THE

NATURAL HISTORY

PLANTS.
VOL. VI.

THE

NATURAL HISTORY

PLANTS.
BY

H.

BAILLON,

PRESIDENT OF THE LINN.EAN SOCIETY OF PARIS, PR0FE8S0K OF MEDICAL NATURAL HISTORY AND DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL OABDEN
OF THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE OF PARIS.

LlflRAKT

HW

YOKi:

OTANICAL
tlAttlitiH

VOL.

VI.

CELASTRACE^, RHAMNACE^, PEN^ACE^, THYMELiGACE^,

ULMACE^, CASTANEACE.E, COMBRETACE^, EHIZOPHORACE^, MYRTACE.E, HYPERICACE.E, CLUSIACEiE, LYTHRARIACE^, ONAGRARIACE^, BALANOPHORACEJE.

L.

REEVE &

CO.,

5,

LONDON HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

:

1880.

,33

LONDON

GILBERT AND EIVINGTON, POINTEES,

ST.

John's squaee.

NATUEAL HISTOEY OF PLANTS.

XLVI. CELASTRACEiE.
I.

New vo,fj

EUONYMUS

SERIES.

Emmjmiis^ (fig.1-7) has regular, hermaphrodite flowers in four or In many species the receptacle is somewhat convex or five parts. depressed, surmounted by a large and flattened glandular disk. The
Etionymus
verfiicosus.

Fig

2.

Bud

il).

Fig.

1.

Florifex'ous branch.

Flower.

calyx

is short,

in four or five imbricated divisions.

The

petals, alter-

nate and longer, are imbricated in the bud.

Alternately are inserted,

near the corners of the disk, an equal number of stamens.

The

fila-

ments are

free,

generally short, subulate, at

first

incurved; the anthers

are bilocular,

and the
Inst.

cells,

often didymous,
n.

open longitudinally,

CO
1

Etmmjmiis T.

617,

t.

388. Adans.

cr>

Fam. des. PL ii. 304. 377. G.TRTN. Pruet.

Diet.
ii.

L.
ii. ii.

Gen. n. 271.
149,
t.

Gen.
t.

567G. A. Gray. Gen. III. t. 171. B. H. Gen 360,907, n. 1. H. Bn. in Payer Fam. Nat.
Hook.
Fl. Iiid.
i.

571

Suppl.

685;

III.

113. Lamk. t. 131. DC.

272.

323.

607.

Vi/eiinuius Presi.,

Bot. Bern. 32 (incl.

Gh/ptnpetaliiiii

Thw. Lopho-

Prodi: u.

3. Timr.
Suit,

SrACH,

in Diet. Se. Nat. Atl.

ii.

pctaUim

Wight,

Mela>ir.cir;/a

TuRCz.

ISuffoii,

404.

Endl. Gen.
J

VOL. VI,

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

inwards,
oftener

on

the

margin,

or

oven a

little

outwards.^

more or less, the alternate lobes of the disk, in the centre of which, more or less depressed, the gyiia3cium is inserted. This is composed of an ovaiy of 3-5 cells, superposed to the petals when equal in number, and surmounted by a longer or In the comshorter style, with 3-5 lobed stigmatiferous extremity. mon Euonymus [Eiionymus europus) and in many other species,^ the
rise,
Eitonymns verrucosus.

Between them

Fig.

4.

Diagram.

Fig.

5.

Longitudinal section of flower.

placenta, which is in the internal angle of each cell, supports, at

its

base,

two and outwards.^

ascending anatropal ovules, with micropyle

directed

downwards

summit, one or
fleshy

The more

fruit is a four-angled capsule, depressed at the

of the

cells

of which, dehiscing along their

dorsal suture, contain one or more, rarely two, seeds enveloped in a

and coloured

aril,'

albumen, the axis of which

and enclosing under their coats a fleshy is occupied by an embryo (often green),
radical,

with an inferior
cotyledons.

cylindi'o-conical

and

large

foliaceous

The form

of the floral receptacle, the height of the disk, and,

consequently, the point of insertion of the stamens, vary in different

species of Eiionymus.

There are species in which the two ovules of

in others, again, the ovules

each

cell,

instead of ascending, descend, and then the direction of

is

the micropyle

upwards and inwards^;

cell,

are horizontal, or nearly so.

U. nitidus and 7ianus have four ascendE. americanus

etc.

ing ovules in each

1

disposed in two vertical series.

flowers of
said that
it is.
^ ^

They

are extrorse in the

young

E. verrucosus, atropurpureuSy

E. Europus.

In E.

lucidus, it

may be

double coat.
the
micropyle,
less

the younger the anther, the more introrsc

pctalum, etc.
three-fold
;

Springing primarily from

This can he seen clearly in E.fimbriatus, Lopho-

and may extend more or

licus,

round the umbilatifolius,

The
in

pollen

is

generally " ovoid

oven to

its entire cii'cimiference.

water,

spherical

with
Se.

three

E. japonicus,
^

lucidus,

cchinntus,
les

bands and papilke," H. Mohl. Aim.

sor.
it

Nat.

See H. Bn. Rech. sur

Ovules des

Euony-

2,

iii.

338), the
"

same

in

Celastrus,

where

mus eultirs
256, 314).

Paris (in Bull Sue. Bot, de Fr. v

may have

an external

finely cellulose

mem-

brane."

CELASTRAOE.^.
and angustifolms have from two to five in each series, and they then hecome horizontal or nearly so, their raphes facing. In one species from Ceylon, which has constituted the genus Ghiptopetalum^ because the base of the four petals presents two more or less decided indentures, there is only

one ascending ovule. In an Eastern Asiatic species, In

cells,
Etioiiijmus curoj.aus.

E. alatus, the ovary becomes more lobed with

age

it

has formed a genus Mclanocarya

^.

another Indian species, with many-ovuled

K grandiflorus Wall.,
and more or
the generic
less

the petals are fimbriate

;

prominently crested

hence,

name Lophopcfalmn.^

But these

differences of detail
to justify

seem to us too unimportant the making of distinct genera, and

as sections of the

we

them only genus Euonymiis. Taken

shall consider

thus,

it

includes
or
fruYivr. 6. Fruit.

about forty-five species,*

tescent,

arborescent

sometimes scandescent.

They inhabit

chiefiy the temperate regions of Europe, Asia,

and North America, and are more rare in the tropical parts and in Oceania. The branches are rounded or oftener tetragonal, leaves opposite, petiolate, entire or serrate, persistent, with two small caducous stipules. The flowers are axillary, in cymes, often compound, generally biparous, often few-flowered and sometimes reduced to a single
flower.
Euonymns
cnropus.

Fachystma^ a small shrub of the western mountains

of North America, has almost all the characteristics of

Eiionymus

leaves opposite, entire or oftener serrate

Fig.
;

7.

Seed

enveloped in

flowers 4-merous

and 4-androus. But its ovary has The ovules only two incomplete and biovulate cells. are ascending, and the fruit an oblong capsule, dehiscing
7B
Abn. Prodi: 160. Wall.
t.

its aril (?).

late.

Catha

'

Thw. Hook,
PI. Zeyl.
i.

Keto Jourii.

viii.

267,

t.

i.

PI.

As. Snr.

t.

254.

Emim.
i 3
t.

73. B. H.

Gen.

361. Hocjk.

Fl. Ind.

612.
i.

TuRcz. Bull. Mosc. (1858),

453.
;

Wight, Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 151 162. Endl. Gen. n. 5675. B. H. Gen.
"

Icon.

362.

n. 6.

1053. Mia. PI. Ind.-Bat. Suppl. i. 512. Benn. PL Jav. Mar. 28. Benth. Fl. Songk. 62. F. Muell. t. Friigm. iv. 118. A. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 116. Boiss Fl. Or. ii. 8. Gren. and Godr. Fl. de i. 188 Fr. i. 331. Walp. Kep. i. 530 ii. 827
Icon.

Wight,

214,

973,

Reichb.

Ic. PI.

Germ.

t. t.

309,
54.

and Arn. Beech, Voy. Bot.

310. Hook, Wight and

(Lop/iopetalum),
jietalum).

189

vii.

574,

575 {Glypto-

12

4
edulis^ a
site,

NATUEA L HlfiTORY OF PLANTS.

shrub of Eastern Africa and Arabia, also has
;

its its

leaves oppo-

the inflorescence, the flower of Euomjmiis

cells,

but

ovary,

more
fruit,

elongate, and of three biovulate elongate, trigonous, obtuse,

its

becomes a capsulary

seeds inferiorly dilated into a very

thin wing.

Microtropis

is

analogous to Catha by the elongate form

is

of its capsular fruit.

The seed

enclosed in a fleshy and colored

envelope which resembles an

aril.

But the flower

the

is

easily distin-

guished by

its

concave receptacle,
;

absence of the disk,

the

coriaceous se^jals and petals

these last united at their base into a

hollow gamopetalous corolla.

The ovary,
in

inferior at the base, has

two or three incomplete

Microtropis
is

cells,

which are two nearly

corolla, that

basilar ovules.

Indian

the leaves opposite and coriaceous very

much

resembling those of Clusiaceae, and the

of the Holly.

Kokoona, which grows in Borneo and Ceylon, has very nearly the same organs ; the hermaphrodite flowers have five thick petals, im-

and a large pentagonal disk having five depressions The three cells in which arc inserted the same number of stamens. of their ovary contain each two series of oblique ovules, an indefinite number in each row, and the fruit is a large polyspermous capsule,
bricate or twisted,

with imbricate winged seeds destitute of albumen.^

Elodendron forms the chief of a sub-series {Elodendre) in

which the

fruit is

indhiscent,

instead of capsular.

The

flowers,

moreover, 4-5-merous, are constructed like those of Euonymus, and

the ovarian cells enclose two ascending
ovules.
stone,

The

pericarp

is is

drupaceous, with a
exarillate.

uni- or pluri-locular
are
trees

and the seed

The Elccodendrons

and shrubs which grow

the Enonijmus

in all the

warm
also

countries of the globe, particularly in the old world.

;

The
they

leaves are often opposite, like those of

but

may

character).

be alternate (which proves the little value of this In Cassinc, a Cape bush, the leaves are opposite, and

the fruit
in each

is
cell,

a berry.

The

exarillate seeds are, like the

descending instead of ascending.

cell

bush, has also opposite leaves, and in each

two ovules a Cape two ovules but they

IIarto(/ia,
;

'

The genus Ahatea

R. ct Pay. placed near

the preceding, but without any certainty, bo-

obeordate ovary, followed by a loculicidal capsuleof the same form, with numerous superposed

cause no one since

it, is

its

able to study campanulate calyx, apetalous 5-androus flowers, and a bilocular

Paton has been

its

winged

seeds.

It

is

a Peruvian shrub, with

distinguished by

opposite entire leaves and flowers in terminal

corymbiform cymes.

CELASTRAOE^.
are ascending.

The

cells are

incomplete, and the fruit indhiscent

tropical
also

and dry, with exalbuininous seeds. Rhacoma^ a bush of America, has leaves placed like those of Ulodendron, and
fruit indhiscent, drupaceous, or

the

dry; but the ovarian

cells

have only
Elodeii-

one ascending ovule.

leaves,

PtcUdium, a Malagash bush,

with opposite

has the 4-nierous flowers and 2-ovulate

cells of

dron

but

its fruit is

an oval or subcordate samara, with a thick and

woody marginal wing. In Zinowiewia^ a Mexican shrub, we also observe

the opposite leaves,- the inflorescence, the pentamerous flower and the

biovulate cells of Elodendron

but the

fruit is a

compressed

linear,

oblong samara, surmounted by a membranous, dolabriform, vertical

and in particular terminal. In a small separate group {Pleurosiyliece) are placed Flcurostijlia^ bushes of India and Madagascar, which have the opposite leaves and the floral characters of the preceding genera, but in which the ovary contains only one eccentric cell, with two ascendiug ovules, and an equally eccentric style. We place near it Cathastnm, a bush of the Cape, which has also opposite leaves and an eccentric and unilocular ovary, but whose parietal placenta supports two vertical and parallel series of ascendiug ovules.
little lateral,

wing a

Celastrus has also given its

name

to a sub-series [Cclastre) in

which the leaves are always alternate (a convenient character to consult in practice, but whose slight value will be marked). They have a convex plane or concave receptacle, two or more ascending
ovules in each
arillate seeds.
cell,

like

Euowjmus, and like

it,

capsular fruit and

They

are bushes of the hot and temperate regions of

the whole world, often climbing or thorny,

gcnerically separated from
to the
it,

Gijmnosporia cannot be

as

was thought, because of the union

;

cavity of the receptacle of the base of their ovary

is

neither

can PutterlicJcia, African plants, whose habit

Gijmnosporia,

exactly that of certain

pluriovulate.^

but whose

ovarian

cells

are

The

capsule

is

voluminous, with a coriaceous partition.

are to the other species of Celastrus,

These plants by the number of their ovules,

with

what Euowjnms

angustifolius, amerlcamis, etc., are to the species

' Benhamia, Australian plants, with capsular osseous fruit, are also distinguished ti-om Celas-

are sper.ies such as D. pittosporoidcs, F. Muell.,

which certainly have only two ovules

cells.

in certain

triis

hy

plui-iovulate ovarian cells.

But there

(i

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

cells.

which inhabits the tropical and sub-tropical regions of South America, has been hitherto generically separated from Cclastrus, and it was formerly distinguished from it especially, for sometimes having uniovulate ovarian cells. But ovules often occurring to the number of two, ascendent, and with micropyle
biovulate
Mn//frmis,
exterior,
it is

impossible to retain this as a distinct genus

Cclastrus.

it

can only

form a section of the genus

ScJuvfcria

may be considered

as

Maytenus diminished, inasmuch as

the tetramerous flowers are unisexual, dioecious, and the two cells of
the ovary enclose only one ascending ovule in each.
dilated in
is

The

short style is

two stigmatiferous
of the Antilles
is

lobes, themselves bilobed,

and the

fruit

drupaceous, sliglitly fleshy, with two monospermous stones.

They

are bushes

America

the inflorescence

and of the southern parts of North axillary. Wimmeria^ Mexican shrubs,

resembling by their organs of vegetation certain species of Cclastrus

of the section PutterlicJcia., have also pluriovulate ovarian cells.

the fruit

is

indhiscent and provided with large

But membranous wings.

In Folucardiuj very curious shrubs of Madagascar, the flowers are

also

those of

Cclastrus,

with an ovary basally imbedded in the

cells
;

receptacle,
sule,

and with biovulate

the fruit
;

is

a loculicidal cap-

with tkree, four, or

five valves

but the flowers, united in

small glomerules, are raised to the middle or even to the

summit of
leaf.

the upper surface of the principal nervure of the axillate

Pterocclastnts, bushes of Southern Africa
inflorescence,

In

and
is

New

Caledonia, the

independent of the leaves,

formed of compound
with three or six

cymes,

terminal or axillate, and the flowers are nearly those of

Polycardia.

But the

fruit is a loculicidal capsule,

vertical wings, the seed of

which

is,

either surrounded

by an

aril,

or

bordered by a marginal wing.

Kurrimia, trees of tropical Asia, have

Their

a dry fruit, with oue or two cells dehiscent or indhiscent.

surmounted by a style of two long and slender branches, each terminated by a small capitate stigma. Perrottetia, bushes of Mexico, Columbia, and tropical Oceania, with slender inflorescence, and generally much ramified, have nearly valvate or slightly imbriovary
is

cated triangular petals, and an ovary with two cells more or less

mcomplete, biovulate, often incompletely divided into two half

cells

by a
is

false partition iutcrposed

little fleshy,

between the ascending ovules. The fruit

FraunJiofera, a

dry or

nearly globular, indhiscent.

GELASTRACE^.
Brazilian

shrub,
it

inflorescence

from Perrottetia, whose slender has, only by the configuration of its dry, long, and
is

distinguished

siliquiform fruit
also here

for its

two

cells,

if

frequently uniovulate,
ovules.^

may

and there contain two ascending

it is

Plcnekia, Bra-

zilian trees,

with leaves of the elder or poplar, have also an elongated,

a samara,

dry fruit;

whose

vertical

and membranous wing

recalls that of

Ventilago.

It encloses

one or two cylindrical, elonthat of a Celastrus^ with two

gated, exarillate seeds.

The flower

is

ovarian biovulate

cells.

In Triptenjgimn, a bush of the island of

Formosa,
cells
;

all

is

also like a Celastrus,

with three biovulate ovarian

fruit is said to

but the indhiscent and trigonal

be furnished

with three large membranous wings, and encloses only one seed with
a small albuminous embryo.

Texas and

New Mexico

possess three generic types with alternate

them is 3Iortonia, a genus formed of two or three bushes, with numerous small coriaceous persistent leaves, and with small flowers, whose The receptacle is very concave, like that of many Rhmunace. pentamerous perianth and andrcium are there very strongly perigynous, and the inferior ovary has five oj^positipetalous, incomplete, and biovulate cells. The fruit, imbedded in the concave receptacle, is Glossopctalon., a prickly bush, with small dry and indhiscent.
leaves, but exceptional

on various grounds.

One

of

leaves,

the upper ones reduced to scales, has

a small cupuliform

receptacle, five sepals, five elongated tongue-shaped petals,

and ten
fruit
is

stamens disposed in two verticils round a disk, the centre of which

is

occupied by a unilocular and biovulate

ovary.

Its

elongated, striate, dry,

Canotia,

with one or two

arillate

and ascending

seeds.

thorny,

almost leafless shrub,

has also

pentamerous,

but isostemonous flowers,

plui'iovulate
cells.

and a gyneecium with

fruit
is

five-celled ovary

and

Its

an elongated apiculate loculicidal

capsule, with five bifid valves at the summit.

ascending, albuminous seed,

Each encloses one prolonged inieriorly to a narrow and

elongated membranous wing.

lian

Griff, Javan and Austraabnormal in this group, cannot however, as it appears, be far removed from the preceding genera, from which they are immediately distinguished by their deep receptacular cup enclosing an ovary formed of numerous
'

Siphonodon
plants,

uniovulate cells (which have been regarded aa

five

multiovulate

cells,

divided into uniovulate

compartments by numerous false partitions), and by the axis of their gyniecium presenting a a deep depression from the centre of which rises a styliform column almost gynobasic.

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

II?

STACKHOUSIA SEKIES.

Stackhousia^ (fig. 8-11), which has been made a distinct family, has regular and hermaphrodite flowers. The receptacle has the

form of a hemispheric cup, the cavity of which

glandular
disk.

is

covered with a

Outside the more or less salient or often but

slightly developed edges of this disk, the lips of the receptacle give

insertion to the perianth

five

and

to a perigynous

audrcium,

viz., to

imbricated sepals and five petals alternating with them,

much

longer exserted, free and remaining so in their lower and ujjper

parts,

whilst for a variable extent of the intermediate part they

their-

approach and unite by

floration.

margins in an elongated tube resembling

that of a giimopetalous corolla.

The limb
same
in

is

imbricated

in

pre-

The stamens

are the

number

as the petals,

alternating with them, each formed of a

Stackh housia inouogijHd.

filament free or connate with the corolla

and an anther
hiscing

bilocular, introrse, de-

by

two

longitudinal clefts.^

Generally two
lateral, are

of these

stamens, the

others.

much shorter than the three The gynsecium is free to the

;

bottom of the receptacular cup

it

is

formed of an ovary, often with three,

more rarely with two, four or five cells, surmounted by a style divided more or
less

deeply

into

stigmatiferous

slips
cells.

equal in number to the ovarian

Fig.
8.

Long.

sect,

of flower (f).

The

latter present,

near the base of their

internal angle, an ascending, anatropous

ovule with mycropylo primarily directed downwards and outwards,

later

turned a

little laterally.

The

fruit is dry, often

formed of two

or three achenes^
itself

which

finally separate

from the central column,

divided into as

many

fine threads as there are carpels.

They

'

n.

6763. LiiTDL.

Sm. Trans. Linn. Soc. iv. 218. Endl. Gen. Vff. Eingd. 589, fig. 400.
xx-vi. 1.

Emm. PL
stiginn
-

ScHUCii. Linncca,

H. Bn.

B. H. Qcn. 371, 998.

;

Bmgel. 17; Gen. 8chuch. loc.cit. 39. sub-4-lobum "Pollen

n.

lGi.Plokio.

echinulatura."

Payer Fam. Nal. 219 Admisonia, xi. 289. ScHNizL. Iconogr. t. 250. Benth. DC.
i.

(Benth).
'

The meaocarp

Prody. XV. sect.

500.

Tripierococcus

Endl.

fleshy

is often at first somewhat and separable from the putamen.

CELASTRAOE^.
contain each a seed, the
fleshy albumen.

Its axis is

membranous integuments of which enclose a occupied by an embryo of equal length

with cylindrical and inferior radicle and cotyledons plane or planoconvex and more or less thick.

There are some Sfaekhousius of which a special genus has been

made under the name

achenes^ of
of which one
its
is

of

Tripterococcus

(fig.

9-11).

The

three

fruit

are prolonged each in three vertical wings

dorsal

and two are marginal, the

(fig. 11).

latter

much more

developed than the former

The

corolla is generally longer

Slackhousia [Tripterococcus) Bnmonis.

Flower.

{{).

Fig. 11. Fruit

(f).

Fig. 10. Long. sect, of flower

(*).

and narrower than that of the other species of the genus, and its Thus composed, the genus pieces are terminated by a long point.
Stackhousia contains a dozen species
at the base,
'"

of herbs, sometimes frutescent

with a woody subterranean rhizome, aerial herbaceous branches, clothed with alternate leaves, and stipules none or very little developed. Its flowers are terminal, sometimes solitary, oftener
''

collected in simple or
axils of alternate

compound clusters they are inserted in the bracts and accompanied with lateral bracteoles.
;

'

At

first

the meaocarp

is

little fleshy,

and

Voy. Astrul. Rot. 89,

i.

t.

33. Hook.
;

f. Fl.

Tasm.
Fl. 42.

the wings separate from the hard and striated

79

Fl. N.-Zel.

i.

47

Man. N.-Zcal.
i.

putamen, externally very rugose.

-

F. BluELL.
t.

Trans. Phil. Soc. Vict.

;

101;

PL

Laiiill. Fl.

Nouv.SoU.
Icon.

i.

77,
;

104.

Sieb.

Viet.

ii. t.

14

Fragm.
vii.

ii.

359

iii.

86.

Benth.
768, 770

in Spreny. SijU. Cur. Post. 124

Hook. Jouru. of
Bot.

Fl.

Austral,

i.

405. Waip. Ann.Y.

\

Bot.

ii.

421. Hook.
1917.

t.

269. Lindi..

Tripterococcus)
'

585.

Reg.

t.

Sm. Rees Cycl, xxxiii.

A. Rich.

White

or yellow.

10

NATURAL niSTOUY OF PLANTS.

All are of Australian origin except two, one from

other from the Philippine Isles.
III.

New

Zealand, the

GOUPIA SEEIES.

In Goupia^ (fig. 12), the flowers are regular and hermaphrodite, with a small receptacle which supports a gamosepalous calyx with
five divisions imbricated in prefloration,

and

five alternate petals,

much

longer, valvate-induplicate in the bud,

manner

that their attenuated

Qiupia glabra.

and reflexed in such a summits hang in the interior of the bud like the key of a vault. Within the
an annular
the petals.

corolla, the receptacle bears

disk in the form of a short collarette with

five salient festoons in front of

In the crenatures of the festoons, and

consequently in the intervals between the
petals, are inserted five stamens, the short

filaments of

which are attached by

the

their

base

exactly opposite

internal face
free

of the disk,

whence they are

terminates
in

and

support each a bilocular introrse anther.

The
Long.
of Flower {\)

connective

a point

covered with straight apical hairs, and

i'if,'.

12.

sect,

its

short cells each open

by a longitudinal
is

cleft.

The gynsecium

composed of a
branch.

free ovary,
cells,

but surrounded by the disk, with

is

five oppositipetalous

each surmounted by a small eccentric stylary

In

the internal angle of cacli cell

series

a placenta bearing two vertical

or

of

ovules.

numerous anatropous nearly horizontal The fruit is a small berry, nearly globular, the

ascending

cells of

which,
latter

variable in number, enclose each some ascending seeds.

The

contain under their integuments a fleshy albumen which envelopes an axilate curved embryo, with cylindrical radicle and elongated Only one Goupia ~ is known it is a small tree from cotyledons.
;

Lamk. Diet.
ii.

AUBL. Ouian.
iii.

i.

295,

t.

IS;

III. t.

116. J. Qen. 378. 217. DC. Prodi;

Eeiss.

Benth. Hook. Kew Jmirn.vv. 11. Endi,. MiEiis, in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. Contrib. to Bot. ii. t. 74. B. H. 3, ix. 289, 293 Gen. 369, n. 35. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 325.
29.

Gen. n. 6696.

S. H. Rrp. Fam. ii. 267. Glossapotalttm ScHREU. Gm. n. 526. - G. glabra Aubl. Walp. Hep. i. 539 A tin. vii. 583. iv. 427; ? Q, tomentosa Adbl. GlvsmjMtalum glabrum Schreb. loc. cit. AV. J.

Spec, n. 688,

Mart. Fl. Bras. Celastr. 34.

Gupta

CELASTRAOE^.
Guyana, with leaves

11

alternate, petiolate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous,

penninerved, reticulate, subtriplinerved at the base, accompanied by

two very small caducous

peduncle.

stipules.

Its flowers are inserted in the

axil of the leaves in (spurious) iimbels supported

by a small common

lY.

AZIMA

SERIES.
Asima

In
the

this group,

long considered as forming a special family under

name

of Salvadoracc^

we may study

first

scundcns

(fig.

13-15), formerly described as type of the genus Actecjeton?are ordinarily tetramerous and polygamo-dicious.

Its flowers

sepalous and valvate,

alternate, sessile,

is

divided above into four lobes.^

The calyx, gamoThe petals,

to

narrow and elongated, soon cease

touch at the

margins.

In the intervals are inserted, on a narrow receptacle, four

stameus whose thick free filaments, in the male flower, are inserted round a rudimentary gyncium, and are each surmounted by a bilocular introrse anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. It is sterile in the female flowers in which the corolla and andrcium are united

below in a very short tube, with a free superior gynajcium, consisting

Azima
{Acteffeton) scandena.

Fig. 13. Male flower, perianth

Fig. 14.

