Viec truyen nang lng ien t trong
khong gian co the c thc hien theo hai cach:
- Dung cac he truyen dan ngha la cac he dan song ien t nh
ng day song hanh, ng truyen ong truc, ong dan song kim loai
hoac ien moi... Song ien t truyen lan trong cac he thong nay thuoc
loai song ien t rang buoc.
- Bc xa song ra khong gian. Song se c truyen i di dang
song ien t t do.
Do o thiet b dung e bc xa song ien t hoac thu nhan song t
khong gian ben ngoai c goi la Anten.
Anten la mot thiet b bc xa va thu nang lng.
Chung ta a thay anten la bo phan quan trong khong the thieu
c cua bat ky he thong vo tuyen ien nao, bi v a la he thong vo
tuyen ngha la he thong trong o co s dung song ien t th khong the
khong dung en thiet b e bc xa hoac thu song ien t. Anten quyet
nh rat nhieu cac tnh chat khac nhau cua tuyen thong tin lien lac.
Anten co nhieu dang va nhieu cau truc khac nhau co loai rat n
gian nhng co loai rat phc tap. Ta co hai loai anten la anten vo hng
va anten co hng.
a. Anten vo hng: la anten co bc xa cong suat mot cach ong nhat
trong mot goc khoi 4.
b. Anten co hng: la anten ma no tap trung cong suat theo mot
hng nhat nh v vay no phu thuoc vao he so hng tnh D( , ) va
o liG( , ).
D( ,) mo ta kieu bc xa, G( , ) cho ta biet s ton hao( nhiet hay
cong suat bc xa vao cac bup phu )
Tuy nhien phan t phat xa chnh va thu chnh chnh la phan t oi
xng va khong oi xng.
Thong thng gia anten phat va anten thu khong noi trc tiep vi
nhau ma c ghep vi nhau qua ng truyen nang lng ien t, goi
la fie. Anten phat co nhiem vu bien oi song ien t rang buoc trong
fie thanh song ien t do bc xa ra khong gian. Anten thu th co
nhiem vu ngc vi anten phat la tiep nhan song ien t t do t khong
gian ben ngoai va bien oi chung thanh song ien t rang buoc. Song
nay c truyen theo cac fie.
Yeu cau cua thiet b anten fie la phai thc hien viec truyen va
bien oi nang lng vi hieu suat cao nhat va khong gay meo dang tn
hieu.
- Chan t oi xng la mot trong nhng nguon bc xa c s
dung kha pho bien trong ky thuat anten. No gom hai day dai bang
nhau(hnh tru, chop, elipsoit) gia day fie nh hnh (2.1). Thng
dung nhat la chan t oi xng co chieu dai bang na bc song va
c goi la chan t na bc song.
- Chan t khong oi xng co mot au day noi va mot au cua may
phat(hay may thu )con au con lai cua may phat (hay may thu ) th
c noi at hnh (2.2).
Hnh 2-1.Chan t oi xng. Hnh 2-2.chan t khong oi xng.
Toy tD-c dD coD o Dt-D trcD D-
tDcD tDcD tiD c toy-D, c toy-D troy-D tDDD,
troy-D DiDD, c toy-D c DD, c toy-D tDi-D
D, c toy-D i-o Di-D td , rc... . Ddci
t coD -t o tdcD td o Dt-D.
- oi vi cac ai phat thanh va vo tuyen truyen hnh th anten can
bc xa ong eu trong mat phang ngang (mat at ), e cho cac may
thu ac cac hng bat ky eu co the thu c tn hieu cua ai phat.
Song anten can bc xa nh hng trong mat phang ng, vi hng
cc ai song song mat at e cac ai thu tren mat at co the nhan
c tn hieu ln nhat va e giam nho nang lng bc xa theo cac
hng khong can thiet.
- Trong thong tin mat at hay vu tru thong tin chuyen tiep, rada, vo
tuyen ieu khien t xa...th yeu cau anten bc xa vi hng tnh cao,
ngha la song bc xa ch tap trung vao mot goc hep trong khong gian.
Nh vay nhiem vu cua anten khong phai ch n gian la bien
oi nang lng ien t cao tan thanh song ien t t do ma phai bc
xa song ay theo nhng hng nhat nh, vi cac yeu cau ky thuat cho
trc.
I. Nguon bc xa nguyen to cua anten.
Khi khao sat cua anten phc tap, ta phai khao sat cac nguon
bc xa nguyen to e lam c s. Nguon bc xa nguyen to gom co: lng
cc ien va lng cc t.
1.Lng cc ien.
Lng cc ien la mot oan day dan manh va chieu dai l rat
nho so vi bc song (l<< ). Tren lng cc ien dong ien xoay
chieu tai moi ni eu cung bien o va pha.
khoang cach xa r>>l cng o ien trng xac nh bang bieu thc
:
r
E()

E(
r
e KIlsisn
j
jKr
=

30
) (2.1)
Vi K= : ,
2
bc song
T tDy dcD c trdcD Do tDoc c tc c
Dc :t, ccD i-D tr-D dcD d rdc :cD.
II. Lng cc t.
Vong day co dien tch s << . Tren o co mot dong xoay
chieu Iv tao nen mot trng ien t xung quanh no. Ta xem vong day
nay la mot lng cc t vi dong t Im. Cng o ien trng khu
xa cua vong day va lng cc nay hoan toan giong nhau. Co khai
niem nh vay lam cho bai toan bt phan phc tap.
2
Theo nguyen ly oi tan, thng bc xa cua lng cc la :

Em(
r
e l
j
r jK
=

sin
2
Im
) (2.2)
Cng o trng cua lng cc t phu thuoc vao dong t, kch
thc cua no trong toa o va bc song.
Trng bc xa cua mot he thong anten c tnh bang cach
cong cac trng bc xa cua cac nguyen to rieng re cua he thong
anten. Khi cong ngoai bien o phai chu y goc pha.
II. Cac thong so cua anten phat.
1. ien tr bc xa cua anten Rbx ( ).
Rbx la 1 tham so bieu th quan he gia cong suat bc xa (W)
vi dong ien (A) chay qua mot iem nao o cua anten.
Rbx=
I
Pbx
(2.3)
Ngi ta thng xac nh Rbx oan anten ma dong ien co
bien o cc ai hoac cac au vao.
Rbx phu thuoc vao kch thc cua anten so vi bc song, hnh
dang anten va cac yeu to khac. ien tr bc xa la mot ham theo (l;
)oi vi chan t oi xng, no ch phu thuoc vao o dai chan t ch
khong phu thuoc ng knh cua chan t.

Bang (1). ien tr bc xa cua chan t oi xng co oi dai khac nhau:
L/ Rb l/ Rb l/ Rb
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0.550
0.600
6.4
13
23
36
54
73.1
96
120
0.650
0.700
0.750
0.800
0.850
0.900
0.950
1.00
144
168
187
200
209
212
210
199
1.050
1.100
1.150
1.200
1.250
1.300
1.350
1.400
185
166
145
121
105
93
87
85
2. Tong tr cua anten :Ra
Tong tr cua anten gom ien tr bc xa (Rbx ) va ien tr ton
thao (Rth). Rth bieu th nang lng ton hao vao viec nung nong day
dan va vat cach ien.
Ra =Rbx +Rth (2.4)
Neu tnh tong tr oi voi dong ien cac au cam anten th
goi la ien tr vao cua anten (Ra vao).
Rth phu thuoc vao ket cau anten va dai song lam viec. Khi
bc song giam th Rth giam. cac dai song ngan thng co the bo
qua Rth.
3.Hieu suat cua anten.
Hieu suat cua anten la quan he gia cong suat bc xa (Pbx)vi
toan bo cong suat a vao anten. Toan bo cong suat a vao anten
c bang cong cong vi cong suat ton hao (Pth ).

Rbx
Rth
Rth Rbx
Rbx
Pth Pbx
Pbx
A
A
A
+
=
+
=
+
=
1
1
) (
2
2
(2.5)
Hieu suat cua anten cung la mot trong cac thong so quan trong
ac trng cho mc o ton hao cong suat cua anten.
4. o th phng hng cua anten.
Bieu th s phu thuoc bien o theo phng hng bang phng
phap toan hoc hoac o th.
Khi bieu th ac tnh phung hng bang o th ngi ta dung
cac ng cong phang ve ac tnh phng hng theo hai mat phang
chnh, mat phang ngang va mat phang ng (oi vi mat at ).
Bup cua ac tnh phng hng ng vi hng phat cc ai
goi la bup chnh con cac bup khac goi la bup phu.
V du : bup hng cua anten ng noi at.
Hnh 2-3.Bup hng cua anten noi at.
5. He so tac dung phng hng D.
o la ty so cua bnh phng cng o trng hng khao sat
tren cng o ien trng trung bnh hay noi cach khac o la t so cua
mat o cong suat bc xa bi anten iem nao o nam tren hng ay,
tren mat o cong suat bc xa bi anten chuan cung tai hng va
khoang cach tren.
D=
2
) (
Etb
E
(2.6)
ien trng trung bnh suy ra t cong suat bc xa:
(2.7) Stb r
2
4

=
Stb :mat o cong suat bc xa trung bnh .

Stb=
240
2
Etb
(2.8)
Suy ra: Etb=
2
60
(2.9)
Vay: D=

60
) (
2
2
r E
(2.10)
Chu y : khi dung anten co tnh phng hng th ieu quan trong la
phai hng that ung hng bc xa cc ai ve pha ma ta nh thong
tin.
6. He so tang tch cua anten (G).
He so tang tch cua anten la mot thong so bieu th cho ac tnh
bc xa cua anten so vi he so nh hng v no khong ch bieu th n
thuan ac tnh nh hng cua anten ma con bieu th s ton hao tren
anten.
He so tang tch la tch so cua he so tac dung phng hng
vi hieu suat anten. G la mot tham so ay u hn nhat v no khong
nhng ke en tac dung phng hng ma con ke en ca cong suat
tieu hao vo ch trong anten.
7. ac tnh tan so vi dai thong tan cua anten.
Anten cung la mot he thong dao ong co tnh chon loc. Anten
phai bao am c hieu suat bc xa cung nh ac tnh phng hng
trong bang tan so lam viec. Ngi ta chia ra :
a. Anten dai rong:la anten dung e lam viec mot tan so song
mang nhng bao am bc xa khong meo nhng tn hieu co dai tan so
rat rong.
b. Anten bang song: la anten lam viec mot vai tan so song
mang.
8. He so khuech ai cua anten.
He so khuech ai la tch so cua he so tnh phng hng D vi
hieu suat :
. D = (2.11)
: bieu th mat o cong suat bc xa mot iem quan sat nao o ln hn
bao nhieu lan so vi trng hp cong suat vao Pv cua anten c phan
bo eu trong khong gian.
9. o dai hieu dung.
o dai hieu dung la chieu dai cua mot canh hnh ch nhat, co
dien tch bang tch cua bien o dong ien tai iem cap ien va o dai
ay. T ay ta co the noi: o dai hieu dung cua anten la o dai cua
mot anten day gia nh co dong ien phan bo ong eu vi bien o
bang bien o dong ien tai iem cap ien cua anten khao sat. o dai
hieu dung cua anten co gia tr khac o dai hnh hoc, va phu thuoc vao
bc song. oi vi day dan co o dai l=
2
th o dai hieu dung co

gia tr
ngha la ch bang 0.637l. Trng hp day dan co o dai rat

nho so vi bc song th o dai hieu dung tien en o dai hnh hoc
cua anten.
Anten co ket cau hnh hoc khac nhau nhng neu co cung chieu
cao hieu dung nh nhau th mc o thu nh nhau.
B. Gii thieu thong tin ve tinh.
I. Gii thieu chung.
Chung ta ang song trong thi ky qua o ti mot xa hoi nh
hng thong tin tien tien nh co cac cong nghe mi trong nhieu lnh
vc khac nhau. Cac loai thong tin truyen tren song vo tuyen, o la vien
thong vo tuyen, a i vao i song hang ngay cua chung ta va chung ta
co the cam nhan cuoc song hien tai cua the gii xung quanh chung ta
nh cac phng tien truyen hnh va ien thoai quoc te.
Ve ai the cac thong tin co the c phan ra cac loai nh
thong tin dung cap ong truc hoac cap si quang va thong tin vo tuyen
s dung song vo tuyen ien noi lien nhieu ni tren the gii vt qua
thi gian va khong gian.
Hien nay, cac he thong cap bien dung lng ln s dung cac
cap s quang a c a vao s dung cho thong tin quoc te. oi vi
thong tin vo tuyen quoc te, thong tin ve tinh a cung cap cac ng
thong tin dung lng ln thay the cho thong tin song ngan trc ay
c s dung thng xuyen hn.
e at c thong tin ve tinh hieu qua hn, can phai hieu ro he
thong truyen dan, cac cong nghe va cau hnh he thong tram mat at.
1. Nguyen ly thong tin ve tinh.
Mot ve tinh, co kha nang thu, phat song vo tuyen ien sau khi
c phong vao vu tru dung cho thong tin ve tinh; khi o ve tinh se
khuech ai song vo tuyen ien nhan c t cac tram mat at va phat
lai song vo tuyen en cac tram mat at khac. Loai ve tinh nhan tao s
dung cho thong tin ve tinh nh the c goi la ve tinh thong tin.
Do ve tinh chuyen ong khac nhau khi quan sat t mat at, phu
thuoc vao quy ao bay cua ve tinh, ve tinh co the c phan ra ve tinh
quy ao thap va ve tinh a tnh.
Ve tinh quy ao thap la ve tnh ma nhn t mat at no chuyen
ong lien tuc, thi gian can thiet cho ve tinh e chuyen ong xung
quanh quy ao cua no khac vi chu ky quay cua qua at xung quanh
truc cua no.Ve tinh a tnh la ve tinh c phong len quy ao tron
o cao khoang 36.000 km so vi ng xch ao. Ve tinh loai nay bay
xung quanh qua at mot vong mat 24 gi. Do chu ky bay cua ve tinh
bang chu ky quay cua qua at xung quanh truc cua no theo hng ong
cung vi hng quay cua qua at, bi vay ve tinh dng nh ng yen
khi quan sat t mat at. Do vay no c goi la ve tinh a tnh. Bi v
mot ve tinh a tnh co the bao am thong on nh lien tuc nen co
nhieu u iem hn ve tinh quy ao thap dung lam ve tinh thong tin.
Neu ba ve tinh a tnh c at cac v tr cach ieu nhau ben tren
xch ao th co the thiet lap thong tin hau het cac vung tren qua at
bang cach chuyen tiep qua mot hoac hai ve tinh.
Cau hnh c ban nhat cua mot he thong thong tin t tram mat at
qua ve tinh en tram mat at khac c trnh bay nh hnh (2.5):

Hnh 2-5. Cau hnh c ban cua mot he thong thong tin.
ng hng t tram mat at phat en ve tinh c goi la
ng len va ng hng t ve tinh en tram mat at thu goi la
ng xuong. Hau het, cac tan so trong khoang 6 GHz va/hoac 14GHz
c dung cho ng len va cac tan so khoang 4GHz hoac 11GHz
c s dung cho ng xuong.
Quy ao cua ve tinh nhan tao co ba thong so quan trong:
khoang cach t quy ao ve tinh en mat at, hnh dang va goc nghieng
so vi mat bnh o. Mot thong so chung la mat phang chuyen ong cua
ve tinh phai i qua tam qua at. Thi gian ve tinh i het mot ng quy
ao t le thuan vi can bac ba cua phan na truc quy ao. Co ba dang
quy ao c ban c dung cho ve tinh: quy ao ellip, quy ao ong bo
con, quy ao a tnh.
oi vi quy ao elip va quy ao ong bo con, thi gian i cua
ve tinh het mot quy ao khac vi thi gian quay quanh truc cua ve tinh,
ngha la ve tinh chuyen ong nhanh hn khi cang gan mat at. Cac ve
tinh vien thong au tien c at tren cac quy ao thap, t 200 en
500km. Chung quay vong quanh trai at trong khoang hai tieng ong
ho. Cac ve tinh chup anh, hay quan sat mat at, cung nh cac tau con
thoi va phong th nghiem vu tru, luon luon c at tren quy ao thap.
Cac loai ve tinh nay c goi la ve tinh tnh tien. No oi hoi anten thu
luon luon phai di chuyen theo chung, trong thi gian no xuat hien. Thi
gian nay bang khoang mot na thi gian ton tai cua no.
Nh vao s phat trien cua ten la phong va cac ve tinh nen co the at
en quy ao ma thi gian di chuyen cua ve tinh chung quanh trai at trong
24 gi, quy ao nay goi la quy ao a tnh va ve tinh nam tren no goi la ve
tinh a tnh.
Cac nh luat c hoc trong khong gian, hay nh luat Kepler at ra ba
ieu kien:
* Qoy c Di D. c .d iD c - - tiDD ci
Doy-D DcD -D DdcD.
* Qoy c Di trcD - tc c - tiDD DcD tDy
ci.
* FD iDD _oy c Di t 42.2DD. Dy c.DD.
D .t t, cc rD iDD tri t t.tt.. Vci i-o
i-D DDd y tDi Do y _oy cD o - tiDD c tDci
iD rD ci tri t td 2 ic ct Dot. Ld Dot
o tri t ci d i t. o - tiDD :- rD DDo.
FD iDD o _oy c, DcD - tDoc c Dci dcD o
- tiDD, . - tDoc c tc c c o tc c c o
cD _oy.
Ve tinh a tnh chuyen ong vi quy ao trung vi chieu quay cua
trai at se co toc o goc giong nh toc o goc cua trai at. Van toc cua ve
tinh trong quy ao a tnh la 3075m/s. V ly do nay ma khong co s chuyen
ong tng oi gia ve tinh a tnh va trai at. Quy ao a tnh ngay nay
c s dung pho bien cho viec thc hien truyen hnh t ve tinh.
a.T so song mang tren nhieu C/N (Carrier/Noise).
c ti :c id cD :ot o tiD Di-o DDD dc
ci cD :ot N o ti-D cD:
C/N = E+G-A-10logT-10logB-logK (2.12)
Trong o: E = PIRE (dBW): cong suat ang hng bc xa tng
ng PIRE c tnh theo cong suat cua may phat song va o li cua anten:
PIRE = 10log( (2.13) } C J
t
Vi mat o cong suat tren dien tch pha ben trong hnh cau la
(W/ .
2
t
F 4 J } .
2
G: c ci Dt-D (cF}.
A: s suy giam chung (dB).
T. nhiet o tieng on cua anten va au thu SHF( . } K
B: o rong dai tan F cua may thu (MHz).