Female

flower.

Fia

15.

Long.

sect, of

female

removed

(f).

flower.

of an ovary with two cells, surmounted

into

by a short style, soon divided two large branches, stigmatiferous within and on the margins.
Diet.
i.

'

Lamk.
'i2.

343

Gen.

A.
Sijdr.

(1783)

III. t.

807. J.
Monetia

{Aetegitoii).~E..
fig.

Bn. Adansonia,

ix.

282,

t.

10,

Lher. Stirp. 1, H. Bn. Adansonia,

'

DC. Prodi: 1. 1. Endl.

ix.

svii.

29.

Qeii. n. 5711, C891.

Bl.

1143.

Endl.

285, 289.
Geii.

1-3. A. DC. he. cit. 20. ^ Equal or unequal, as if caused by the ing of a monophyllous envelope.

tear-

n.

5693

12

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Each cell is divided by a false partition, sometimes incomplete, into two cellules containing each one seed nearly basilar, ascending, with micropyle at irst directed downwards and outwards, ultimately becoming more or less lateral in consequence of a slight twist. The fruit is a berry enclosing from one to four seeds. Under the integuments is found a thick fleshy embryo, ellipsoid, or nearly orbicular, with conical inferior radicle, partly concealed by the auriculate base
of the plano-convex cotyledons.

In another species of the genus,

A. tetracantha^ type of a section Monetia^ the flowers and fruit are

the same, except that the lobes of the style are

much

less developed,

and that each ovary

constituted, the

cell

contains but one instead of two ovules.

tlu'ee shi-ubs,-^

Thuis

genus Asmia comprises two or

sometimes
tetragonal

sarmentous, natives of the

Asia,

warm

regions of Eastern Africa, Southern

and the Indian Archipelago.

lateral

The glabrous and

branches bear opposite, articulate, coriaceous leaves, furnished with

two small

stipules

in the axils are from two to six spines

first

representing the principal hardened nervm-es of the

axillary branch.*

leaves of the

The

flowers

are in the axils of the leaves (or of

the bracts which take their place), in simple or ramified clusters with

decussate divisions, the florets springing inferiorly from a recej)tacular

cavity at the bottom of which
of the pedicel.
is

articulated the attenuated

summit

Beside the Asimas are ranged the Doheras, which grow in the

same regions and possess the same organs of vegetation and fructification, but the flower, polygamous and ordinarily tetramerous, possesses within each petal a flattened glaiididar scale, while their stamens

are monadelphous to near the middle of their filaments,

and

their

superior ovary
sterile cellules.

is

reduced to a single uuiovulate

cell

and one or more

*S'/i'a(7o/r< (fig.

17-20) constitutes a type reduced from the preceding,

cell,

with hermaphrodite or unisexual, tetramerous, tetrandrous flowers,

and only one uuiovulate ovarian

surmounted by a short stigma-

'

Lamk.

foe.

cit. A.

DC.

loc. cit. 29, n. 1.

Filip. e. 2, 49. Furioiiia A. nova Blanco, Montana Hohen. herb. Moiietia barleroides Lher. loc. eit. H. Bn. Adaiisonia, ix. 285. ^ Sect. Azima H. Bn. loc. cit. Wight. III. t. 152. Hakv. and Ho^D.Ft.

Cup.i. 174 [Moitetia)

4.
viii.

TuL.

H3
;

{Moiietia).
i.

Wali'.

Ann.

Sc.

Nat. sr.
i.

Krp.

641

(Moiictia)

Ann.

16.

H. Bn.

AJanso'iin, ix. 286.

Small, white or pink, odorous.

'

GELA8TRACEM.
tiferous prominence.

13

and very distinctly imbricated or twisted in the bud, are so closely united below by means of the alternate staminal filaments tliat the latter seem inserted on the

But the

petals, large

Snloadora pcrsica.

Fig. 17. Hermaphrodite flower.

Fig. 16.

Bud Cf).

Long.

sect,

of flower.

Fig. 19. Fruit [\).

Fig. 21.

Embryo.

Fig. 20. Long. sect, of fruit.

corolla

which appears in adult age

(fig.

like

a perfectly gamopetalous

envelop

17, IS).

The

Salvadoras, of which one or two species

are found in tropical Asia and Africa, have opposite leaves accom-

panied by small
in simple or

stipules,

and numerous small

flowers, arranged

more

or less ramified spikes.

V.

HIPPOCRATE SERIES.
are closely

The

flowers

of H/'ppocratea^

analogous to those of
receptacle,

Euonymus, regular and hermaphrodite.

The

more or less

flattened, bears a short calyx of five sepals, free, or united only at the

base, imbricated or nearly valvate, with five alternate petals, longer,

erect or expanded, imbricate or valvate iu the bud.
is ordinarilj^

The andrcium

formed of three

fertile

stamens, each with a free filament,

generally enlarged near the base and recurved at anthesis, inserted

'

Sippocratea L. Gen. n. 54.

39.5
;

J.
;

Qen. 251.

998, n.

I,AMK. Diet.

Suppl.

i.

606

m.

t.

28.

Gen.
t.

8, t.

36. Hook. Fl. Did. i. 023. Coa Plum. 35. Pcre.tl-ia Velloz. Fl. Flum .34, i.

DC. Prodi: i. 567. Tukp. Diet. Sc. Nat. Ail. t. 162. Spaoh. Suit, Bufoii, ii. 399. Endl. Gen. n. 5700. rAYEii, Orrjaiing. 163, t. 35.- H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 326. B. H. Gen. 309,

81 (not Mill, nor Plum.). Bejueo Iicefl. It. iOi.Daphnikon PoHL, Fhra (1825), 183 (from Endl.). ? Romualda Tr. Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 5, xvi. 370. Ctiervea Tr. (ex B. H.).

14

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

disk,

under the ovary, within a thick glandular

form, with which the receptacle
is

very variable in
is

covered.

The anther

bilocular,'

extrorse, often didymous, dehiscing

often become contluent in their upper

by two longitudinal clefts which part." The ovary is more or

Sippocratea ohtnsifolia.

Fig. 22. Flower

(f).

Fig. 23. Diagram.

Fig. 24.

Long.

sect, of flower.

less

deeply buried in the central cavity of the disk, and its three cells, alternate with the stamens, contain in their inner angle a
placenta bearing two ascending ovules with micropyle exterior and inferior, or two or three pairs of ovules in two parallel scries,

The ovary extends upwards in a style, the stigmatifcrous summit of which is either not enlarged, or The fruit generally consists of three dry dilated in thi-ee lobes.
ascending or horizontal.
carpels,
Sippocratea
obttisifolia.

united only near

the base,

then

dilated in their free part to a compressed

hollow, elliptic or orbicular, indhiscent or

opening in two lateral valves by a double

longitudinal
cleft,

ventral or dorsal.

Each

encloses one or

many ascending

seeds, often

prolonged to membranous wings, imbricate

in their lower part,

whose superior tegumentary cavity contains a thick and fleshy

single mass,

embryo, with cotyledons often united in a and short inferior radicle. The
Ilipjiocratcie consist of small

climbing trees

from
Fig. 25. Fruit.

all

the tropical regions of both worlds.

Their leaves are opposite, articulate, simple,

accompanied by two small caducous stipules.

'

Each

cell often divides into

two cellulea

for a

tte in general.
sr. 2, iii.

(H,

Mohl,

Ann.

Sc.

Nat,

longer or shorter time distinct. " Tho pollen is similar to that of the Celas-

838.)

CELASTBACE^.
Their
flowers* are

15

united in axillary, simple, or more or less and sometimes umbelliform cymes, with pedicels accompanied by two lateral bracteoles. More than fifty species" are known they have sometimes two or even four or five stamens, two or three of which are. sterile and antherless. The Salacc (fig. 26, 27), plants from the same tropical regions as the Hippocrutc^ often have the same habit and foliage and their flowers present the same organisation. But their fruit, one or manyramified,
;

seeded,

is

destitute of wings, globular, or pear-shaped, often coriaceous

or ligneous on the surface, pulpy within, with one or several seeds,

ordinarily ascending, nude, or partially enveloped in an aril springing

Salaeia viridiflora.

Fig. 27. Long. sect, of flower

(s).

Fig. 26. Floriferous branch.

from the umbilicum, and containing an embryo similar to that of the HipimcraUm^ or thinner, with cotyledons nearly foliaceoiis, and, in
this case,

surrounded by a fleshy albumen of very variable thickness. The plants of this series are therefore very analogous in organisation So far they are scarcely distinct to those of the Euonumm Series.
except in the
fertile

stamens being fewer in number than the

petals.

White, yellow, or greenish. K. et Pay. Vl. Per. t. 47. Koxb. PI. Coromand. t. 130, 205. Eudg. Gidmi. t. 8, 9. Bl. B!Jdr. 218. A. S. H. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. 102, Wight and Arn. Prodr. i. 103, Wight, 111.
1

Pehr. pi.
PI. Trop.
4, viii.

Seiieij.

Tent,

i.

111,

t.

25,

26. Oliv.
148.
ii.

Afr.

i.

366. TuL. Ann.

Fl. Brit.
ii.

Sc. Nat. sr.

91. Griseb.
Rep.\. 400;
683.

TF.-Lid.
v.

Walp.
193;

812;

146;

Ann.

vii.

t.

46, 47;

Icon.

t.

380,

963.

Guillem

et

16

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

But the transition is now still more gradual since tlie discovery in Angola of the Campylostemon., a climbing shrub with opposite leaves, and possessing, it is said, pentamerous flowers, five alternipetalous
stamens, with introrse and transverse dehiscence.

VI.

BOX

SERIES.
to

The

Boxes'^

(fig.

28-34), long referred

the

family

of the

Eiiphorhiacece,

have regular and unisexual apetalous flowers.

is

The

calyx of the male flower

cated in prefloration.

formed of four
to

sepals,

alternately imbri-

Superposed

them

are four stamens, each

formed of a
faces of a

tliick filament,

central cuboid

angles project more or less

long and free, inserted under the four body (rudimentary gynseciiim ?) whose into the intervals, and a bilocular introrse
clefts.^

anther dehiscing by two longitudinal the perianth

is

In the female flowers,

more ordinarily formed of six imbricate folioles, two trimerous verticils and surrounding a gyncium, the ovary of which has three cells, each enclosing two ovules,
alternating on
inserted near the top of the internal angle, descending, auatropous,

with raphe primarily dorsal and mieropyle directed upwards and The summit of the ovary is generally surmounted by six inwards.

Three of these, slightly developed, correspond to the and the three others, more considerable, corresponding to partitions, the cells, are stylary branches, of eccentric insertion,^ which diverge and separate at the summit into two short lobes. The internal
projections.

mai'gin of these stylos

is

traversed

by

a longitudinal furrow, the

The reflexed lips of which are covered with stigraatiferous papillae. fruit is a tricoccous and loculicidal capsule which at maturity separates

Buxus T. 1053. Adans. 388._G.ERTN.

1

Inst.

578,

t.

345. L. Gen.
ii.
t.

n.

Aug.
333,

Pcor/;-. xvi. p. 1,
t.

Tnm. des PI.

Friiet. u.
i.

'355. J. Gen.

7. Endl.

Diet.

108. Lamk. 761. A. t. Juss. Tent. Euphorbiae. 13, t. 1, fig. 3. Nees, Gen. t. 56. .Si'ACH, Suit, Bnffon, ii. 491.
125,
i.

Pj-odn 38 (not
Scop.).
"

13. Tr/cera Sw. Prodr.i. 6868. -ffHfcia Sw. Lag. nor Nutt. nor Schkeb. nor
Gen. n.

510;

Supjil.

742;

III.

The

pollen grains are spherical with very ajiproach the centre in a species from

fine pores.
^

Endl. Gen.
Fi:
iii.

n.
;

5869. H. Un.
t.

linll. Sue.

Hot.

tic

They

285

Monogr. des Buxac.

1,

et des Stylocr.
xi.

the Antilles, B. suhcoliimunris

M. ARO.

(1859), 2, 58,

2; Adaiisonia,

283.

M.

GELASTRAOEJi.
into three paunels.^

17

Each

of these

is

surmounted

distant halves of

two

different stylary branches

by two and bears ou the

laterally

Bhxuh semperrirois.

Fig. 30. Mille flower, diafram.

Fig. 29.

Male flower

().

Fig. 28. Fructiferous branch.

Fig. 32.

Female

flower, diagram.

middle of

its

internal surface a partition, on each side of

which

is

generally a descending seed.

Its thick smooth integuments enclose

less

an abundant fleshy albumen, surrounding an embryo more or

curved, with superior elongated radicle, and
cotyledons.

thick elliptical or

oblong
is

The

large anfractuose cavity of the seminal

hilum

'

The

dried endocarp separates entirely from the

more external layers

of the periearp,

VOL, VI.

18

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

a

covered by

fleshy

aril,

but slightly

developed and solely

of

umbilical origin.'

which inhabit Europe, Asia, some Eastern Africa, Central America, and especially the Antilles twenty species" are known.

The Boxes

are shrubs or small trees,

Moxus sempervireni.

Fig. 31. Female flower

{f).

Fig, 34. Dehiscent fruit.

Fig. 33. Long. sect, of

female flower.

Their leaves are opposite, entire, without stipules, the organs described as such being only the
first

pairs of leaves of the branches

often reduced to small scalelike or bractiform tongues.

Sometimes

the axillary buds are multiple and superposed, being more voluminous
the higher they are situated.

The

flowers,

most frequently monoecious,

Paehysmulra procumleiis.

Fig. 35. Inflorescence.

Fis 36. Male flower in bloom.

,

are collected in false umbels or in false capitules. are sometimes solitary

;

The female

flowers

or one of

centre of the inflorescence, enveloped

many

series,

similar to

them more generally occupies the by several imbricate bracts, in the sepals, and surrounded by the male

'

On

its

mode

of development, see

H. Bn.
i.

Godr.

Fl. de Fr.

iii.

101.

W.

Spec. iv. 337.

Moivigr. Biunc. et Styloc. 35.

2

A. Rich,
82.
ct

FL

Cub.

t.

71 (7V/nr). Guisee. Fl.

Thuni). Fl. Jup.

Ic.

77. DuHAM. Arhr.

v. t.

lint. W.-Ind.

Reichb.

Fl,

Gcem.

1J3.

Gren.

31. Boiss. Diar/n. PI. Or. xxii. 107. H. Bn. Zmmc. 58 Adansonia, ^\. Gi.
;

CELASTRACEM.

19

flowers which are sometimes sessile as in the Boxes proper,^ and some-

times pedicellalc, as

is

more frequently the case

"^

in certain species

from the Antilles of which the genus Tricera

has been made.

with alternate leaves and elongated inflorescence,

are

Beside the Boxes^ this sub-series [Euhuxc) includes two genera in which the

female flowers occupy the base and the male the summit.

These

The former are 35, 36), and Sarcococca. perennial herbaceous plants, of which one species inhabits North America, and the other Japau. Tlieir fruit is finally dry, thin, and
Fachjsandra
(fig.

dehiscent,

and their

seeds,

furnished with an umbilical

the summit of the raphe.
or Java,
hiscent.

aril,

analogous to those of the Boxes, are which is prolonged somewhat over

latter, all natives

The

of Southern Asia
fruit,

are shrubs or small trees, with fleshy

and

ind-

Simmondsia, a Californian shrub with opposite leaves, of which

one or two species are known, constitute by themselves a small sub-

which the unisexual flowers have, either a dozen or more stamens arranged in two or three sei-ies, or an ovary with three uniovulate cells. The fruit is capsular and loculicidal,
series {Simmondsie), in

furnished with a filiform tripartite columella.

In the small group of

Stijloceras,

Stijlocercce ,

consisting of a single genus

the

organisation

of

the

gyncium and

the eccentric
as in the

insertion of the long styles are fundamentally the

same

preceding types.

But

in the female flowers, often furnished with a

perianth, the ovarian cells are reduplicated into uniovulate half-cells

by

false centripetal partitions

cell.

which advance between the two ovules

of the same

solely of a variable

The male flowers are without a calyx, and consist number (5-30) of nude and central stamens.

They

are trees of South America, with alternate coriaceous leaves

stipules,

without

and axillary amentiform inflorescence, unisexual or

bisexual.

VII.

GEISSOLOMA SERIES.
37, 38)

have regular hermaphrodite flowers, monoperiahthus and tetramerous. The calyx is formed of four sepals,
^

The Geissohmas

(fig.

Eubuxus H. Bn. Buxac. 58. M. Arg. Prodi:

Sv!. Fl. Iiid. Occ.i.
Bif.

17,^ sect. 2.
-

333,

t.

7. Endl.

Gen.

n.

5868. H.

Buxac. 66.

^ Linul. ex K. Linna, v. 678. A. Juss. j. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, vi. 19, 27, t. 4. Soxd. Linna, xxiii. 105. Endl. Gen. n. 2118. H. Bn. Payer Pant. Nat. 334 Bull. Soc. linn. Par.
;

22

20

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

which two are
lateral,

of

cue posterior and one anterior, united only in

quite their lower part, and imbricated in prefloration.^

The andrcium

is composed of eight stamens, inserted a little below the base of the perianth, arranged in two verticils, four, a little longer, are superposed to the folioles of the perianth. All have a free
Geiasolomn marginatum.

Fig. 37.

Diagram

of flower.

Fig. 38. Long. sect, of flower (a).

subulate filament and an oval introrse bilocular anther dehiscing by-

two longitudinal

clefts.

The gynsecium,

free, superior, is

formed of

an ovary with four cells, alternate with the sepals, each, surmounted by a subulate stj'larj^ branch, traversed M'ithin by a longitudinal furrow and terminated by a stigmatiferous extremity not enlarged. The four branches of the style intertwine in early age. In the
internal angle of each cell is observed a placenta bearing two collateral

descending ovules with micropyle

directed upwards and inwards,

and the raphe

in the

neighbourhood of the umbilicum exhibits an

incipient arillary

thickening.

The
at the
is

fruit is a four-celled

capsule,

accompanied by a persistent calyx and surmounted by the remains

of the style.

The

cells

open

back by a longitudinal

cleft.

The seed contained

is

in

them

elongate, a little flattened, with a

colour.^

smooth and glossy testa of a deep

thickened to a small white
aril,

The umbilical region

towards the head of the

ra^^he,

which descends as it stretches and is there lodged in a furrow

of little depth and bordered by two vertical lips. The fleshy albumen envelopes an axillary embryo of nearly the same length,

31

Adansonia,

xi.

281.

A.

DC. Pmlr.
the two
or

xiv.

A.
*

De Camdolle

has seen- the lateral sepals

492.

interior.

The two
ifbioh

lateral envelop

others,

Sinlar to that of the iJos.

are

primarily contorted

imbricate,

CELASTRAOEJE.
with eyliutbical superior radicle and linear fleshy cotyledons.
only GcisHoloma known^
is

2l

The
Its

a Cape shrub, with the habit of a Box.

tetragonal branches are clothed with opposite leaves,^ oval or nearly

so,

sharp,

entire,

coriaceous,

peuninerved,

accompanied by two

very small lateral stipules.^

flowers are accompanied

Its axillary solitary

to

and nearly

sessile

imbricate bracts,

by from six the shorter the more

eight unequal, decussate,

exterior thoy are.

The family
It

Celastrace was proposed

by R.

Brown

^'

in

1814.
the
his

did not exist with

genera of this group which were Nerprun."

prised
in a

Adanson and with A. L. Jussieu, who left known to them, the former in
of them,
it

Jujube-' family, the latter, following his example,

in the order of

With both
sej^arate

is

true, tlicse

genera were com-

stamens

and

the

on account of their alternipetalous A. P. de configuration of their receptacle.

section

Candolle," in 1825, retaining the Cclastrine as a distinct order of Rhamne, placed the Staphylc with the former as forming a first

and the Aquifoli (Holly) as constituting a third. The second, Euomjm, alone corresponding to the Celastriiie of E. Brown and more recent standard authors, comprised eight genera Euowjnms^
tribe,

Cclastrus,

Maijtcnus^

Alsatea, Pol/fcai'dia,

Ukvodendron,

Ptelidiiaii,

Endlicher^ enumerated seventeen genera in his Cela-strinc^ besides some doubtful types, among which are found In 1862 Cavpodetus [Rosacccc) and Phi/llononia [Saxifvagacece). Bentham and Hooker^" reunited in this family forty genera, one of
and Tralliana.^
which, Llavea^"^ of very
doubtful
affinity,

comprised three genera,

Q. marginatum A. Juss. Peiia margii.ata L. Manliss. 199. Thunb. Bcrl. Mag. 1, t. 3;

'

Fl. Cap. (ed. Sch.) 150.

fig. 1.
2

Vent. Malmais.

t.

87,

" Liehm. Ejoben. Vid. Medikl. (1853), 95. H. Gin. 370, n. 39. Walp. Ann. iv. 421. Very ramose small shrubs from Mexico (two
B.
species),

with alternate leaves, unisexual, pen-

Covered with

simple hairs

when joung,

thickened at the edges.

'
<
i.

tamerous, apetalous flowers, and trilocular ovary The cells are pluriovulate, and the fruit is dry

Glanduliform, blackish.
Flind. Vug. Bnf.22; Misc.
{Celastrini).

27
s
6

Celastraci
1.

Warh (ed. Bexn.)

Lindl.
Vcg.

and furnished with three large wings. The male flower is unknown. The genus fiptocelus Presl (ox Tuiicz. -Bh/^. Mbsc. (1858). i. 449), has
also

Kingd. (1846), 586, Ord. 325.

Fam. des
Prodr.
ii.

PL
2,

ii.

303, sect.

Bentham
it:

GH. 376, Ord. 13(1789). Ord. 55.

157.

been doubtfully referred to this femily, but Hooker [Gen. 360) say of and "Verisimil. ab Ord. expellend. ob calyc.
ruptum, petalabasi calyc. adnata, anther.

1 8

longit.

Lour.

Fl.

Prodr.il.

W.

Endl.

Cochinch. (ed. 1790),

Gc. n. 5694.
(

DC.

"Whether

Caryospermum Bl. ?"

9 1"

B. H.).

Gen. 1085, Ord. 236. Gi. 357, Ord. 47.

The acum. incurv. ariUumque hirsutum." genus Cicnkowskia (Reg. et Rach, Ind. Sem. Hort. Pctrop. (1858), 48, has been shown by us {Bull. Soc. Linn. Par. 143) to be synonymous
with Patagonula {Coriiesi).

22

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

which with the Since then Celastrace had already been perceived by R. Brown. Cunotia, previously referred to the we have shown^ that the genus Eosacece, and the Salvadorc^ till then considered as forming a
of Hippocrate, a small family the close affinity of
distinct family

of plants with gamopetalous corolla, ought to be

included in the family of Celastrace^

We

have elsewhere conEuphorhiacece^

tended

that the Boxes, so long

classed with the

should be sepai'ated from them and form, perhaps, diminished types

of Celastrace, with apetalous and diclinous flowers.

In a new and

recent examination of this family

we have been

confirmed in our

opinion by the study* of a small order lately considered autonomous,

and formed of a single monotypic genus Geissoloma. This plant, hitherto allied with the Penace, though possessing none of the
essential

characters,

is,

in

our opinion,

much

nearer the

Boxes,

intermediate between the latter on one side, and the diplostemonous

Celastrace, such as
Glossopefalon, on

the

other.

We

have

also

pointed out

why

Stackhousia,

whose

floral organisation is

exactly

that of the Celastrace-, could not be separated from

of its habit

them on account
and yet no

and

foliage, seeing that the peculiarities it presents in this

respect are found in certain genera of the next family,

one has dreamed of separating them from the rest of the family

we have just said, can be placed only among the Celastrace, has also much of the habit of Cniiiienaria {Rhamnacc) and of Staclchoiisia. So we have comprised in this family seven series, the general characters of which we thus reof llhaninacc.
Canotia, which, as

capitulate
1.

EuoNYME^.^

Flowers

hermaphrodite or polygamous,

isoste-

monous, rarely diplostemonous.

form,

Petals free, imbricate or valvate,

inserted with the stamens outside the margins of a disk variable in

convex, plane, or concave.

Seeds ordinarily albuminous.

Petals

Trees or shrubs.
2.

Stackhousie^.^

28 genera. Flowers

hermaphrodite isostemonous.

Adansonia, x. 18 (1871).

trib.

''

Adansonia,

277 (1870). MoHogr. Buxac. et Styloc. 39 (180). Bull. Soc. Linn. Par. 31 Adansonia,
ix.
;

Ekodeiidrcte
7

\.Cdastre B. H. Gen. 360, Endl. op. cit. 1087, trib. Stacklwm-e R. Br. Tlind. Voy.
2,

trib.
2.
ii.

1.

555.

xi.

Stachhousiacc Lindl. Introd. cd.

281 (1874). 5 Adansonia,

loc. cil,
ii.

290.

Gai. 1085,

DC.

Prodi:

3, trib.

2. Enul.

118; Veg. Kingd. 589, Ord. 22Q>-~Eiidl. Gin. 1106, Ord.242. Stackhousie, Ag. Thcor. Sgst. Plant. 369, t. 26, fig. 12. B. H. Qen. 371, Ord. 48.

CELASTRACE^.
elongate, rinited in a tube (and having the appearance of a

23

gamopeOvules
perennial

talous corolla) for a variable portion of their extent, inserted with

the unequal stamens outside the margin of a concave disk.

solitary, ascending.

The indhiscent

cocci of the fruit separating

from

the

columella.
1 genus.

Seeds albuminous.

rhizomes.
3.

Herbs
equal
in

with

GoupiE^.i

Flowers

hermaphrodite,

isostemonous.

Petals
to

free,

valvate-induplicate.

Ovarian
genus.

cells

number

the

petals, pluriovulate.

Styles not terminal.

Shrubs with alternate

leaves, sub-3-plinervate.
4.

AziME^." Flowers
corolla).

polygamo-dicious, generally 4-raerous,

cavities.

isostemonous.
petalous

Petals hypogynous, free or united (in a false gamo-

Ovary with 1-4 uuiovulate

fleshy.

ascending.

Fruit

Seeds

without

albumen.

shrubs, with leaves opposite.

5.

HiPPOCRATEE.E.''
less

Flowers
without

Ovule Trees and

3 genera.

hermaphrodite, with stamens ordithree), inserted

narily

numerous than the petals (generally

Ovules 2-co
albumen.
.

within a highly developed disk.

dry,
or fleshy.

Fruit often winged,

plants,

Seeds

climbing, generally with opposite leaves.

6.

BuxE.E.*

Flowers
number
1,
.2

3 genera.

Woody
with

often

unisexual,
to or

apetalous,

hypog3'nous

stamens, equal in

Ovarian

cells

with

ovules, descending,

more numerous than the sepals. Disk 0. and micropyle interior

and superior.
7.

Fruit dry or fleshy.

with leaves opposite or alternate.

GeissolomevE.^
diplo.stemonous.

Flowers hormaphi-odite, apetalous, tetramerous,

0.

5 genera.
cells

Woody

or herbaceous plants,

Disk
interior

Ovarian

with 2 ovules, descending,

Seeds albu1 genus.

and mycropyle
minous.
'

and superior.

Fruit capsular.

shrub, with opposite leaves.

sr. 3, ix.

Goupiace Miers. Ann. Nat. Hist.

Azimacea:

Ord. 224.
* Bnxe Kl. Dumort. Ana!.

289.
-

Tricocc.

12

(part.).

Buxinc
Ple,

(1845).

Saharlornee
x.

Wight

et Gaiidn.

Calc.

Joiim.
(1836)

Tarn. Nat.
i.

Lindl.

lutrod.

Ti/p.

i/c

C/i.

Fiun.

t.Ti.

Buxacc Kirsck-leo.

45

(part.).

269

Vegf.

Kinyd. 652, Ord. 250. Pl. Aim. Sc.

Nat.

189. A. DC. Frodi: xvii. 27, Ord. 127 his. Sulvadoreee H. B.v. Adansonia, x. 276. Moneliecc H. Bn. loc. cit. 289.
sr. 3,
^

ii. 48. Ao. Theor. Si/st. 292 (part.). Monogr. Bnxac. et Styloc. (1859). M. Arg. Piodr. xvi. sect. i. 7, Ord. 180.

Fl.d:Al.iaie,
Bj.

H.

Enphorbiace, sect.

i.

{Gen.

2, 3)

A. Juss. Tent.

B.

H.

Qen. 369, trib. 2.Hippoci-atice J.

xviii.

Euphorb.

13.

Aim. Mus.

483.

R.

Br. Congo, 187.

Gen.
et

^'&tsm,. Enchirid. 214.

Hippocrateacete

H. B. K. Nov.
i.

Spec. v.

L'uma,
Ord. 16G.

xxiii.

105.

A.

Gcissolomace
DC.

Sond.

Prodi: xiv. 191,

136. DC. Prodi:

1090,

Ord.

237.

Lindi,.

567, Ord.

37. Endl.
Kingd.

Gen.
584,

Vej.

24

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The family thus
understood
" by
concatenation "

has

many
differs

affinities.
it

By

the isostemonous Mioni/mece with ascending ovules,

ajiproaches the Penace^

from which we shall find

its

it

chiefly in

the organisation of

gyntecium

and the Rhamnace,

from which we shall distinguish it by one absolute character the isostemony of the latter, with oppositipetalous stamens. By the Buxece, and also by the Hippocrate and Euoni/mece, it presents
great resemblances to certain Euphorhiacece. But in the latter, which never have more than one or two descending ovules in each cell, the micropyle is directed upwards and outwards, whilst, in the corresponding cases, it is interior and superior in the Cclastrace. The latter also approach the Staphylc (which are Sapindace^ and the Ilicinc but these last have been rightly referred to the families with ganiopetalous corolla and the former, closely allied as they are
; ;

to the

Cclastrace^

especially the Hippocratea^

are distinguished

from them either by the independence of their carpels, by their composite leaves, by the organisation of their fruit, by the form
of their floral receptacle, and consequent

mode

of staminal insertion,
especially

by the isostemony

by several of these characters combined. The impossibility of establishing, by oue or more technical characters, an absolute difference between the Celastracecc and the various groups with which we have just compared
of their andrcium, or

them, arises from the fact that they themselves have not a single
character which
definite in
is not sometimes wanting. When their ovules are number, they are ascending with the micropyle primarily exterior, or descending with the micropyle interior, but they may be neither descending, nor ascending, nor definite in number. Their

floral receptacle is often

convex or plane, and the insertion

is

then hy-

pogynous
concave
;

but the receptacle may, here and there, become extremely

'

which

entails the'

perigyny of the perianth and andr-

cium. Their aerial branches are ordinarily

woody

^
;

but this character

may sometimes be wanting in

'

the exceptional type of Stackhousia.

mid Schling.
Pfl.

As

in Mortonia, and, to a less degree, Per-

Tubing. (1827),
Introd.
i.

75.

On that
Oliver

(oe(w, including CaryosperiKHm, of

which

it

has

of Eiionymus:

Lindl.

213.

been rightly said that they are Rhamimceic, except that their stamens are altornipetalous.

{Stem Dicot. 25) says that the organi.sation of the woods of tSahadora deserves the attention

The
Celaslrusy

structure of the Cda.itince

is

espe-

cially interesting in the

climbing species, as

where we have seen the woody axis

divided into three lobes, the separation being indicated externally by furrows spirally crossed
(A. Juss. Mafjiigh.
sceindetis,

have pointed out in our Monogr. des Buxace, the structure of the branches of Sarcococea (7), of the stems of the Boxes (8), of the rhizomes Pachijsandra (10), of
of botanists.

We

the roots, leaves, etc.

(t. 2, fig.

1-12).

On

the

117).

On

the stem of C.

Box, see also Schacht, Der Beium, 195.

see

H. Mohl,

Uch. d.

Ban

der Eanken-

CELASTRACE^.
Of
the forty-one Genera which

25

we

unite in this family and which

comprise about four hundred and

species belong to the latter.
Hijypocrateece are

fifty species,

eighteen grow only

in the old world and eleven only in the new.

One

third of the

Like the Euonymccc, the Biixe and the

to both

common

worlds

but Goiipie are found

only in South America, Geissolomccc only at the Cape, and Stackhoiisic only in Oceania, principally in Australia.

There are some

fifteen

genera of Euonijmc with an area extremely limited, as

Ptclidium

and Fohjcardia

confined to

Madagascar,

Whnmcria

to

Mexico, Tripterygium to Formosa, Glossopctalon, Canotia, Pachystima,

Zinoivieivia and Mortonia to Texas and its neighbourhood, PlcncJda and Fraucnlmfcra to Brazil, and Ilartogia^ Catluistrum and Cassine to South Africa. Those whose geographical distribution is most sur-

prising, because

they belong to regions widely separate from one

the Boxes which grow in temperate Europe and Asia on the one hand, and the Antilles on the other, and have just another, are
:

been observed in Madagascar and

Pachysandra^ one of which
is

to

the south of the

Eed Sea

American, and another Japanese ; Perrottetia which exists in Mexico and Columbia, as well as in Java
and the

Cape and in New Caledonia Hippocratca and Saiacia, species of which are known in the four quarters of the world. The two genera Celastrus and Euonymus, as we limit them, present the widest
Isles
;
;

Sandwich

Ptcrocelastrus

met

with

at

iha

geograpliical distribution.

section

MayUnus

in

Eepresented in great number by their South America, Celastrus is met with in

North America, in China and Japan, in Asia and Oceania, in Madagascar and at the Cape, thence ascending in Africa to the Canary Isles and even to Spain in Europe. Euonymus comprises generally plants of less warm countries they abound in the Nortli of Europe, of Asia and of America but they exist also in Malaya, and one Australian species is known. From the tropic of Capricorn they ascend in Europe to Norway and the Aland Isles.
;

UsES.^

The

Euonyme

are

often

rich

in

bittter

and

astrin-

gent properties, frequently united with acrid substances, purgative or emetic, sometimes slightly stimulant. Celastrus in particular
1 EsEL. Enchirid. 575, 577, 593. Lindl. Fl. Med. (1838), 197; Veg. Kingd. 584, 587.

Rosenth.

Sijtwps. Plant.

Biaphor. 791, U53.

26

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The bark
of C. scandens
^

often contains plants active or suspected.

has long been

known in North America as emetic, evaciiant, narcotic. The root of C. sencgalensis^' used as a gentle purgative, is, at the same time, bitter and, we are assured, astringent (?), and is employed against chronic di-irrha. At the Cape there is a species It is likewise of the same genus bearing the name C. venenatus.^ dangerous for the severe or poisoned wounds caused by its spines.
oil

In India an

extracted from the seeds of

C.

C. paniculatus'^ is
is

used in

the treatment of beriberi.

Orixa^ of Japan
;

enumerated among

the medicinal plants of that country

and in Peru, Euiz and Pavon

C. verticillatus
"^

have notified

C.

niacrocarpus

'^

as producing savoury alimentary buds of the

and an edible same authors

C.
is

oil

extracted from the seeds.

also

bears oleaginous seeds in Peru.

3fa>jtcnus or

Boaria^

is

an energetic vacuant.

From

its

leaves and branches

prepared a decoction apjilied to burns caused by contact with

caustica.^
oil.

Rhus
edible

Its seeds, like those of C. macrocarpus, furnish

Many

species of Euonynnis
6,

an have analogous properties.

verrucosus^'*
(fig.

E.

europus'^^-

(fig.

7),

latifolius,^^

1-5),

European

species,

and E. amcricanus,^^

ohovattis,^*

and atropurpureus,^^

ScnKHUu, Ilaiidb. i. t. 47. L. Spec. 285. DC. Prodr. ii. G, n. 15. Eeonymus scandens McENCH {Bourreau dis Arbres). 2 Lamk. Diet. i. 661. Guillem. _ot Peri:, Fl. Sen. Tent. i. 143. C. phi/llaeantliHs Lhk. Sert. 6, n. 28. C. decolm-T)?,^. Cent. pi. Afr. 100,
'

'

Accordine; to Feuille, even the shadow

causes swellings which disfigure a man.

init in

In

these accidents the branches of Maytenus are

infusion, boiled,
is

and the body wnshed

its

with the decoction

natural condition. iL. Spec. 286,
Prodr.
ii.

speedily restored to

t.

3, fii;.
'

6 {Dek. Suait, Ghennndck).

a.

DC

Fl.

Fr.

iv.

620;

Var. (IIaiiv. and Sonu, Ft. cap.

C. btixifuliits 11.
<

Caiha venenata Presl.

Ind.

i.

459) du

4, n. 1.

331. Mi'r.
i.

tt

Gren. et GoDR. Fl. de Fr. i. Del. Diet. Mat. Med. iii. 294.

1123. Roxii. Fl. RoYLE, m. Mimed. 167. Lindl. C. nutans KoxE. loc. cit. 623. DC. Frodr. n. 44.
Spec.
i.

W.

621.
198.

Ro-SENTH.
d. 3,

Fl. Med.
C.

cit. 791. Cazin, PI. Mel. Indiy. 460 {Bonnet-rle-prtre, Garais, Bois Carr

op.

Rothianus

B. LardoirC").
Fl. Carniol. i. 165. Jacq. Fl. iistr. 289. DuHAM. Arhr. d. nouv. 3, t. 7. DC. Prodr. n. 3. Gren. et Godr. Inc. cit. 332.
fi

" Scop.

'

Orixa Thuni), Fl.

in.
8,
t.

Jitp. 3.

t.

(Fl. Fer.
ii.

230,

fig.

16. DC. Prodr.

6,

n.

12.

Flnkea multiflora E. et Pav.

Fl. Fer.
iii.

E. Furvpecus
1-

L.
2, n.

Syst. 65.
''

Scor. Fl. carniol. d.

49.

268.

Jacq.

loc.

R.

et

Pav.

6,

t.

229,

fig.

B.

cit. t.
'3

Duham.

loc. cit. t.

8 [Fusain l^ireux).
loc.

DC. Prodr. ii. 10, n. 4. MaytenusW. Spec.i. 1127. Senacia Matjtenus Lamk. III. n. 2712. Maylenus Boaria Mol. Chil. 152. Desk. Diet. Suppl. iv. 2. M. Chilensis DC. Prodr. n. 3. Lindl. Bot. Peg.
Mai/tenus verticillatus
' C.

L.

Spec.

286. Duham.

cit.

t.

9. A.

Gray, Man.
Arlir.
14
'^

d. 3, 116.

F. sempervirens Mabsh,

Amer. n. 3. NuTT. Gen. i. 155.

ii. t.

Jacq. Hort. Vindob.

t.

t.

1702
t.

Fl.

39,

27.

Med. IQS.Maiten Feuill. Obs. iii. In Brazil the leaves are equally used

Se.
cit.

Nat. Atl.
n. 1.

272.

E. carolinensis

120. Turp. Diet. Marsh, op.

as a febrifuge (Reiss. Mart. Fl. Bras.Celastr. 10).

CELASTRACE.'E.
species from the United States, are mentioned as vacuants.

27

They

are considered

dangerous for small

;

cattle.

Their seeds produce

h.ighly

nausea and vomiting

formerly an ointment was prepared from

them
of

to

destroy
it is

lice.

The bark

of E. atropurpureus

is

drastic;

prescribed in America as antisyphilitic.

From the fruit

made, employed locally against moth, to cure scab in horses, to cicatrise obstinate gangrenous

E.

enrojycciis

an insecticide powder
etc.

is

ulcers,

to expel
is

tapeworm,

In India, the bark of E. tingens

Wall,

used

for treating affections of the eyes.

The Elaodendra
^

are sometimes

astringent

at the

Cape, E. croceum

is

employed

against the bites of serpents; and in India E. Roxhurghii" against

wounds and burns.

alimentary
;

The drupaceous

fruits of

many

species are
species.

especially that of E. splirophyllum^ a

;

Cape

The

berries of Salacia are also sometimes edible

ellipfica,

in Brazil are eaten

those of S.

grandifolia^

si/lvcsfris,
;

glomcrata^'^

which are

sweet and succulent in the interior

in India, those of 8. viridiflora

tropical

Wight and
and sweet.

Roxhurghii
^

Wall.

in

Western

Africa, those

of S. senegalensis

and of 8. piriformis^ as large as a pear, aromatic In Hippocratca, designated by our colonists under the
it is

name
as in

of Bjugues or Bejucos,
'

oftener the seed that

is

nutritious,

H. comosa in the Antilles, and H. Grahami Wight in India. H. ohcordata^ is employed as an expectorant in Columbia, and H. velutina ^ is administered for fever and headache at Sierra Leone. The Rhacomas are diuretic, to which property they owe the name Mgginda ; the best known are the R. Uragoga^ and Crossopetalum,^^ of Central America. Goiipia glabra Aubl. (fig. 12) is astringent, and is sometimes prescribed in cases of inflammation and ophthalmia. Catha edulis '~ is a vegetable which, with Cocoa and Mat, has been
'

DC.
i.

Piudi: u. n.

G. Harv. and Sond.

Cap.

468.

Hex

peiisis

Spreng.

^Thunb. E/iamntis CaCrocoxi/him ixcfhum Eckl. et

crocea

Fl.

"

Walp.

ST').
'

402. Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. Dox, Gard. Diet. i. 629. Sw. Fl.Ind. Occ.i. 77. DC. Prodr.i. 568,
Sep.
i.

Cali/pso pt/n'formis

Zeyh.
2

[Saffraiihont).

n. 12 [Amandier des Bois).

Wight et Arn. Prodr. i. 157. Lindl. Med. 107 .^Kereeja dichotoma RoxB. 3 Mijstro.ri/lon spJitsropln/llum Eckl. et Zeyh. Hart, and Soxd. Fl. Cap. i, 470 M. Kuhu Eckl. et Zeyh. Hart, ex Eosexth. In Brazil p. eit. 796. these fruits have the vernacular name of Hapala,
Fl.

Lamk.

III.

i.

100,

t.

28,%. .E.
iii.

scandens,

Jacq.
'

jiater. 9,

t. 9.

Afzel. ex Spresg. N. Entd.

234.

Out.
16.

Fl.

T op.

Afr.

i.

370.
t.

'" Myginda TJragoga Jacq. Amcr. Lamk. 111. t. 76. DC. Prodr. ii. 2,
J

n.

3.

Cinssopetalmn P. Br. Jam.

t.

17, fig. 1.

DC. Prodr.
i.

i.

570.
t.

Guillem

et

Perr.

Fl.
f.

" L.
Sw.
'-

Spec.

169

Afinis Hook. Niger, 281 [Kebett des Ngres).

Sen. Tent.

113,

27.S.

Fl. hid. Dec.

(part.). Maginda Rhacom 348. DC. Prodr. n. 8.

See

p. 10, note 2.

28

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

to tea as a domestic medicine. It appears to

compared

be a stimu-

lant which, according to

They chew the green

whole night without
plague.

leaves,
sleep.

Forskhal, the Arabs use to dispel sleep. and can then, without fatigue, pass the

Some

travellers,
it

however, say that these

fresh leaves are poisonous.

Others make

an antidote against the

Where

this plant is cultivated,

they think the plague can-

make victims. Hence, doubtless, the veneration inspired in Yenian by the name of the Sheik Abou-Zerbin, who there introduced Catha} They go so far as to think that by carrying a packet of these
not
leaves about the person, they can frequent pestiferous places with

impunity.

The study
full

of the pretended virtues of

Kht ^ would

pro-

bably be

of interest.

There
the

is

indeed another plant of this

itself,

family which was, not long since, in Europe

greater infatuation.
It
is

an object of much
28-34).

common Box^

(fig.

Who

would believe at the present day that the emperor Joseph II. gave a quack 1500 florins to make juiblic a recipe which performed a miracle
in the treatment of intermittent fevers,

and which was nothing but

an alcoholic tincture of Box

litic.

This appears very analogous to Gaiac

as a sudorific, and, consequently, an anti-rheumatic

and anti syphiit is

In too large a dose

It is in fine a
to substitute

it

is

purgative and emetic, exactly like

Euonymus.
very wrong

very suspicious, dangerous jdant, and

it

for Grenadier [Funica

granatum) as a
for

vermicide, for Senna as a purgative,

and especially

Hop

in

making

beer.

The

active principle of Box., said to be volatile, dis-

appears in the dry wood and in the leaves

action of
fire.*

when
fire,

subjected to the
it

By

distillation

over an open

passes as an

empyreumatic and fetid oil formerly extolled as an antidote for rheumatism and epilepsy. The Box is one of those plants to which a
thousand properties have been attributed
dening the hair,
etc.
:

of curing toothache, redproperties.

The Box of Mahon'" has the same

its

In the Balearic

Isles it is considered poisonous,

poisoning by honey collected from

that the
it

flowers.

and cases are cited of As an industrial and

It is tliought

economic plant, the Box has always been celebrated.

Bomans introduced

it

among

the Gauls.

They have used

continually to decorate their gardens.

^

Cut in a thousand forms,

;

See EoSENTH.

op.

cit.

792. H. En.

Diet.

t.

1,

Diet. Eiicycl. Se.

Md.

xi.

20G {Bouis,

Encijcl. Se.
2
^

Md.

xiii.

302.

Buis Huit, Ozaniie.

Kt. Tchai at Choa.

Biixus .lempennreiis L. Spee. 083.
369.

GnEK.

et

QoDR.Fl.tlc Fr.
d. 6,
ii.

iii. 101. (Juin. Dm//, simpl. H. Bn. Mauyr. Buxac. 41, 69,

* Bvxhie (C'*H-- AzO*) has been extracted from the Box. * B. Balearica W. Spec. viii. 337. H. Bn.

Muiin/r.

Btuac. 45, G2.

CELASTRACEJE.
in

29

edging, in walls, in the shapes of animals, in figures, and in

it

arabesques,

has served and serves

;

still

for the

ornamentation of the
villa at

most celebrated parks

it

will suffice to

mention Pliny's

Tusculum, the Vatican, the Escurial, and the grounds at Yersailles.

The branches

also figure in our religious festivals.

The

agriculturist
litter

formerly gathered them for manure, chiefly for the vine, and as
for small cattle.

But

it is

for its yellow

wood, heavier than water,

is

and but slightly combustible, with fine and close grain, that the Box now most useful it is frequently employed by cabinet and toy makers, coopers, carvers, turners, musical instrument makers, and chiefly by engravers on wood. Many other Celasfrace produce
;

wood employed
charcoal
is

in industry.

Of

that of the indigenous

Euonymus a
;

made, used for sketching and making gunpowder

like-

wise that of

many

species of C'elastrus, as C. serrulatus in Abyssinia.

The yellow wood

of the

common Euonymus

is

used by turners

organ pipes, spindles, knitting needles, skewers, pegs for the shoe-

maker, and many other objects are also made of

coats of this plant are used for dyeing yellow.

it.^

The seminal
Celastracece

In

many

the

wood

itself furnishes
its

the dye.
;

Euonymus

tingens of the East

Indies owes

name

to this fact

it is

used to tattoo the skin, and

especially the face of the Hindoos.

Ekvodcndron croccum furnishes

also

the Golden

Wood

of

the Cape,

employed in dyeing.

The
~

Salvadore have the the same general properties as the Celastracece.

The

root has an acrid blistering bark.

;

The trunk

of S. persica

(fig.

16-21.) has a tonic bark

its

leaves are purgative.

With
The

the branches
is edible,

conveniently cut, the Arabs clean their teeth.

fi'uit

having an aromatic and piquant flavour, like that of garden cress {Lepidium sativum). This plant appears to be the "mustard"
(Sinajns) of Scripture,

celebrated

for

its

rapid

growth.
:

Many
such

Celastracece are cultivated in our gardens as

ornamental plants

as

Celastrus scandens, one of our rare open-air climbers

and many
beautiful

species of Euonymus., notably E. japonicus, so closely resembling the

Box

in

its

foliage,

and comprising

so

many and such

charcoal.
Zeylaiiica

horticultural varieties.
1

Among

the Celastracece with

wood

useful

making
Knkonna
snuff.
^

cahinet-workormaking musical instruments are also mentioned, at the Cape of Good Hope, {Zijbast), VSaitogia Celastnis acuminatus L. capensis Thunb. {Icpelhout, Smalblad), Maurofor cenia capensis

Thw.

At Ceylon, the wood of is used for making

1,.

Qkrcvs.

Act.
III.
t.

Angl. (1749).
81.

Amn.m.

{Hottentot

Cherrij-tree

of

the

21.
S.

Lamk.
Iiidica

A. DC. Prudr. xvii. 28. Rotle. Miviiia pamciilata L.

English),
(

Ptcrocelastrus

rostratus

Meissn.

Cissas arborea^osST..

Einiclla Grossularia'B.wz

Witpeer),

and P.

typicus {Spekhom), used for

{Arak, Mcsuak).

30

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

GENERA.
I. 1.

EUONYME^.
hermaphrodite regular, 4-5-meroiis
;

Euonymus

T.

Flowers

receptacle depressed conical or

more

or less concave, clothed within

with a variable disk, often er wide, broadly explanate, shortly or sometimes far produced between the petals.
subvalvate, open or recurved.

Sepals short, imbricate or

in

Petals

same

cate, rarely foveolate above, entire, dentate or

number longer, imbrimore rarely fimbriate

petals,

or facially cristate.

Stamens alternate with

and equal

in
;

number

filaments subulate, generally short, often recurved at apex

anthers more or less elongated or oftener short, sub-2-dymous, introrsely or

more

or less extrorsely rimose.

Gerraen more or

less

immersed
3-5-lobed

in disk
;

and confluent with

Ovules in
inferior
;

it,

3-5-locuIar or finally sub-

style short, stigmatose

apex not incrassate or more or

cells 1, or oftener 2,

less capitate or lobate.

ascending,

with micropyle extrorsely

introrsely superior
or transverse.
;

or descending, in

with micropyle
series, oblique

more rarely 4- , inserted

two

Fruit capsular, angular or alate, coriaceous, some;

times echinate, loculicidally 2-5-valvate

middle.

valves septiferous in the

go,

Seeds in

cells 1, 2,
;

or

more
;

rarely

surrounded by a
superior.
;

fleshy (coloured) aril

bi'oad

albumen

fleshy

cotyledons of axile embryo

foliaceous

radicle inferior or

more rarely
or

Erect
stipules

trees or shrubs,
site

sometimes climbing, oftener glabrous

entire or crenate

leaves oppo;

petiolate

(persistent),
;

dentate

small, caducous
solitary.

flowers in axillary pedunculate cymes,

temjjcrate

more rarely

(Eurojye,

and warm
p.
1

Asia,

Malaya, Australia,

temperate North America).

2.

See

Pachystima

Kafin.'

Flowers nearly of Euonymus, 4-merous

Sepals 4 and petals same in
4, inserted outside

somewhate concave. alternate imbricate. Stamens

receptacle

number

and between the

Amer. Monlhl. Mag. (1818), from A. Gray,

Fendler,

phXla NuTT. Torr.

ct

G>: Fl. N. Amcr.

i.

2.58.

n.

29. B. H.

Gen. 3G1,

n.

5. Oreo-

CELASTRACE.E.
lobes of a
tliicli

31

disk

filaments free

anthers introrse

connective

rather thick.
capitate
style

Germen immersed
with stigmatic
capsular
cell 2,

in base of disk,
;

attenuated to a

apex

cells

2,
;

incomplete alterni-

petalous.
inferior.

Ovules in each
Fruit

ascending

mieropyle extrorsely
2-valvate,
tardily
^
;

oblong,

loculicidally

dehiscent.

Seeds oblong, enclosed in

albumen fleshy; cotyledons of straight

under-shrub
;

membranous multifid aril embryo" oblong. A glabrous

leaves opposite, very shortly petiolate,

serrate
;

minutely stipu{North-toestern

late, entire or

flowers in axillary cymes.^

moimtainoiis America.*)
3.

Catha

Foesk.^

Flowers
to

nearly

of

Euonymus,

5-merous

receptacle shortly concave.

5,

longer erect,

Calyx short 5-lobed, imbricate. imbricate, finally opening at apex. Stamens

cupular
disk
;

Petals
5, alter-

nipetalous,

exterior

filaments

subulate

erect
free,

anthers short sub-2-dymis, introrsely 2-rimose.

locular
2,
;

Germen
;

3-

style short,
;

apex shortly 3-lobed stigmatic

ovules in cells

ascending

mieropyle extrorsely inferior.

Fruit capsular, linear-

oblong or subclavate, obtusely o-gonal, loculicidally 3-valved; septa

thickened in the middle.
thin (arillate
?)