ci DcK+22t.t cF (DD :c
Fct:.DD}.
T so C/N = 6:qua on chat lng xau.
8:mc gii han, mot vai vet nhieu.
10: thu tot, mau sac ep.
12: thu rat tot, chat lng truyen hnh bang cap
e am bao t so tn hieu tren nhieu tai iem thu can am
bao cac thong so sau:
- o tang tch cua anten: khoang 48.5dB (oi vi anten thu
3m).
- Nhiet o nhieu cua anten: khoang 23 . K
- Mat o cong suat tai ngo vao may thu: khoang

110dBw/
2
. .
b. He so nhieu nhiet G/T cua tram thu.
He so nay bieu th anh hng cua nhiet o len o li cua ve
tinh. Nhiet o cang tang th nhieu cang ln, thng tai gia tr nhiet o
la 0 th khong b anh hng cua nhieu. Gia tr nay cho phep chon
anten thu thch hp tuy theo C/N. Chung ta co:
K
G/T = C/N+E+A+logB+10logK (2.14)

Tuy theo PIRE cua ve tinh, chung ta se khang nh chat lng
hnh anh C/N. Sau o chon gia tr tieng on cua au SHF them vao, s
suy giam chung A, o rong dai tan B va 10logK se cho ra gia tr cua o
li anten tnh bang dB.
c. Goc ngang toi thieu.
Vung phu song cua mot ve tinh c gii han bi goc ngang.
o la goc bu hnh thanh t ng thang noi lien ni thu en ve tinh,
vi ng thang ng tai ni thu. Ve mat ly thuyet ve tinh a tnh co
the phu song 1/3 trai at. Tuy nhien, trong thc te khong the thc hien
c, bi v goc ngang cua anten b han che e loai tr s che khuat
cua a hnh. Goc ngang nay khong the nho hn 20 , v vay vung thu
tn hieu tren mat at gii han gia 60 kinh tuyen bac-nam va 60 v
tuyen ong- bac. Cac vung rng nui, thung lung goc ngang toi thieu
phai la 30
.

Cac ve tinh cung cong tac trong mot dai tan so phai c at
trong quy ao a tnh vi goc chenh lech nhau 2 va am bao v
tr ve tinh sao cho anten phat luon hng ung ve vung phu song tren
mat at.ieu nay rat quan trong v anten phat tren ve tinh co tnh nh
hng cao. Neu khong am bao tot ieu kien nay th vung phu song
cua anten se lech sang mot so nc lan can.

Goc ngang (E) va goc phng v (Az) se nh v anten thu e

thu bat ky mot qua ve tinh nao, cac qua ve tinh khac nhau th hai thong
so tren cua anten phai c tnh toan ung v tr cua anten phat tren ve
tinh co kinh o khac nhau tren tng ve tinh.
Anten thu se co cac gia tr goc ngang va goc phng v tng
ng khac nhau, phu hp vi qua ve tinh can thu.
Ta co the dung mot gng anten thu cung 3 qua ve tinh ong thi va
co u iem:
- Tiet kiem c gng anten thu.
- Nang cao hieu qua thu xem chng trnh c nhieu kenh
hn.
- Khong chiem nhieu dien tch mat bang at anten.
Viet Nam toan bo cac tram mat at hien hu eu thu phat
tan so bang C(phat 6GHz, thu 4GHz).
TDcD :c _oD trcD - Dt dcD tiD Di-o
tDo dc ti :c tiD Di-o tr-D DDi-o o -DD
DiDD. Ti :c Dy Di t td 4ccF trc -D trcD :oct
'' tDci iD tDo D..
Tn hieu hnh phat t ve tinh vi cong suat co nh. Bien o tn
hieu hnh thu c la ket qua cua qua trnh truyen lan trong kh quyen.
Chat lng hnh anh thu c phu thuoc rat nhieu ieu kien truyen
song trong khong gian vu tru va trong kh quyen cua trai at. Ma co
the lam tang o suy hao tn hieu tren 7dB, co the dan en lam gian
oan viec thu. Thng kh quyen co s bien ong trong khi ma va lam
suy hao trong pham vi 2dB. Hien tng nay thng lien quan en viec
pha v nh hng truyen song. Nhieu thc nghiem va o ac thong ke
cho thay rang suy hao tren 2dB thng xay ra khoang 0.06% thi gian
thu, tren 4.5dB chiem 0.01% thi gian thu.
Mc o nhan thay nhieu tren hnh anh thu phu thuoc vao t so
dai tan hnh tren nhieu C/N (Carrier/Noise). Cng o ien trng
vung phu song can am bao 63-65dBw e cho chat lng hnh anh thu
tot trong suot 90% thi gian ve tinh hoat ong trong cac ieu kien co
ma.
d. Cac dai tan so dung cho truyen thong bang ve tinh.

Ten dai tan Tan so (GHz)
L 1.53 .
S 2.50 t' . 2
C 2D . 4 4D .
D . 4 cD . 4
5.725 Dc .
4D . 'D .
Ku D . 4 D . D
Ka 17.70 2D . 2
K DD . DD . 2
Milimet 2c cD . c
Vi tan so thap th anten phat tren ve tinh va anten thu tren
mat at phai co kch thc ln, se ton kem kho khai thac. Dai tan 0.7
GHz de b nhieu tn hieu khac tren mat at nh bang UHF.
Dai tan GHz c s dung nhieu cho thong tin
mat at, ac biet la cac tuyen viba. Viec s dung dai tan nay ac biet
quan trong oi vi cac nc vung nhiet i, v o suy giam do ma.
2 . 4 c . 2
Dai tan 12 GHz hien nay ang c s dung cho cac tuyen viba tren
mat at con t, do o t b nhieu neu s dung dai tan nay cho truyen hnh ve tinh.
Vi dai tan 12 GHz cho phep at chum song rat hep t anten
phat va anten thu co kch thc nho.
2. u va khuyet iem cua quy ao a tnh.
oi vi quy ao a tnh, khi o nghieng va o lech tam cua
quy ao bang khong, ngha la quy ao tron, th ve tinh co nh oi vi
mot iem xac nh trc tren mat at. Trong thc te, o nghieng va o
lech tam hiem khi bang khong. V vay, ve tinh moi ngay lech mot t so
vi trai at.
Quy ao a tnh co nhieu u iem, do o quy ao nay c s
dung rong rai trong truyen thong. Mot ve tinh ma xuat hien co nh so
vi tat ca cac tram mat at trong tang oi lu, se giam en mc toi
thieu cac yeu cau, chon la cho thiet b au cuoi, va cac thong so
truyen dan nh ton hao ng truyen la bat bien. Hn na, vung thu tn
hieu ve tinh a tnh tot la phu hp vi vung ong dan. Mot u iem
khac la o dch Doppler rat nho va co the d oan nhieu t nhng he
thong radio khac nh hnh dang hnh hoc co nh cua no.
Tuy nhien, co mot vai khuyet iem von co cua loai ve tinh
nay. Thi gian tre do truyen lan ln, khoang 25ms, v tam truyen at
cua ve tinh ln. Thi gian tre nay la thch hp cho mot cuoc noi chuyen
ien thoai oi th qua kho khan. Hn na, khi mat tri xuat hien trong
khoang cach song cua anten tram mat at, th mat tri tr thanh mot
nguon nhieu manh. Mat khac, s bat li cua quy ao nay la khong co
kha nang bao phu cho toan bo mat at.
Mot han che cua quy ao a tnh c e cap en gan ay co
lien quan en nhng ng dung cua no trong thong tin mobile. nhng
vung ma goc ngang cua ve tinh nho th ton hao truyen lan ln do cac
vat can nh: nha, cay coi,..., lam gii han kha nang va o tin cay cua
tuyen lien lac.
Mac du vay, nhng u iem cua quy ao a tnh van hn han
nhng khuyet iem cua no trong hau het cac ng dung va v quy ao
a tnh c s dung trong hau het cac he thong truyen thong ve tinh.
Do yeu cau e tai la thiet ke anten Cassegrain, ma anten nay
c s dung rong rai cho cac tram mat at va mang thong tin ve tinh
a tnh. Em xin trnh bay mot mang thong tin ve tinh a tnh o la
mang VSAT. Chung ta cung nen e cap en mot so yeu cau ve viec
thiet ke mang VSAT.
Gii thieu chung ve mang VSAT.
Trong thiet ke mang VSAT quan trong nhat la viec tnh toan,
la chon cau hnh va kch c cac tram sao cho gia thanh thiet b, chi ph
thue kenh ve tinh la nho nhat ma van am bao c chat lng tn hieu
yeu cau. Ngoai ra, nh mot ac iem ln cua thong tin ve tinh, moi
trng truyen song co anh hng ang ke en chat lng tn hieu, va
ban than no lai thng thay oi. V vay, khi chon la tham so cac tram
VSAT can tnh en he so d phong e duy tr mc tn hieu luon luon
trong gii han cho phep vi mot dai thay oi rong cac ieu kien kh
hau, ac biet la khi co ma ln.
Muc ch chnh cua viec thiet ke mang mat at thong tin ve tinh la
tnh toan, la chon tram VSAT co kch c toi thieu, yeu cau tai nguyen
bang thong, cong suat nho nhat nhng van ap ng chat lng tn hieu
truyen oi hoi. Cau hnh tram mat at can chon chu yeu la cac tham so:
- Loai anten (ng knh, hieu suat, he so pham chat, nhiet o tap
am).
- Cong suat may phat.
- Kieu modem.
Cac tham so s dung trong tnh toan thiet ke co the phan chia
theo thanh phan he thong lien quan nh:
- Tram mat at.
- Ve tinh.
- Kenh thong tin.
Tram mat at:
+ V tr a ly cua tram: cho biet cac thong so nh suy hao do ma,
goc nhn ve tinh, mc cong suat phat xa ang hng tng ng
(EIRP), he so pham chat(G/T) cua anten ve tinh theo hng tram va
suy hao ng truyen gia tram mat at ve tinh.
+ Cong suat phat xa, he so khuech ai va he so pham chat G/T cua
anten tram.
+ Nhiet o tap am he thong: lien quan ti o nhay va ty so G/T.
+ Anh hng cua tap am ieu che ben trong ti ty so tn hieu/tap am.
+ Cac ac iem cua thiet b (suy hao cap tn hieu, phan cach phan cc
anten, ac tnh bo loc,...) e biet he so d tr ket noi.
Ve tinh:
+ V tr cua ve tinh tren quy ao: cho biet vung phu song va goc nhn
tram mat at, khoang cach tram mat at ve tinh.
+ Mc EIRP, he so pham chat G/T cua ve tinh v tr tram mat at.
+ Bang thong may phat ap, dang phan cc.
+ \t c ccD cD :ot rc Dc.
Cac thong so ve tinh.
- Mc cong suat phat xa ang hng tng ng EIRP va he so pham
chat G/T cua anten ve tinh theo hng tram mat at. Gia tr EIRP va
G/T co the biet qua ban o cac ng mc EIRP, G/T cua nha quan ly
van hanh ve tinh.
- Mat o dong cong suat bao hoa (SFD) va bang thong cua may phat
ap.
- Dai tan lam viec, dang phan cc.
- Mc lui cong suat au vao (IBO), au ra (OBO).
K-DD tDcD tiD:
+ Li tD :c . i-: Dc ri-t :oy Dc dcD
troy-D, .d cd trd -t Dci.
+ Toc o luon thong tin.
+ ac iem ma hoa, ieu che.
+ Kieu truy nhap ve tinh cua mang.
CHNG III
GII THIEU S LC MOT SO LOAi ANTEN
---oOo---
I. Anten sieu cao tan:
Anten sieu cao tan la loai anten dung cho dai song co bc song nho
(khoang 10 m ). No c dung trong thiet b vo tuyen ien sieu cao tan
nh :vo tuyen truyen hnh, raa, ieu khien bang vo tuyen . . . Tuy theo
yeu cau cu the th cac anten sieu cao tan co tnh phng hng rong
hay hep, nhat nh co ket cau nhat nh.
1. Anten chan t sieu cao tan:
Chan t thng dung la chan t na song. V ien khang vao cua no
bang khong, kch thc nho, tnh phng hng thng at yeu cau.
ien tr vao thng la 73,1 ohm.
Chan t sieu cao tan co yeu cau quan trong la phai phoi hp vi fide.

Hnh a: la chan t oi xng tiep ien bang day song hanh. Ket cau nay
bao am tnh oi xng cua chan t, tr khang song cua day song hanh
khoang vai tram ohm. Do o phai co thiet b hp tr khang.
Hnh b: la chan t tiep ien sun. oan giong nh ien cam mac au
vao. Chon l va L ieu chnh c tr khang vao cua anten ma khong
can them thiet b phoi hp.
Hnh c:la chan t chiet hp co tr khang vao ln phoi hp tot vi fide
song hanh. Do o o dai /2, dong ien tren hai nhanh tren va di
cung chieu (ong pha) khoang cach cua hai nhanh nho hn so vi bc
song. Do o bc xa cua anten chiet hp co the coi nh bc xa cua hai
chan t na song ong pha, hay hai chan t co dong ien la 2I.
Cong suat bc xa: (3.1) , . } 2 ( F } 2 ( J
2 2
= =
2. Anten Tuanike :
Anten Tuanike n gian la mot ket cau gom hai chan t oi xng at
vuong goc vi nhau, c tiep ien vi cac dong ien co bien o bang
nhau mot goc /2.
Bc xa cua cac tang trong mat phang ngang la ong pha va vo hng
vi trng cc hoa ngang se dang cc hoa ngang la cc hoa thch hp
e tranh nhieu cong nghiep dai song cc ngan.
Anten Tuanike c s dung lam anten phat song vo tuyen truyen
hnh hoac anten phat thanh song cc ngan th phai co hng tnh cao
trong mat phang thang ng .
e at c yeu cau nay, anten c cau tao t nhieu anten Tuanike
n gian, xep at thanh nhieu tang. Khoang cach gia hai tan thng
c chon la /2 , vi cac tan c tiep ien ong pha.
Khi s dung lam anten vo tuyen truyen hnh can co cac yeu cau sau :
- Bc xa ong eu trong mat phang ngang.
- Bc xa cc tieu trong mat phang ng. Tap trung cong suat trong mat
phang ngang.
- ien trng phan cc ngang .
e thc hien viec tiep ien lech pha gia hai chan t trong cung
mot tang va tiep ien ong pha gia cac tang.
'D
Hai ng fide noi vi hai nhom chan t cua hai mat phang ng se
c ieu chnh che o song chay va c noi song song vi nhau,
ong thi o dai cua hai ung fide can khac nhau mot phan t bc
song o tao lech pha gia hai chan t vuong goc cac tang.
'D
e ket hp yeu cau ve dai tan so va cac yeu cau khac nham am bao
co mot ket cau vng chac, t chan gio, co kha nang chong set tot, cac
chan t c che tao di dang tam li phang hnh ch nhat hoac
canh bm.
3. Anten dan ien :( Anten YAGI)
S o anten nh hnh ve, no gom chan t chu ong thng la chan t na
song, mot chan t phan xa thu ong,va mot so chan t dan xa thu ong D.
Chan t chu ong A c noi vi may phat cao tan. Di tac dung cua
trng bc xa tao bi A, trong Pv va D xuat hien dong cam ng va cac
chan t nay se bc xa th cap. Neu chon c o dai cua iem P va
khoang cach t A en P mot cach thch hp th P se tr thanh chan t
phan xa cua A.Khi ay nang lng bc xa cua cap A, P se giam dan ve
pha chan t phan xa va tang cng theo hng ngc lai. Tng t
neu chon c o dai D va khoang cach t D en iem A mot cach
thch hp th D se tr thanh chan t dan xa cua A nang lng he bc
xa cua he A D tang cng ve pha chan t dan xa D. Ket qua nang
lng bc xa cua he se tap trung ve mot pha hnh thanh nen mot kenh
dan song doc theo truc anten hng t pha chan t phan xa ve pha
chan t dan xa. Moi anten Yagi thng ch co mot chan t lam nhiem
vu phan xa.
So chan t dan xa t 2 en 10 co khi ti vai chuc cach nhau (0,15
0,25 ). Thanh phan xa ch co mot, khoang cach thanh phan xa vi
chan t chnh (0,1 0,35 ) . He so khuech ai cua anten cang ln neu
so chan t dan xa cang ln. Anten dan xa at c he so khuech ai
nh sau:
So chan t dan xa He so khuech ai
20
13
6
4
12
15
13
8