Seeds ^ 1-3, elongate, produced below to a

;

membranous unequally 3-angular wing testa crustacotyledons of albumen fleshy ceous slightly punctulate-rugose radicle rather long inferior. (green) axile embryo foliaccous elliptic
; ;

A glabrous shrub
ceous,
serrate

leaves oftencr opposite oblong-lanceolate coria;

or subentire

stipules

minute

ciliolate

flowers in

axillary short dichotomous ramose cymes.

(Jruh'a,

warm Eastern
polygamous

and Southern Africa?)

4.

Microtropis Wall. ^Flowers hermaphrodite

Sepals 5, unequal,

or

receptacle cupular.

much

imbricate, persistent.

Petals 5, the alternate longer, imbricate, slightly fleshy or subcoria1

White.
Green.

2
^

genus distinguislied from

floral parts

'H0H//Hi0! only

5678 (part.). B. H. Geu. 361, n. 4. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 324. MHlnjsmphijllum Eckl. 152. Tiigouotheca Hochst. et Zeyh. Einim.
n.

by the forms of its by its incompletely

*

and

fi-uit,

and

Mora
^

(1S41), 6G2.

2-celled gei-men.

Nearly of Hippocratea (or Canotia).

Spec.
1.

Spec.

1.

P. myrsinites Bot.
Fl.

Fort.

Parall.

50.

Myginfla
i.

Eafin. Wats.
120,
t.
i.

Expl.

'

C. cdiilis
i.

Fotsk.

loc.

cit. A. Eich.
eclulis

myrtifulia

Fl. Abyss. Tent.

t.

ZQ.Cclastrus

Vahl,

NuTT. Hook.
Wali'. Pep.
i.

Bor.-Amer.

4L
100.

Oreophila myrtifolia Nutt. Oen. PI.

538. P. Canbyi A.

Symb. i. 21. DC. Prodr. ii. 6, n. 25 (species of Catha of other authors belong to Celastrti.'s).
^

Gray [Am.

Ex Arn.
i.

/o!(r. 5c. (1874), 442, is

another species recently

Gai. n. 5681.
Iiid.

Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 152. Endl. B. H. Gen. 361. Hook. Fl.

unknown
5

to us.

613.

l'/.^i/.-^ci.63(notofothers).-ENDL. Gut.

32

NATURAL HISTOBY OF PLANTS.

Sometimes more rarely
[Paracelastrus
^).

ceous, coherent at base.

Stamens
2-rimose.

5, filaments at base adnate to margin of receptacle,

;

or to

base of petals, otherwise free

anthers introrse ovate rather large,

Germen

at base adnate to concavity of recejDtacle,

pletely 2-3-locular,
lobed.

style

thick,

apex stigmatic,

incomminutely 2-3;

Ovules in

cells 2, collaterally

ascending suberect

micropyle

extrorsely inferior.

Fruit capsular oblong, surrounded at base by

the perianth, tardily dehiscent, 2-3-valvate.

exterior soft or fleshy
"
;

Seed
;

1, stipitate

oblong,

albumen dense
trees

fleshy

cotyledons of straight
leaves^ opposite

embryo

foliaceous.

Glabrous

or

shrubs;

petiolate entire coriaceous

thick, persistent;

flowers* in axillary

cymes
6.

or glomerules.

[East Indies.^)

Kokoona

Thw.''

Flowers

hermaphrodite
or

calyx

cupular
coria6,

shortly lobate crenate or subentire.

Petals 5, longer,
contorted.

thick

ceous

glandular-punctate,
;

imbricate

Stamens

alternipetalous

filaments free short, at base thickly subulate and

inserted in as

many

hollows of a thick obtusely 5-angled hypogynous

ovate-acute
or

disk;

anthers

thick

oblong introrse,
;

2-rimose.

Germen immersed
obliquely

in base of disk, 3-locular

style short thick,

,

apex

shortly 3-lobed stigmatic.

Ovules in

cells co

imbricate in 2-series,

ascending.

Capsule (large) subligneous thick oblong,

;

3-gonal, loculicidally 3-valvate

CO
,

valves inwardly septiferous.

to

Seeds
a wide

imbricate,
;

produced either above or on both sides

;

wing

testa of basilar or medial nucleus coriaceous

fiat

cotyledons of
;^

exalbuminous embryo
radicle inferior,''

obovately cuneate or depressed 3-angular

or (with 2-alate seeds and 3-angular cotyledons),

ventral and horizontal vei-y short. Glabrous wide-spreading branched

trees
;

leaves

opposite

petiolate,

entire
;

or

obscurely

crenate,
;

coriaceous, sometimes punctate beneath

stipules small, caducous

;

flowers
teate.

"

in axillary pedunculate

compound cymes

pedicels 2-brac-

(Borneo, Ceylon})

G
1

Alzatea E.
i.

et Pav.^i
ii.

" Flowers
' ^
'

hermaphrodite apetalous,
Wall.
Cat. n.

MiQ. Fl. Lid. -Bat.

p.

590.

Gl6.Trigotiocarpus

6520 (not

^ 2

Testa red or dusky. Nearly of Clusiacea ov Ehizophorea. Small white, sometimes recalling those of
Ilicinc,

Velloz. whose

is

a species of Cupania.

some
5

the petals

for

instance being

In a Bornean species (herb. Bcccari). In a Ceylon species. For the Order rather lai-ge (recalling those
;

oftcner free.

cf Hippocratea)
8.

petals bright yellow.

^. iv. 368.

Spec.

7,

Wight,
;

Icon.

t.

761,976, 977,

Spec. 2.

Walp.
t.

1052. Thw. /(Ki.P;. Zry/. 71. Walp. i/J.i. 534 Ann. i. 191 vii. 575. ^ Hook. Kew Journ. v. 379 Enum. PI. Zeyl. 52. B. H. Oe. 362, n. 8. Hook. Fl. lud. i.
; ;

" Prodr.
t.

40,

7;

Fl. Per et

Chit.

iii.

20,

241,

fig.

n.- DC.
9.

Prodr.

allied to

Maytenus").

Endl. Gch.

ii.

10 (" apparently
n.

6698.

B.

II.

Gen. 362, n.

CELASTRACEM.
5-merous
sepals
; ;

33

calyx

campanulate,
;

5-fid.

Stamens

5,

alternate

with

filaments short free

;

anthers subcorclate.

German
cells
2,

free sub-

cordate

style

short,

apex stigmatic obtuse;

;

oc-ovulate.

Capsule obcordate, loculicidally 2-valvate

middle
;

valves septiferous in the

the intermediate septa forming the dissepiment.

Seeds

co

winged, attached on both sides perpendicular to dissepiment, super-

posed in duplex order from the base to the apex.

branches
obovate
^

A glabrous

tree

verticillate

leaves opposite and verticillate petiolate wide

;

entire

coriaceous

flowers

"

in

terminal

many-flowered

corymbs.^ " (Peru.*)

7.

Elseodendron

Jacq.

^.

Flowers

of

Euonymiis

germeu
;

2-5-locular.

Ovules in
;

cells 2, ascending.

Fruit drupaceous

flesh

sometimes scanty
spermous.
;

cells of

hard putamen 1-3, 1- or more rarely 2;

membranous or slightly fleshy cotyledons of thickly or scantily albuminous embryo flat. Small trees or shrubs leaves (oftener persistent) opposite or more
Seeds exarillate
testa thinly
;

rarely

alternate,

entire

or

crenate

stipules

minute,

caducous

cymose inflorescence^ and other characters of Euoinjnius. Malaya, Oceania, and tropical South America.'')
8,

(Axia,

Maurocenia

Mill.*'
;

Flowers

nearly

of

Ehvodcndron

(or

Euovymus) 5-6-merous
laterally extrorse.

stamens exserted.
descending
finally

Anthers widely oblong

;

Germen
2,

oftener 3-locular, free from short disk

;

ovules

in

cells

collaterally

micropyle
spongy.

introrsely

superior.

Fruit

baccate;^

mesocarp

Seeds 1- or

'

I'urplish.

Wight and Arn. Prodr.

Query
if

i.

157.

Wight,

///.

Yellowish.

'

very uncertain genus.

of this

71. Gkiseb. and SoxD. Fl.

t.

Ft. Brit. W.-Ind.

145. Hauv.

Cap.

i.

Urder? (Perhaps of Haxifrariace ?) * Spec. 1. A. verticillata R. et Pav. he. cit. * In Act. Helvet. i. 36. J. Gen. 452 {Elmodenrfnon) . G^ertn. Fruct. i. 274, t. 57. Lamk.
Diet. iv. 537

[Mi/stroxylon).

TuL. Ann.

465 [Casxinc), 467, 469 Sc. Nat, sr. 4, viii.

106

{Mi/-itrX!/lon), 107.

402. Oliv.

Fl. Trap. Afr.

Fl. Bras. Celai>tr.%t,i..

Benth. Fl. Austral, i. i. 365. Reiss. Mart. H. Bn. ^rfaH5oj, xi.

;

132. DC. Prodr. ii. 10 (part.). Endl. Ge. n. 5688.- B. H. Gni. 367, n. 28. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 325. Hook. Fl. Itid. i. 623. Baker, Fl. Maitrit. i'.Schrebtra
;

111.

t.

267.

alp. Rep.
;

i.

536, 539 {Cassine)

i.

v.

402
.377

403 {Caisine)
{Cassine), 581.

Ann.

191

ii.

264

vii.

Diet. x. L. Gen. (ed. 1737), n.

2U. Cassine
72,
;

Retz. Obs. vi. ex J. Gen. 378.

Ion

2.3,

fig. 3.

Rubentia Commers.

Mill.

ex. L. Gen. (ed. ead.), n. 845 (nee. a'ior.).

Porterischlar/ia
Fl.

Trattin. Arch.

J. Gen. 378.

G/ERTN. Fruct.
651
ii.
;

ii.

t.

92.

^.Nterija EoxB.

Ind.

i.

&i&.Miistroxii-

Lamk.

Diet.

i.

Suppl.

ii.

130

III. t.

130.

EcKL. et Zeyh. Enum. V25.Crocoxijlon E(-KL. et. Zeyh. loc. cit. 128. LamarcJcia Hortul.
(ex Eniil.).
" ^

DC.

11. B. H. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 325.

Prodr.
;
;

Gen. 363, n.

12.

Flowers white or greenish. Spec, ahout 35 Vent. Jard. Malm.

' Ovoid or glohular epicarp reddish, finally dark violet mesocarp white. .Said to be genet.

117.

rally drupaceous.

VOL. VI.

34

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

descending exarillate
;

few

albumen
subelliptic.

fleshy

cotyledons

of
;

thick
leaves
'

(green)

embryo

ovate

or

glabrous

shrub

opposite or rarely alternate, petiolate entire coriaceous, flowers

axillary 2-chotomous ramose cymes.^
9.

in

(South Africa.^)
(nearly of Euomjmux)

Hartogia Thunb.*
;

Flowers

4-5 m-

rous

receptacle slightly concave.

longer, imbricate.
of

Sepals short and petals same in

number
late

with an equal number

;

Stamens 4, 5, alternipetalous, alternate squamiform lobes of disk filaments subu;

anthers
in

short,
disk,

2-rimose,
afterwards

finally
free,
;

extrorse.

Germen
attenuated
2,

basally
to

imbedded
rarely 3

pyramidal,
cells

short style stigmatic obtuse at apex

;

incomplete

or

more
testa

ovules in each 2, ascending

dry,

micropyle extrorsely inferior.

1,

Fruit
nitid
;

subelliptic,

indhiscent;

seeds

2,

exarillate;

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo subfoliaceous.

;

A glabrous
;

shrub

leaves

opposite

petiolate

serrate

or crenulate coriaceous

flowers^ in axillary cymes.*"

10.

(South Africa.')
nearly
;

Rhacoma
Stamens

L.^

Flowers
4-5-merous
5,

of

(sometimes
bricate.

1 -sexual) 4,
;

sepals

Elodendwn, smaller and petals longer imof disk

alternate

with

lobes

bordering

cupuliform receptacle

anthers short introrse.

cells

Base of germen im;

bedded

in receptacle

2-4, oftener incomplete

lobes of style

same

in

number
;

short stigmatic.

Ovules
inferior.

in cells solitary subbasilar

ascending

micropyle extrorsely

Fruit

oftener
1,

unequally
2-locular
;

obovoid, dry or drupaceous; flesh scanty; putamen

seeds arillate or exarillate albuminous.

Other characters of Eloden'

dwn.
'

Glabrous or pilose

shrubs or under-shrubs
12-4

oftener slender;

Small, white. A genus generally referred to Ilicine, dis-

Gcii.

tinguished from Elodendran by the direction of its ovules (a character of very small moment in

to

Fl. Cap. i. 462 B. H. whose 4-nierou8 flowers appear us quite the same in form, belongs to this
;

; Harv. and Sond.

363, n. 13),

genus.

and by the nature of its pericarp. ^ Spec. 1. M. capensis Hakv. and Sond. Fl. Frangula ALP. Ann. vii. 577. Cap. i. 465.
&(0i/m!(s)

sempervirais... Dill. Flth. 146,

t.

121, fig. 147.

Fl.

Casiine Maurocaiia L. Spec.

385. Thunb.
ic.

? Spec. Capensis Thunb. loc. cit. 1. H. Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. i. 464. H. capensis Eckl. et Zeyh. JI. multiflora Eckl. et Zeth. H. riparia Eckl. et Zeyh. Schrebcra schinoidea Thunb.

Cap. 268.
<

Hook.
Prodr.

Icon.

t.

552.
c.

Vixs. Nov. Geit. v. 35,

ii.

L.
;

f.

Siippl.

145,
n.
t.

B. H. Gen. n. 363,
jYod. Act.

128. DC.

12. Endl. Gen. n. 5687. n. 10. Schrebcra Thunb.

t.

Crossopetalum P. Br. Jam. (notEoTH.). Myijinda L. Ge>i. 178. jAca. Stlrp. Amer. 24, t. 16; le. Rai: 311. J. Geii. 378. Lamk. III. t. 76. Poir.
"

Geii.
t.

n.

144.
1

17, fig.

Upsal.

i.

91,

5,

fig. 1

Prodr.

t.

Diet, iv, 395

(part.).

(not Retz, nor Roxb. nor Th.).

'

Endl. Oen.

Suppl.

iv.

n.

41. DC. Frodr. ii. 12 5689. B. H. Gen. 366,

Small white. Perhaps iorirfia (Eckl.

n. 24. et

Zeyh. Enitm,

'

Sometimes of a reddish appearance.

CELA8TRACEJE.

leaves opposite or sometimes verticillate or alternate, stipules minute

flowers (minute) in slender stipitate (sometimes few-flowered) cymes.

{Central America, Mexico, Chili,^ Madagascar?)
11,

Ptelidium Dup.-Th.4,

Flowers
;

of

Etmvpmis,

4-merous

receptacle depressed.

Calyx 4-partite
sessile,

folioles decussate, imbricate.

Petals

oblong

imbricate.

Stamens
its

4,
;

alternipetalous,

intei'ior to a

short disk and alternate with

;

lobes

filaments short

subulate, recurved at apex

anthers small subglobose, extrorsely 2ovate,

rimose

Germen compressed
ascending
;

2-locular and with short style

cells
2,

not thickened at apex. the

Ovules in

inserted a

little

above
at

base

micropyle extrorsely inferior.

Fruit dry,

thickly

samaroid oval-subcordate,
to a thick

much

compressed,

produced

margin

venose coriaceous wing,^ indhiscent,

;

1 -2-locular.

Seed ascending linear-oblong

"
;

albumen

fleshy thin; cotyledons of

embryo (green)

flat

foliaceous

radicle inferior."
;

A glabrous shrub

leaves opposite petiolate coriaceous entire

flowers in axillary ter-

minal and ramose cymes.

12.

[Madagascar J^)

Zinowiewia
;

Turcz.^

Flowers

S-merous {o Elodendron or

Euonymus) receptacle cupular. Sepals and petals 5, longer imbriStamens 5, exterior to 5-angular disk anthers short introrse. cate. Base of germen imbedded in cavity of receptacle, 2-locular ovules
;

in cells 2, collaterally suberect

micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit

1-locular,

samaroidal,^ stipate at base with uuenlai-ged calyx, dry,

dilated above to an unecpial

dolabriform,

sometimes rather lateral

?

membranous

wing,

otherwise
exarillate
;

dry

indhiscent
...

cylindrical glabrous

embryo
;

-A

seed

suberect

glabrous bush;

leaves opposite entire (of Elcvodendron)

flowers''

in axillary deeply

2-chotomous ramose cymes.^

1

(3Iountainous Mexico.^)
''Spec.
1.

Spec. 7,8. S-w.i^;./(?. Occ.i. 340 (IfyyiHt/rt).

P. ova'.um Poir.
sv. i,
viii.

loc.

eit.'VvL.

H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. tu. 66 (part.), t. 620. 0. Gay, Fl. Chil. ii. 9 [Mi/g i nda) . Gmseb. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 146 {M,/f/ini!a).

Ann.
s

So.

Nat.

103.

Stringia ovata

Spkeng.
Bull. Mosc. (1859),
i.

275. B. H.

Gen. 364,

Chxtm.FL
lirp. V.

S. Unit. St. 75 {Mijgind(i).y^f.i.v.

i.

n. 15.
<>

402 [Myginda); Ann.

191;

vii.

585

Nearly of

<Se(;c/rfac<c

the smaller sometimes

{Myginda).
-

recalling the
;

Gen. Nov. Madag. 24

Hist. Vg. lies Afr.

' ^

legumen of Nissolia. Small crowded green.

4. Lamk. i. t. 916. Poni. iJic,'. Suppl. iv. 697. DC. Prodr. ii. 11. Endl. Gen. n.56S3.B.'K. Gen. iG3,n.n. Petalocarpum Seringia Dur.-TH. Herb. Juss. (ex Ivh.).
Aiistr.b.i.

genus distinguished from the oppositiEiodendra only by its alate fruit. Spec. 1. Z integcnima Turcz. -Walp. Ann. yii. 577. TFimmeria? inteffenima Tvncz.
folioua

Spreng.
'

Syst.

i.

441 (uec J. Gay).

-B- ^'""- (ISJS)-

Wing

sometimes obsolete.

32

36

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

13.

Pleurostylia Wight and

filaments interior to
;

Arn.'

Flowers

4,

5-merous

sepals" imbricate.
talous
;

Petals longer imbricate.

anthers subbasifixed, introrse

(dark).

Stamens 5 alternipelobe of disk and alternate with tbem connective incrassately dilated at back
;

Germen
;

free,

immersed
2,

at base in cavity of i-eceptacle

;

style short,

apex stigmatic 3-gonal or unequally dilated

ovules in cell

cell

in

germen

1, eccentric

ascending

raphe dorsal.

Fruit slightly

fleshy, filially diy,

;

marked with eccentric scar of style. Seeds 1 or more rarely 2 testa coriaceous, externally clothed with pulp (aril ?) albumen copious cotyledons of rather large embryo wide suborbicu;

late.

A glabrous shrub
5,

leaves opposite entire coriaceous

flowers

in axillary cymes.
14.

[East Indies^

New

Caledonia,

Malacca})

Cathastrum Tuecz.^ Flowers

imbricate.

nearly of PZcwrosf^fe; sepals

thin 5-gonal disk
;

and petals

Stamens

5, exterior to
;

anthers short introrse.

Germen

free oblique

style short,

apex

stig-

matic subpeltate

ovules in eccentric cell cc (6-8), inserted in 2 series

in parietal placenta, ascending.

Fruit

A glabrous shrub; leaves

in
;

opposite

oblong, entire or undulate

stipules minute, flowers

axillary or subterminal

compound ramose corymbiform cymes

{South JfricaS')

pedi-

cels articulate at base, 2-bracteolate.

15.

Celastrus
;

L.^

Flowers

{nedA:\j o

Euonymus) hermaphrodite

or 1-sexual

receptacle very various inform, shortly convex, subplane

or

more

or less concave cupular or suburceolate.

Disk very various

or less concave,

in form, lining the receptacle, or flattened, 4-5-lobed (G/fiiinosporia,'^) or thick cupular sinuate-lobed [Dcnhamia,^) or

more

obconical or urceolate.

Sepals 4,

5 and petals same in

number
less peri-

alternate, longer, inserted at

margin of receptacle, more or

167,
t.

1 Prodi: i. 157. Endl. Ocn. n. 5686. B. H. Gen. 3G3, n. 14. H. B.v. rwjer Pam. Nat. 325. 'Rook. Fl. Ind.i. 617. Baker, Fl. Maiirit. i9.

36. A. Gkay,

Oeii. 111.

t.

170. E. H.

Gen. 364, 977, n. 16. Hook. Fl. Ind. i. G17. Bat^eu Fl. Mim)!t.O.'H..'Bs. Pai/ei-Fam.Nat.

Minutely glandular. Small and few, white. * Spec, about 2. Wight, Icon. t. 155. TuL. Ann. Se. Nat. sr. 4, viii. 104 (Pkuyost;/lia). WAi,r. iJcp. i. 536 Ann. v'n. 577.
'
;

S24
Hcl-ia
^

(incl.:

Bailmmia

Wight anl Aim. Maytcnm

Endl.).
/'iW;-.

Meissx. Gijmmsporia Feuill. Putter-

Wight and Aen.

n.

i.

365,

18;

Hook.
n. 5678.

Fl. Ind.

159. B. U.Gen, i. 61. Catha

Pbesl,

'

Bull. Miisc.
7.
1.

(1858),

ii.

448

B.

II.

Gen.

Endl. Gen.
Presl,
he.

(not

Yo-RSK.)Eneentrus

362, n.
^

Bot.

Pan.

SS. Poli/nnt/ins

TuKoz. Hakv. and SoND. J"/. Cp. i. 527. Walp. ^H. vii. 576. ' Gw.n. 270. J. G. 378. GiEKTN./'/TOC.i.
C.

Spec.

capense

cit.

Meissn. Qen. 18; Comm. 16. Endl. i.

Z<JG,

n.

5065. B. H. Gen.

997, n. 2Z.LeucoSot. 46,

v. 58.
t.

95. liAMK. Pict. i. 660; Suppl. ii. 143; III t. 130. DC. Prodr. ii. 5. Spach. Smt. Buffon, u. 410.Endl. Gen. n. 5679. Payer, Orgnnr>(j.
t.

carpon A. ElCH.

Votj. Aslrol.

46.

mdraianthrra F. Muell. Fra.jm.

CELASTUACEJ'].
gynous, imbricate.
of disk
short
(
;

37

Stamens

4, 6, alternipetalous, inserted in

hollows

filaments free or connate at base, subulate, sometimes very

;

Hedraiunthera)

anthers subglobular, ovate cordate or oblong,

situate at

introrsely rimose.

Germen

bottom of disk {Eucelastrus

i)

or

style

more or less deeply confluent with it ((7^/o5^;o/7); cells 2-4; more or less elongate, apex stigmatic more or less deeply 2-4Ovules in
cells 1
^

lobed.

[3Iayteniis^), 2,
,

ascending with micropyle

extrorsely inferior, or sometimes 3-co

2-seriate, oblique or trans-

verse

{Puller/ickiu.,^'

DenJiamiu^).

Capsule various in form, sometimes

rather fleshy
or broad

{Scijtojyhi/llum'''),

thick osseous {Dcnhamia Hedraianthera)

submembranous {PutterlicJda)^ loculicidally 2-4 valved; protected by a more or less developed fleshy aril,'' albuminous or more rarely [Mai/tcnus] exalbuminous. Small trees or shi-ubs
seeds 1od,

oftener glabrous

sometimes spinose [Putterlickia, Gynmosporia) and

;

glaucesent,

sometimes climbing (Eucelastrus)

;

leaves alternate or
;

fasciculate, entire or serrate

stipules

or consisting of a few hairs

flowers

in

cymes

(Puttcrliclc/a, Gijniiwsporia) or

more rarely

in

com-

pound or cymiferous (^Eucelastrus, Dcnhamia) terminal or axillary racemes. {Allivarm and temperate regions.^)
16.

Schsefferia JAca.^

Flowers

dioecious,

4-merous

sepals

and

petals longer obtuse, imbricate.

small disk.

Germen

(in

Stamens 4, exterior to generally male flower effete) free ovoid style short,
;

presently divided into 2-partite stigmatic lobes

1

cells 2,

1 -ovulate

Cdastru.ili.ll. he.

cit.

Oii.i;a

THUNii. Fl.
2.

Bl.
tenus).

Jap. 3 (ex Mia.).

-

Guillem.

Bijdr. 1144.
et

Hook.

Icon. t. 587 {MayPerr. Fl. Sen. Tent. i. t.

t.
i.

In some species of J/a^toiiw oertainly

Feuill. ex J. Gen. 449.
Diet. iv.

30.

Weiib, Phyt. Caiiar.

Fl. Cap.

69

(Cat/ia).

i.

MoL.

C'/iil.

177.

Habv. and Sond.

471

4.52,

465 {Cassine),
Trop. Aft:

2. DC. Fred,: ii. 9. Endl. 5860. Payer, Orgawg. 169, t. 36. B. H. Gen. 364, 998, n. 17.San, lea R. et Pay.
Lamk.
Gen. n.

{Seytophylliim).OLiv.

FL

Prodr.

36,

t.
i.

(neo Salisk.).

Munieverdia

360. A. Gray, Amer. Fxpl. Exp. Bot. i. t. 23. Grise. Fi. Brit. W.-Ind. 145 {Maytenus).
Chavhi. Ft. S. Unit. St. 76.

Boiss.

PI.

Esp.
i.

t.

346.-? Moya Griseb. PI. Lorem. 63, fig. Z.Maiten Feuill. Obs. iii. 39, t. 27. Boaria (MoL. DC. Prodr. iii. 299) syn. of MayRich. Cub.
tenus.

38
Sc.

Fl. Or.

ii.

10. Benth.

Fl. Austral,

398,

400 {Gymnosporia), iOl {Denhamia) .TvL. Ann. Nat. sci. 4, viii. 97 {C<it/ia).. Muei.l. Fragm. v. 203 [Leucocarpon). Keiss. Mart. Fl.
Bras. Celaslr.
3,
t.

Endl. Gen. n. 5674. Payer, Organog. 169. B. H. Gen. 366, n. 22. 5 In D. pittospuroide F. Muell. wo have
*
>

1-4, 6-9 {Mayteims).Tlv..

Ann.
Rrg.

Se.
t.

Nat. sr.

5, xvi.

336 {Maytenus).Bot.

oftener seen 2 ovules in each cell.

{Maylenus).Bot. Mag. t. 2070, 2II4. Walp. lep. i. 532 ii. 827 (Maytenus)
1702
;

EcKL.

et

Zeyh. Fnum. 124. Endl. Gen.

n.

v.

401
'

Ann.

i.

189

ii.

263

iv.

427

v.

402

5688.

vii.

575 [Catha), 578, 579 [Maytenus), 580.

Stirp.

Rod

or yellow, very rarely 0.

or greenish.
et

Amer. 259. Lamk.

vi.

White, golden
Spec.
130,

Poir. Diet.
Chil.
t.

727

Suppl. v.

R. et Pav. Fl. Per.

ii.

40.Endl.

Gen. n.

III. t. 809. 83. DC. Prodr. 5750. B. H. Gen. 367.

229. H. B. K. Noo. Gen. et Spec. vii. 64, not. Wight, III. t, 72 Ic. t. 158, 382 {Gymnosporia).
;

n. 26.

38

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

lateral.
;

micropyle of subbasilar ovule inferior, extroso or finally

dry, 1-2-pyrenous.

Fruit

Seeds in pyrcna; solitary exarillate

cotyledons
;

of slightly albuminous

embryo

foliaccous.

Glabrous

rigid shrubs

leaves alternate entire coriaceous (oblong ovate or spathulate) cxstipiilat

;

flowers' axillary, solitary or oftener

cymose or glomcrulate.

{Antilles^ Ncv

Mexico, Texas."-)
Schltl.^

17

Wimmeria
;

Flowers

nearly

of

Celastms,

5-

merous
style

anthers oblong iutrorse,

2-rimose.

Germen pyramidally
cells oo
,

3-gonal, confluent at base with thick disk, attenuated to o-lobed

dilate

stigmatic

at

apex.

Ovules in

inserted

in

2-series in the internal angle. at base, indhiscent;

Fruit broadly oblong 3-alatc, cordate

;

wings broad membranous

;

cell 1,
;

1-2-spermous.

Seeds terete narrow linear

albumen

fleshy

cotyledons of axile
;

embryo

flat

oblong-lanceolate. Small glabrous trees

;

leaves alternate

petiolate exstipulate serrate coriacious

flowers in axillary cyracs.*

(Mexico.
18.

^)

Polycardia

J".

Flowers
Sepals
filaments

nearly
5,

of

Celastms,

5-merous;

receptacle shortly cupular.

imbricate,
5,
;

and

petals

same

in

number

longer, contorted, open.

;

Stamens
subulate

exterior to thick disk

adnate to receptacle
2-rimose.
short,

anthers short introrse,

;

Germen hidf immersed in receptacle, 3-5-locular style apex shortly lobed stigmatic 2-seriate ovules in cells oo
;
,

ascending
ally

micropyle extrorsely inferior.

Capsule ovoid, loculicidSeeds

;

3-5-valved;

septa seminiferous within.

co,

ascending
.

elongate and girt at base with a deeply laciniate aril

embryo

Shrubs
ceoiis
;

leaves alternate articulate, entire or spinose dentate coria-

flowers few glomerulate, inserted either in the middle of the upper surface of the costa, or in the emarginate apex of the obcordate
limb.'''

{Madagascar.^)

19.
'

Pterocelastrus
2.

Meissn.^ Sepals
v.

5,

imbricate,

petals

5,

Small, white or greenish.

Spec.

Sloane, Jam. u.
i.

t.

209, fig.

1.
t.

Sw.

Fl. Iiid. Occ.

327,

t. 7.

Griseb. Ft. Brit.

i.

W.-Iiid.

146. Kakst. Chapm. Fl. S. Unit.

Fl. Columh.
St. 76.

183,

91.
iv.

481. DC. Prodi: ii. 10. Endl. Gen. n. 6677. B. H. Gen. 365, n. 19. H. Bn. rmjer Finn. JVut. 325. C'ommersonia Commeks. (not ov.&T.).FloriHda Nohonh. (ex Endl.).

Walp. Aim.
Geii. n.

428; vii. 581. 3 Linna, vi. 427. Endl.

ni/nius

5684.- B.
(sect.

genus as regards tlower similar to Eiio(or Ctlastrus), differing only in the nature of its capsule and seeds and in its in7

H.
*

Gen. 369, n. 34.

florescence.

genus with germen like Celastms

Futterlickia) distinguished only

seeds.
6

by
t.

its fruit
?

and

Is it not a sect, of Celastrus

2,

Spec.
i.

3.

Hook.

Icon.

356. Walp.
Diet.

Rep.
'

536.
III.
t

Gen. 377.Lamk.

133, rom,

the flowers of 1 of which are nnTuL. Ann. So. Nat. sr. 3, vii. 101. Walp. Ann. -vii. 580. 9 Gm.tiS; Cumm. 49. Endl. Gen. n. 5682. _B. H. Gen. 365 n. 2\.Aaterocarpu3 EcKl. t Zeyb. Emim. 122.

s gj,eo. 2,

known.

CELA STB A GL\E.

longer

39

much

imbricated, often finally recurved at apex.

;

Stamens

5,

alternipetaldus

filaments inserted between the lobes of 5-gonal disk

;

and exterior to them subulate anthers short introrse. Germen immersed in base of disk, o-gonal-pyramidal, 3-locular style short, apex stigmatic variously 3-lobed or 3-gonal. Ovules in cells
;

2,

ascending; micropyle extrorsely inferior.

Fruit capsular sub3-valved

;

membranous

or subfleshy, -6-alate, loculicidally

;

valves

inwardly septiferous in the middle

or
exarillate compressed

wings simple or
aril

2-fld to

apex

Seeds ascending, either included in a membranous

[Asterocarpus)
;

and

marginately

alate

[Pcripterygici^)

albumen
radicle

fleshy

cotyledons of (green) embryo

linear or elliptic

rather long inferior.

;

Glabrous
4/^'/c'

trees
;

or shrubs; branches
stipules very

angular

leaves alternate coriaceous obovate

;

small

glandulilbrm or

flowers in axillary or terminal ramose-compound

often corymbiform cymes.

20.

[South

New
Petals

Caledonia.^)
;

Kurrimia Wall.^
Sepals

Flowers
5,

hermaphrodite
5,

receptacle sub-

plane or cupular.
open-recurved.

imbricate.

longer, imbricate,

Stamens

5, inserted

with alternate petals under the

;

margin of disk lining the receptacle

introrse or

filaments subulate

anthers

laterally ur extrorsely dehiscent.

;

Germen immersed
;

within disk

cells

2,

incomplete,

or complete

styles

2, filiform,

springing from woolly apex of germen, more or less twisted or corrugate in the bud,
capitellate
at

stigmatic apex

ovules in cells 2,

collaterally ascending subbasilar.

Fruit capsular coriaceous, indhisenclosed in fleshy

aril
;

cent or 2-valved

seeds elongate,
fleshy
;
;

testa

smooth glossy
elongate.

albumen

cotyledons of axile embryo linearleaves

alternate
;

Glabrous
penninerved
in axillary

trees
;

petiolate

entire
;

coriaceous
flowers
'

veins

transverse

stipules

deciduous

and terminal racemes, simple or ramose.

[South

Tropical Asia, 3Ialuiju.^)

21.

Perrottetia H. B.

K.''

Flowers hermaphrodite orpolygamo;

dicious (nearly of Euonymus or Celastrus), 5-merous

'

petals valvate

H. Bn. Adansonia, xi. 266. Spec. 7, 8. Harv. and Sond.

Cat. n.

White, "yellowish. Capsules brown. Aril

Zeijl.

Fl. Cup.

i.

461.

4334. Arn. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xviii. 328. B. H. Gen. 365, n. 20. H. Bn. Fai/er Fam. Nat. 325. HooK. Fl. Ind. i. 621. Bhtsa Hau. Edivb. New l'ail. Journ. xvi. 315
2

white or reddish." 5 Spec, ahout 3. Thw. Eimm. ri. Walp. Mep. i. 538 {Bhesa).

72.

Nov. Gen.

et

Spec. vii.. 73,

t.

Gen. n.
jA//Km)

5697. B. H. Gen.

367, n.

622. Endl. 29.? Tlua-

(part.).

Endl.

Gen.

n.

5692.

Pyrospermtmi

Kutt. (exTuRCz.). Cari/ospomum Bh. Mus. Lugd.-Bat, i. 176. B, H. Gen. 367, n. 27,

MiQ,

Fl. Ind.-Bat. Suppl. 402.

40

NATURAL

IIlfi'lOllY

OF PLANTS.
half immersed in rather

or slightly imbricate, 3-angular.

thick,

Germen

oftener
;

5-gonal

disk
;

2-ovulatc

ovules ascending

and not confluent with it; cells 2, a spurious septum more or less deveeach
cell
;

loped between the ovules in

(hence

cells

4,

1-ovulate).

Berry subglobose (small) slightly fleshy more or less triate or costate embryo small albuminous.
;

seeds exavillate, externally

Unarmed
subovate
;

shrubs,

generally

glabrous

leaves
;

alternate

petiolate

serrulate,

sometimes glandular
axillary

stipules minute, deciduous

less

flowers^

in

slender

more or

compound

cymiferous racemes.

{Both tropical Americas^ tropical

Oceania.'^)

22? Frauenhofera Maet.^

merous
cells 2,
;

Flowers

nearly of Perrottetia, 52-locular

;

sepals

and

petals imbricate,
*

germen
Seed

ovules in

ascending. Fruit

cylindrical subsiliquiform, conical at

apex

pericarp fibrous coriaceous, 1-locular.

1, suberect, embryo...?

A small
rulate
;

softly

pubescent tree

leaves alternate ovate entire or ser;

stipules

very small deciduous

flowers

'"

in

axillary
[BrusllS')
;

and

terminal filiform glomeruliferous spikes, bracteolate,

23

Siphonodon

Griff.^
Sepals

Flowers
5,

hermaj^hroditc
Petals
5,

receptacle
in

rather thick cupular.

imbricate.

same

number,
at base,

alternate longer, erect open, imbricate.

slightly perigynous

Stamens

altcrnipetalous,

with perianth; filaments 1-adelphous

;

complanate, incurved at free apex

gittate
;

anthers basifixed shortly subsa-

cells

marginal oblique linear, subextrorsely rimose. Germen

immersed

at base in

hollow of receptacle and adnate to

;

it

cells co

,^

unequally pluriseriate

ovules in each solitary, ascending; style

(?)

central (subgynobasically) inserted vertically intruding

between the

germens, at apex obtuse or subemarginate and surrounded at base

with
'

CO

"

of unequal papillose squamules.

Fruit drupaceous, sparsely

Minute, white or greenish.

Spec. G (2 of which are Old World).

A.

GuAY, Amir. E.rpl. Exp. Vot.i. 290, t. 24.

l''l.

Culmnb.
i.

ii.

47,

t.

124.

Tuitcz.

Kaust.
Intl.-

description and figure nearly of ("1 in. long, \ in. thick"), by which alone the genus is distinguished from the otherCutlia

From

Hull. Mu.^c.

wise closely allied Perrottttia.

'

(1863),

G05 {T/utiji/ii/ltum). Mia. Fl.

ii.

Very
Spec.

small, according to figures, pale pink.

1.

Bat.

i.

p.

591 {Cari/oxpermuin).

F.

Mcell.
i.

<

F. miiltijiora
t.

Frar/m. v. 202 (Cari/tifijarmiim). Walt. llrp.

Fl. Bras. Celastr. 32,

ii.

4, lig.

Maut. Reiss. Mart. 10. Walp. Rep.

iv.

iv. 427 vii. 581 [Caryospnmum), 582. There is no valid distinction between Pi-rrottetia and Caryosperma, whose cells are 2-ovuthe spuiious septum often observed in the late Fcrruttetia being produced between the seeds of

639; Aim.

536.
1 C'alc.

Joiirii.

of Nut. Hist.

247,

t.

14.
i.

B.

H. Gen.
^

370, 998, n.

38. Hook.
Uort. Cult:

Fl. Ind.

029.

Asterogync

Wall.

Very

likely 5, " divided

by spurious septa
r.

the same
"

cell.

The
is

flower, except its alterna-

petalous stamens,

quite rhamnaceous,
iii.

between the ovules " (Hook. f.). (?) ^ Stigmas cristate accoiding to Hook.
Icon.

in

Nov.

Oeti. et

Spec.

85,

t.

235.

Endl.

Geii. n,

5GS5. B. H. Gen.

306, n. 25.

CELASTRAGEJS.
fleshy,

41

umbonate

at

apex

pyrenes co

thickly

woody compressed,

obliquely superposed,

1-spermous.
;

Seeds glabrous, ascending and

cotyledons of axillary embryo

descending

albumen subcorneous
;

foliaceous suborbiculate

radicle very small.

Small glabrous trees

stipules
;

leaves

alternate
;

petiolate
^

crenate

or

serrate;

minute
pedicels

caducous

flowers

axillary few (:2-5) spuriously umbellate

[Australia, Java?)

minutely bracteolate.
24.

Plenckia
;

Eeiss.^

Flowers

nearly of Celastriis (or Ekeodcnin disk 2-locular

;

dron), r5-merous

germen immersed

ovules in cells
;

2, collaterally ascending.

Fruit dry, indhiscent samaroid

pericarp

subglobose, at apex marginally produced equally on both sides to

straight linear-oblong

membranous venose wing

albumen
;

slightly dilated

and

obtuse at apex.
acute glabrous
;

Seed in very elongate cell 1, suberect cylindrical

testa coriaceous
;

fleshy

cotyledons of thin
sbort inferior.

axile (greenish)

embryo

linear elongate

radicle

Glabrous trees; leaves alternate long and slenderly petiolate, generally

ovate,* serrate veined

(poplar like)

stipules minute,
(Bi-a.i/l?)

flowers

'"

in

compound
25.

axillary pedunculate cymes.

anthers broadly oblong.

Tripterygium Hook. F.''' Flowers of Celastrus, 5-merous Germen free, 3-gonal style short, apex
;
;

stigmatose obtusely 3-lobed.

ascending.

Ovules in 3 incomplete

cells in pairs
;

Fruit

dry, apiculate to style, 3-gonal. 3-alate

wings

widely membranous.
inferior.

Seed in

small, at base of copious fleshy

cell 1, solitary suberect; embryo albumen; cotyledons oblong; radicle

?)

A glabrous (climbing
elongate serrate

shrub

leaves alternate petiolate

;

ovately

venosely

striolate

stipules

flowers

(small) in short terminal axillary racemes.

26.

{Formosa.^)

Mortonia A. Gray.^"
Sepals, 5 inserted at

Flowers

hermaphrodite;

receptacle

very concave obconical or subcampauulate and lined with glandulous

disk.

mouth

of receptacle, imbricate at scarious

sepals, sessile

Petals

5,

alternate with

concave eroded.

'

Yellow, purple striped.

Spec.
2.

'

One

variety, very narrow.

Hassk.
i.

MiQ. Fl. IiuL-Bat.

i.

1.

p.

ii.

592.

'

.Small,

white or yellow.
ii'ra.c! p.

in Eit~ia,

Lin. Soc. xxii. 133,

585.

t.

Hook. f. Trans. 26. Benth. Fl. Austral.

150.
v.

^ '

Spec. 1,2. Fruit, nearly of

Gen. 368, n. 32.

403. Walp. Rep.

404

Ann.
t. 5,

iv.

431

Semi-uncial,
Spec.
PI.
1.

vii.

"

T. Wilfordii
i.

Hook.
4
;

f.

Mart. Fl. Bras. Celastr. 30,

Gen. 368, n. 33.

10. B. H.

'"

Wrir/ht.

35,

t.

ii.

28. B. H.

Gen. 368. n. 30.

42

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Stamens
5,

caducous.

alternij^etalous,

inserted between as
;

many
;

oppositipetalous lobes of the disk, very perigynous

filaments free

anthers
at

introrse

cordately 2-dymoiis, 2-riniose.

at

Gernien inserted
otherwise
;

bottom of receptacle, inferior

5,

base

only,

free;

cells
2,

alteinipetalous,
;

basilar

branches.

more or less incomplete ovules in each style cylindrical, apex divided into 5 short stigmatose Fruit inferior, crowned with calyx, dry or crustaeeous,
1-sperraous;
;

indhiscent,

testa

of

exarillate

seed membranous;

albumen scarce

cotyledons of straight embryo oblong.

;

Very ramose

(cricoid) shrubs

leaves (evergreen) alternate closely packed small

;

coriaceous enervate subsessile

cous

flowers

minute glanduliform, caduin compound terminal racemes pedicels articulate,

stipules
;

bracteolate under the apex.^

27.

[Tcxas^

North 3Iexlco?)

Glossopetalon A, GiiAY.^^Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle

Sepals
5,

lined with thin glandulous cupular 10-crenate disk.

short

persistent. Petals 5, alternate, much longer, linear ligulate, marcescent.

Stamens 10, 2-seriate

gynous,
short
at base
^

filaments inserted in hollows of disk perishort

introrse.
;

free;

anthers

Germen
;

free,

im-

mersed

in central disk,
;

1-locular
2,

style very short,

apex

capitellate

stigmatose
inferior.

ovules

subbasilar suberect

micropyle

extrorsely

Fruit

dry

obliquely ovoid apiculate,

much

2-valvatc ?) striated longitudinally seeds 1, 2,

(finally
;

coriaceous

ascending; funicle short dilated to a small 2-lobed

aril

testa short

embryo.,.?
exstipulate

An
;

extremely ramose
;

and spinose glabrous shrub;

small entire subspathulate,
petiole
at

branches punctulate
flowers''' axillary

leaves alternate

fioral leaves

squamiform

much
base.

dilated at base

pedunculate,

bracteate

[Texas,

Neio

Mexico?')
28.
small,

Canotia Torr.^
glandulously
5,
;

Flowers

regular

hermaphrodite.
valvate,

Calyx

decurrent at base,

5-fid,
5,
;

persistent.

Petals

sessile,

imbricated.

Stamens

alternipetalous, hypo-

gynous
'

filaments free subulate, persistent

anthers cordate shortly

iv.

Small, white.

453. Walp. Ann.

*

425

vii.

583.
P)

genus resembling some Rhnmiiitcca: in the form of its receptacle and its ovules, differ2

Five. Amer. Acad. xi. 73 (Sapindacere

ii.

Fl.

Wririht.

29,

t.

12,

B. B.

II.

Gcu. 368, n. 31.

ing chiefly in
structure of

its

alternipetaloua stamens.

The

Stigma hence emarginate suhreniform.

Small, white.
i.

its

flowers strongly recalls certain

it is

Murlaccic, itom which

rally
free.
3

distinguished gene-

'Spec.

G. sp'mescens A.

Giiay. Walp.
Aila>isonia,

by the leaves and the gennen not being

3,

Ann.
*

iv.

426.
ISnt.

Wippl. Exp.

12. H. Bn.

Spec.

4.

Tuucz. Bull. Mosc. (185S),

i.

x. 18.

CELASTRACE^.
acuminate, introrsely 2-rimose versatile
(?),

48

deciduous.
disk
;

Germ en

superior free, thickened at base to a glandular

style cylin-

drical tubular, ajjex divided into 5 short recurved

alteruipetalous
;

2-dentate laciuite extending iuwards to linear stigmatiferous costa

cells 5 oppositipetalous,

subincomplete at apex

ovides

5, 6,

inserted

in 2 series in internal angle, anatropous.

Capsule terete narrow;

oblong, style subulate persistent apiculate, scpticidally 5-valvate

valves 2-fid at apex; epicarp thin fleshy; eudocarp ligneous.

1,

Seeds

2,

ascending, produced below to a vertical

slightly fleshy;
;

membranous wing;
leafless

albumen
shi'ub

cotyledons of large axial embryo lateral

plane elliptical
;

radicle terete inferior.

A glabrous ramose

branches remotely alternate terete striate produced to long

marked with squamiform bracts or their dark scars when removed flowers in short lateral alternate pedunculate few-flowered cymes pedicels articulate below the middle the fructiferoiis ones
spines
;
;

open

ciu'ved.

[Neio Mexico})

II
29.

STACKHOUSTE^.
;

Stackhousia Sm.
at

Flowers hermaphrodite regular

more or
;

receptacle

concave cupular or hemispherical, lined with a thin disk.

inserted
alternate,

Sepals

5,

margin of receptacle, unequal, imbricate. Petals inserted perigynously with the sepals, much longer, free
less elongate

o,

at

base, above united in a

tube and at the apex

again

free

and reflexed

imbricate in

prefloration.
;

Stamens 5
fi-ee

alternipetalous,
fj

inserted with the

perianth

filaments

erect,

alternate shorter; anthers oblong, introrsely

2-rimose.

Germ en
;

free
erect,

inserted

at

bottom
less

of receptacle

sessile,

25-locular

style

more

or

deeply

25-fid
;

branches stigmatose within.

;

Ovules in ceUs solitary subbasilar ascending

inferior.

micropyle extrorsely

Fruit 2-5-coccous
or
reticulate,
;

cocci indhiscent finally dry.

Smooth
wings;

or

rugose

sometimes with

broad vertical
;

columella central. putamen smooth or rugose mcsocarp thin Seeds ascending testa thin albumen fleshy embryo axile straight cotyledons short radicle nearly equal in length to the albumen oftener with a woody rhizome Perennial herbs inferior terete.
;

branches herbaceous erect simple or slightly branched

'

leaves alterNat
.

Concerning a genus formerly, but not rightly, laferrci to

i.

liosncetc-Qtiilljeic; see

ITistci-i/

f. Plants,

391, n.

6.

44

NATURAL HISTORY OP PLANTS.

;

nate, entire, linear or spathulate

stipules very small or

flowers

at the top of the twigs in simple or

3-bracteate.

[Australia^

New
Muell.'

Zealand,

more rarely compound spikes, Philippine Mes.) See

page
30.

8.

Macgregoria

F.

Flowers
;

hermaphrodite; recepPetals

tacle very shortly cupular.

5, alternate,

Sepals

5, imbricate, persistent.

much

longer, hardly perigynous, imbricate or tortuous,

5, alternipetalous

deciduous.

Stamens

filaments very short erect;

anthers

basifixed

erect

oblong,

introrsely

2-rimose

connective
free 5-

produced beyond the

lobed
;

cells

to a small glandule.
;

Germen

carpels distinct subfree

;

styles

connate in short columella,

to
;

afterwards free linear-subulate

a thin calyptriform membrane.

column above the germen dilated

Ovules in carpels solitary subcrect

micropyle inferior, finally

dehiscent
to
;

lateral.

Carpels in fruit 3-5, free, in;

albumen of suberect seed fleshy

embryo

asile subequal
inferior.

albumen, cotyledons plano-convex; radicle short

;

An

annual glabrous herb

leaves alternate linear

(

flowers in terminal

racemes

pedicels bracteate at base."

Central Australia.)

III.

GOUPIE^.

31. Goupia AuBL. Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle short. Calyx short, 5-lobed imbricate in prefloration. Petals 5, alternate,
;

much
to

longer than the calyx, induplicate valvate, far attenuated to

inflexed apex and subspathulate at summit.

petals,

Disk cupular, interior Stamens

5,

shortly

5-lobcd

lobes

ojDpositipetalous.
;

alternipetalous, inserted in

hollows of disk
2-locular,

tilaments very

short

erect;

anthers subovate

introrse,

2-rimose;
setose.
;

connective
free

produced beyond the

sessile depressed,
tric,

cells
;

and there very

Germen

5-locular

cells oppositipetalous

styles 5, eccencells oo
,

stellately

divaricate arcuately subulate.

Ovules in

inserted in 2 series on subbasilar placenta in internal angle, ascend-

ing or subhorizontal.
ascending
;

Kruit a small subglobose berry.

;

Seeds few
;

testa thick
;

cotyledons of axile
fleshy.
128;

cmwed embryo oblong

;

radicle cylindrical

albumen
(1873),

small glabrous tree

of

leaves
It

Giorn. Bot. Nuovo Ital. Fragm. Phjt. Austral, viii. 160.

the

Floerkeaa

the

order Geraniaee.
its

difiers

from Fiocrkea chiefly in

cxalbuminous

One

species

[M.

racemigerce F.

Muell.)

seeds,

connects the Stackhousias as defined by us with

CJ'JLASTEOE.S.
alternate petiolate, entire coriaceous venose, sub-S-plinerved
;

45

stipules
?)

minute,

caducous
;

flowers
;

in

axillary

pedunculate
(Guiana.)

(spurious
p. 10.

umbels

pedicels slender

buds

conical.

See

IV.
32.

AZIME^.
polygamo-dieious regular
;

Azima Lame.

Flowers

calyx

sacciform membranous, valvate, 4- or unequally-fid.

Petals 4, often
;

narrow, not continuous at base.

Stamens 4, alternipetalous filaments subulate longer than the corolla (sometimes in female flowers connate with it in a short ring) anthers short, introrsely 2-rimose(in.
;

female flower
2-locular
capitate
1
;

eftete).

Germen

(in

male flower rudimentary)

;

free,

cells

sometimes 2-locellate
into 2

style short,

apex stigmatose
lobes.

subeatire or divided

acute reflexed

Cells

-ovulate

[Euasima) or 2-ovulate {Actcgcton) and protected by a

Ovules subbasilar ascending
lateral).
;

spurious septum between each ovule.

micropyle extrorsely inferior (often finally

globose, 1-4-spermous
;

Fruit baccate
;

testa of erect seed cartilaginous

cotyledons

of exalbumiuous fleshy
late at base
;

embryo suborbiculate plano-convex, auricu-

radicle short inferior concealed in auricules.

;

Slu'ubs
;

more
or

or less sarinentous

leaves opposite entire coriaceous

stipules

lateral articulate, spines (the costoe of the leaves) in axils of leaves 2

4-C (of which 2 are smaller)

flowers in axils of leaves solitary

glomerate,
Arcliipdago,
insidar).

cymose
See
p. 11.
J.^
?)
;

or

racemoso-cymose.

{Tropical

Asia,

Indian

southern

and

tropical

Eastern Africa, continental and

33.

Dobera

Flowers
receptacle

(nearly shortly

of A?:ima)

polygamous

(or

hermaphrodite
Glandules

cupuliform.