Trong thc te, thng chan t chu ong la chan t vong det v hai ly
do chnh sau:
-Co the trc tiep gan trc tiep chan t len thanh kim loai,khong
can dung phan t cach ien.
-Chan t vong det co tr khang vao ln, thuan tien trong viec phoi
hp tr khang .
II. Anten song ngan :
ADt-D :cD DD Dt-D coD trcD ci :cD
D DD . . NDdD Dt-D :cD DD tDdcD coD
trcD _oD :d, DD DcD, tDcD tiD d y
Dt tDDD.
a. Nhng yeu cau cua anten song ngan :
Anten song ngan do ac iem truyen song nen co nhng yeu cau c
ban sau ay :
1 . Song ngan suy giam nhanh tren mat at thng suy giam het khi i
khoi ai phat. Do o phai truyen lan bang song ni anten song ngan
phai co mot goc nghieng nhat nh tuy thuoc c ly thong tin.
2 . Anten song ngan phai la anten co dai tan so tng oi rong do cac
thong so cua tang ien ly thay oi .
3.Tang ien ly khong ong eu, mat khac khi truyen lan qua tang
ien ly tia song lech i trong mat phang ngang, do o tnh phng
hng cua anten trong mat phang ngang va ng khong the qua hep
phai la 20 30
0
va trong mat phang ng vi mat phang ngang la 10
15
0
4. KDi DD c tD i-D y, :cD DD d
tDD :- ri Doy-D tDDD DD d -i. Lc c
i-o i-D troy-D D o :cD trci DcD D ci
ci :cD DD d dD Dy DD. ADt-D Dt tDi
tDdcD DD d DD i DD d dD c DDi-o
tDDD DD :cD t cc c Di-o :ot tD.
5. e tranh hoi am va tap am. Tnh phng hng anten phai co mui
phu be va n hng. Song ngan gom nhng loai anten n gian nh:
chan t oi xng nam ngang, dai tan, anten goc; anten phc tap nh: he
thong chan t ong pha, anten song chay, anten tram .
b. Chan t song ngan:
- Chan t n gian :
Chan t n gian song ngan la mot chan t oi xng nam ngang tren
mat at. Chan t lam bang day ong hay lng kim ng knh 2 4 mm
(hnh 3.4). o dai cua anten la:
0.25 64 . 0
l
(3.2)
Anten cang tren mot o cao o H = (0,1 1) (3.3)
Anten bc xa len hai mui oi xng trong mat phang xch ao vi goc
tuy thuoc vao o cao H
Anten thng c tiep ien bang day song hanh oi xng, tr
khang song fide theo hai tieu chuan 300 va 600 .
- Chan t dai rong :
e m rong dai tan so theo yeu cau thong tin song ngan, ngi ta
giam tr khang song anten (W
s
). Chan t dai song thng lam co dang
giong nh hnh (3.5) goi la chan t Hagehemko. Chan t nay gom mot
so day n can thanh dang long song cua chan t. Tnh theo cong thc :
W ) 1 ( 120 =

l
In
S
(3.4) vi n
hr

r la ban knh cua moi day.
W = } cDD 2cD (
:

o dai cua anten trong khoang 0.25 64 . 0
l
(3.5)
1. Anten goc :
La anten chan t co hai nhanh at thang goc vi nhau cung ngang
tren mat at .
Anten cung co the lam dang long e tang dai tan so.
- o dai l =(0,5 0,64 ) (3.6)
- Phng hng cua anten la tong tnh phng hng hai nhanh at vuong
goc.
V du: Tren ve tinh nhan tao au tien cua Trai at do Lien Xo phong len
co hai anten goc vi thong tin
bc song =15m,
. 4 . 2 . ' . 2 , D
2
= = =

2
=7.5m.
2. Anten tram.
La mot anten song ngan thuoc loai song chay. No gom bon oan day
dai xep thanh hnh tron, au kia tram noi vi phide song hanh. Ket cau
thc te cua anten tram c ve nh hnh (3.7)
Bc xa cua anten la tong tr cua bon canh hnh tram. Anten tram
thng cang ngang tren mat at o cao H.
+ Cng o trng cua anten trong mat phang ngang:
Eng = )] sin( 1 (
2
sin[ )] , sin( 1 (
2
sin[ .
) , sin( 1
cos 240

Kl Kl
r
I
(3.7)
vi I
o
dong ien au vao cua anten.
:la goc hng quan sat vi ng cheo ln.
la 1/2 goc tu cua anten.
+ Cao o trng cua anten trong mat phang ng.
}_ :iD KI :iD( }. :iD c: (
2
K
:iD
:iD c:
c:
r
4D
F
2
c

=

(3.8)
: goc cua hng quan sat vi phng nam ngang.
3. Anten song chay.
La mot loai anten dung e thu song ien t .
Anten chay song gom mot day song hanh tr khang W va au cuoi co
phoi hp R
t
. Hai ben au day co nhng chan t oi xng vi ng day
qua nhng tu ghep C. Tat ca cang ngang tren mat at vi mot o cao h
o dai cua nhanh chan t nho hn /4 va cach chan t at cach nhau
khoang /10 bc song. au cua anten noi vi may thu co tr khang
phoi hp.
Anten co tnh phng hng kha cao. Song hieu suat rat thap nen he so
khuech ai cua anten ch gan bang 1, mui phu cua anten cung nho. V
vay anten ch dung lam anten thu.
: goc truyen lan cua song tren anten.e giam anh hng cua cac
chan t len day song hanh ngi ta ghep cac chan t vao day qua mot
tu C co tr khang ln khoang (4_10)pF.
4. Anten song trung dai.
a. Nhng yeu cau c ban cua song trung dai :
:cD troD ci DDdD :cD c rdc :cD
cD DcD DD . DD Di tDDD DDdD DcD :o y
:
T 100 m - 550 m dung cho phat thanh.
T 550m - 750 m dung cho cac ai lu ong nhat la trong hang hai.
T 750m - 1.050 m dung cho hang khong.
Ta biet rang song trung dai truyen lan bang song at la chnh. Pham
vi thong tin quanh anten phat chia lam 3 mien, mien gan (khoang 60 km
) thong tin bang song at, mien xa thong tin bang song tri, mien trung
gian co ca song tri va song at la mien suy lac ln .
Trong dai song nay, ngi ta thng dung anten day hnh T, ; anten
cot va rieng e thu dung anten vong .
Anten song trung dai phai dung ien trng phan cc ng.
b. Anten hnh T :
ADt-D D tr-D 2 ct c (DD 2cD . }
D DDo i Do tci 2DD .. NDdD cD tDD
dD DD o Dt-D c tD- Dy 2 t cy
:cD :cD t D DDo ,c . .
Anten bc xa ong eu tren mat phang ngang oi vi anten thu do mat
at khong dan ien.
c. ADt-D ct :
- Khuyet iem chu yeu anten T, la khong chu c cong suat ln va
can dung 2 cot cao. Trong nhng ai phat cong suat ln ngi ta hay
dung anten cot.
Anten cot la mot chan t khong oi xng tren mat at .
He thong day at anten gom 60 120 day dai 0,3 chay t chan
anten toa ra hnh dai quat. Hieu suat anten khoang (80 90 )%.
Mien thu co the chia lam ba mien: mien gan ai phat trong mot ban
knh r thu bang song at, mien xa thu bang song tri, mien trung gian la
mien suy lac co song tri va song at giao thoa vi nhau.
d. Anten vong, anten t :
Dang n gian cua anten vong la mot khung day hnh ch nhat co d x
h rat nho so vi bc song . Anten tng ng vi vong ien hay mot
lng cc t thang goc vi mat anten. Hieu suat cua anten rat thap do
o ch dung lam anten thu.
Anten t la loai anten thu thong dung gom mot thanh pherit tren cuon
t mot so vong day at ngay trong may thu .
u iem cua anten la kch thc nho, kha nang chong tap am tng oi
tot nh tnh nh hng va nguyen ly lam viec cua anten.

Anten pherit co nhieu dang pho bien nhat la loai anten co mot thanh
pherit dai l = 100 200 m ng knh d = 5 10 mm tren 3 cuon day
L1, L2 , L3 nh hnh (3.12)

Cuon L1 va L3 thng at cach au thanh khoang 0,2 l.
bang song dai ca ba cuon mac noi tiep lam thanh cuon cam mach
vao. bang song trung cuon L1 b noi tat, khi ay chieu cao hieu dung
cua anten co giam i khoang 25%. Cuon L3 dung e ieu chnh tr so
ien cam cua mach cong hng vao.
Anten bat vao bo may bang gia 3 va vt 4. Ngoai ra, e giam hieu
ng anten ta co the dung mot ong h hnh tru 5 e boc anten.
5. Anten xoan.
Anten xoan la loai anten ma phan t bc xa c ban cua no la cac vong
day dan co dong ien song chay. Trng bc xa cua anten xoan trong
trng hp tong quat la trng phan cc quay. Anten xoan thng c
ng dung trong dai song cc ngan, gom nhieu loai: xoan tru, xoan
phang, xoan hnh chop...Khi lap anten xoan, phai chu y en ng knh
cua day va chat cach ien cua loi day.
a. Anten xoan tru.
Anten gom mot ng day xoan dan ien va mot man chan kim loai.
Anten c tiep ien bi fide ong truc, loi fide c noi vi ng
day xoan, vo fide noi vi mat kim loai. Dang song co tac dung chu yeu
trong moi ng day xoan phu thuoc vao kch thc tng oi cua
vong xoan so vi bc song cong tac. Cac thong so hnh hoc ac trng
cho anten xoan tru la ban knh a, bc song s (hoac o dai cua moi
vong xoan va goc xoan ), va so vong N.
He so khuech ai cua anten xoan tru:
: . N L
c c D cF C
2

N: so vong.
S: bc quan.
: bc song.
L: chieu dai vong xoan.
o th phng hng cua anten c ve hnh (3.14).
u iem : ket cau n gian, dai tan rong. He so bao trum day song
max
/
min
=1,7.
Nhc iem: hng tnh khong cao.
b. ADt-D cD DD :
ADt-D cD DD crit cD DD
:i.-t -o Dt-D rd trdcD DD d
_oy.
e tiep ien cho anten xoan phang logarit cung nh xoan acsimetco
the dung file song hanh v ket cau cua cac anten nay la ket cau oi
xng. Trong thc te, viec tiep ien cho anten co the thc hien bang
fide ong truc. Khi ay vo ngoai cua fide c gan vao mot nhanh cua
anten xoan, con loi cua fide ong truc c tiep cho nhanh th hai.
Cac nhanh cua anten co the c cau tao t cac la kim loai mong dan
len cac tam ien moi. Bc song cc ai cua dai tan so co quan he vi
o dai nhanh anten va c xac nh t he thc :
L= (1 1,5 )
max
(3.9)

l: o dai cua mot nhanh anten.
Bc song cc tieu cua dai tan so co quan he vi ban knh ban au
cua ng xoan va xac nh.

8
min ,

(3.10)
c. Anten xoan chop :
Cc Di ci xoan chop thng xoan chop
logarit
- Anten xoan chop thng: He so bao trum dai song cua anten loai nay
co the at ti
1
20
. Thong thng gii han nay cua dai tan cong tac oi
vi anten xoan chop se ng vi tan so ma bc song
min
cua no bang
o dai cua vong xoan nho nhat, con gii han di se ng vi tan so ma
bc song
max
cua no bang o dai cua vong xoan ln nhat.
- Anten xoan chop logarit: co o th bc xa n hng (hnh 3.15),
hng bc xa cua anten xoan chop la hng truc, cc ai ve pha nh
chop. Trong thc te, anten c ke cau t cac bang kim loai gan len
mat non ien moi, viec tiep ien cho anten co the c thc hien bang
cap ong truc gan doc theo bang kim loai.
Trc DD c o Dt-D cD Dc crit
tDd t- DcD ri-D ci trcD ci tD cD t. Tri
:c o Dc Do tDoc Do y-o c c
c
o iDD
Dc, trc DD c F tD Di
c
tD. TrcD
tDd t-, Dt-D cD tDdcD cD crit oD c
tD- dc tDi-t tr-D .t c DiDD cD D.

8. Anten mach in (anten mach dai )
Anten mach in( hay anten mach dai) con thng c goi la anten
mach vi dai v no co kch thc rat nho, ve thc chat la mot ket cau bc
xa kieu khe.
Ve cau tao, moi phan t anten mach dai gom cac phan chnh la phien
kim loai, lp e ien moi, man chan
kim loai va bo phan tiep ien( hnh 3.17 ).

Phien kim loai c gan len e ien moi, tao nen mot ket cau tng
t mot mang cua mach in, do vay anten co ten goi la anten mach in.
Cac thong so cau truc c ban cua mot phan t anten mach dai la
chieu dai L, chieu rong W,be day t va hang so ien moi cua lp e
ien moi. Phan t anten mach dai co the tiep ien bang ng truyen
mach dai hoac dung cap ong truc co au tham noi vi phien kim loai,
con vo cap noi vi man chan.
Trong mat phang E ( mat phang vuong goc vi truc cua khe), trng
bc xa cua hai khe c xac nh :
) cos cos(
L
K E = (3.11)
K: ai lng phu thuoc vao bien o trng c kch thch trong khe,
o
la bc song trong khong gian t do. Cong thc nay ung cho cac
goc nam trong gii han 0 < <180, ngha la ung cho na khong gian
pha tren cua man chan.
o th phng hng cua anten mach in c ve hnh (3.18)
Anten mach dai c s dung chu yeu dai sieu cao tan, co nhieu u
iem ve mat ket cau ( nho, nhe, mong, chac chan) va co the ap dung
cong nghe mach in e san xuat nen gia thanh thap.
Phan t bc xa cua anten mach dai nam pha tren cua tam kim loai
( man chan dan ien ) nen co the de dang ket hp cac phan t anten
vi cac mach tch cc( mach khuech ai, oi tan) hoac cac mach x ly
tn hieu nam pha sau man chan e tao ra anten tch cc hoac anten
co x ly tn hieu .
9. Anten loa.
Co dang nh hnh (3.19):
Anten loa thuoc loai anten bc xa mat. Mat
bc xa cua anten la mieng loa, phan t bc xa
c ban cua anten la nguyen to Huyghen, la
nguyen to ien tch c kch thch bi t
trng ong pha. Anten loa thng c dung
dai song cm.
Nang lng cao tan c truyen theo ong dan
song ti co loa di dang song phang. ay
mot phan nho nang lng se phan xa tr lai,
con ai bo phan tiep tuc truyen theo than loa
di dang song phan ky ti mieng loa. Tai
mieng loa, phan ln nang lng c bc xa ra
khong gian ngoai, mot phan se phan xa tr lai.
S phan xa song t co loa se cang ln khi goc
m cua loa cang ln, con s phan xa t mieng
loa se cang nho khi kch thc cua mieng loa cang nho.