Calyx
Petals 4,

gamofree.
;

phyllous, valvate, unequally

divided or 4-lobed.

4, oppositipetalous, flat tliick.

Stamens

4,

alternipetalous

filaments 1-adelphous^
introrse.

to

middle; anthers

elongate
;

subsagittate
\ cell fertile
;

Germen

(in female flower effete) 2-5-locular

ovule of Azima.

Berry

ellipsoid,

seed'^

and other characters of

;

Azima.
'

Trees

leaves opposite entire articulate

ii.

stipules very small

lOS.

Gen. 425.

Poir. Diet. Suppl.

493.

Pl.

Ann.

Sc. Nat. sr. 3, x. 191.

X. 31.

A. DC.

H. Bn. Adansonia,
1. A.
Rich.

FL
75.
^

Abyss. Tent.

i.

Endl. Gen. SuppL

iv.

^r/.-^)-rt5.

Froth, xvii. 30. Tomcx Foksk. 32(notL. norTnuNii.). Schkocali/x

(1844),

Like

Melicc.

Inilumentiim purple sub-fleshy;

embryo

HocHST. Flora

Beibl.

fjrccn (ex

Ehrexb.

Icon. Lithogr. ined.)

40

NATURAL HTSIORY OF PLANTS.

1

flowers

in

axillary

terminal

and more or

less

ramose spikes,

articulate at concave base.

34.

{Eastern Africa^ south-western Asia?)

Salvadora

Garcin.'^

Flowers (nearly
4-fid,

of Asima) hermaphropersistent.

dite or

polygamous; calyx

alternately imbricate,

Petals'- 4, longer

andbruad, contorted or imbricate, closely coadunate

with each other to middle and by means of the filaments into filaments alterniStamens 4 a spurious gamopetalous corolla.
;

petalous adherent to

corolla at base, above

free

anthers introrse.
;

apex truncate-sessile stigmatic ovule Berry, seed, and other characters of Asima. in cell 1 (of Azima). leaves opposite simple, sometimes very Small trees or shrubs coriaceous stipules very small, caducous flowers in simple or more

Germeu

superior,

1-locular,'^

"^

compound ramose spikes, bructeate. {Southern Asia, tropical and subtropical western and eastern continental and insular Africa."')
or less

V.
3-5.

HIPPOCRATEE^.
hermaphrodite
filaments
;

Hippocratea
rarely
at

L.

Flowers
apex

sepals 5,

small

and petals same in number, longer, imbricate, or valvatc.

3 (or

Stamens
to

2,

3 anantherous)

free

or aduate

germen
confluent

dilated

base,

attenuated,

recurved

or reflexed.

Anthers 2-locular or and extrorsely

broadly explanate,

4-locellate,

didymous or oblong; cells finally Disk covering receptacle, dehiscent.

or
;

conical

cnpular.

Gormen
cells 2-co
,

either

free,

or

confluent with disk, o-locular

subentire, 3-lobed or 3-tid
series in the internal
;

style short subulate,

apex stigmatic
two
generally

ovules in
colls.

inserted in
3,

angle of the

Carpels of fruit

dry,

connate at base,

afterwards
or
laterally

compressed or broadly aliform,

2-valvate.

coriaceous indhiscent

Seeds compressed,

Wliitc. Spec.
1, 2,

" Vestigia interilum loculi abortientis dis-

imperfectly known.
6,

cernere suspicatus sum."

(A.

DC.
178; 32

lue

cit.

28.)

Act. iigl. 17-19 (L. Gen. ed.

t.

163). J. Oen.
483
;

8-1. Lamk. 7.
y_'28.

8. rom.
li

l*Jc<. vi.

Suppl.

Very 'Spec.

small, white or greenish.

SrACH,
J-'ra.

Sfw'.

J5;(/o xiii. 335.

Sc.

Endl.
i"'.

{Ririiiia).

Forsk.
iv. 23,

1,

2.

L.

Upec.

i.

.S'^s^.

889

JEr/.-Arab.

Gen. n. 2177.

Pl. Ami.
et

Nat. sr.
430.

3. x. 189.

Eetz.
i.

0/)x.

24 [Embelia).

Vahl, Symb.

{Cissus).

LiNDL.

A'ti7rf- fJ52, fig.

Payer,

Nat. 14. Lem.

Adansoiiia, ix.
*

Dcne.

Ti: Gn.

453. H. En.

287. A. DC. Prodi: xvii. 27. The annular internode disjoined from the

Koxh. PL Coruinand. i. 26, t. 26; Fl. Wall.), i. 404 Wight, III. ii. 229, Icon. t. 1621. Dcne. Jncqucm. Vuy. t. 181 '" 58'!. But. iv. 140, t. 144. Walp. Ann.
12.
T>id. (ed.
;

calyx.

CELASTRACE.E.
ascendiug, dorsally inserted, ofteuer produced below to a

47

membrauous
;

wiag and imbricate

testa

raphe produced to a wing from base to apex

coriaceous
or

of

nucleus

crustaceous,

sometimes rugose
;

cotj'ledons of

exalbumiuous embryo fleshy conferruminate

radicle

short
entire

inferior.

Small
;

trees

or

climbing shrubs
;

leaves opposite

or

serrate

petiole

articulate

stipules

small,

caducous

flowers in axillary or terminal simple or oftener

compound racemose

cymes.
36.

{All tropical regions.)

See

p. 13.

Salacia L.^ Flovfevs o ippocratca ; petals 5, open imbricate. Anthers 2-dymous, 2-locular; cells transversely rimose (Tontclca-) or longitudinally dehiscent {Ensahn'ia, Diplcsthes,^) sometimes confluent -rimose cell (Anthodon.^) in 1 transversely elongate and finally Frnit baccate, Gyncium and other characters of Hippocratea.
1

spherical,

ovoid or obovoid, thickly corticate

,

pulp mucilaginous.
cotyledons
"

Seeds

l-oo

oftener

angular,

sometimes
^)

arillate;

of

exalbuminous or more rarely [Cahjpso

free or conferruminate
;

albuminous embryo

thick,

radicle short inferior.

Erect

sarmentous or

climbing glabrous shrubs; leaves opposite or more rarely {Diplesthes)

alternate, entire, or

crenate or serrate

stipules very small or

,

flowers

axillary, solitary,

2-nate or oftener cymose-oo

sometimes

in terminal

compound cymiferous racemes.^

Stamens

(All tropical regions^)

37.

Campylostemon Welw.'"
;

"Flowers (nearly
;

of Hippocratea)
;

5-merous

petals open.
;

5, inserted in scarcely visible disk

filaments incurved

anthers 4-locellate, introrsely transversely rimose.

Germen
'

3-locular

stigma sessile 3-fid

ovules in cells 6-8, 2-seriate.

Mantiss. 293.

450.
ii.

DC. Prodr.
i.

i.

J. Gen. 424.

570.

PoiR. Diet. vi. Spach, Suit, Biijfoii,

n.

400. Endl. Gen. n. 7502. B. H. Gen. 370, 37. H. Bx. Payer, Fam. Nat. 326. HooK.
625.

Fl. Ind.

A genus distinguished from Hippocruttu only by the nature of its fruit, ' Species about 60. Wight, Sook. Bot. Misc. III. t. 46 Icon. t. 962. Wight iii. Suppl. t. 36 and Akn. Prodr. i. 104.H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et
** ; ;

2 AuBL. Guian. i. 31, t. Lamk. III. t. 26. Endl. Gen. n. 5701. Tonsella Schreb. Gen. n. li.SiceUum P. Br. ex Poir. op. cit. v. 146. Johnia RoxB. Fl. Ind. i. 168. Anthodiscus Mart. Schult. Mantiss. i. 253 (not Mey.). * Harv. Hook. Lond. Journ. i. 19. R. et Pay. Fl. Per. et Chil. i. 45, t. 74. Clercia Velloz. Fl. Flum. 29, t. 73, 74. Paddisia Le.^ndr. MUnch. Benkschr. vii. 244, t. 15

Spec. v. 140,

t.

Bras. Mer.

ii.

104,

443 {Tonteha).A. S. H. Fl. t. 104 (Cali/pso). Bi,. Bijdr.

218. Tul. Ann.

Sc.

Nat.
Cap.

sr.

4,
i.

viii.

93.
t.

Guillem. et Perr. Harv. and Sond.

Trop. Afr.
i.

f/. Sc,

Tent.
i.

113,

27.

Fl.

230. Oliv.

Fl.

(Endl.).
*
t.

i. 372. A. Gray, Amer. Expl. Exp. 286.-Griseb. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 148. Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 38. Miq. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 597. F. Muell. Frapn. v. 202. Tr. Ann. Sc. Nat. loc. cit. 373. H. Bn.

Bot.

Dup.-Th. Hist Vg.

Iles

Afr. Aiistr.

i.

29,

6.
"
'

Adansonia, x. 184 xi. 272. Walp. Pep. i. 400, 401; V. 146; Ann. i. 130; ii. 193; iv. 308;
;

Sometimes green.
Small, yellowish or white.

vii.
'

584.

Ex

B. H. Gen. 998, n. 35

a.

IS

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

.

Fruit

A scandent glabrous
;

shrub

leaves opposite oblong

acuminate serrate
leaf.^

flowers

'

in axillary

cymes much shorter than the

(Angola).

V.
38.

his.

OLINIE^.
hermaphrodite
;

Olinia

Thunb.
the

Flowers

receptacle

very

concave surrounding the adnata germen below, and far produced in

a tube above
;

mouth round the

insertions of the perianth pro-

duced externally to a short subentire or obscurely sinuate ring.

Sepals 4-5, inserted in the throat of the receptacle subspathulate
(coloured), pilose within at base, valvate.

Petals 4-5, inserted and

alternating with the sepals, short squamiform incurved subcucullate,

valvate.

number oppositipetalous filaments short connective produced beyond incurved anthers small 2-dymous Germen the (introrsely rimose) cells to a cupuliform glandule.
Stamens same
in
;

inferior,

adnate to bottom of receptacle, 3-5-locular;

style

erect,

apex subclavate stigmatose.

extrorsely
inferior.

Ovules in

cells 2 -3,

ascending; micropyle
;

Fruit

drupaceous, areolate

putamens 3-5, oftener 1-spermous.

testa thinly coriaceous
;

at truncate apex Seed ascending " exalbuminous

cotyledons of axile embryo irregularly con-

volute

radicle short inferior."

glabrous shrub; leaves opposite

petiolate entire penniuerved coriaceous.

Flowers in short axillary

oftener 8-chotomous cymes.

(Soutli Africa.)

VI.
39.

BUXE^.
moncious or more
;

Buxus
;

T.

Flowers
calyx

rarely

dicious
imbricate.

apetalous

male

4-partite
;

lacini

decussately

Stamens

4, opposite the petals

filaments free, inserted under the

introrse 2-rimose.

oftener 4-gonal rudiment of the

gyucium; anthers

Female sepals

often 6, 2-seriately 3-nate, imbricate.

;

Staminodes
;

0.

Germen

free 3-locular

cells

opposite exterior sepals

styles free,

very rarely connate at base, oftener separate from each other and
peripheric, sulcate within

and stigmatose

at subbilobed

apex

top of

the germen slightly prominent between the styles and turgidly tuber' -

" Small, sulphur coloured."

the " Hlppocrale with the rest of the Celastriiicic" ^B. H.),

One

species,

unknown

to ua, closely connects

CELASTRAGE^.
dilate.

49

Ovules in

cells 2, inserted

under the apex in the internal

Capvalves at apex 2testa
;

angle, collaterally descending; micropyle introrsely superior. sule coriaceous, loculicidal

;

columella short or
;

cornute septiferous within

nitid
;

seeds in each

crustaceous

hilum concave thickened to an aril within albumen copious fleshy embryo axile longitudinally subequal to albumen, straight or
;

slightly curved

cotyledons oblong elliptical

radicle equal or longer

;

superior.

Shrubs
axillary.

or under-shrubs (evergreen)

branches often 4-

gonal

leaves

opposite petiolate

exstipulate

entire

penninerved
;

flowers

The

female

terminal

pluribracteate

the male

inferior spicate [Euhuxus) or ofteuer racemose pedicellate (Tricera),

1-bracteate

bracts

decussate

imbricate.

(Europe and temperate

Asia, tropical eastern Africa, Madagascar, central America, Antilles.)

See page 16.

40.

Pachysandra Michx.i
Stamens
i,"^

Flowers

nearly

of

Btixus

male

sepals 4.

inserted under the rudiment of the gynsecium.

Female sepals 4-G.

longer patulous,

Germen
cells

small oftener 3-locular

styles

much

stigmatose
2

within and to the subbilobed apex.

;

Ovules (of Buxus) in

rate.

Capsules

2,

micropyle introrsely superior ^ obtu3-coccous, with 2 persistent styles, 3-cornute

;

seeds ovoid or subglobose

testa crustaceous nitid, thickened to

hilum

produced

to

an

aril* to

summit of raphe; albumen and other chaherbs

;^

racters of Buxus.

Perennial
alternate
;

rhizome and branches heraxils

baceous terete
spikelike

leaves alternate petiolate exstipulate subovate coarsely

or cauline in
of leaves
inferior
;

serrate; flowers terminal

;

or bracts

flowers "

the female

few

the male

superior

more

numerous, sessile or very shortly pedicellate, often

bracteolate.

(North America, Japan.'')

41.

Sarcococca Lindl.^

Flowers nearly of Buxus

in 2 series.

the male 4-

androus.s
1

Female sepals 4-6, imbricate

45. A. Juss. 2. Tubp. Diet. 277. Endl. Goi. n. 5870.
ii.

Germen 2-3-

Fl.

Bor.-Amer.
Atl.

177,

t.

Toil. Euphorbittc. 13,

Sc. Nat.
t.

t.

1, fig.

H. Bn.
2

J/bHo.<7r. ;<j:c 10, 19,

55,t. 3,

fig.

1-14;

'Spec. 2. Pursh. Fl. N.-mer.{. 117. A. Ghay, Man. ed. 5, 439. SiEB. et Zucc. Abh. Fl. Math.-P/ii/--: Kl. Bain: A/cad. iv. p. ii. 142 Jap. Fam. 34. Lodd. J3ot. Cab. t. 910. Sot.
;

Adansoina,

xi.

283. M. Arg.

Prodr. 21.

Key.
*

t.

SS.Jiut. Mac/,
t.

t.

1964.

PoUeu

stellately reticulate.

3
^ 5

Integument 2-plicate. Thickly annular, concave within, white.

Generally reddish.
Sepals red spotted
;

n. 587. H. Bn. Monogr. Biixac. 48, t, 3, fig. 15-30. M. Akg. Prodi: 11. Lepidopelma Kl. IFaldem.

ot. Reg.

1012. Endl. Gen.

Reis. Bot. 118.

t.

22.

"

stamens very conspicu-

Pollen stellately subretioulate (M. Arq.).

ous, white.

VOL.

VI.

50

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

locular

styles 2, 3, entire or 2-lobed at

apex
(or

ovules 2 (of Buxus)

;

closed to micropyle.

Fruit baccate or finally subdry, indhiscent

of

seeds

and other

characters

Buxus

Pachysmidra).-

Shrubs

branches terete; leaves alternate exstipulate entire, penninerved or oftener 3-plinerved to base ; flowers in racemes or [Southern Asia., Sumatra^ axillary spikes; the female inferior.
(evergreen);
'

Java")
42.

Simmondsia
4,

Nutt.''

Flowers

apetalous,*

1-sexual

male

calyx

5-partite, imbricate.
;

Stamens 10-12,
;

2-seriate,5

inserted

in depressed receptacle

filaments free short

anthers ovately oblong

extrorse
partite
;

cells

adnata, longitudinally rimose.

Female calyx

4, 5-

folioles

connivent to base dilated

concave, attenuated

at

apex, imbricate, persistent,

3-locular,

Germen

free shorter than calyx conoid,

crowned with 3 thick subulate papuliferous re3-sulcate, Ovules in cells solitary descending curved branches of style.
;

micropyle

iiitrorsely superior.

Capsules loculicidal, often 1-sper-

mous, columelliferous in the centre; columella filiform, 3-partite, " cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo Seed descending persistent. Evergreen shrubs more or less radicle short superior." thick
;
;

villose

leaves opposite entire coriaceous penninerved exstipulate

;

flowers axillary
bracteate
43.
;

the male in short ramosely glomeruliferous spikes,^

(

the female solitary.

Jtrss,^

California J)

Styloceras A.
od

Flowers moncious

the male nude.

Stamens

(5-30); filaments free very short, centrally inserted on

;

suboblique receptacle

anthers erect basifixed, introrsely 2-rimose

apiculate at obtuse apex.^

cussate,

Female sepals 4-10, unequal,

free sessile,
at

2- or 32,

imbricate.
or

Germen

2-3-locular; style

3,

peripheric

subconnate

base,

stout, canaliculate

stigmatose

Small, greenish or yellowisli.

Spec.

the male flower

Fl.

'

(Buxin,).

Hook.

4,

5.

Don, Prodr.
Exot.
Cat.

Nepal.

63

Fl.
n.

t.

148

[Pachi/s-

fln*-ia

?). Wall.

7979

{Trieem).
PI. Zeyl.

Wight, Icon. t. 1877. Thw. Fmim. 290. Bl. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 191.
3

Book. Loud. Jouni. (1S44), 400,

Prodr. xvi. p.
i.

M. Aug.
Tr.

t. 16. 22. Lem. et Dcne. Gn. 255.Brocehia Maub. Cat. Eort.

Napol. (1845), 80.

*

is described as having 5 petals. Of which the 5 exterior are alternisepalous. ^ In S. pahulosa the male ilowers are said to be 2-chotomous cymose. ' Spec. 1, 2, Link, Eiuim. Sort. Berol. ii. 386 [Buxus]. Tov-v.. Mexic.) Bound. Sure. 202, t. 49. * Tent. Euphorb. 117, t, 17, fig. 56. Endl. Gen. n. 5773. H. Bn. Et. Gin. du Groupe des Euphortiaces (1858), 66.5, t. 20, fig. 26-37; Monogr. Biixae. et Sti/loc. 72, 77. M. Akg.
^

In a doubtful species

of this genus), S.
ii.

Prodr.
'

9.

pabulosa Kell. Proceed. Calif. Acad. Sc.

21),

PoUen not reticulate (M. Aro.).

CELASTRACE^.
within.

51

Ovules (nearly of Buxus) in

superior
;

cells

2,

descending; micro-

pyle introrsely

each

cell

finally

divided,

by

a spurious

dissepiment, into 2
finally

1 -ovulate

cellules.
;

Fruit suberose, indhiscent,

cells
;

dry subligneous,
;

2-6-locellate
;

1-speriuous.
;

Seeds
radicle

smooth
of

testa rather thick

hilum broad
terete.

subequal

embryo
at

superior
exstipulate,

Glabrous

albumen fleshy

trees;

leaves

alternate

pctiolate

entire

coriaceous

penninerved,
spikes
1-

sub-3-plinerved
or

base;

flowers^

in

axillary spikes;

1-

2-sexual

male

flowers

inferior,

1-bracteolate;

female

or

pluribracteate.

[South Western America})

VIII.
44.

GEISSOLOME^.

Geissoloma Lindl.
sepals
4,

Flowers
at

hermajihrodite regular apeta-

lous

connate

base,
8,

ovate
2-seriate
;

mueronate,
;

alternately

imbricate, persistent.

Stamens
versatile,

filaments inserted at
;

base of calyx,

otherwise free, subulate

introrsely
altei-nate

oppositipetalous longer

anthers short ovate

2-rimose.

Germen

free,

4-lobed

cells

(2

anterior),
styles,

with sepals, attenuate at

apex

to as

many

free

approximating to one pyramidally

ovules in cells
Fruit
2, collaterally

acuminate, longitudinally sulcate within and stigmatose under acute

apex, at
first spirally
;

twisted together
introrsely

descending

raicropyle
;

superior.

capsular,

4-

locular, loculicidal

seeds in cells solitary or 0, oblong ancipitally

compressed

testa very

small (white) aril

smooth nitid (dark), dilated at hilum to a continuous with the top of the somewhat thickened
radicle of straight axile
;

raphe and there attenuated and received in a short dorsal furrow of

the testa
;

albumen fleshy
shrub

embryo

(in length

nearly that of the albumen) superior cylindrical

fleshy.

cotyledons linear

A
;

branches 4-gonal

leaves opposite, very shortly

;

petiolate

minute glanduliform limb entire coriaceous flowers axillary somewhat thickened at margin shortly pedunculate, surrounded at base by 6-8 solitary, very bracteoles, larger from the exterior to the interior and decussately
stipules very

penninerved,

imbricate.

[Cape of Good Hope.)

See

p. 19,

'

Yellowish.
Spec.
3, 4.

638. K.

Sijm.

PL ^quin.

iv.

206. Spreno.

W.
Qen.

Spec. iv. 733

et

I^Trophis).
172,
t.

Syst.

iii.

906.

H. B. K. Nov.

Spec.

vii.

637,

42

XLVII.

EHAMNACE.E.
SERIES.
39-43) are regular and
receptacle has the

I.

THE BUCKTHOEN
(fig.

The

flowers

of the BucJdhorns^

hermaphrodite or polygamo-dicious.

The concave

Rliamiiiis cathartica.

Fig. 40. Longitudinal section of male flower (|).

Fig. 39. Fructiferous branch.

Fig. 41. Diagram.

form of a deep cup or horn, lined with a thin layer of glandulous tissue, representing the disk, the hottom of which is occupied by
the gyncium, while
its

The
1

sepals,

four

(fig.

margin bears the perianth and andrcium. 42) or five (fig. 40, 41) in number, are
Gen.
des Rhamii.

n. J.

Mhamiius T. Inst. 593, 265 (part.). Adans, Fam.

Gen.

t.

366. L.
PI.
ii.

(1826), 53,

t.

2. Tuitp.

Diet. Sc.

tics

380. G.TRTN. Fnict. ii. 128. PoiR. Diet. iv. 461 Suppl. iv. 88. DC. Prodr. ii, 23, Ad. Be. Mem. sur la Fam.
III. t.
;

305. UO.- Lamk.

Nat. Atl.

270. Spach, Suit, Bnffon. ii. 447. Endl. Gm. n. 5722. Payer, Uigaiwg. 490, Gen. 111. i. 168.- B. H. Gen. t. 97. A. Gray, 377, 998, n. 10.H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 327.
t.

RHAMNACEm.
triangular,
thick,

53

valvate,

and the

petals,

alternate, small,

flat,

or

spoon-shaped, are induplicated in the bud, or do not even touch, or

replaced

by three very narrow tongues, they may, in certain species, entirely disappear, The stamens, equal in number to the petals, are superposed (fig. 41) to and enveloped by them, each being formed of a short filament and a bilocular, introrse anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts/ The gynajcium, inferior but free, consists of

an ovary with two,

tlu-ee,

or four cells

(sterile in

the male

flower),

surmounted by a style more or less deeply divided into In each cell, at obtuse lobes and stigmatiferous at the summit.
the base of the internal angle, are inserted one or, very rarely, two'

ascending, anatropous^ ovules.

The micropyle
lateral, as also

is

at first

directed

downwards and inwards

less decided, it often
first dorsal.

but, in

consequence of a twist more or

the raphe, which
is
is

becomes

at

The

fruit is a drupe, at the

base of which

seen a

circular scar corresponding to the

accrescent receptacle, enclosing, in

margin of the persistent and nona sarcocarp sometimes partitioned,

indhiscent or irregularly

one or four monospermous stones, often thin, membranous or parchment-like,

dehiscent.

often

inferiorly

incomplete,

The seeds enclose under their integuments'' a fleshy albumen which surrounds an embryo with a short inferior radicle. The cotyledons are flat and fleshy (Fraiiffula), or foliaceous and recurved at the margin, in such a manner that one more or less envelops in its hollow the other which bounds internally a large vertical furrow. The albumen is sometimes wanting, and the thick
cotyledons then become plano-convex.
Hook.
595,
t.

More than

fifty species

of

Fl. Lid.

i.

6Z5.Alatcrin(s T. Inst.

Z^Q.Fianciula T. Inst. 612, t. 383. Mnch. Mcth. Suppl. 271. GyisRra. loc. cit.

106. A. Gray, Gen. lit. t. 167. Mnrcorclla Neck. Flem. n. "Sd.Cardiolepis Rafin. A'eog.
t.

* The external seminal coat is membranous or more or less thick and coriaceous, sometimes the same throughout, sometimes traversed by a deep In like manner the transverse vertical furrow; section of the seed has nearly the form of a

(1825),

n.

xxviii. 61

2. ? Sciadophi/a Phil. Linneea, 8. ? Rhamnella JIiQ. A nn.Miis. Lngd.the

crescent,

Bat.
'

iii.

30 [Microrhnmnus JIaxim. not A. Gray).

all

In

Rhamnaee

observed,

the

sometimes much curved, sometimes There are, however, all possible transitions between these diverse configurations. The raphe also may be dorsal, lateral, or even
circular or oval.

pollen grains were ovoid, with three folds and

in water spherical with three papillary bands.

ventral.

Below, the external coat of the seed

(H.

ovary, one placenta bearing two ovules; another, only one; and a third, none. Finally each ceU contained one ovule.
3

MoHL. Aim. So. Nat. sr. 2, iu. Payer has seen, in the same

338).

ftcn thickens into a sort of aril which may even extend across the void which the putamen

presents below.

On
:

the

organisation of the

seeds of i;/im! and of

t^iis

many

other genera of

family, see
T/ieor.
t.

G- Ag.
i,

Benn. Fl. Jav. Sar. 131. J. Si/st. 178, t. 15. Miers, Conlnb.

The

coat

is do:ible.

230.

33.

64

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

They
are
trees

Rhammis^ are known.

leaves,

or

shrubs,

with alternate
Fragula.

sometimes more
OppOsite,
Caclu-

mam,ms pumilm.

Or

loSS

Rhamnm

cous or persistent, petiolate,

penninerved
or

and
ac-

entire

dentate,

companied by two small

lateral
Fig. 42. Flower {\).

caducous stipules.
rig. 43. Fruit (?) Fig. 44. Trans, sect, of fruit (f).

Theflowors^ are axillary,

arranged in cymes rarely

solitary,

more generally compound

or fasciculate,

or united in a

cluster on a small

common

axis.

Beside Rlmmnus are ranged, in this very strictly natural group,

genera diflPering from it only in characters of very small value which would otherwise be considered of no importance. Such are Rhamnidium, trees or shrubs of tropical America, which have the leaves opposite or nearly so, and the flowers of the Buckthorns with a recejjtacle and a disk less deep, an ovary of two uniovulate cells and a fruit described as a berry with membranous endocarp, but which almost always finally becomes dry and thin, indhiscent, nearly ovoid, crowned with an apicule representing the remains of the style, and
basally inserted in a persistent receptacular capsule
^
;

KarviinsJcia^

native of Mexico and the neighboiiring regions of North America,

having nearly the leaves of Rhamnidium^ but finely punctate the same flowers and fruits but the two or three incomplete cells of the ovary contain each two ascending ovules instead of only one.
;
;

The Emmenosperma
'

of Oceania, with alternate or opposite leaves,

379.

Duham. rbr. od. 8, 9. 15. H. B. K. mv. Geii. et Spec. vii. t. 616, 617. Waldst. et Kit. PL Say. Hung. t. 255. Pall. FI. lioss. ii. t. 61, 62.
Lhk.
iii. t.

Sert.

t. 5,

Maxim. lihnmn.
sr. 7,
; ;

Or.-Asiat. 6 (ex

nov.

8, 10, 13,

Acad. Ptersb.
ii.

x).

-Walp.

Mm.
192
;

Ann.

i.

267
-

iii.

842

vii.

688.

Jacq. fi.

Greenish, yellow, or whitish.

Au.ilr. t. 53.

Vent.

PL

Malmais,

t.

34. Webb. Pki/t. Canar. t. 67. Gren. et GoDR. FLr!e Fi: i. 335. Cav. Icon. t. 181, 182. Bl^ Sijdi: 1139. HooK. FL Bor.-Amcr. t. 42-44. Wight, Ico)i. t. 159. A. Gray, Man. d. 5, 114, 115. C. Gay, FL CJiil ii. 17. Harv. and SoND. FL Cap. i. 476. Oliv. FL trop. Jfr. i. 381. Thw. Emim. pi. ZajL 74. Mia. FL Iiid.Bat. i. p. i. 645. Griseb. FL Brit. W.-Tiid.

99 {Frangula).

FL
t.

Bolss. FL 29 [Fraiigula). Tr. Ann.

Vit.

Or.

ii.

14.

Seem.
90,
6, xvi.

11. Reiss. MarL FL Brns. Mamii.

Se.

Mucrorhamnus, a tree of Madagascar, with leaves, large 5-7-nerved at the hase, with seeds llattened, otherwise analogous to those of P/inmnns, cannot he definitely But classed because its flowers are unknown. its drupaceous superior free fruit indicates an alliance with the genera here collected, at the same time it is distinguished from them by its cocci with elastic dehiscence similar to those of the Fuphorbiaceic, and separating at maturity from a fleshy mesocarp, itself divided into
^

suh-opposite

Nat, sr.

three bifid pannels.

lHAINACE^.

55

have polygamous flowers, similar to those of the Buckthorns in the ohconical form of their receptacle, of the disk which clothes it and of
the perianth.
Theii- free ovary, generally bilocular, is succeeded

by a

capsular fruit the dehiscent cocci of which separate at their base from

the receptacle on which remain the seeds, generally of a red colour,

The receptacle and disk are the same also in unarmed or prickly trees or shrubs from the Antilles, witli thick triangular sepals and long-clawed petals. But the stamens have an extrorse anther with very distinct didymous cells, which, notwithstanding the marked incurvationoftheir filaments in the bud,
smooth and glossy.
Sarcomplialus,

occupies (like that of the Melastomace) the interval which separates

the free gyntecium from the coat of the receptacle covered by the
disk.

cupule.

The fruit is an ovoid drupe, inserted in a deep receptacular The alternate leaves of these plants are often tripliuerved
Laiiracece.

and not unlike those of the

Uovcnia, trees of temperate Asia, differ from the preceding genera

in their floral receptacle being

with a thin disk which lines the

adherent at the base.

more open, furnished likewise, however, entii-e cavity, and in their ovary not
are
norenia

being completely free but slightly

They

Mas.

beautiful trees, with alternate un-

symmetrical

leaves

resembling

those of our Limes.

are arranged in

The

flowers

cymes the axes of which thicken and become quite fleshy and succulent as the fruit
attains maturity (Fig. 45). Noltla,

a South African shrub, with denFisr. 45.

Portion of fructiferous inflorescence.

tate leaves, has also

an ovary adit

hering at

its

base and surrounded, where

begins to be free, by a

disk which, covering the interior of the receptacle with a thin layer, ascends as far as the insertion of the perianth and the andrcium.

But

its

fruit,

decidedly dry,

is

inserted, nearly to the middle, in a

it

deep cupule formed by the accrescent receptacle, and

separates at

maturity into three cocci dehiscing longitudinally within. Coluhrina but in the flower the ovary is has a fruit similar to that of Noltia
;

still

it is

more deeply sunk in the concavity of the receptacle from which inseparable, and is surrounded by a thick disk to which it equally

56

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The
Coluhrinas are

adheres.

common

to all tropical countries

they

are erect or climbing shrubs, unarmed, with leaves almost constantly

alternate.

Cormonema, prickly trees or shrubs of Brazil, with alternate

leaves

and axillary cymes, have the flower and fruit of Colnhrina^ from which perhaps tliey ought not to be generically separated. They can always be easily distinguished at the first glance by the AlpUpresence of two sessile glands at the base of the foliar limb.
has nearly the flowers of Colubrina, with the ovary in great part inferior and the fruit sunk to nearly the middle in the receptatonia

cular cup.

The mesocarp sometimes remains thin and dry

and becomes fleshy or suberose.

to the

end

but
it

it

often thickens

In any case

finally separates into cocci dehiscing internally

which, like those of

latter are red

the Emmcnospcrma and of some Colubrina, are basally detached from the receptacle on which the seeds remain.
large
;

The

and
are

but,

in the species producing a drupaceous fruit, they are

aril.

partly

enveloped in a well developed

The

Alphitonias

Oceanian, arborescent, nearly always covered with a ferruginous or

whitish down, rarely glabrous
floral
;

they have alternate leaves and multi-

cymes, axillary or terminal.

Bcrchcmia, erect or climbing shrubs from the

Africa,

warm regions

of Asia,

and America, with the general organisation of the precediug genera and the ovary interiorly adherent, presents however these
differences.
Ventilago maderaspaiaua.

The

receptacle

-g

-^ f^^,^

^ ghalloW CUp, Or
the margin

neai'ly

plane,

of which bears the perianth

and andrcium. The

are therefore

latter

sometimes

nearly hypogynous.
Fig.
-17.

The

Long.

Boct. of flower.

Fig. 46. Flower (f).

disk which surrounds the

base of the ovary, instead

of being a thin layer covering the coats of the receptacle, rises in the

form of a well or sack the upper opening of which

the style.

is

transversed by

The

flowers are disposed in clusters of cymes, axillary or

terminal and ramified, and the drupaceous fruit with bilocular stone,

accompanied at its base by the receptacular cupule. Sageretia, found in the same regions (except Africa), has also a disk freely raised between the ovary and the receptacle, the free margin of which
is

RHAMNAOE^.
is

57

butthe fruit is drupaceous, with two or three indhiscent and the small flowers are disposed (often in glomerules) on the opposite and divaricate branches of a large compound terminal cluster. Scutia, glabrous shrubs, often armed
festooned
;

stone?,

with hooked spines, growing in Asia, Africa, and

Veiitilayo leiocarpa.

South

America,

has nearly the

same

flowers,

slightly fleshy, as Sarcomphahs, a disk free above

but thicker and shorter, often undulated at the

margin, and the fruit encloses two or three crustaceous nuts

of the thick
;

but the flowers occupy the axils

leaves,

and coriaceous

and are in um-

belliform cymes.

Ccanothus also has nearly the flower of Scutia

but the
is filled

floral receptacle, in

form a shallow cupule,

with the short and thick disk, and the

long-clawed petals rise in the intervals of the

connivent sepals. To the semi-inferior ovary succeeds a drupaceous fruit, but the exocarp of which
separates

from the inwardly

dehiscent

cocci.

Ccanothus abounds especially in the southern and

western regions of North America and in

Chili.
FJK. 48. Fruit.

They

are shrubs with alternate and penninerved

or triplinerved leaves.

The
46-48),

inflorescence

is ter-

minal in dense and ramified cymiferous clusters. In

times
Vcnt'dago
(fig.

of

which a
is

distinct tribe has

some-

been

made,

the
filled

receptacle

also

a
Paliunts aiiHyalls,

hollow shallow cup,

with the thick flattened

and depressed disk;

but the semi-inferior and

bilocular ovary is succeeded

by a dry indhiscent
is

fruit, accompanied at the base by a receptacular

cupule, and the persistent style

flattened, rigid,

dilated to a
10. Fruit.

membranous and veined wing.

They are climbing shrubs from all tropical regions of the old world. The leaves are alternate, and the flowers collected in simple or compound cymes.
its

Smi/thea,

having the same foliage and flowers, and

is

inhabiting Polynesia and the Indian Archipelago,

oval, flattened, ligneous fruit, dehiscing in

distinguished by

two valves following

the middle of the two faces.

destitute of albumen.

In these two genera the seeds are

58

NATURAL HIRTORY OP
Paliurus
(fig.

PLANTF!.

49) was
its

formerly ranged

among

the

Jujubes

{Zisyphus)^ and gave

inferior

name to a separate tribe because its semiovary was succeeded by an indhiscent fruit with a one- or The hard and dry many-celled putamen.
pericarp
lar
is

Ziziiphns vulgaris.

dilated above into a

wide orbicu-

and horizontal wing. They are prickly shrubs of temperate Asia and the Mediterranean The true Jujubes (fig. 50-53) have, region. and alternate like them, spinous branches, 3-5-nerved leaves; but the fruit is a drupe
with osseous or ligneous putamen, with one or

many monosnermous
Fii
.

cells.

The
with

seeds enclose
a

53.

Long.
fruit

sect,

of

an embryo
albumen.

witliout,

or

very thin,

They

are trees or shrubs from all

warm

regions of the globe.

Zizijphns vulgaris.

Fi.^'

51.

Long.

sect,

of flower.

Fiff. .52.

Dried

fruit.

Fig. 50. Flower

(f).

Microrhmnnus^ a prickly shrub of Texas, with small cricoid leaves,

solitary flowers

and an ovoid drupaceous

finally

dry

fruit,

with an

osseous monospermous putamen and basilar cupule, has been assobut in our opinion it is only a species of Conciated with these
;

dalia

with the flower destitute of

petals,

an abnormal type (which

might

strictly constitute a separate series)

whose axillary

flowers,

solitary or collected in small cymes, have a receptacle in the form of

a hollow cup, lined with a thick flattened and pentagonal disk.

corolla is almost always wanting,
cell

The

and the ovary is which a parietal placenta advances, forming an incomplete partition on each side of which is an ascending ovule, with the
into

reduced to a single

micropyle
drupaceous.
of the

tui-ned

to

the

side

of

the

placenta.

The

fruit

is

The Condalias inhabit the warm and temperate regions

two Americas.

RHAMNACE^.
IL
Gouania
not
of
free.
*

59

GOUANIA

SEKIES.

54) consists of Rhamnaceoe with an inferior ovary The floral receptacle has the form of a sac in the concavity
(fig.

which the adherent gyncium is lodged, whilst the perianth and andrcium are inserted near its opening above an epigynous disk
with
bud.
five alternipetalous lobes, often

very prominent.^

The

triangu-

lar sepals, five in

number, are valvate in the

With

these alternate five small bowlsheltering in their concavity the

like petals

superposed stamens.

The

latter are epigy-

nous, formed of a free filamejit, inflexed in

the bud, and a bilocular anther, with lateral or

extrorse dehiscence, sometimes furnished with a salient glandular interior.

The ovary has

one
ovule of
style

three

cells,

each
is

containing

Ehamnus, and
rous branches.

surmounted by a

more

yj^ 54 y^uit

(a).

or less deeply divided into three stigmatife-

The
or

fruit is completely inferior

the
three

remains
cells

scars

of

the

perianth

it

and crowned with a capsule with is

divide into three

and furnished with three wide vertical rounded wings.

of the separation of the fruit, these

At the time
cocci,

in such a manner that the latter are bordered with a thin

half-wing.
receptacle

They
a

are

otherwise

indhiscent

and leave
into

on

the

slender columella

which divides

six filaments.

Each encloses an obovate seed compressed inwards, plano-convex,

with a smooth, testaceous external envelope
fleshy

containing

a scanty

albumen and an axile embryo, with a short inferior radicle and broad rounded cotyledons, slightly flattened. The Gouania to the mimber of some thirty species,* inhabit the hottest regions of Thoy are generally climbing shrubs which attach both worlds.
themselves to neighbouring objects by tendrils representing sterile

'

jAca.
381.
iii. ii.

Amei: 2G1. L. Gen.

n.

Oeii.

G^RTN.
4; Suppl.

F.
ii.

Fnict.

iii.

19.

Diet.

819;

Jll.t. 71.
n.
t.

1157. J. Lamk. 845. DC.

5.

Baker
Fruct.
ii.

Fl. Maurit. 52.

Retinaria

G^rtn.
et

187,
Verz.

MoRiTZ.
-

i.Ngelia Zoll. 20. Hassk. Flora (1852), 114.

t.

120,

fig.

Prodr.
Paijtr

Gen. n.

38. Ad. Be. Rhamn. 5746. B. H. Gen. 385, Fam. Nat. 329.Hook.

Endl.
i.

They may even

rise

along the internal face

Prodr.
166.

35. H. Bn.
643.

of the sepals, to which they adhere.

3

Fl. Ltd.

Wight and Arn.

i.

Wight,

60

NATUBAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

of inflorescence,
spirally

branches or axes

twisted.

They

are

glabrous or oftener clothed with down.

petiolate,

The
^

leaves are alternate,

or dentate,

accompanied by two caducous

stipules, entire

penninerved or tripliuerved.

The flowers

are axillary or terminal,

and disposed in ears or simple or ramified clusters arranged in small cymes or glomerules. ReisseJcia, climbing and cirriferous shrubs inhabiting Brazil, has the flowers of Gouania but the fruit is furnished with three or four membranous wings, and the pedicellate flowers are disposed in numerous umbelliform cymes, in the axils of the leaves. Crumenaria has the flower and fruit of Gouania, with membranous and veined wings but the organs of vegetation are quite different ; for
;

they are nearly

all

perennial herbs, with a thick,

woody
or

stock,

from
small

which

proceed

aerial

reedy branches,

leafless

bearing

by small ciliate stipules (which makes these plants the analogues of Canotia and Stackliousia among the Cdustracccc). The flowers are few in number on slender pedicels, and disposed in clusters of cymes. The Crumcnarias are Brazilian plants. One of them is an annual, with membranous, oval, and
alternate scanty leaves, accompanied

trinerved leaves.

Ilelhms, on the contrary, consists of sarmentous

and hairy shrubs (Asiatic and African), like Gouania and Reissekia, but they differ from them as also from Crumcnaria, iu the absence of wings from the surface of the fruit, which is capsular, inferior, and the three cocci of which open along their internal angle, after
they are detached from the columella.

which constitutes a sub-series by itself [Phylicece), differs in habit as much from Gouania and Crunicntaria Like many other plants from South as these do from each other. Africa, to which this genus is limited, they are cricoid shrubs with alternate coriaceous and often linear leaves, covered with a down
Phjlica
(fig.

55, 50),

generally whitish.

The woolly

flowers are axillary, rarely disposed

At the in cymes, oftener grouped in ears or terminal capitules. bottom of the very concave receptacle, as in the preceding genera, is a quite inferior adherent ovary, surmounted by an epigynous disk
;

Icon.

t.

974.

TuL.

Ann.

He.

Nat.

sr. 4, viii.

129

{Gu.ania).iiY^Ti.}.i. Fl.

Vit.

43. A. Guay,

Walp.
607.
'

Eeiss. Mart. Fl. Bras. Rliamn. 102,

t.

3G-3n.
vii.

Ann.

i.

196;

ii.

272

iv.

436;

Amer. Expl. Exp. Bot. i. 282. Giuseh. FL Brit. W.-Ind. 101. Tk. loc, cit. 381. Thw. Emm.
Fl.Zeyl.

Small, white or yellowish.

75. Oliv.

Fl.

Trop.

Afr.

i.

383.

RHAMNAGE.^.
and
th.e fruit,

61

equally inferior, conformed to that of Helimis, finally

three
Hesiota,
cocci

divides

into

dehiscing internally,

but destitute of a

columella.

a shrub

from
Phijlica girida.

the island

of St.

Helena,

covered

with a whitish down, has opposite

broad and oval-oblong leaves, and
flowers

disposed
that

in

loose

cymes.
;

The

fruit is

of Phylica

but
the

from the superior opening

of

deep sac formed by the receptacle

emerges the summit of the pericarp

proper,

which represents a

sort of
Fig. 55. Flower (|). Fig. 56. Long. sect. of flower.

small conical cover.

of

In Lastodiscus,

which two African species are known, one from the Western
tropical

Madagascar, the leaves are also and accompanied by wide and long opposite, large, pointed interpetiolate stipules, sometimes free, sometimes more or
region,

the

other

fi'oni

glabrous,

less

connate in pairs, straight and imbricate with them, for some time

The flowers in axillary cymes, the inferior ovary of surmounted by a style articulate at the base, are succeeded which is by a fruit equally inferior, depressed, slightly convex at the summit and areolate.
persistent.

Tri/malium,
series,

Australian

shrubs
has

belonging
alternate

to

distinct

subto-

exclusively

oceanic,

leaves,

generally

mentose, with a simple or

inferior ovary is

stellate,

whitish or rusty down.

The

surmounted by an annular or 5-lobed disk, surrounded by coloured epigynous sepals, and petals in a hood capping
an equal number of stamens.
dehiscent, like that of Nesiota,
is

The

fi-uit,

inferior,

capsular

and
it

generally surmounted by a conical

cells
;

projection which represents the

summit of the ovarian

is

the same with that

shi'ubs,

of Poniadciris, Australian and

New

Zealand

with numeruus flowers generally disposed, like those of Trymalium, in great ramified groups of cymes; they are distintoo little developed to cover the

guished from Trymal'mm by the absence of petals or their being

stamens which are Sjyyridmm has the same flowers as Pomaderris and Trymalium, with a capsular fruit altogether inferior,
nearly
flat,

superposed to them.

62

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

tlie

stamens covered by

petals

and

flowers

united in capitules

They are from accompanied by imbricate and persistent bracts. extra-tropical Australia, as are also Cryptandra and Stenanthemum. But in these last two genera, the receptacle is prolonged in a neck
above the ovary, before bearing the perianth and andrcium.
Stenanthat
of

themum

is

distinguished by
whilst

its

inflorescence

which

is

Spijridium,

Cryptandra

has sessile or shortly

pedicellate

flowers, surrounded at the base

by brown

persistent bracts.

They

are solitary along the small divisions of inflorescence or grouped in short ears, intermixed with leaves, but they are never seen disposed in capituliform cymes, as in Spyridium. Like many other

genera of the same family, they are in other respects by no means

clearly separated

from each other.

III.

COLLETIA SERIES.

and hermaphrodite. The perianth, often simple, petaloid,^ has the form of a tube or small elongated bell, the cupuliform base of which, covered with
In
Colletia
^

(fig.

57), the flowers are regular

a disk, supports the gyntecium, and

or five valvate^ lobes.

its

summit

is

divided into four

In the hollows are sometimes inserted an

equal number of small petals, superposed to which are as

many
which

stamens similarly inserted and formed of a free filament* and an

introrse anther.^

The two

cells

open by longitudinal
occasionally thin
is

clefts

often

become confluent above.

Oftener,
its

The cupule of the disk, about which

is

there was recently some question,

visible."

and scarcely

upper margin

incurved or involute on the

side of the gyntecium.

The

latter consists of

an ovary in great part

its

free, but adnate to the concavity of the receptacle in

lower portion,

trilocular,

and surmounted by a

style the stigmatiferous

summit of
cell

which
1

is

dilated to a three-lobed head.^

ex 28
J.

In each ovarian

there

CoMMEES.

Oen. 380.

Lamk.

III.

t.

129.

Pont.
ii.

Diet.

Suppl.

ii.

311

(part.).

DC.

Prodr.
t.

(part.),

3.

Ad. Br. Shamn. 58 Endl. Oen. n. 5730. Miers,

(part.).
;

Pemcace and other neighbouring groups. Bolow the point whore they become free, these filaments are traee.able on the tube. * Included or sometimes a little exserted.
''

Ann. Nat. Hist. sr. 3, v. 203 Contrih. i. 251, Oen. 383, n. 28. H. B.v. t. 34-36. B. H. Payer Fam. Nat. 330. - White, generally scented. ' These alone perhaps are the representatives
of the calyx, the remainder belonging to the
receptacle, and

'

In the

iSci/pliaria
;

ser. 3, vi. 8

CoiUrib.

i.

(Miers. Aim. Nat. Eist. 299, t. 42), placed here

with some doubt.

'

Sometimes at the swollen summit of the

style, six lobes

hollow
larger.

may be

observed, three

of which, very small, alternate with the three

perhaps

it

is

the same in the

RHAMNACE^.
is

63

one ovule inserted at the base of the internal angle, with microfirst dii'ected

downwards and inwards hut, as in Bhamnus, ultimately becoming more or less decidedly lateral. ^ The fruit, accompanied at the base by a receptacular cupule,'^ is a
pyle ascending and at
drupe, with thin mesocarp, finally dry, and formed of three cocci

which separate and open in two valves to liberate each an albuminous seed, analogous to that of the Buckthorns, plano-convex, with
a crustaceous testa. CoUetia consists of shrubs

CoUetia cruciata.

from the temperate and cool regions (especially the

leafless or

western) of South America, often

with very small leaves decussate, as

often

also

the axillary branches,

thickened,

spinescent, vertically flattened

nearly triangular.^
solitary,

and generally The flowers, axillary and

few-flowered cymes,

or collected in

are

situated

under these axillary branches. Formerly the

;,

dozen species* are known.

Fig. 57. Long. sect, of flower (i).

genus included a much larger number

has recently been dismembered of a

biit it

number

of secondary genera

which in other respects scarcely possessed the value of a section. Sometimes it happens that, the fruit separating into cocci as in Collet/a, the disk is attached in the form of a cupule to the bottom of the perianth, and that the opposite and spinous branches are articulate,

as in Discaria, natives of South America,

;

New

Zealand, and
its

Australia

or the

floral

receptacle,
disk,

less

deep

and obconical,
a

concavity lined with

the
as

supports an

open perianth with

subaphyllous

independent

folioles,

in

Adolphia

infesta^

and articulate spinous branches. American shrub, with In Retanilla, Chilian and Peruvian shrubs, spinous and leafless, the
opposite

diminishing disk ascends the internal surface of the perianth, and

the fruit
is

a drupe with a 1-3-celled putanieu.

The same

fruit is

observed in Talguenea and Trevoa, also from South America, but

'

double envelope.

Syst.

i.
i.

825
92

{Cotidalia).
t.

Hook, and
;

Gill. Bot.

After floration, the perianth often detaches

Misc.
Cels. t.

161,

43, 44

iii.

172.Vent. Jard.

itself circularly

the disk and

^
''

above the interior projection of with the andrcium. At least looked at in profile.
falls
et Spec. vii.

LiNDL. Journ. Sort. Soc. v. 29, Ic.

ii.
i.

C.

Gay,

Fl. Chil.

28 (part.). A. Gray, Atmr.

Expl. Exp. Sat.

H. B. K. Nov. Gen.

69. Spreno.

\%Z.Bot. Mag.

t.

276. Wedd. Chi. Andin. ii. 5033. Walp. Ann. vii. 603.

64

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

bear
tolerably

They are membranous leaves. 5-nerved in Talguenea, the fruit of which is enclosed in the receptacular cupule, and trinerved in Trcvoa, the drupe of which is
they

developed

superiorly exserted.
sac
is

In the two latter genera, the calicinal petaloid not accompanied by any glandular thickening constituting

a distinct layer belonging to a disk.

The family Rhamnace was proposed

order of Buckthorns (Ehamni)
^

is

1814 by E. Brown.^ An doubtless found in tlie Genera of

in

A. L. DE JussiEU ; {Zkf/j)hi) of Adanson,^ with the name changed, and some genera of
it is

but

scarcely other than the family of Jujubes

unicarpellar Rosaceco

which

it

contained removed.

There remain

then the Staphjle, the Ilicinc^ the Celastracc, the Brunie, certain Rosacea; as Carpodetus, some Corne as Jucuba, some Myrsne
as Samara,
etc.

R.

Brown
less

clearly established that his

should comprise only have the ovary more or

sepals

those of

the

Rhamni

of Jussieu

Rhamne "which

adherent to the tube of the calyx,

of valvate prfl-oration,

and stamens

erpial in

number and

alternating

with the sepals

an ovary of which each of the two

;

or three cells

contains one erect ovule

an erect embryo, generally

or entirely destitute of

situated in the axis of a fleshy

;

albumen

albumen the petals to which the stamens are opposite, enveloping Ad. the anthers with their concave limb and sometimes wanting." special monograph * in 1826, adopted this family Brongniart, in a of Rhamne as conceived by E. Brown, and, after him, A. P.
DE Candolle,^ and
viz.
:

it

then comprised nineteen genera

Berchemia,

still

preserved,

Paliurus, Zizijplms, Condalia,

Ventilago, Sageretia,

Rliamnus, Scutia, Retanilla,

Noltia
(

Colletia,

Hovenia, Coluhrina,

Ceanothus^

Willemetia), Pomadcrris,

Cryptandra, PhtjUca, Gouania and

Crumcnaria.

Ten years

later,

Endltcher,''

imbibing the ideas of

Eeissek, to
divided
it,

whom we

are indebted for great labours on this family,

tribes,

after him, into six

Cormonema and Alphitonia of this

and adopted the two new genera author (to whom he dedicated a genus

'

Flind.
i.

Vol/,

ii.

554

Misc.

Works

(ed.

Mmoire sur
1, x.

la

Famille des Rhamncs {An

Benn.),
=

26 [Rhamne).
des PI.

^c. Nat. sr.