Hnh 3-19
Van toc pha cua song truyen ra la:

2
}
r 2
(
= (3.12)
vi : c la van toc anh sang.
b la kch thc cua mieng loa.
Cac anten dang loa khong cho o nh hng cao nhng co ket cau n
gian. Kch thc cua anten phu thuoc goc chum tia mong muon, o li
hng va cac ch tieu ky thuat co lien quan vi nhau.
Bang thong cua anten loa hep hn nhieu so vi anten parabol co cung
kch thc.
10. Anten ch thap-canh bm.
ay la loai anten phat dai rong bang song met (VHF) anten
cau tao tren c s s dung cac chan t na song (/2) phan cc ngang.
Bieu o hng ngang cua chan t la hnh so 8 (hnh 3.20.a).
- e tao c bieu o hng ngang la hnh tron ta s dung hai chan t
/2 at vuong goc vi nhau tren mat phang nam ngang, va cap nguon
nuoi lech pha (hnh 3.20.b). e tao c bieu o hng ng hep
can s dung vai tang anten ch thap, tang no cach tang kia
.Hnh(3.20.c).
'D
2
- e m rong dai tan cua anten can tang ng knh hoac o rong cua
cac chan t. Trong kieu anten ch thap co the dung loai chan t phang
co chieu cao . ay la mot tap hp cac vong tren mot mat phang.
Chan t phang co dai thong tan c
4
2D c tan so trung bnh. Dong
ien cao tan chay trong chan t theo hng ngang, nen chan t khong
nhat thiet la mat phang lien kn, ma co the che tao nh tren hnh ve
(hnh 3.20.d pha tren) e giam anh hng cua gio.
Chan t phang co the xem nh co mot ng fide nuoi /4 b oan
mach t (hnh 3.20.d). Cac chan t 1- ;2
D
,
,
2
;...;n
,
D
at nam
ngang theo chieu dai cua fide, chung lai tao nen mot ng day h
mach.Cac chan t se co pha khac dau vi nhau. ng bao noi cac au
tao thanh hnh na canh bm. Trong thc te thng s dung
loai anten canh bm la to hp cua hai chan t phang e tao thanh
hnh >< (hnh 3.20. d).
, ,
D
Anten canh bm co tr khang vao c . He so khuech ai trong
mat phang ng ln hn 1.8 lan so vi chan t phang n.
e tang he so khuech ai va at bieu o hng ung hep co the dung
anten chu thap canh bm nhieu tang, moi tang cach nhau
t . } c . D . D (

Hnh 3-21

ieu c ban la phai at ieu kien: hai na cua mot chan t co pha oi
nhau ( ), con hai na cua chan t vuong goc b dch pha
. V du hnh 3.21.a gii thieu anten canh bm 3 tang.
D

2D 'D
- Chieu dai cac oan day fide t iem a va khac nhau /2, v
the tao ra ien ap nuoi ngc pha nhau cho cac chan t 1 va 3.
,

`
D
- Khoang cach t cac iem va ti cac chan t 1va 3 la nh
nhau, nen khong gay dch pha va cac tang c nuoi ong pha.
`
- e tao o dch pha nuoi cac chan t vuong goc, ch can tang
chieu dai mot trong hai oan day fide them
'D
4 (hnh 3.21 a).
Vi phng phap nuoi cac chan t bang cac dong ien dch
pha nhau co the giam toi a song phan xa ve day fide chnh, co
ngha la tang he so song chay va m rong dai tan lam viec cua anten.
Trong nhng trng hp nguon nuoi c cap rieng biet t may phat
hnh va may phat tieng th he thong phan phoi tn hieu se co them chuc
nang lam thanh mot bo loc phan cach (hnh 3.22).
'D
Cac tn hieu cao tan hnh va tieng c tron trong mach cau lam bang
cac oan cap ong truc (hnh 3.22 a).
T le ve pha cua cac tn hieu cao tan hnh va tieng tai cac chan t
khac nhau (hnh b,c).
Tuy anten phat hnh chu thap canh bm co u iem la gon, nhe, de
che tao, nhng cung co nhieu nhc iem la: bieu o hng ngang phu
thuoc nhieu vao ng knh cua cot . e at c bieu o hng
tron vi o map mo nho th ng knh cua cot khong vt
qua: . V vay anten chu thap canh bm ch c ng
dung trong bang tan VHF. Trong bang UHF th ng knh cua cot qua
nho. Cung v ly do tren khong the thiet ke c anten phat hnh a
kenh va co bieu o hng ngang theo yeu cau, tr hnh tron va so 8
tren c s anten ch thap canh bm.
c . D . D
o th phng hng c ve hnh (3.23)
10. Anten thau knh.
Anten thau knh thuoc loai anten mat. Mat bc xa cua no c kch
thch bi trng do mot nguon song s cap a ti. Nguyen ly hoat
ong cua anten thau knh cung tng t nguyen ly cua thau knh quang
hoc. Thau knh hoi tu c ng dung e thiet lap nhng anten co o th
phng hng hep ngoai cac thau knh co hnh dang phc tap hn, cho
phep bien oi song s cap e tao ra mat bc xa mot qui luat phan bo
trng cho trc. Ta goi thau knh nay la thau knh ac biet .
Moi anten thau knh gom hai phan chnh la thau knh va bo chieu xa.
Tuy theo thau knh la loai oi xng truc hay hnh tru ma bo chieu xa co
hnh dang thch hp e tao thanh song s cap a ti thau knh.
Mot so loai anten thau knh c ve hnh ( )

hnh ve, ta co cac loai thau knh ien moi (hnh a,b), thau knh gia
ien moi hoac con goi la thau knh ien moi kim loai (hnh c), va cac
thau knh kim loai (hnh d,e,f). Viec tao thanh chum tia song song
mat ra cua thau knh co the do s khuc xa song tai mot mat thau knh
hay tai ca hai mat (tuy theo tng ket cau cu the).
a. Thau knh ien moi :
TDo iDD i-D .ci tDoc ci tDo iDD
D.. CDi-t :ot o tDo iDD dc iDD rci
D- :c i-D .ci tdcD ci o t i-o D- tc, tD-c
cD tDd:
= D =
,

vi : hang so ien moi cua thau knh.
:hang so ien moi cua moi trng khong kh.
Thau knh ien moi co u iem la dai tan rong va tnh chat hoi tu cua
no khong phu thuoc vao s phan cc cua song. Tuy nhien, nhc iem
cua no la co gay ton hao oi vi song truyen qua va at tien. Hieu suat
cua thau knh c xac nh :

t
e

2
=
:la he so suy giam c tnh theo cong thc :

ntg
t
3 . 27 = (dB/m)
:la goc ton hao cua ien moi, t la o day cua thau knh .
e giam ton hao, can s dung ien moi co ntg nho, v du polistirol
co n =2,3 , tg = 0,0001
b. Thau knh kim loai:
Fi-t rD DcD c i-D .ci ci D <, i
y - D- tc tDo iDD DDDD D :d coD -t o
c. t. i. ci t :cD :cD DDo. KDi y,
.ci trdcD id Di t. i. ci - DDo :- icD
DDd .ci trdcD trcD cD cD :cD Dd DDt, c
iD tDdc trcD .t DD I rD DcD D
id Di t. i. ci. VD tc D o :cD troy-D
_o :

2
) 2 / ( 1 a
c
v

=
Do o chiet suat cua thau knh se la:

2
) 2 / ( 1 a
v
c
n = =
Thau knh kim loai co ket cau n gian gia thanh ha va co hieu suat
cao (v trong thau knh khong co ien moi gay ton hao) nhng co nhc
iem la tnh chat hoi tu cua thau knh phu thuoc vao s phan cc cua
song ti va tan so cong tac (hay o la gii han ve dai tan so).
c. Thau knh ien moi-kim loai:
L tDo iDD tDoc ci tDo iDD D.. Nc
dc o tc rci DD td i. ci . iD tDdc
o DD td Dy tD-c DdcD o -tcr F c i
tri DDc :c ci rdc :cD. C DD td i. ci Dy
c tD- c -t o DiDD cD D DDo :DiDD o,
DiDD c-t, ci i. ci.
He so ien moi c xac nh:
=
o
(1+
N
)
Trong o, N la so phan t trong mot n v the tch.
la he so phan cc cua mot phan t, la he so ien moi cua
chan khong.
Chiet suat cuaSien moi-kim loaiT c xac nh bi cong thc:

= n =
N + 1
d. Thau knh kim loai gap khuc:
TDo iDD dc -t o rci Di i. ci
:cD :cD, ocD tD-c dcD Do, :c Dc ti
troy-D trcD c :- c _oy c . c ci DiDD Dc
o _oy c y -o rD DDo.
e. Thau knh khong ong nhat:
\ct trcD DDdD tDo iDD DcD cD DDt
tDo iDD LoD-r-r. TDo iDD c tD- dc D- tc
cdci cD DiDD o Dc DiDD tro trcD c Di-t
:ot ri-D ci tD-c DdcD rD iDD tD-c _oi ot:

2
) ( 2 ) (
a
n

=
Trong o, la khoang cach tnh t tam, a la ban knh hnh cau hoac
hnh tru.
10. Anten gng.
Nguyen ly chung:
Noy-D y . i- o Dt-D dcD tdcD td
DDd Doy-D y o dcD _oD Dc. :cD :c ci
cD o .t :cD DdcD troy-D D DDt iDD,
:o Di DD td .t dcD :- trc tDDD :cD tDd
ci cD o .t :cD DdcD troy-D D ri-D
ci tD-c y-o o Dc trdc. Vi- ri-D ci cD .t
:cD DdcD troy-D D dc tDd Di-D DDc DiDD
cD -t o ri-t o .t dcD. ADt-D
dcD c DDi-. o d ri-D ci cD iD c DdcD
o rd :c , d ri-D ci DdcD troy-D D
(Dt-Dc rrc} Dc Di ri-D ci DdcD rd
(Dt-D -ri:c}. Nci r, trcD .ct :c trdcD
Dc - DD c Di ti-o Dt dcD o Dt-D
Ddci t cD -t Dc .ct :c dcD tc tDDD Dt-D
- (Dt-D C::-riD}.
-Hnh a: gian o hng bc xa s cap - th cap vi anten gng
parabol.
-Hnh b: gian o hng bc xa s cap - th cap oi vi anten gng co
o th phng hng dang cosec.
-Hnh c: ve gian o hng va truyen lan cua bc xa s cap - th cap vi
anten loa parabol.
-Hnh d: ve s bien oi hng bc xa cua song s cap th cap oi vi
anten gng periscop.
A. Anten Parabol:
La loai anten s dung rong rai nhat cho cac ng dung song Viba la
anten phan xa dang Parabol (thng c goi la anten Parabol). No
bao gom mot anten s cap nh la mot lng cc at tai tieu c cua mot
tam phan xa dang Parabol nh hnh ve.
Mieng hay goc m vat ly cua tam phan xa co dang tron va chu tuyen
cua tam phan xa hng ve mat phang cha tieu c F. iem quan trong
cua loai anten nay la co the hoi tu cac tia song song vao tieu c cua no
va ngc lai co the tao ra chum tia song song t cac bc xa phat sinh t
tieu c. Neu co mot nguon bc xa ang hng at tieu c th ngoai
chum tia song song nh ta mong muon con co cac tia khong i t mat
phan xa ra chung tao thanh cac tia vt qua (Spillover) nh hnh ve.
che o thu cac tia nay se lam gia tang tap am va chung co the giao
thoa pha huy chum tia phan xa. Trong thc te, mot vat bc xa c
thiet ke e co toi thieu hoac loai bo cac tia nay.
So vi anten dang ken th anten Parabol co o nh hng cao hn,
bang thong lam viec ln hn va nhieu ch tieu ky thuat khac tot hn
nen no thng c s dung trong lnh vc Viba.
CAC AC TNH C BAN CUA ANTEN PARABOL.
Cac ac tnh cua anten ong mot vai tro quan trong trong viec thiet
ke cac he thong lien lac Viba iem noi iem. ay ta ch xet cac ac
tnh c ban cua anten co anh hng en viec thiet ke cua cac he thong
lien lac Viba trc xa.
Mot so iem sau ay ve anten phai luon luon c hieu ro khi khao
sat anten.
- Anten la mot thiet b thuan nghch v the cac pham chat phat va thu la
ong nhat cung mot tan so.
- Cac anten c at co nh tren cac thap anten. Cac thap anten nay
c at tai cac v tr co nh.
- Kch thc cua anten dung e ch ng knh cua khau o bc xa. oi
vi anten Parabol kch thc khau o bc xa nho hn ng knh thc
cua a. Mot anten Parabol thng co lap cac vien uon hoac cac ng
vien pha sau e gia cng hoac tao ra mot mat gia e che chan bo hap
thu.
- Bang tan: Bang tan nay c nh ngha la bang tan lien tuc trong o
anten se lam viec. Noi chung moi anten ch lam viec vi mot bang tan.
Nhng yeu cau cao hn trong viec lap at cac anten hien nay a khang
nh mot van e quan trong trong thiet ke anten la can mot anten lam
viec c vi nhieu bang tan. Thng nhng bang tan nay nam xa
nhau, luc nay anten c hieu nh la mot anten SBang oi ngauT.
Nhng v nhieu l do khac nhau bang tan lam viec cua anten Viba do
ong dan song cung cap khong vt qua 7% tan so trung tam.
a. Bieu o bc xa cua anten.
Vi Dt-D .ct tDi-t ri tDoD DDiD D-D
. i- DDd DDo Dc Dt Dc tDo. O y Dt-D
dc -. DDd Di - tDo, ri-o c rd dc
iDD toy-D o Dt-D ci ci .ct tiD Di-o c
cD :ot DcD ci dc Dt -D Dt-D td
DdcD D DDo. CcD :ot dD o Dt-D c c
Dc r .t riD o Dt-D. TrcD Di c _oy Dt-D
D c trcD .t DD DD tD c cD :ot
dD dc c c d r .t riD rD .ct .y tDo trcD
:oct _o triDD c, Dt-D Dt t c .ct i tri
tDoD ci. c c .t DD D c tD- tDd Di-D
cD iD rD i- _oy Dt-D D c tDy ci
c o Dt-D Dt. :o .ci D c Di Dt-D tDo
_oy D-t .t DD DD. \ct ri-o c DDd y c
Di-o. IdcD . tD-c DdcD c cD :ot DDD
d i ci DdcD DiDD (rcr-:iDt } o Dt-D.
KDi . i- ci Dt-D o tr. Vir t c tD-
-. ri-o c rd o .ci tro c ci DDo .
\ co trcD Do D-t trdcD Dc ri-o c rd
cD DDt.
Cac bieu o bc xa con co the c bieu dien di dang cac cung co
o li khong oi dang bieu dien nay phu hp tot cho viec xac nh dien
tch bao phu cua ve tinh.
b. o rong bup song :
crcD ro :cD tDot Dd tDdcD coD ci
DD S c rcD Dd cD :otT. c rcD ro :cD
Dd cD :ot dc iDD DD c rcD c o
ro :cD DiDD tdcD dD ci Di ri-D c o ri-o
c rd i. cF :c ci iDD tro ti DiDD. ci
ci Dt-D . .o rd o Dc DcD ci dD
.ci tro o Dc c c rcD ro :cD Dd cD :ot
ri-D. C ri-o c rd DDd y tDdcD coD
trcD i-D Vir .
Cung vi cong suat nhan c (hoac phat i) cua anten theo hng
mong muon bang bup song chnh cua no, mot t nang lng cung nhan
c (hoac phat i) theo cac hng khong mong muon bi cac bup
song phu. Cong suat phat i theo cac bup song phu co the gay giao
thoa cho cac he thong vo tuyen khac va ngc lai co the nhan cac tnh
hieu giao thoa. Cac giao thoa nay at ra gii han chung ve hieu qua s
dung hai nguon lc t nhien la pho vo tuyen va v tr at cac tram cua
cac he thong khac nhau. V vay, can giam thieu bup song phu cua
anten. Thc te, tam quan trong cua cac ac tnh bup song phu cua
anten co the c anh gia bi cac luat vo tuyen quoc te bang cach
nen s dung cac bieu o bc xa xac nh cho moi tram e cho phep s
ong ton tai cua nhieu he thong vo tuyen khac nhau. Goc m cua
anten co the c ng dung chung cho cac ng dung lien lac Viba bi
v kha nang hoi tu truyen dan cua chung trong mot dien tch mong
muon. Bieu o bc xa cua cac goc m anten phu thuoc vao s phan bo
cua bieu o trng ngang qua goc m. e giam thieu s tran qua cua
nang lng, s phan bo thng nhon au doc theo goc m vi cc ai
nam gia. o rong bup song na cong suat
hp
phu

thuoc vao s
phan bo cua khau o, ng knh va tan so hoat ong cua anten.
Moi quan he gan ung hu ch cua
hp
la:

hp =
D
N
(3.23)
Trong o:
N: la hang so phu thuoc vao s phan chia goc m.
N = 58 cho phan bo ong nhat.
N = 70 cho phan bo dang chop tieu bieu.
D : ng knh cua anten (met).
: bc song lam viec tng ng (met).
Cng o bc xa P( , ) cua mot anten theo hng
(,) c nh ngha la cong suat c bc xa t anten cho moi n v
goc khoi hng o.
o nh hng cua anten D (,) la mot so o cua pham chat hoi tu
cua anten tnh bang:

av
P
P
D
) , (
) , (

= (3.24)
Trong o :
D (, ): cng o bc xa theo hng (, ).
:goc ngang len.
:goc phng v.
P
av
:cng o bc xa trung bnh (cong suat bc xa trung bnh mot
anten tren mot n v goc khoi ).
P
4
r
av
P
= ( 3.25)
Trong o :
Pr :Tong cong suat bc xa t mot anten .
iDD DD - c iDD DdcD DcD d Di-o
:ot o Dt-D c tiDD tcD rci i J i-D D- ci
cD :ot tDd d c DcD iD .
Trong mot anten mot t cong suat se mat i do tran nang
lng, s che lap nang lng RF bi cac tam phan xa phu, cac cau truc
, cac khuyet tat do nha san xuat, ton that phan xa va ton that thuan
tr. Cac ton that nay lam giam o li cua anten va c tnh bi mot
gia tr hieu suat cho anten. V vay moi anten co mot hieu suat lien ket.
Sau ay la mot bieu o bc xa n truc cua mot anten Parabol vi
cac tham so quan trong cho lien lac Viba

C
o
n
g

s
u
a
t

t
n
g

o
i

(
d
B
)
Goc theo hng chnh ( o )
Mau phan
cc cheo
Phan biet
phan cc cheo
-3dB
0
Boresight
Mau ong cc
Bup phu

c. o li anten :
c ci tDo Dt o Dt-D D DD d
r DD dcD FF tD-c .ct DdcD iDD Dc tDo
DD dcD td .ct DdcD iDD. ci ci D-
tDcD trd y-o o Dt-D Dt Di Dt DD
dcD - .ct DdcD coy DDt, DdcD o Dt-D
D tDo. c ci o Dt-D c D-DD -D .t c
cD :ot c i-. trdcD id Dt-D D Dt
.t c cD :ot ti i-. c, DDdD dc tDy
tD- rD .ct Dt-D i rd DD dcD cD -o
tD-c .ci DdcD (D DdcD } .ct Dt-D DDd y
DcD tD- tDd Di-D trcD tDd t- DDdD tDdcD
coD - tD. Dc. c ci Dt-D Do y-o - tDoc
c tD :c . i- dcD iDD o Dc. c ci y
tDoy-t o Dt-D dc tiDD rci cD tDd .
G
max
=20 Log D 20 Log +10 Log n + 9,943 dB (3.26)
TrcD c :
D: ng knh a anten (met ).
:bc song cua tan so trung tam (met).
n :Khau o hieu dung cua anten.
n = Se /S
Trong o : Se la dien tch hieu dung cua anten thu hng ve may
phat.
S la dien tch vat ly (thc te ) cua anten.
Ham o li nay G(, ) c tnh toan cho hieu suat cua anten va no
lien he vi o nh hng qua mot he so hieu suat.
G (, )= * D (, ) (3.27)
Trong o : la hieu suat cua anten.
Cac loai anten Parabol tieu bieu co gia tr t 50 70 %
b. S phan cc song ien t :
:d DD d :cD i-D td .c t :d iDD DdcD
o -tcr i-D trdcD trcD DcD iD. :d DD
d dc _oy-t iDD rci D . tiD Di-o FF dc
DcD td Dt-D c DcD iD. CDd DD Dy dc
tDd Di-D rci .ct rc DD d Dc .ct DD o D-
tDcD Dt-D. \ct Dt-D c D DD Dt DDD
tiD Di-o D-o Dc dc DD d.
Mot song phan cc tuyen tnh co hng cua vector ien trng hp
vi truc ng hoac ngang mot goc khong oi khi no lan truyen trong
khong gian. V vay, khi vector ien trng song song vi chieu ngang
th song c phan cc ngang, va khi vector ien trng thang ng th
no la phan cc ng. Hnh ve sau cho ta thay s phan cc ngang va
phan cc ng cua mot song i vao mat phang t giay.
(b) (a)
i
Emin
(c)
Emax
Hnh (a) phan cc ng (b) phan cc ngang
(c) phan cc dang elip
Vector ien trng cua cac song phan cc dang tron ve tren cac vong
tron khi song lan truyen. Chieu quay cua no theo chieu kim ong ho
neu cac song c phan cc tron tay phai( Right Hand Circularly
Polarized Wave) va ngc lai. S meo dang cua song c phan cc
dang ellip i vao mat phang t giay.
S meo dang c o bi t so doc truc A
r
c cho bi
A
r
= E
Max
/ E
Min
Trong o:

E
Max
va E
Min
la hai truc ln va nho cua elip.
Mot thong so quan trong khac cua song la goc o nghieng cua ellip
vi truc tham chieu. S phan cc dang ellip co the xem la mot trng
hp tong quat bi v loai phan cc nay se at phan cc thang khi Ar
en va phan cc tron khi A
r
=1.
Mot cach ly thuyet, mot anten c phan cc oi co the ngan cach
cac song c truyen trong phan cc trc giao, cho phep moi phan cc
c nhan mot kenh rieng biet. Mot he thong s dung tnh chat nay
cua anten c xem la he thong phan cc oi.
Chu y: tan so truyen dan theo ca hai kenh la giong nhau va cac he
thong nh vay a nhan oi bang thong s dung. Tuy nhien, trong thc
te cac anten khong the thch hp hoan toan cho moi loai phan cc va
mot t nang lng luon c ghep noi vi cong trc giao. Nang lng
phan cc cheo ket noi xuat hien nh la giao thoa ngang trong ban than
he thong va v vay rat nhieu quan tam c tien hanh e giam nhieu
ket noi phan cc cheo cua anten s dung trong cac he thong phan cc
oi. Mot anten phan cc oi c mo ta bi mau bc xa ang cc va
mau phan cc cheo.
tiDD o .ct Dt-D DD ri-t ci DD dcD FF
ci Doy-D trcD DD d trd ci dc ci :d
DD ri-t DD d D-c. ci ci :cD dc
DD d toy-D tiDD, :d DD ri-t DD d D-c
ti :c o tiD Di-o cD DD d tr-D tDDD DD
tiD Di-o DD d D-c. ci ci :cD DD d
cD -i, .ct :cD DD d D-c c DdcD Ddc
i o Di-o _oy, oD ti :c cc tro DcD :cD
c .ct c DDi-D 'D c. :d DD ri-t DD d
D-c o .ct :cD DDd y Dc rci.
XJL 2D L
1
1
+
r
r
A
A
(cF}
e. I- :c :cD dD o Dt-D VSwR.
I- :c VSwR o .ct Dt-D DD DD dcD DD
trc i td Dt-D DcD tD. i c DD dcD
rd Ddo iD. NDd y, DD dcD DD DD
dcD tcD tDt . co Dc c tD- DD trc i td
o DocD -D oci DDd trcD DD DD dcD Dt
i.TiD Di-o DD -, . co ri i. - c cD,
DDdD ri tr- - tDci iD :c ci tiD Di-o DiDD.
T coD o tiD Di-o DD - y .-c cD tiD
Di-o DiDD, ci ri-D cD Dy ci .-c ti-D
cD, t cD o Dc Do tDoc c DcD D
id Dt-D o oci DocD o Feeder, oD DDd
c cD o tiD Di-o DD . T it Di c dc VSwR
o Dt-D, tDdcD c tcD Dc Ddc FL DDi-o DcD. Nc
ti :c tiDD rD cF o tiD Di-o DD tiD
Di-o c o Dt-D D c:
FL D L(J
1
J
r
} cF
TrcD c:
J
1
: cD :ot:cD tci.
J
r
: cD :ot :cD DD .
TDdcD DD :D ot iDD tDcD :c VSwR
d i rc . trcD .ct rD tD. NDdD Doy-D
DDD . Dc VSwR cD DcD i tri y tdcD rt
y :d iD cD Dc o trc DD Dd -o :ot
Dt td .t riD, c ci c. cc tD-c cD cD :cD,
ti- :cD . . .
1. NDi-t c t . Dt-D :
\ct Dt-D DDD dc t . rt DocD td rt
DDi-o DocD Dci ti D DDo oD ci tiD
Di-o . Dc D DDD. NDi-t c t . o Dt-D
.ct D- c o t . i c .y tDo _o Dt-D.
NDi-t c t . o Dt-D c dc rci D- tiD
DD o tDDD DD t . td tt DocD
t . r-D trcD.

=

2
0 0
) , ( ) , (
4
1
d T G T
b S

TrcD c :
c : DD td c Dci i-D D- ci c trdcD rci
DocD rci Dt-D.
C( , }: D. c ci o Dt-D tD-c ( , }.
Tr( , }: DDi-t c :D DDt tD-c DocD ( , }.
C DocD t . c tD- DDD tc Dc td DDi-D.
NocD t . td DDi-D cD DDt t . o tro Dc
y r rci .t trci, .t trD, tri t . ..
C DocD t . DDD tc rt DocD td DocD
ti-D ic tDcD, .y .c cD DDi- . . .
B. Anten nheu ta.
ADt-D DDi-o ti Dt-D c tD- oD DDi-o ro
:cD td .ct dcD DD cD. Nc dc :d coD
trcD tDcD tiD - tiDD - tc r oD Do :cD
cD tc cD, io Dc i- tc Dd .D tDcD tiD
ci cD _o - tiDD.
Lci Dt-D DDi-o ti cD iD DDt Dc ri-D
DDt Dt-D .t DD c DDi-o rc Di-o t
oD _oDD ti-o i-.. \ci rc Di-o :- tc r .ct
ro :cD ri-D - :- tc r oD Do :cD ri-D
- tr-D .t t dc ci Sc.T. C ro :cD
tc tDDD Sc.T Dy dc ci ro c.,
i- ci Doy-D rc Di-o Dci ti-o i-. Dt-D
dcD :- tc r ro c. D DDo.
C. ADt-D -ri:c.
ADt-D c. c rc Di-o , dcD cD 2 c
Di cdci, dcD DD c Di tr-D. N-o dcD
cdci .ct DD o -i:cit tDi rc Di-o :-
dc t c .ct trcD Di ti-o i-. o -i, cD
ti-o i-. tDd Di dc rc tri troD ci t. o
dcD DD (DiDD r}. Lo i-. o Dt-D Dy
DcD D coD 1ic- ci - ti- i-D D-D t Di-o
:ot c trcD .ct ci tD rcD.
D. ADt-D c Jrrc.
ADt-D c. c .ct c DiDD tD , c .i-D o
Dc dc D ci .ct DD o dcD rrc trcD
cy 2. Ti-o i-. o dcD dc rc tri troD ci
t. D o c. CDo. ti Dci to dc rd _o
.i-D (DiDD }.
Lo i-. o Dt-D c rrc Do. ti
Di-o DcD ri DD tD, cc c Dt-D t dc
Di-o :ot c, .d rd Do DDc. CoD icD DDd c
trdcD Dc Dt-D dcD DcD ci dD, trcD
trdcD Dc Dy Di-o dD DD rd o rc Di-o
DcD D - Dt-D c ci tD rcD.
E. ADt-D dcD - (Anten Cassegzen }
:c c o Dt-D C::-r-D dc - c DiDD cdci.
ADt-D c. c .ct dcD cD (dcD DiDD }, .ct
dcD DDc 2( dcD Do } rc Di-o c t. D
t ti ti-o i-. o dcD Do ci .ci rc Di-o
c .t :cD iDD, c tD- DcD c :c
dcD DiDD Do D DDo - tc tDDD .t cD D
c .i-D
o
dcD
DiDD .

IiDD tr-D - Dt-D dcD - ci dcD DiDD
rrc dcD Do dcD Dy-rrc. ADt-D Dy cD
c t-D ci D anten Cassegren
O DiDD (}ti-o i-. o dcD Do Dy-rrc dc rc
tri troD ci ti-o i-. o dcD DiDD rrc.
Ti-o d o DDDD Dy-rrc tDd Di (DDDD c} D.
c F
2
tr-D tro o dcD DiDD. Fc Di-o :- dc
rc tri tD- Dc - t. D o Dc troD ci i-. F
2
.
:cD i-D td tc r rci rc Di-o :- troy-D tci
.t dcD Do Dy-rrc :o Di DD :-
c .t dcD DiDD, ti- to DD D Di rci
troy-D i.
Ci :d rc Di-o DocD :cD o, :cD tci
:cD DD toD tD-c _oy ot _oD DiDD. KDi
c, tD-c tiDD Dt Dy-rrc cd c DiDD (} t
c : F
2
A F
F
2
A F
A 2
\t D, cd c tiDD Dt o rrc t c:
F
A + AF +FC F
A + AF +FC 21+:
D
Vi F
2
A F
A + 2 D-D:
F
2
A + AF + FC 21 + :
D
+ 2 cD:t
TrcD c 1 ti-o d o dcD rrc; 2
DcD D id Di iDD Dy-rrc; :
D
DcD
D td ti-o i-. rrc -D dcD tDD ocD
c ci tro rrc .
song song vi mat phang mieng gng se la mot hang so. V vay
anten Cassegren cung at c hieu qua bien oi song cau thanh song
phang giong nh anten n gian. u iem cua anten nay so vi gng
n la kch thc anten theo hng truc nho hn so vi anten gng
n. ong thi, do bo chieu xa at gan nh gng nen ket cau se n
gian va thuan li hn. Khuyet iem cua anten Cassegren la gng phu
se chan mat mot phan khong gian pha trc gng chnh gay ra mot
mien toi lam phan bo bien o cua trng khong ong eu, dan en
giam he so nh hng cua anten. He so nh hng cua anten
cassegren c xac nh gan ung theo cong thc:
Do Do [1-2 (R1/R2 )]
2

Trong o: Do la he so nh hng khi gng chnh khong b che.
R1, R2 la ban knh cua mieng gng phu va mieng gng chnh.
e khac phuc hieu ng che chan cua gng phu oi vi gng
chnh ngi ta che tao gng phu di dang li day dan song song,
con be mat gng chnh can c che tao sao cho no co kha nang quay
mat phang phan cc cua song phan xa i mot goc 90 o. Song phan xa
t mat gng chnh co mat phang phan cc a quay i mot goc 90 o so
vi hng ban au se lot qua li day dan song song cua mat gng
phu ma khong b gng phu che chan.
o tang tch cua anten:
= . }
L
( .
A 4
C
2
2
t
t

Chu y rang vi mot anten co ng knh khong oi th tan so
cang cao, he so tang tch anten cang ln.
G
t
: la he so tang tch cua anten phat( dB )
A
t
: khau o cua anten phat( m
2
).
D: ng knh cua anten( m ).
: hieu suat cua anten.
: bc song cua anten ( = c/f ).
Anten canh bm co tr khang vao c . He so khuech ai trong
mat phang ng ln hn 1.8 lan so vi chan t phang n.
e tang he so khuech ai va at bieu o hng ung hep co the dung
anten chu thap canh bm nhieu tang, moi tang cach nhau
t . } c . D . D (

Hnh 3-21

ieu c ban la phai at ieu kien: hai na cua mot chan t co pha oi
nhau ( ), con hai na cua chan t vuong goc b dch pha
. V du hnh 3.21.a gii thieu anten canh bm 3 tang.
D

2D 'D
- Chieu dai cac oan day fide t iem a va khac nhau /2, v
the tao ra ien ap nuoi ngc pha nhau cho cac chan t 1 va 3.
,

`
D
- Khoang cach t cac iem va ti cac chan t 1va 3 la nh
nhau, nen khong gay dch pha va cac tang c nuoi ong pha.
`
- e tao o dch pha nuoi cac chan t vuong goc, ch can tang
chieu dai mot trong hai oan day fide them
'D
4 (hnh 3.21 a).
Vi phng phap nuoi cac chan t bang cac dong ien dch
pha nhau co the giam toi a song phan xa ve day fide chnh, co
'D
ngha la tang he so song chay va m rong dai tan lam viec cua anten.
Trong nhng trng hp nguon nuoi c cap rieng biet t may phat
hnh va may phat tieng th he thong phan phoi tn hieu se co them chuc
nang lam thanh mot bo loc phan cach (hnh 3.22).
Cac tn hieu cao tan hnh va tieng c tron trong mach cau lam bang
cac oan cap ong truc (hnh 3.22 a).
T le ve pha cua cac tn hieu cao tan hnh va tieng tai cac chan t
khac nhau (hnh b,c).
Tuy anten phat hnh chu thap canh bm co u iem la gon, nhe, de
che tao, nhng cung co nhieu nhc iem la: bieu o hng ngang phu
thuoc nhieu vao ng knh cua cot . e at c bieu o hng
tron vi o map mo nho th ng knh cua cot khong vt
qua: . V vay anten chu thap canh bm ch c ng
dung trong bang tan VHF. Trong bang UHF th ng knh cua cot qua
nho. Cung v ly do tren khong the thiet ke c anten phat hnh a
kenh va co bieu o hng ngang theo yeu cau, tr hnh tron va so 8
tren c s anten ch thap canh bm.
c . D . D
o th phng hng c ve hnh (3.23)
10. Anten thau knh.
Anten thau knh thuoc loai anten mat. Mat bc xa cua no c kch
thch bi trng do mot nguon song s cap a ti. Nguyen ly hoat
ong cua anten thau knh cung tng t nguyen ly cua thau knh quang
hoc. Thau knh hoi tu c ng dung e thiet lap nhng anten co o th
phng hng hep ngoai cac thau knh co hnh dang phc tap hn, cho
phep bien oi song s cap e tao ra mat bc xa mot qui luat phan bo
trng cho trc. Ta goi thau knh nay la thau knh ac biet .
Moi anten thau knh gom hai phan chnh la thau knh va bo chieu xa.
Tuy theo thau knh la loai oi xng truc hay hnh tru ma bo chieu xa co
hnh dang thch hp e tao thanh song s cap a ti thau knh.
Mot so loai anten thau knh c ve hnh ( )

hnh ve, ta co cac loai thau knh ien moi (hnh a,b), thau knh gia
ien moi hoac con goi la thau knh ien moi kim loai (hnh c), va cac
thau knh kim loai (hnh d,e,f). Viec tao thanh chum tia song song
mat ra cua thau knh co the do s khuc xa song tai mot mat thau knh
hay tai ca hai mat (tuy theo tng ket cau cu the).
a. Thau knh ien moi :
TDo iDD i-D .ci tDoc ci tDo iDD
D.. CDi-t :ot o tDo iDD dc iDD rci
D- :c i-D .ci tdcD ci o t i-o D- tc, tD-c
cD tDd:
= D =
,

vi : hang so ien moi cua thau knh.
:hang so ien moi cua moi trng khong kh.
Thau knh ien moi co u iem la dai tan rong va tnh chat hoi tu cua
no khong phu thuoc vao s phan cc cua song. Tuy nhien, nhc iem
cua no la co gay ton hao oi vi song truyen qua va at tien. Hieu suat
cua thau knh c xac nh :

t
e

2
=
:la he so suy giam c tnh theo cong thc :

ntg
t
3 . 27 = (dB/m)
:la goc ton hao cua ien moi, t la o day cua thau knh .
e giam ton hao, can s dung ien moi co ntg nho, v du polistirol
co n =2,3 , tg = 0,0001
b. Thau knh kim loai:
Fi-t rD DcD c i-D .ci ci D <, i
y - D- tc tDo iDD DDDD D :d coD -t o
c. t. i. ci t :cD :cD DDo. KDi y,
.ci trdcD id Di t. i. ci - DDo :- icD
DDd .ci trdcD trcD cD cD :cD Dd DDt, c
iD tDdc trcD .t DD I rD DcD D
id Di t. i. ci. VD tc D o :cD troy-D
_o :

2
) 2 / ( 1 a
c
v

=
Do o chiet suat cua thau knh se la:

2
) 2 / ( 1 a
v
c
n = =
Thau knh kim loai co ket cau n gian gia thanh ha va co hieu suat
cao (v trong thau knh khong co ien moi gay ton hao) nhng co nhc
iem la tnh chat hoi tu cua thau knh phu thuoc vao s phan cc cua
song ti va tan so cong tac (hay o la gii han ve dai tan so).
c. Thau knh ien moi-kim loai:
L tDo iDD tDoc ci tDo iDD D.. Nc
dc o tc rci DD td i. ci . iD tDdc
o DD td Dy tD-c DdcD o -tcr F c i
tri DDc :c ci rdc :cD. C DD td i. ci Dy
c tD- c -t o DiDD cD D DDo :DiDD o,
DiDD c-t, ci i. ci.
He so ien moi c xac nh:
=
o
(1+
N
)
Trong o, N la so phan t trong mot n v the tch.
la he so phan cc cua mot phan t, la he so ien moi cua
chan khong.
Chiet suat cuaSien moi-kim loaiT c xac nh bi cong thc:

= n =
N + 1
d. Thau knh kim loai gap khuc:
TDo iDD dc -t o rci Di i. ci
:cD :cD, ocD tD-c dcD Do, :c Dc ti
troy-D trcD c :- c _oy c . c ci DiDD Dc
o _oy c y -o rD DDo.
e. Thau knh khong ong nhat:
\ct trcD DDdD tDo iDD DcD cD DDt
tDo iDD LoD-r-r. TDo iDD c tD- dc D- tc
cdci cD DiDD o Dc DiDD tro trcD c Di-t
:ot ri-D ci tD-c DdcD rD iDD tD-c _oi ot:

2
) ( 2 ) (
a
n

=
Trong o, la khoang cach tnh t tam, a la ban knh hnh cau hoac
hnh tru.
10. Anten gng.
Nguyen ly chung:
Noy-D y . i- o Dt-D dcD tdcD td
DDd Doy-D y o dcD _oD Dc. :cD :c ci
cD o .t :cD DdcD troy-D D DDt iDD,
:o Di DD td .t dcD :- trc tDDD :cD tDd
ci cD o .t :cD DdcD troy-D D ri-D
ci tD-c y-o o Dc trdc. Vi- ri-D ci cD .t
:cD DdcD troy-D D dc tDd Di-D DDc DiDD
cD -t o ri-t o .t dcD. ADt-D
dcD c DDi-. o d ri-D ci cD iD c DdcD
o rd :c , d ri-D ci DdcD troy-D D
(Dt-Dc rrc} Dc Di ri-D ci DdcD rd
(Dt-D -ri:c}. Nci r, trcD .ct :c trdcD
Dc - DD c Di ti-o Dt dcD o Dt-D
Ddci t cD -t Dc .ct :c dcD tc tDDD Dt-D
- (Dt-D C::-riD}.
-Hnh a: gian o hng bc xa s cap - th cap vi anten gng
parabol.
-Hnh b: gian o hng bc xa s cap - th cap oi vi anten gng co
o th phng hng dang cosec.
-Hnh c: ve gian o hng va truyen lan cua bc xa s cap - th cap vi
anten loa parabol.
-Hnh d: ve s bien oi hng bc xa cua song s cap th cap oi vi
anten gng periscop.
A. Anten Parabol:
La loai anten s dung rong rai nhat cho cac ng dung song Viba la
anten phan xa dang Parabol (thng c goi la anten Parabol). No
bao gom mot anten s cap nh la mot lng cc at tai tieu c cua mot
tam phan xa dang Parabol nh hnh ve.
Mieng hay goc m vat ly cua tam phan xa co dang tron va chu tuyen
cua tam phan xa hng ve mat phang cha tieu c F. iem quan trong
cua loai anten nay la co the hoi tu cac tia song song vao tieu c cua no
va ngc lai co the tao ra chum tia song song t cac bc xa phat sinh t
tieu c. Neu co mot nguon bc xa ang hng at tieu c th ngoai
chum tia song song nh ta mong muon con co cac tia khong i t mat
phan xa ra chung tao thanh cac tia vt qua (Spillover) nh hnh ve.
che o thu cac tia nay se lam gia tang tap am va chung co the giao
thoa pha huy chum tia phan xa. Trong thc te, mot vat bc xa c
thiet ke e co toi thieu hoac loai bo cac tia nay.
So vi anten dang ken th anten Parabol co o nh hng cao hn,
bang thong lam viec ln hn va nhieu ch tieu ky thuat khac tot hn
nen no thng c s dung trong lnh vc Viba.
CAC AC TNH C BAN CUA ANTEN PARABOL.
Cac ac tnh cua anten ong mot vai tro quan trong trong viec thiet
ke cac he thong lien lac Viba iem noi iem. ay ta ch xet cac ac
tnh c ban cua anten co anh hng en viec thiet ke cua cac he thong
lien lac Viba trc xa.
Mot so iem sau ay ve anten phai luon luon c hieu ro khi khao
sat anten.
- Anten la mot thiet b thuan nghch v the cac pham chat phat va thu la
ong nhat cung mot tan so.
- Cac anten c at co nh tren cac thap anten. Cac thap anten nay
c at tai cac v tr co nh.
- Kch thc cua anten dung e ch ng knh cua khau o bc xa. oi
vi anten Parabol kch thc khau o bc xa nho hn ng knh thc
cua a. Mot anten Parabol thng co lap cac vien uon hoac cac ng
vien pha sau e gia cng hoac tao ra mot mat gia e che chan bo hap
thu.
- Bang tan: Bang tan nay c nh ngha la bang tan lien tuc trong o
anten se lam viec. Noi chung moi anten ch lam viec vi mot bang tan.
Nhng yeu cau cao hn trong viec lap at cac anten hien nay a khang
nh mot van e quan trong trong thiet ke anten la can mot anten lam
viec c vi nhieu bang tan. Thng nhng bang tan nay nam xa
nhau, luc nay anten c hieu nh la mot anten SBang oi ngauT.
Nhng v nhieu l do khac nhau bang tan lam viec cua anten Viba do
ong dan song cung cap khong vt qua 7% tan so trung tam.
a. Bieu o bc xa cua anten.
Vi Dt-D .ct tDi-t ri tDoD DDiD D-D
. i- DDd DDo Dc Dt Dc tDo. O y Dt-D
dc -. DDd Di - tDo, ri-o c rd dc
iDD toy-D o Dt-D ci ci .ct tiD Di-o c
cD :ot DcD ci dc Dt -D Dt-D td
DdcD D DDo. CcD :ot dD o Dt-D c c
Dc r .t riD o Dt-D. TrcD Di c _oy Dt-D
D c trcD .t DD DD tD c cD :ot
dD dc c c d r .t riD rD .ct .y tDo trcD
:oct _o triDD c, Dt-D Dt t c .ct i tri
tDoD ci. c c .t DD D c tD- tDd Di-D
cD iD rD i- _oy Dt-D D c tDy ci
c o Dt-D Dt. :o .ci D c Di Dt-D tDo
_oy D-t .t DD DD. \ct ri-o c DDd y c
Di-o. IdcD . tD-c DdcD c cD :ot DDD
d i ci DdcD DiDD (rcr-:iDt } o Dt-D.
KDi . i- ci Dt-D o tr. Vir t c tD-
-. ri-o c rd o .ci tro c ci DDo .
\ co trcD Do D-t trdcD Dc ri-o c rd
cD DDt.
Cac bieu o bc xa con co the c bieu dien di dang cac cung co
o li khong oi dang bieu dien nay phu hp tot cho viec xac nh dien
tch bao phu cua ve tinh.
b. o rong bup song :
crcD ro :cD tDot Dd tDdcD coD ci
DDS c rcD Dd cD :otT. c rcD ro :cD Dd
cD :ot dc iDD DD c rcD c o ro
:cD DiDD tdcD dD ci Di ri-D c o ri-o c
rd i. cF :c ci iDD tro ti DiDD. ci ci
Dt-D . .o rd o Dc DcD ci dD .ci
tro o Dc c c rcD ro :cD Dd cD :ot
ri-D. C ri-o c rd DDd y tDdcD coD
trcD i-D Vir .
Cung vi cong suat nhan c (hoac phat i ) cua anten theo hng
mong muon bang bup song chnh cua no, mot t nang lng cung nhan
c (hoac phat i ) theo cac hng khong mong muon bi cac bup
song phu. Cong suat phat i theo cac bup song phu co the gay giao
thoa cho cac he thong vo tuyen khac va ngc lai co the nhan cac tnh
hieu giao thoa. Cac giao thoa nay at ra gii han chung ve hieu qua s
dung hai nguon lc t nhien la pho vo tuyen va v tr at cac tram cua
cac he thong khac nhau. V vay, can giam thieu bup song phu cua
anten. Thc te, tam quan trong cua cac ac tnh bup song phu cua
anten co the c anh gia bi cac luat vo tuyen quoc te bang cach
nen s dung cac bieu o bc xa xac nh cho moi tram e cho phep s
ong ton tai cua nhieu he thong vo tuyen khac nhau. Goc m cua
anten co the c ng dung chung cho cac ng dung lien lac Viba bi
v kha nang hoi tu truyen dan cua chung trong mot dien tch mong
muon. Bieu o bc xa cua cac goc m anten phu thuoc vao s phan bo
cua bieu o trng ngang qua goc m. e giam thieu s tran qua cua
nang lng, s phan bo thng nhon au doc theo goc m vi cc ai
nam gia. o rong bup song na cong suat
hp
phu

thuoc vao s
phan bo cua khau o, ng knh va tan so hoat ong cua anten.
Moi quan he gan ung hu ch cua
hp
la:

hp =
D
N
(3.23)
Trong o:
N: la hang so phu thuoc vao s phan chia goc m.
N = 58 cho phan bo ong nhat.
N = 70 cho phan bo dang chop tieu bieu.
D : ng knh cua anten ( met).
: bc song lam viec tng ng ( met).
Cng o bc xa P( , ) cua mot anten theo hng
( ,) c nh ngha la cong suat c bc xa t anten cho moi n v
goc khoi hng o.
o nh hng cua anten D (, ) la mot so o cua pham chat hoi tu
cua anten tnh bang:

av
P
P
D
) , (
) , (

= (3.24)
Trong o :
D (, ): cng o bc xa theo hng (, ).
:goc ngang len.
:goc phng v.
P
av
:cng o bc xa trung bnh (cong suat bc xa trung bnh mot
anten tren mot n v goc khoi ).
P
4
r
av
P
= ( 3.25)
Trong o :
Pr :Tong cong suat bc xa t mot anten .
iDD DD - c iDD DdcD DcD d Di-o
:ot o Dt-D c tiDD tcD rci i J i-D D- ci
cD :ot tDd d c DcD iD .
Trong mot anten mot t cong suat se mat i do tran nang
lng, s che lap nang lng RF bi cac tam phan xa phu, cac cau truc
, cac khuyet tat do nha san xuat, ton that phan xa va ton that thuan
tr. Cac ton that nay lam giam o li cua anten va c tnh bi mot
gia tr hieu suat cho anten. V vay moi anten co mot hieu suat lien ket.
Sau ay la mot bieu o bc xa n truc cua mot anten Parabol vi
cac tham so quan trong cho lien lac Viba

C
o
n
g

s
u
a
t

t
n
g

o
i

(
d
B
)
Goc theo hng chnh ( o )
Mau phan
cc cheo
Phan biet
phan cc cheo
-3dB
0
Boresight
Mau ong cc
Bup phu

c. o li anten :
c ci tDo Dt o Dt-D D DD d
r DD dcD FF tD-c .ct DdcD iDD Dc tDo
DD dcD td .ct DdcD iDD. ci ci D-
tDcD trd y-o o Dt-D Dt Di Dt DD
dcD - .ct DdcD coy DDt, DdcD o Dt-D
D tDo. c ci o Dt-D c D-DD -D .t c
cD :ot c i-. trdcD id Dt-D D Dt
.t c cD :ot ti i-. c, DDdD dc tDy
tD- rD .ct Dt-D i rd DD dcD cD -o
tD-c .ci DdcD (D DdcD } .ct Dt-D DDd y
DcD tD- tDd Di-D trcD tDd t- DDdD tDdcD
coD - tD. Dc. c ci Dt-D Do y-o - tDoc
c tD :c . i- dcD iDD o Dc. c ci y
tDoy-t o Dt-D dc tiDD rci cD tDd .
G
max
=20 Log D 20 Log +10 Log n + 9,943 dB (3.26)
TrcD c :
D: ng knh a anten (met ).
:bc song cua tan so trung tam (met).
n :Khau o hieu dung cua anten.
n = Se /S
Trong o : Se la dien tch hieu dung cua anten thu hng ve may
phat.
S la dien tch vat ly (thc te ) cua anten.
Ham o li nay G(, ) c tnh toan cho hieu suat cua anten va no
lien he vi o nh hng qua mot he so hieu suat.
G (, )= * D (, ) (3.27)
Trong o : la hieu suat cua anten.
Cac loai anten Parabol tieu bieu co gia tr t 50 70 %
b. S phan cc song ien t :
:d DD d :cD i-D td .c t :d iDD DdcD
o -tcr i-D trdcD trcD DcD iD. :d DD
d dc _oy-t iDD rci D . tiD Di-o FF dc
DcD td Dt-D c DcD iD. CDd DD Dy dc
tDd Di-D rci .ct rc DD d Dc .ct DD o D-
tDcD Dt-D. \ct Dt-D c D DD Dt DDD
tiD Di-o D-o Dc dc DD d.
Mot song phan cc tuyen tnh co hng cua vector ien trng hp
vi truc ng hoac ngang mot goc khong oi khi no lan truyen trong
khong gian. V vay, khi vector ien trng song song vi chieu ngang
th song c phan cc ngang, va khi vector ien trng thang ng th
no la phan cc ng. Hnh ve sau cho ta thay s phan cc ngang va
phan cc ng cua mot song i vao mat phang t giay.
(b) (a)
i
Emin
Emax
(c)
Hnh (a) phan cc ng (b) phan cc ngang
(c) phan cc dang elip
Vector ien trng cua cac song phan cc dang tron ve tren cac vong
tron khi song lan truyen. Chieu quay cua no theo chieu kim ong ho
neu cac song c phan cc tron tay phai( Right Hand Circularly
Polarized Wave) va ngc lai. S meo dang cua song c phan cc
dang ellip i vao mat phang t giay.
S meo dang c o bi t so doc truc A
r
c cho bi
A
r
= E
Max
/ E
Min
Trong o:

E
Max
va E
Min
la hai truc ln va nho cua elip.
Mot thong so quan trong khac cua song la goc o nghieng cua ellip
vi truc tham chieu. S phan cc dang ellip co the xem la mot trng
hp tong quat bi v loai phan cc nay se at phan cc thang khi Ar
en va phan cc tron khi A
r
=1.
Mot cach ly thuyet, mot anten c phan cc oi co the ngan cach
cac song c truyen trong phan cc trc giao, cho phep moi phan cc
c nhan mot kenh rieng biet. Mot he thong s dung tnh chat nay
cua anten c xem la he thong phan cc oi.
Chu y: tan so truyen dan theo ca hai kenh la giong nhau va cac he
thong nh vay a nhan oi bang thong s dung. Tuy nhien, trong thc
te cac anten khong the thch hp hoan toan cho moi loai phan cc va
mot t nang lng luon c ghep noi vi cong trc giao. Nang lng
phan cc cheo ket noi xuat hien nh la giao thoa ngang trong ban than
he thong va v vay rat nhieu quan tam c tien hanh e giam nhieu
ket noi phan cc cheo cua anten s dung trong cac he thong phan cc
oi. Mot anten phan cc oi c mo ta bi mau bc xa ang cc va
mau phan cc cheo.
tiDD o .ct Dt-D DD ri-t ci DD dcD FF
ci Doy-D trcD DD d trd ci dc ci :d
DD ri-t DD d D-c. ci ci :cD dc
DD d toy-D tiDD, :d DD ri-t DD d D-c
ti :c o tiD Di-o cD DD d tr-D tDDD DD
tiD Di-o DD d D-c. ci ci :cD DD d
cD -i, .ct :cD DD d D-c c DdcD Ddc
i o Di-o _oy, oD ti :c cc tro DcD :cD
c .ct c DDi-D 'D c. :d DD ri-t DD d
D-c o .ct :cD DDd y Dc rci.
XJL 2D L
1
1
+
r
r
A
A
(cF}
e. I- :c :cD dD o Dt-D VSwR.
I- :c VSwR o .ct Dt-D DD DD dcD DD
trc i td Dt-D DcD tD. i c DD dcD
rd Ddo iD. NDd y, DD dcD DD DD
dcD tcD tDt . co Dc c tD- DD trc i td
o DocD -D oci DDd trcD DD DD dcD Dt
i.TiD Di-o DD -, . co ri i. - c cD,
DDdD ri tr- - tDci iD :c ci tiD Di-o DiDD.
T coD o tiD Di-o DD - y .-c cD tiD
Di-o DiDD, ci ri-D cD Dy ci .-c ti-D
cD, t cD o Dc Do tDoc c DcD D
id Dt-D o oci DocD o Feeder, oD DDd
c cD o tiD Di-o DD . T it Di c dc VSwR
o Dt-D, tDdcD c tcD Dc Ddc FL DDi-o DcD. Nc
ti :c tiDD rD cF o tiD Di-o DD tiD
Di-o c o Dt-D D c:
FL D L(J
1
J
r
} cF
TrcD c:
J
1
: cD :ot :cD tci.
J
r
: cD :ot :cD DD .
TDdcD DD :D ot iDD tDcD :c VSwR
d i rc . trcD .ct rD tD. NDdD Doy-D
DDD . Dc VSwR cD DcD i tri y tdcD rt
y :d iD cD Dc o trc DD Dd -o :ot
Dt td .t riD, c ci c. cc tD-c cD cD :cD,
ti- :cD . . .
1. NDi-t c t . Dt-D :
\ct Dt-D DDD dc t . rt DocD td rt
DDi-o DocD Dci ti D DDo oD ci tiD
Di-o . Dc D DDD. NDi-t c t . o Dt-D
.ct D- c o t . i c .y tDo _o Dt-D.
NDi-t c t . o Dt-D c dc rci D- tiD
DD o tDDD DD t . td tt DocD
t . r-D trcD.

=

2
0 0
) , ( ) , (
4
1
d T G T
b S

TrcD c :
c : DD td c Dci i-D D- ci c trdcD rci
DocD rci Dt-D.
C( , }: D. c ci o Dt-D tD-c ( , }.
Tr( , }: DDi-t c :D DDt tD-c DocD ( , }.
C DocD t . c tD- DDD tc Dc td DDi-D.
NocD t . td DDi-D cD DDt t . o tro Dc
y r rci .t trci, .t trD, tri t . ..
C DocD t . DDD tc rt DocD td DocD
ti-D ic tDcD, .y .c cD DDi- . . .
B. Anten nheu ta.
ADt-D DDi-o ti Dt-D c tD- oD DDi-o ro
:cD td .ct dcD DD cD. Nc dc :d coD
trcD tDcD tiD - tiDD - tc r oD Do :cD
cD tc cD, io Dc i- tc Dd .D tDcD tiD
ci cD _o - tiDD.
Lci Dt-D DDi-o ti cD iD DDt Dc ri-D
DDt Dt-D .t DD c DDi-o rc Di-o t
oD _oDD ti-o i-.. \ci rc Di-o :- tc r .ct
ro :cD ri-D - :- tc r oD Do :cD ri-D
- tr-D .t t dc ci Sc.T. C ro :cD
tc tDDD Sc.T Dy dc ci ro c.,
i- ci Doy-D rc Di-o Dci ti-o i-. Dt-D
dcD :- tc r ro c. D DDo.
C. ADt-D -ri:c.
ADt-D c. c rc Di-o , dcD cD 2 c
Di cdci, dcD DD c Di tr-D. N-o dcD
cdci .ct DD o -i:cit tDi rc Di-o :-
dc t c .ct trcD Di ti-o i-. o -i, cD
ti-o i-. tDd Di dc rc tri troD ci t. o
dcD DD (DiDD r}. Lo i-. o Dt-D Dy
DcD D coD 1ic- ci - ti- i-D D-D t Di-o
:ot c trcD .ct ci tD rcD.
D. ADt-D c Jrrc.
ADt-D c. c .ct c DiDD tD , c .i-D o
Dc dc D ci .ct DD o dcD rrc trcD
cy 2. Ti-o i-. o dcD dc rc tri troD ci
t. D o c. CDo. ti Dci to dc rd _o
.i-D (DiDD }.
Lo i-. o Dt-D c rrc Do. ti
Di-o DcD ri DD tD, cc c Dt-D t dc
Di-o :ot c, .d rd Do DDc. CoD icD DDd c
trdcD Dc Dt-D dcD DcD ci dD, trcD
trdcD Dc Dy Di-o dD DD rd o rc Di-o
DcD D - Dt-D c ci tD rcD.
E. ADt-D dcD - (Anten Cassegzen }
:c c o Dt-D C::-r-D dc - c DiDD cdci.
ADt-D c. c .ct dcD cD (dcD DiDD }, .ct
dcD DDc 2( dcD Do } rc Di-o c t. D
t ti ti-o i-. o dcD Do ci .ci rc Di-o
c .t :cD iDD, c tD- DcD c :c
dcD DiDD Do D DDo - tc tDDD .t cD D
c .i-D
o
dcD
DiDD .

IiDD tr-D - Dt-D dcD - ci dcD DiDD
rrc dcD Do dcD Dy-rrc. ADt-D Dy cD
c t-D ci D anten Cassegren
O DiDD (}ti-o i-. o dcD Do Dy-rrc dc rc
tri troD ci ti-o i-. o dcD DiDD rrc.
Ti-o d o DDDD Dy-rrc tDd Di (DDDD c} D.
c F
2
tr-D tro o dcD DiDD. Fc Di-o :- dc
rc tri tD- Dc - t. D o Dc troD ci i-. F
2
.
:cD i-D td tc r rci rc Di-o :- troy-D tci
.t dcD Do Dy-rrc :o Di DD :-
c .t dcD DiDD, ti- to DD D Di rci
troy-D i.
Ci :d rc Di-o DocD :cD o, :cD tci
:cD DD toD tD-c _oy ot _oD DiDD. KDi
c, tD-c tiDD Dt Dy-rrc cd c DiDD (} t
c : F
2
A F
F
2
A F
A 2
\t D, cd c tiDD Dt o rrc t c:
F
A + AF +FC F
A + AF +FC 21+:
D
Vi F
2
A F
A + 2 D-D:
F
2
A + AF + FC 21 + :
D
+ 2 cD:t
TrcD c 1 ti-o d o dcD rrc; 2
DcD D id Di iDD Dy-rrc; :
D
DcD
D td ti-o i-. rrc -D dcD tDD ocD
c ci tro rrc .
song song vi mat phang mieng gng se la mot hang so. V vay
anten Cassegren cung at c hieu qua bien oi song cau thanh song
phang giong nh anten n gian. u iem cua anten nay so vi gng
n la kch thc anten theo hng truc nho hn so vi anten gng
n. ong thi, do bo chieu xa at gan nh gng nen ket cau se n
gian va thuan li hn. Khuyet iem cua anten Cassegren la gng phu
se chan mat mot phan khong gian pha trc gng chnh gay ra mot
mien toi lam phan bo bien o cua trng khong ong eu, dan en
giam he so nh hng cua anten. He so nh hng cua anten
cassegren c xac nh gan ung theo cong thc:
Do Do [1-2 (R1/R2 )]
2

Trong o: Do la he so nh hng khi gng chnh khong b che.
R1, R2 la ban knh cua mieng gng phu va mieng gng chnh.
e khac phuc hieu ng che chan cua gng phu oi vi gng
chnh ngi ta che tao gng phu di dang li day dan song song,
con be mat gng chnh can c che tao sao cho no co kha nang quay
mat phang phan cc cua song phan xa i mot goc 90 o. Song phan xa
t mat gng chnh co mat phang phan cc a quay i mot goc 90 o so
vi hng ban au se lot qua li day dan song song cua mat gng
phu ma khong b gng phu che chan.
o tang tch cua anten:
= . }
L
( .
A 4
C
2
2
t
t

Chu y rang vi mot anten co ng knh khong oi th tan so
cang cao, he so tang tch anten cang ln.
G
t
: la he so tang tch cua anten phat( dB )
A
t
: khau o cua anten phat( m
2
).
D: ng knh cua anten( m ).
: hieu suat cua anten.
: bc song cua anten ( = c/f ).

PHAN II

CHNG I:TONG HP PHNG PHAP PHAN TCH VA
THIET KE ANTEN CASSEGRAIN CHO CAC TRAM VE TINH
MAT AT
Li noi au:
Ny Dy,cc :d Dt tri-D o y tDot .y tiDD Dci
DoD DD .-. tiDD tcD Dci ri-D i- DD tiD
tDi-t - Dt-D trc D-D c- cD DcD. Toy DDi-D, ci
ci ci Dt-D c D- :c D-D i c DDd Dt-D rrc
(ci Dc Dt },Dt-D::-riD (2 Dc Dt ,
trcD c Dc Do .ct DiDD Dy-rrc trcD cy},Dy
ci Dt-D .D tDi i- tiDD tcD tD. :c Dt-D
rdc :cD Dt tDdcD ci Dci Di c _o triDD ri-D
ci tcD Dc ti . Dd t. i-o Dy cD DD ci
i- Di :d coD .y tiDD Doy-D coD c tc c c -
tDd Di-D tDot tcD Dd t Dci tr-D. TrcD ri rc
Dy t i .ocD triDD ri .ct DdcD D .ci :d coD
tDot tcD - cD iD Dc D- tiDD tci
i. tDci iD tiDD tcD o .y tiDD. JDdcD D triDD
ri trcD ri rc Dy dc DdD .iDD - c DiDD
o -t _o tDd DDi-. tDDD cD c .y tiDD DDD
tDcD tDdcD. Lc :d Dc ri-D o Dt-D ::-riD c
tr. - tiDD .t t, ri rc Dy iD dc - ri-D -D
ci Dt-D Dy.
C s ly thiet cua anten cassegrain.
Anten cassegrain c thiet ke va phat trien t ong knh vien vongdo nha bac
hoc Cassegrain phat minh. Mot anten Cassegrain bao gom cac thanh phan chnh
sau:
- Chao phat xa chnh:la mot hnh parabol tron xoay.
- Chao phat xa phu:la mot hnh hyperbol tron xoay.
- Loa phat xa: thong thng la loai loa phat xa hnh tron co thanh xe
ranh, c ve nh hnh sau:
Lc Dt trcD c - rDD dc :d coD rcD ri c
D- tDcD - tiDD, rc.c cc o Dt ci
Dy tc D-D .d ci dD c o ro :cD Dt
trcD .t DD cD DD d. IcD Dd, .d Dt
tD trcD .t DD c DD d ocD c oD .
Dc o Dt trcD c tDDD - rDD trc tDDD .ct :d
d DcD y tdcD Dc D- tDcD DD d -. ci
ci D- tDcD r. - tiDD, i- tiDD tcD d
DcD dc o Dt Dt-D tDiD Dc - cD tDci c
tD- tci do Dc dc ro :cD Dt tcD (:o.
tt-rD} ro :cD Di-o (ci11-r-D- tt-rD}
D-t :d _oD trcD.
Co DiDD o .ct Dt-D C::-riD i-D DiDD dc .c
t DDd DiDD - . TrcD c DocoD triDD DiDD Dco Dc
Dt DiDDoc ri-o ci-D DDd :u :
Zm(Xm,Ym)= (X
2
m+Y
2
m )/4Fm Fm (1)
Vi ieu kien
(Xm
2
+Ym
2
)<= Dm
2
/4 (2)
Phng trnh hnh hoc cua chao phat xa phu c thiet lap nh sau :
Trong cac cong thc (1) (4) Dm ,Ds lan lt la ng knh cua chao phat
xa chnh va chao phat xa phu . Tham so Fm la tieu c cua chao phat xa chnh , f la
na khoang cach gia tieu iem chnh va tieu iem phu, a la khoang cach t nh
cua chao phat xa phu ti tieu iem phu.
o lech tam e cua chao phat xa phu c tnh nh sau :
e= f/a
He so phong ai M cua chao phat xa chnh c bieu dien nh sau :
M =(e+1) / (e-1) (6)
Dm
F m
Z
Loaphat xa
L m L s
f
X
D f
Chao phat xa chnh
Chao phat xa phu
D s
0
e
hnh: cau hngh c ban cua anten cassegrain

3 .Tnh toan cac tham so hnh hoc cua anten cassegrain tren c s ieu kien che
chan toi thieu
TrcD _o triDD DD tiD tDi-t - Dt-D C::-riD ,
Ddci tDi-t - D Di tiDD -D 2 trdcD Dc :
- Khong tnh en ieu kien che chan tot thieu
- Tnh en ieu kien che chan toi thieu .
TrdcD Dc tDd DDt c do i-. cD iD, toy DDi-D
DcD .D i Di-o :ot Dt-D c . Vi y DdcD D
Dy it dc :d coD trcD tDd t- . ci ci dD coD ci
Dci Di :d coD Dt-D c D- :c D-D i Di-o :ot
c DDd tr. irDy tr. - tiDD .t t i- :d
coD i-o i-D D- DD tci tDi-o c tiDD tcD tDi-t -
Dt-D ::-riD i-o i-D rt roc.
ieu kien che chan toi thieu a c Hannan e cap en au tientrong bai
bao [5]. Theo Hannan ieu kien che chan thoi thieu c thoa man khi dien tch
b au phat xa che khuat len chaophat xa chnh ung bang ieu kien che khuat bi
chao phat xa phu. ieu kien nay c mo ta hnh ve 2 va co the c bieu dien
bi bieu thc sau:
Fm/2f=Ds/Df
Khi biet c tham so cua loaphat xa (Df,bup song phat xa ), thong thng
neu khong s dung ieu kien che chan toi thieu ngi thiet ke can biet trc t
nhat 4 tham so. S dung ieu kien che chan toi thieu co the giam c 1 tham so.
Tap hp ay u cac tham so can thiet e co the hoan thanh bai toan thiet ke a
c Granet trnh bai ay u Trong tai lieu tham khao [6] . Trong bai bao nay tac
gia se trnh bai 1 trng hp ien hnh khi ngi thiet ke biet trc ba tham so sau
:
-ng knh chao phat xa chnh Dm
- Tieu c chnh Fm
- Goc
TrcD tD. :c Dci tr-D, dcD iDD Dc Dt
DiDD L. dc tiDD tcD td y-o o - D- :c Do-D i o
D t-D tDcD _o _o triDD tiDD tcD dcD troy-D.. Ti-o
d DiDD F. tDdcD dc ri-t trdc td y-o o - ty :c FL
o Dt-D D tDi-t -.
oi vi anten cassegrain ty so nay thng nam trong khoang t 0.35 en
0,53 . Tham so con lai la goc c chon theo ieu kien bc xa tran (spillover
condition ) sao cho o suy giam bc xa tai thanh cua chao bc xa phu vao khoang
10 dB ti 15dB .
Rs
Rf
F m
2f
Z
R m
hnh : ieu kien che chan toi thieu
V du , oi vi loai loa phat xa co thanh se ranh co ng knh Df= 7.8 cm, goc
m =26
0
e at c o suy giam bc xa 15 dB tai thanh cua chao phat xa phu
th goc
e
=25
0.
Tat ca cac tham so con lai tren hnh mot , sau o co the c tnh toan theo cac cong thc
sau [6] :

1 L
1 2
L F
L
2
tD F 4 L
1 L 2
L
1 2 F L
L } tD( t4
} L F t }( tD( L L F
1
:
1 .
:
-
. .
.
:
. .
. -
2
.
2
. - 1 . .
=
=

+
=
=

+
=

Sau khi tnh toan xong, cac tham so can phai c kiem tra theo cac ieu kien sau
:
-ng knh cua chao phat xa phu phai thoa man D
s
>>5 e giam bt
ton hao do tan xa va phai thoa man D
s
=0.1D
m
e tang hieu suat che chan .
- Khoang cach Lm nen chon sao cho khong gay nen kho khan g cho
viec lap ac loa phat xa
Vi co :IiDD .c t Dt-D C::-riD c dcD iDD D
m
=
.c .dc tDi-t - Dc tr. - tiDD .t t _o c tD
. i- c rD tD K (2D CI: 4D CI: } tD. :c tiDD
tcD dc i-t - y o c rD
Bang 1: Cac tham so hnh hoc cua anten cassegrain
Tham so Gia tr n v
ng knh chao phat xa chnh
D
m
1.5 M
Tieu c chnh F
m
0.55 M
ng knh chao phat xa phu D
s
0.1804 M
ng knh loa phat xa D
f
0.078 M
Goc m loa phat xa 26 o
V tr ac loa phat xa L
m
0.3122 M
V tr chao phat xa phu L
s
0.1813 M
Khang cach a 0.0062 M
Khoang cac f 0.1189 M
Goc
e
24 o
o lech tam e 1.905
I- :c DcD i \
3.210

4. Tnh toan cac tham so ien cua anten cassegrain .
4.1 Hieu suat anten:
oi vi loai anten s dung 1 chao phat xa , hieu suat anten phu thuoc chu yeu vao
loa phat xa c dung .

0
-0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.8
Hnh chieu canh cua antena
0.6
Z (m)
x (m)


0
-0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.6
Y(m)
x (m)
Mat cat chnh dien cua antena
S xuat hien cua mot chao phat xa phu trong cau hnh cua anten cassegrain
a giup tang hieu suat anten len khoang 10% so vi anten parabol mot chao phat
xa .Hieu suat anten cua anten cassegrain thng nam trong khoang 60% en 70%
tuy thuoc vao yeu cau ve mc bup song phu.
oi vi mot anten Cassegrain hieu suat anten c tnh tong quat t cong
thc sau:
=
1

s
p

B
x

1 :
hieu

suat bc xa anten

s :
Hieu suat tran bc xa (spillover )

p :
hieu suat sai pha (phase error)

x:
Hieu

suat trai phan cc (cross polarization )

B
:Hieu suat che chan

E
:hieu suat sai so mat phat xa (surface error)
Viec tnh toan chnh xac cac tham so nay oi hoi phai giai c cac ham
tch phan phc tap. Hn na , e giai cac tch phan phc tap nay can phai tm
c ham toan hoc cua bup song phat xa cua loa phat xa. V vay, oi vi anten
Cassegrain th viec tnh toan chnh xac hieu suat anten van con la mot van e kho
khan. Tuy nhien viec s dung phng phap gan ung se giup cho viec tm ra hieu
suat anten mot cach nhanh nhat. Thep phng phap nay th hieu suat bc xa co the
c bieu dien di dang sau [2] :
=
sd

dl
trong o
sd
la

hieu suat tan xa cua chao phat xa phu,

dl
La hieu suat xa khi cha tnh en anh hng cua tan xa t chao tan
xa phu
.
Theo

[2] ta co bieu thc sau:
( ) ( ) cF
L
. c D
t . D
:
:c : D

Neu gia s la ham phan bo bc xa la eu th hieu suat bc xa co tnh en
anh hng cua che chan do chao phat xa phu gay ra
dl
, co the bieu dien nh
cong thc sau [2]:
--o.6

2
2
.
:
F c cr
L
L
= =
Ket hp (14), (15) va ( 16) ta co

1

s
B
=
ilb

s
sd
Hieu suat sai so mat phat xa (surface error) thng c tnh bang cong thc sau

E
= exp(-4 )
2
Trong o : la o chnh xac cua mat phat xa, : bc song cua tang so cong tac.
Ca 2 tham so eu c tnh bang mm.
Neu c thiet ke can than th thong thng 2 tham so con lai la
x
,
p
co
the coi nh bang 1. V vay, ket qua cuoi cung la [1]:

1

s
E
=
ilb

s
sd
E

2
2
2
.
:
D
L
.
4
-
L
L
D
t . D
:

4.2 okhuech ai anten:
oi vi anten Cassegrain o khuech ai cua anten c tnh theo cong thc
sau [6]:
( )
2
2
:
2
.
2
L L
C

=
Trong o la hieu suat anten tnh t cong thc (19), cac tham so con lai
nh a giai thch tren
V du :tnh toan cac tham so ien cho anten co D
m
=1.5 m trong v du phan
ba
Gia s anten c che tao chnh xacbe mat phat xa la =0.7 mm tan so
20GHz ap dung cong thc (19)

2
2
2
D4 . D
D
c . D
D4 . D
.
c
4 . . D 4
-
c .
D
t . D

=93.10%97.13%70.92% = 64.13%
He so khuech ai c tnh t cong thc (20) nh sau:

( ) ( )
cF 'c . 4
Dc . D
D4 . D c . 4 .
. t4
L L
C
2
2 2 2
2
2
:
2
.
2
=

=

Mot iem can chu y trong qua trnh tnh hieu suat cua anten la s anh
hng cua hieu suat sai so mat phat xa en hieu suat chung cua anten . Thong
thng hieu suat sai so mat phat xa thng la yeu to quyet nh ln nhat en s
suy giam cua hieu suat anten. Tuy nhien, hieu suat sai so be mat lai phu thuoc chu
yeu vao o chnh xac cua be mat phat xa . V vay, viec at c hieu suat anten
cao ong ngha vi viec che tao be mat chao phat xa co o chnh xac cao. Hnh 4
mieu ta quan he gia hieu suat anten va o chnh xac be mat cua anten v du
tren.

Ro rang la e at hieu suat 70% th yeu cau can phai co =0.6 mm , con e
at c hieu suat cao hn v du 80% th = 0.35 mm.
5 Ket luan:
Phng phap tong hp dung trong phan tch va tnh toan anten Cassegrain
a c trnh bai tren. Phng phap nay rat n gian va de s dung tham ch oi
vi ca cac loai may tnh cam tay. Phng phap va ket qua tnh toan v du tren a
c ap dung thc te vao viec thiet ke mot anten bam cho ve tinh qu ao thap
bang tan Ka.
CHNG II:GII THIEU MATLAB
---oOo---
I. Li gii thieu
MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) la mot phan mem rat c a
chuong cho cac lap trnh tnh toan trong ky thuat hien nay. No c pho
bien rong khap trong cac trng ai hoc, trung hoc chuyen nghiep
nhieu nc. Va cung la mot cong cu tr giup hu hieu cho cac nha
chuyen mon, nhng sinh vien, cac ky s, can bo ky thuat. Ngay nay
MATLAB a chng to no la mot phan mem co giao dien cc manh
cung nhieu li the trong ky thuat lap trnh. Vi MATLAB, cong viec
tnh toan tr nen n gian va nhe nhang hn nhieu so vi nhieu ngon
ng lap trnh khac nh a co thiet ke san cac Toolbox cung nh font
tieng viet giup cho ngi s dung co the dung MATLAB nh mot cong
cu hu hieu cho lnh vc chuyen nganh cua mnh.
- Control System Toolbox: la nen tang cho ho Toolbox thiet ke
ieu khien bang MATLAB. No cha cac ham cho viec mo phong, phan
tch va thiet ke cac he thong ieu khien t ong.
-FrequencyDomain System Identification Toolbox: gom cac
M-files cho viec mo phong cac he thong tnh toan tren c s phep o
ap ng tan so cua he thong.
-Fuzzy Logic Toolbox: cung cap mot tap hp ay u cac cong
cu cho viec thiet ke mo phong va phan tch cac he thong logic m.
-Higher Oder Spectral Analysis Toolbox: cung cap cac cong
cu cho viec x ly tn hieu dung pho bac cao. Cac phng phap nay ac
biet hu dung cho phan tch cac tn hieu co nguon goc t mot qua trnh
phi tuyen hay b nhieu phi gaussian (non-gaussian) xam nhap.
-Image Processing Toolbox: cha cac cong cu cho s x ly
anh. No bao gom cac cong cu cho viec thiet ke cac bo loc va lu tr
anh, nang cap anh, phan tch va thiet ke.
-Model Predictive Control Toolbox: ac biet hu ch cho cac
ng dung ieu khien vi nhieu bien input va output ma phan ln co cac
gii han, nhat la trong ky thuat hoa chat.
-MuAnalysis and Synthesis Toolbox: cha cac cong cu
chuyen mon hoa cho ieu khien toi u hoa phan tch va tong hp , ac
biet trong ky thuat robot cao cap ma cac he thong a bien tuyen tnh.
-Signal Processing Toolbox: cha cac cong cu x ly tn hieu.
Cac ng dung bao gom: audio (a Compact, bang digital), video(
digital HDTV, x ly va nen anh), vien thong(fax, telephone), y hoc, a
ly.
-NonLinear Control Design Toolbox: cho phep thiet ke cac
he thong ieu khien tuyen tnh va phi tuyen s dung ky thuat toi u
hoa tren c s mien thi gian.
-Optimization Toolbox: cac lenh dung cho s toi u hoa cac
ham tuyen tnh va phi tuyen tong quat.
-Symbolic Math Toolbox: gom cac cong cu cho viec tnh toan
tren cac bieu thc.
-System Identification Toolbox: tap hp cac cong cu cho c
lng va nhan dang(tm mo hnh toan hoc cho mot he thong vat ly).
-Robust Control Toolbox: cac cong cu phan tch va tong hp cac
he thong ieu khien bang robo.
Ngoai ra con co cac Toolbox khac nh: NAG Foundation Toolbox,
Simulink, Simulink Realtime Workshop, Spline Toolbox, Satics Toolbox.
\ct D DD oD D Di DD -D o MATLAB
ri-o ci-D ct rD c tDi Di Di-o D r Di-o
rD -DD(D.} D cD iD.
ll. Ha va Sczpt FJe.
1. Sczpt 1Je.
LoD d :c :cD tDc o \tr Dc rt y
DdcD triDD :cD tDc Dc D DDd 'crc ', :cD tDc
d NC...cdci cD y td A:C; - tc r DdcD
triDD. TDo to tD-c .ct triDD td Dc c rD DDdD ccD
-DD tD-c o D o DcD Dd triDD \tr dc
do ci t-D 1Je, DD .c rcD c oci . tDdcD
dc ci Script file.V du:
Haan.
TDcD tDdcD .ocD Dy :rit 1i-, ti d :c
-DD o \tr, ti co DD >> t c t-D o :rit
1i- . DcD D c tD-. DD .c rcD ... :o c
DDD Entez tDi :rit 1i- :- dc tDd Di-D.V du:
>>Haan zo nhan
TrcD \tr tDcD tDdcD :rit dc do trcD tDd
.o /bn ci ci \tr 4. -D c.2, cD ci ci \tr
c. dc do trcD tDd .o \tr 'cr. N-o rD .ocD
ti. dcD cD -D :irt 1i- coD -DD whch.V du:
>>whch Haan
FD .ocD ti. Di-o :rit 1i- - :d coD tDi coD -DD
heJp. V du:
>>heJp Haan
:- Di-D r
CDdcD triDD tc d :c ici tDi-o
cdci :d DdcD cD o tDy L- CDD TroD
dc i-t rci Noy-D IoyDD I
FD .ocD ti. Di-o tcD rc :rit 1i- coD -DD
type.Vi co:
>>type Haan
:rit 1i- oD tDoD ti-D Dc i- DD .D
cd i-o cD do trd tr-D .-. Di D :d coD
i.
1. Ha M-1Je.
\1i- trdcD Dc ri-t o :rit 1i-,
tDcD tDdcD \1i- .ct D.. ND \1i- c
troy-D ri-D ot -t _o. I. \1i- dc Di
rc cD :
function < outputs > =fun-name (< input 1 > , < input 2 >,...)
Trong o input1, input2, la cac bien (ma tran hay vo hng ) c
truyen cho ham va outputs la tr tra ve (ma tran hay cac vo hng).
Ham co cac ac iem sau:
- Ten ham va ten file lu tr tren a phai giong nhau (vi phan m
rong cua file la .m)
- Cac hang ghi chu au tien (tnh en hang lenh au tien) c
dung nh la cac thong tin tr giup khi t dau nhac Matlab nhap
vao lenh help< fun-name>
- Cac bien trong ham ch co tac dung trong khi ham ang c thc
thi: Muon mot bien trong ham la bien toan cuc can co khai bao
global trc ten bien.
- So bien nhap vao va xuat ra co the c kiem tra thong qua lenh
nargin va nargout. ieu nay co mot tac dung to ln la khi so bien
nhap vao nho hn so bien can thiet ta co the cho cac gia tr mac
nh nao o.
V Du: Ham linspace.

function y = linspace (d1,d2,n)

% LINSPACE linearly spaced vector.

% equally spaced points between x1 and x2.

% LINSPACE (x1,x2,N) generates N points between x1 and x2

%

% See also LOGSPACE,:.

% Copyright (c) 1984-94 by the Math Works, Inc

if nargin == 2

n = 100;

end

y =[d1+(0:n-2)*(d2-d1)/(n-1)d2];

Khi t dau nhac Matlab go vao help linspace ta se thay:
% LINSPACE linearly spaced vector.

% equally spaced points between x1 and x2.

% LINSPACE (x1,x2,N) generates N points between x1 and x2

%

% See also LOGSPACE,:.

% Copyright (c) 1984-94 by the Math Works, Inc
Khi s dung lenh linspace (-2,2) la hoan toan giong nh linspace (-
2,2,100)
Ta nhan thay M-file t v du tren co.
- Co ten file la linspace.
- Co phan m rong la .m
- Dong au tien la funtion.
- y la oi so ra (suat ra ket qua).
- dau =
- (d1,d2,n) la oi so vao.
- %...la nhng dong ghi chu khong thc hien.
Khi chay M-file chu y dung help e oc chu thch.
- Chng trnh chnh.
II. Cac ieu khien re nhanh va vong lap.
1. Cac toan t cua Matlab.
MATLAB co nhieu toan t bnh thng nh cac phan mem tnh toan
khac. Tuy nhien co s khac nhau khi toan tren ma tran va mang hay vo
hng. V du nh phep nhan hay ma tran dau( *) va nhan tng phan t
hai ma tran dau(.*). Cach bieu dien ma tran: dung dau }; e ngan
cach cac hang, dau }: e ch mot mang nh 1:10 (cac so t 1 en 10);
1:2:10(cac so 1,3,5,...,9); A(:;1) ngha la cot 1 cua tat ca cac hang hay
vect cot th nhat cua ma tran A ; dau la toan t chuyen v ma tran ;
dau } % bat au mot ghi chu; dau}= la phep gan; dau }~ ch s
phu nh;...
2. ieu khien re nhanh IF:
Cac dang lenh IF nh sau:
a. if < bieu thc logic >,
< cac lenh >
end;
b. if <bieu thc logic >,
<cac lenh neu bieu thc logic ung >
else<cac lenh neu bieu thc logic sai>
end;
c . if<bieu thc logic1>;
< cac lenh neu bieu thc logic1 ung >
elseif<bieu thc logic2>;
<cac lenh neu bieu thc logic2 ung >

elseif <bieu thc logic n >
<cac lenh neu bieu thc logic n ung >
end;
2. Cac vong lap:
- Vong lap for:
Cau truc: for x = <mang >,
cac lenh
end;
Cac lenh gia for va end c th hien moi lan cho mot cot trong
array. V du:
for n =1:10
x(n) = sin(n*pi/10);
end
x

x =

Columns 1 through 7

0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1.0000 0.9511 0.8090

Columns 8 through 10

0.5878 0.3090 0.0000
Vong lap for khong b dng bang cach tang bien lap (n) trong vong lap:
for n = 1:10
x(n) = sin(n*pi/10);
n = 10; % thay doi bien lap
end
x

x =

Columns 1 through 7

0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1.0000 0.9511 0.8090

Columns 8 through 10

0.5878 0.3090 0.0000
Ta thay ket qua khong thay oi du co them dong lenh n = 10; vong lap
for can tranh dung khi co the x ly bang ma tran e thi gian thi hanh
giam i.
- Vong lap while:
Cau truc while:
while < bieu thc logic >
< cac lenh >
end;
Cac lenh gia while va end c thc hien lap lai khi nao experession
con ung
Lenh break: dung e thoat khoi mot vong lap (for, while) bat chap
d8ieu kien ket thuc co thoa hay cha (thng i chung vi if). V du:
ESP =1;
for num = 1:1000
ESP = ESP/2;
if (1+ESP)<=1
ESP = ESP*2
break;
end
end
ESP =

2.2204e-016
num

num = 53
IV . Cac ham Toolbar s dung trong chng trnh mo phong:
- abs: lay gia tr tuyet oi, chuyen chuoi k t thanh so theo ma
ASCII.
- axes : tao he truc toa o mot v tr nao o.
- clock: lay thi gian he thong.
- close: ong mot ca so figure ang m.
- conj: lay lien hp phc.
- diag: tao hoac trch cac ng cheo ma tran.
- disp: lay lien hp phc.
- eig: tr ac tnh va vector ac tnh.
- time: tnh khoang thi gian gia hai thi iem.
- exp: ham mu c so e = 2.71828182845904
- fft shift: bien oi fourier nhanh co chuyen nh th 0 vao trung
tam pho
- figure: m mot ca so figure mi, cho hien mot figure a co.
- flipud: lat up down mot ma tran.
- gcf:lay handle cua figue hien tai (get current figure )
- ginput: lay toa o cac iem tren figure tai v tr con chuot click
vao.
- gtext at text vao figure vao v tr con chuot click vao.
- hankel: tao ma tran Hankel.
- hold :gi hnh.
- ifft : bien oi fourier nhanh ngc.
- inv: lay nghch ao mot vo hng hay mot ma tran vuong.
- kron:tch tensor kroneeker (tong cac tch co the co cua cac cap
phan t cua hai ma tran ).
- legnd: ghi chu nut ve o th.
- length: lay chieu dai mot vector.
- norm: chuan ma tran hoac vec t.
- num2str: oi so ra chuoi.
- ones: tao ma tran co phan t la cac so 1.
- pause: tam dng mot thi gian an nh trc hoac ch mot phm
nhan.
- pinv: nghch ao gia moore penrore.
- plot: ve o th 2 chieu.
- quit : thoat khoi matlab.
- rand: tao ma tran so ngau nhien.
- roots: tom nghiem mot a thc.
- round: lam tron thanh so nguyen.
- set: thiet lap ac tnh cua cac objects.
- size: lay kch thc mot ma tran (so hang, cot ).
- sort: sap xep theo cac gia tr tang.
- sqrt: can bac 2.
- text: at text vao figure.
- title: nhan cua o th.
- toeplitz : tao ma tran toeplitz.
- uicontrol: tao ieu kien cua ngi s dung (user interface
control).
- uimenu: tao menu cua ngi s dung (user interface menu).
- vander: tao ma tran vadermond.
- whitebg:thay oi mau nen cua figure.
- xlabel: nhan truc x.
- ylabel: nhan truc y.
- zeros: tao ma tran zero.
- zoom: phong to hay thu nho o th a ve
CHUONG lll:CHUONG TRlNH VA KET KET QUA MO
PHONG
Chay bang phan mem Matlab 5.2

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1 , hoac tan so = I: DDD . 2DD

Theo nguyen ly oi tan, thng bc xa cua lng cc la :

Stb :mat o cong suat bc xa trung bnh .

th o dai hieu dung co

ngha la ch bang 0.637l. Trng hp day dan co o dai rat

B: o rong dai tan F cua may thu (MHz).

- Mat o cong suat tai ngo vao may thu: khoang

G/T = C/N+E+A+logB+10logK (2.14)

Goc ngang (E) va goc phng v (Az) se nh v anten thu e

He so khuech ai cua anten xoan tru:

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