*

320).

376, Ord. 13 (1789).

P'-odi.

ii.

(1825), 19, Ord. 56.

Fam.

ii.

297.

Fam. 42

(1763).

Gen. 1094, Ord. 239 [Rhamne).

RHAMNAOE^.
Rfisekia), as well as those his colleague
viz.

Tri/malium and Sj)f/ridmm, also

Fenzl ^ had just established, HeUnus E. Met., till then re-

maining

W.

manuscript in herbaria, OchetophilaoiVo^vviG, Dlscaria of Hooker," Karwimkia of Zuccarini,^ Adolphia of Meissner,'' and
observed in
Chili

Talgucnca

by Miers.^

The

latter,

revising in

a detailed

monograph the

entire group of Colletie^

compx'ised five genera, retains a sixth,

which then Trcvoa, established at the same

is

time as Talguenea.
one.

The number
type,

of genera

thus raised to thirtyBrasiliensis,'^

Eeissek, studying this family for the Flora

found

Rhamnidium ; he afterwards established the Australian genus Btenantliemum? All are adopted in his Genera by J. Hooker,^ who, in the same work, creates the two Afi'ican types Nesiota and Lasiodiscm, and revives the old generic name Sarcomphaliis P. Br. "With him, then, the Rhamnace number thirty-seven genera, including Smythea of Seemann,^ and 3Iicrorhamnus of A, The genera Geay,^' with us only a Condalia with a corolla. ^" Ummcnospenua of F. Mueller and Maowhamniis, which we have This number is just proposed,^^ complete the total of thirty-eight. probably too great, regard being had to the species known. It
there another
consists of a

new

group very closely

natiu'al in

most of

its parts,

the
it is

generic differences of which are frequently of small value ; and

probable that a certain number of genera actually retained

may

dis-

appear as intermediate species are observed which

natural links between

may

serve as

many

of them.^^

Whatever may be the

discoveries.

limits of the genera, those of the tribes

hitherto adopted have been singularly effaced by the most recent

The

Colletie represent the series best characterised

by

habit and organisation of perianth, but

'

among them, Adolphia has

xi. (1874).

Enum.

PI.

Hmg.
i.

(1837).

"
'*

Jdansonia,

Bot. Misc.

(1830).
i.

3 = 6

Plant. Nov. Fasc.

(1832).

Gen. 70 (1836-1843).

For example the various genera of the Among the Bhamne, the group Colletieie. Alph itonias seema a.t first to constitute a perfeetly

Trao.in

Cliil.

anila

Plata,\i.{\?:2(>).

distinct

genus.
Colubrinas

Now

that

we know

On

tlie
....

Seed in

with some Obs. on the Rham. [Ami. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, v. 70

tribe Colletie,
;

better certain

Contrib.
7 s
3

i.

230,

t.

33-21).

with a ferruginous down, smooth seeds persisting on the placenta after tho fall of the cocci, and an ovary presenting the same
adherence, the distinction he-

Mart. Ft. Bras. Mhamn. (1861).

Xt<Ei, xxix.

(1857-58).

Gen. 371, Ord. 49 (1862).

tween tho two genera becomes scarcely appreThe it\ni oi Nesiota once known, this ciable.
type becomes very difficult to separate otherwise than as a section of Phylica with broad whitish
(1862-63).
leaves, etc.

'"

Boiiplandia (1861).

"
-

PI. Wright, p.

i.

(1852).
iii.

Frwim.

Phijt. Austral,

VOL. VI.

66

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

flo-wer

been signalised ^ as having sensibly the

and

fruit of Coluhrina.

This latter genus presents an ovary inferior and, as authors understand, really " adherent " in the greatest portion of its extent. By
that,
it

approaches

many

of the types with a totally inferior ovary as

Reissckia.
its entirety,

This

is

distinguished only

by

its fruit,

equally inferior in

whilst the receptaeular cupule of Cohibrina and analogous

less considerable portion of the
cirri,
it

genera finally envelops only a more or

pericarp.

In other respects Beisseh'a, in habit, foliage and

allied to other types of the Goiianie series
;
;

is

very closely

but

has

not the winged fruit

of its importance.

which

also deprives the last character of

much
to

For these reasons, we have been compelled

withdraw from these external characters, borrowed from habit, leaves and pericarp, a great part of the value which has generally been attributed to them, and to reduce the series distinguishing this
family to the three following.
1.

EHAMNEiE.

Flowers

with concave receptacle, cupuliform or

its

much
above

deeper, lined with a thin disk covering

fills if,

internal surface, or

with a thick annular disk which

it.

either around the ovary, or

Perianth and andrcecium, perigyuous or epigynous, inserted

on the margin of the receptaeular cup.

its

Ovary

free or

more generally
it,

united, interiorly or to a very variable, sometimes even to almost

entire extent, with the receptacle

and disk which covers

fruit."

but

free in

an upper portion however small, which always grows and

Fruit dry or

becomes independent of the receptacle in the

vertical wing.

drupaceous, indhiscent or dehiscent, sometimes surmounted by a

20 genera.
2.

Seed sometimes

Ventilagine) destitute of albumen.

GouANEiE Flowers with very concave receptacle, in form of a gourd or narrow-necked bottle, covered above the inferior (and adherent) ovary with an epigynous disk, occasionally very Fruit inferior, crowned with the remains or restricted or nought.
sac like a
scars of the calyx, enveloped^ with the receptaeular sac, finally dry and divided, with cocci dehiscing within the fruit. 12 genera. Flowcrs witli cupuliform receptacle, prolonged 3. CoLLETiEiE. above to a thin and coloured tube the summit of which is divided into

'

A. Gray, PL Wright, p. i. So that the hase of the

ti>

34. latter is

margins cut straight and representing even the accomcontour of the receptacle,
^

panied
tablet

a very variahle height

hy a small

or

frame of a

oapulo with cicatrised

protudes in

Except the extreme summit which often I'oiuudei-ris Trymulium.

RHAMNAOEJE.

6r

cal3'ciDal lobes. Petals none or inserted at the bottom of the bollows which separate these lobes. Disk lining the receptacular cupule and not extending beyond it or rising more or less high along the tube (sometimes none or nearly so). Ovary free, except at base adnata

to receptacular cupule.

Fruit with dehiscent or plurilocular putaoften thickened

men.

Shrubs with decussate branches,

and spinous,

leaves opposite, often very reduced or none.

6 genera.

The

thirty-eight genera are very unequally distributed over a vast

extent of the globe.

thirteen are limited to

Eight of them are met with in both worlds, America, and consequently seventeen belong

exclusively

to the

old world.

The Buckthorn extends over the

all

widest area and alone has been observed in In Oceania,

of species,
it

parts of the world.

is

true,

it

is
;

represented

by

a very small

number
North

often doubtful

but

it

extends over nearly the whole

of America, and, in the old world, from the

Cape

to the

of Europe, a belt of about

70.

On

the other hand, there are genera

of very limited area, as Crumenaria and Eeissekia,

sively Brazilian, Helinus

and Noltia^ special

doubtless

to

which are excluSouth Africa, and

Nesiota, confined to the island of St. Helena, where, like

many

other

shrubby

species,
all

it

will

soon

cease

to

exist.

The

Trymalie are

Oceanic, and the Phjlice are observed only in

;

South Africa and Madagascar

Macrorhamnus belongs

to this island.

On

the contrary there are two distinct centres of vegetation, one in

the old world and the other in America, for Berchemia^ Sageretia,
Scutia, Colulmia, Gotiania,
latter,

and Discaria.
is

The

greater part of these

five

however, are American, as also the

other genera of

Colletie.

In Europe, the family

the

represented only by the two

genera Buckthorn and Jujube.

Rhamnace are in great part established by a knowledge of the mode of composition of Jcssieu's family of BuckThe Celastrace thorns from which they have been detached.
The
affinities of

formed the greater portion of this group, and they might appear very far removed from the genera of Rhamnace then known, because
the latter have a concave receptacle, lined with a disk more or less

and in the bottom of this receptacular the gynsecium is inserted, while a perianth and a perigynous anth'oecium are inserted on its margin. Tn this the Rhamne^ as perceived by
thick,

68

NATURAL lllSTURY OF PLANTS.

after him, closely

A DAN SON and admitted bj' many authors

Bosacece with concave receptacle

approach the

and single ovary. The Celastracece^ on the contrary, at least those which had then been studied, presented a receptacle, either convex or much less concave, and their insertion was nearly that of a great number of hypogynous types. Again, it was thought that the micropyle, exterior in the ascending
ovule of the Celastrace, became constantly interior in that of the

RJiamnace when
large

it

had the same

direction.

But the study

of a

number
all

of

more recently discovered types conclusively proves

In Pcrroltctla (notably in Caryospermun)^
other genera of the Celastracece^ especially

that these two great differential characters between the two groups
are not at
constant.

Fraucnhofera and in

many

in certain Mortonias, the concavity of the receptacle

and the mode

has been truly

of insertion of the perianth and

andrcium become evidently what

it

they are in a great number of the Rlmmnace^ and

said that apart from the situation of the stamens, the flowers of these
CelnstracecB were altogether those of Rhamnace. It might be added that the habit, the foliage, the inflorescence, the fruit, the direction of the seed, might be in one point or another identical. Under these circumstances, to separate the two families, there remains

only the oppositipetalous character of the stamens in the Rhamnace^

invariably alternipetalous in the Cclastracc, a character which

we

admit to be
tain
i

sufficient,

although

it

would not be

so in other natural
;

groups, since
this

we

retain the

two families

as distinct

consequence of what has just been established

but we main" that the

:

Rhamnace^ ofteuer perigynous or ej^igynous than the Celastracece, but not constantly, might strictly and justly be considered a series with oppositipetalous stamens." This chai-aeter suffices to distinguish them from a great number of other families, especially from those which constituted the Buckthorn Order of Jussieu. Ad. Beongniart' has completely differentiated them. The Ilicinc, whose corolla is most often gamopetalous and which, in their descending seed with micropyle interior and superior, have an abundant
albumen,

with

small

apical

embryo,

are

neighbours of

the

Ehenace and Sapotacecv?

The

Staj>I/>/kce,

studied in the family

cells

of Sapindacece,'^ have neither the

Ada

andrcium nor the ovarian

^
<

,xi.

273.

po.

Thoi:

Elm

(d.

1),

217.

Rhamii. 11.

yut. IIU. of rianis, v. 312, 392.

RHAMNAOE^.

m
referred to the family of the

always uoiovulate or biovulate, nor the invariable simple leaves

of the Rhamnacc.

The Brunie, by us

Saxifragace, have certainly the concave receptacle of most of the

Rhamnacc

but besides their stamens being alternate with the

petals, the latter are developed,

plete, enclose

one or

many descending

and the ovarian cells, often incomOther Sa.vifragacc, ovules.

very closely
allied

as

tlie

Hamamelidecv and the

Codic,

to the

Brumcce, resemble also certain Rhamnacc, but they have likewise

stamens and at least two descending ovules in each The Santaace, with oppositipetalous stamens, like the Rhamnacc, have the ovules inserted on a placenta centrally free, or descendiug in ovarian cells more or less incomplete.^
alterni|)etalous
cell.

TJsES.'^

What
The

we have

said of the close affinities of the

is

Cclas-

tracccc

and Rhamnacecv agrees with what

latter

known

of the properties

of both.

are bitter, acrid

and astringent.

According
or
in

to the species or parts

used, the

tonic

and febrifuge medicines.

Rhamnacc furnish vacuant They are also frequently rich

colouring matters,

many

of which are employed in the arts.

Their

wood

is

analogous in structiire and qualities to that of most of the

Cclastracc.

The Buckthorns
cartharticus^
is

are, in

our country, the most active

of the Rhamnacece employed in medicine. of

The drupaceous
wrongly
as

fruit

Ehammis

(tig.

39-41),

designated

as

Buckthorn
they

berries,

especially used

in country districts as an

energetic purgative.

They have been employed

hydragogues

have the inconvenience of greatly irritating the intestinal

mucous membrane, producing violent colic and sometimes vomiting. They are generally prescribed in the form of a syrup prepared with They are frequently given to the green, bitter and nauseous pulp. animals. Several other species of Rhamnus might be substituted for

'

nacccc

In their organs of vegetation, the Rliamare sometimes very similar to certain

such as
iiridelia.

535.
^

Rosenth. Syn.
L. Spic. 279.

PI. Biaphor. 798, 1151.

DC,
722.

Frodr.

ii.

2i,

n.

9.

Eiip/wrbiaceic,

On

the struo:

Meii. et Del. Bid. Mat. Md.

op. cit.
Off.

vi. 54.

Guie.

ture of the

wood

of the

Ehamnaceee, see

Crueoeu, Bof. ZeU. (1850), 126 {Gutiania). Caepent, Microsc. 433, c. fig. Oliv. btcm.
Dicot. 11.
-

537,

fig.

Cervispina cathartica Gem. t. 16, e. Mnch. Meth. 686. Spina alba Lonic. S.

Berg

et

Schm. Burst.

infectoria
Eiichirid.

Matth. {Noirprun,

Bourg-pine,

Que-

Endl.

Veg. Eingd. 582.

GuiB.

582. LiNDL.

Fl.

Mid. 165

mot, Epine de Cerf).

Drag. Simpl. d.

6, iii.

70

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

which
is

this one, particularly the Alder,' the fruit of

employed in

veterinary medicine

Alaternus,^ R. saxatilis,^ infectorius^^ alpinus^

internal bark of these plants has the
Its

pumilus^

(fig. 42).

The

same

properties, but is less used.

as R. Frangula

extreme acridity
it

in certain species,

and sanguineus^ causes

to

be sought after for the

treatment of scab in

man and

animals.

Nearly

all

are tinctorial.

According

to

the degree of maturity, their fruits furnish various

substances yellow or green.

stituted for

Those "of R. infectorius may be subthe Weld or Yellow-weed of dyers. From them, as
olcoides,'^

likewise from those of R. saxatalis, Alafcrmis,

hixifolius^

de grain., a yellow colour used by The Chinese green or lo-kao.^ so highly esteemed, is extracted from two species of Rhamnus, which Decaisne considered should be described as new, under the names of R. chhrophorus and R. utilis}^ Some parts of the Buckthorns have been From described as astringent, particularly the leaves of Alaternus. the branches is prepared a charcoal sometimes used in the manuThose of facture of powder and resembling that of Euonymus.

and amygdalinus^ the

painters,
is

still

prepared.

Paliurus

ausfralis^'i

(fig.

49) furnish firewood

is

in

the

south of

Europe, where this shrub

planted to form impenetrable hedges.

Very
are

solid canes are

exposed

to

dry.

made from them, on the thorns of which figs The seeds, formerly extolled for cough,

R. Frangula L. Spec. 280.

DC.
t.

Prodr. n.

species, has,
'

however, the same properties.

i.

30.

DuHAM.
Off.

Arbr. (d.
i.

2),

iii.

15.

Gken.
Jiid.
i.

ot

GoDii. Fl. de Fr.

338.

Beiio. et Schm.
PI.

L. Spec. 280. Gken. et Gouii. Fl. de Fr. 336. Alutennis iilpmu^, Mnch.

i.

Barst.
(d. 3),

Gew.

t.

19,

f. Caz.

Md.

L. Mimtiss.

49. Gren.

et

Godr.
i.

Fl. dc Fr.

208. Rev.

Fl. Md. du

XIXe

Sicle,

337.
'

193.

{Bourdaine,

Frangula vulgaris Reichb. Fl. &c. 488 Aune Noir, Elmbarbe des Paysnnn,
.

L. Spec. 279.
Inc. cit.

Desf. Fl.
337.
i.

All.

197. Guek.
n. 15.

et

GoDK.
*

Pouverne
'

Poir. Bid.

iv.

463. DC. Prodr.

198.

R. Alaternus L. Spec. 281. DC. Prodr. n.

op. cit.^ii, t.
vi.

1.

Desf. Fl. All.

DuHAM,
Md.
n. 1.
ii.

Mut. Md.

54.

14. MR. et Del. Diet. H. Bn. Did. Encijcl. Sc.

the branches

lo Compt. Roid. Acad. Sc. xHv. 1141. The former [Pa-bi-lo-za of the Chinese) is the R.

384.

Alaternus Phijlica Mill. Diet.

hirsutus

of India.

The

latter

{Hom-bi-ln-:n)

Dambourney has employed

to

and leaves
'

dye -wool and cotton.

1671.

The
t.

fruit

gives sap-green.
L.' Spec.

Jacu. Fl. Austr.

Fl. Fr. iv.

53. et

seems applied to as many forms as are obtained xom. R. catharticus. " Em. etScH. Syst. v. 342. G.'Ektn. Fruct. P. aculeatus Lamk. III. t. 210. i. 203, t. 43.

DC. Prodr. n. 12; Godr. Fl. de Fr. i.

*

623. Gren.

Duham.

op. cit.

iii.

336.

h. Mantiss. i9.

DC.

Prorf)-. n.

12. Gren.

P. vulgaris Don. Paliurus Zizgphus 281.

{Argulou,

17. DC. Prodr. ii. 22. Rhamnus Paliurus L. Spec.

t.

W.

Spec.

1,

1103

et

Godr. Fl. de Fr. i. 336. Lindl. Fl. Med. 167. GuiB. op. cit. 538. ~R. tinctorioua Mut.
Epine
puante).

Arnaraou,

Capelet,

Porte-chapcatt,

(Petit-Nerprun,

R.

tinctorius

is

Chapeau d'vque, Epine noire, E. de Christ). It supposed that its branches formed the crown

Waldst. ot Kit. {PI. Rar. Bung. iii. t. 265 ; DC. Prodr. n. 11), considered as a very distinct

of thorns of Christ.

UHAMNACE^.
have been used
It
is,

'1

for dressing burns.'

A
;

decoction from tbe crushed

fruit is prescribed for chronic

diarrha, laxity, and as a diuretic.

its root serves for the same an astringent plant There are many other Rhamnacecc which likewise contain tannin and are astringent. Sageretia thccsans^- which supplies the place of tea as a beverage for the Chinese poor, owes its qualities in

in

fact,

purposes.

a great measure to

its

slight as

astringency.

Coluhrina asiatica^
for

is

employed in Polynesia
their cicatrisation.

a local

remedy

wounds, hastening
its specific

In Chili Trcvoa trlnervis^ has the reputation uf

Dlscaria fehrifuga^ owes
it

curing wounds and abscesses.

name

to

the

fact

that the Brazilians consider

salutary in the

In Rio Janeiro, especially, a bitter In Brazil extract of the bark is employed as a tonic and digestive. again, Condalia infectoria^^ a tan-bearing plant, is used to dye black
treatment of tertiary fevers.

and brown.

In Chili Retanilla Ephedra'' and obcordata^ are also Gouania dommgeusis^

(fig. 54),

considered astringent and tonic.

of

the Antilles, has analogous properties.

is

stomachic and tonic juice

extracted from

its
is

fruit.

From

its bitter

wood, reputed as
it is said,

anti-

septic, a dental

cure

prepared, the use of which,

is

hardens

the gums.
after, as

The North American Ceanothus

C.

also frequently sought

an astringent.

amcricanus^ from the leaves of which

a digestive infusion,

under the name of

New

Jersey tea,

is

prepared,

has a reddish,
a sovereign
dents,

bitter, tinctorial root, extolled by the Indians as remedy against fevers, aphtae, angina, syphilitic acciC discolor has dysentery and the ulcerations of scarlatina.
^'^

an astringent bark, and

is

equally an antidote to intestinal flux.12

Beside these properties others are noted which oft appear contra'

MiERGUES,

Bill!. S>e.

Sot.

i.

216.

^Rosenth.

op. eit.
^

798 (jloKiovpoa Diosc).

Bit.

Mantiss.
54,

Mhamn. 53. Rhamnus theezatts L, 207. H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp;e. vii. not. DC. Prodi: ii. 26, n. SS.Jt. Thea
Ad.
It.

OsB.
'

232.
62.
III.
t.

Ad. Br. Shamn. 58. Miers, Cuntrib. i. Colletia Ephedra Vent. Choix de PI. t. 16. ^ Ad. Br. h>e. cit. t. 3. Colletia obcordata Vent. Choix de PL t. 16. L. Spec. ed. 2, 1663. DC. Frodr ii. 39, Rosenth. op. cit. 806. C. glabra jAca. n. 2.
'

287.

Ad. Br. Shamn.

Ceanothus asiaticus

Amer.
'"

t.

179, fig. 40.

1,

Baiiisteria tiipnloides L.

L. Spec.
ii.

28i. Lamk.

30, n.

129. DC. I'rodr. 1 .Tubanthera Commers. [Tutitou of

ii.

Spec. ed.

427.

L. Spec.
t.

the Polynesians).
*
t.

Sot. Mai/,

MiEus. Trav. Chil.

529;

Coittrib.

i.

291,

Lindl. Fl.

284. Mill. Icon. t. 57. Sims. 1479. DC. Prodr. ii. 31, n. 23. Med. 166. Endl. Eiichirid. 683.

40 A.
'

Mart.

Syst.

Mat. Med. Sras. 37.

Rbiss.

Mart.
'

FL

Sras.

Rhamn.
90,

101,

t.

35

[Kitia

of

Srnzil).

KoBENTH. op. cit, 804. " Vent, ex Rosenth. o;?. cji. 845. '^ C. cicrukm Lagasc. Gen, et Sp. azureus Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. (1815),

11.

C.

232.

Reiss.

loc. cit.

24.

DC.

Prodr. n. 21.

n
dictory.

NAT BAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Collctia sjn'nosa^ passes in Chili

and Brazil

as a purgative

wood from
fits,

"whicli is

prepared a tincture, prescribed against fever

estratto

under the name of

57),fero.v^ and
;

alcoholico de

Qiima.

C. cruciata^

(fig.

Cruserillo'^ are

as purgatives

it

is

employed by Chilian physicians the wood that is used. Bcrchcmia Kncata^ is

;

reputed in China as a hydragogue

treatment of dropsy.
the

its

roots chiefly are useful in the

in the

Hovenia

dulcts'^ is,

same country and in

the period
of the

Japan, considered salutary in asthma.

inflorescence,

The over-developed axes of

at

which become succulent

(fig.

maturity of the fruit

45), are especially used.

They

are eaten

with pleasure,

their flavour
to dissipate

being nearly that of dried grapes.

They are believed

drunkenness produced by the abuse

In Abyssinia,
its

of saki, a kind of beer prepared from fermented rice.

Rhamnus
bitter

inchrians''

forms part of a kind of beer (mead) in which

bark supplies the place of hops.

its

In Guyana Coluhrina fcr-

mentum^ owes
bitter

name

to the part in fermentation played

it is

by

its

bark in sweet liquids to which

is

added.
Scutia

In Hindostan, an
circimicissa^

ointment

prepared from

the

leaves

of

the

application of

which

is

supposed to hasten accouchement.

Jujubes appear very different in their

The drupaceous
laginous,
pectoral,

fruits of the

properties from the preceding genera.

scented,
slightly

The pulp

is

sweet, muciis

acid

or

astringent.

It

considered

and should form part of Jujube

paste, but

gum and some

of

aromatic substances are too often substituted.

The true Jujubes

(fig.

commerce
species,

are the fruit of Zisy])lms vulgaris

'"

50-53), a Syrian

now

cultivated

in the

Mediterranean region of Europe,

Z. Jujuha,^^ a species considerably different, belonging to India and

ii. 90, t. 129. C. horrida W. Vent. Jard. Cels. 92. - Gill, and Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 62, t. 43, MiEES, Cuntrih. i. 256, t. 34, E. Condalia para1

Lamk.

III.

op. cit. 805.

'
ti.

Spec. 1113.

indica

Ad. Br. Rhamn.

Suppl. 162.
Fruct.
iii.
ii.

56.

RJimnmis

cir-

cumcissits L. f.

Ceanothus ciirnmt.

m<s G^ktn.
'<'

Ill,
;

106.

doxa Si'iiENQ. Syst.

'

i.

825.
i.

Gill,

and

Hook. Bot. Misc.

164,

t.

44 B.

Bekt. ex EoSENTH. op. cit. 805. DC. Frodr ii. 23, u. 2. Rhamnus Amii. iv. 308. Osn. It. 249, t. 7.

'

lineatus L.

'
'

See
R.

p. 78,

note

3.

Br. List of Abyss.

(ed.

PI.

(1814);

Misc.

Worhs
{Sttdoo

Benn.),
the

i.

94.

R. Siaddo A. Rich.

1S5, fig. 1. DC. Prodr. ii. 19, n. 1. Lindl. Fl. 3Ud. 165. MK. el Del. Diet. Mat. Md. vii. 1010. Rev. Fl. Md du XI Xo Sicle,u. 185. G hen. et Godr. Fl. de Ft: i. 334. Caz. Fl. Medic Indig. (d. 3), 542. Guie. op. cit. iii. 636, fig. 721. Z. satii-a Desf. Aibr. ii. 873. Duham. op. cit. iii. t. 16 (not G-kutn.). Rhamnus Zizi/phus'L. <S/)ec. 382 {Ckicouilier, Guindourlier, Epine cerises, Croc

Lamk. Bid.

316

III. t.

on the
of

Tigris). R. paucifalius

{Qwecho
perties.
'

Abyss.) has the

Hochst. same proRosenth.

de chien).

Rhamnus
Bengha).

" Lamk.

Diet.

iii.

318.

DC.

Prodr. n. 21.

Jujuha

L.

Spec.

282 (Kool, Bier,

Rich, ex Enhl. Enchirid. 583.

RHAMNAOE.T..
China,! bears alimentaiy fruit, but
it

73

does not roach this country

and, besides, though edible,

it

is

the taste than our true jujubes.

much less sweet and agreeable to They are to the Indians what the

drupes of Z. Lotus," the Sada of the Africans, and, according to

Desfontaines, the tree Lotus of the ancients, are to the lotus-eating

tribes of Lybia.
is

In Egypt and Arabia the

~Ritida!^

fruit of Z.

Spina Christi
;

eaten

in Senegarabia those of Z. mucronata,*

India those of Z. napeca,^

that of Z. agrcstis
fruit of the
^,

and Z. orthacantha ^ in and noplia ^ in Cochin China

;

and that of
but
little

Z.
'^

maurltiana
insipid

'"

in Mauritius.

Tlie

Indian Z. Xijlopynis
is

is

and not agreeable.

Bi-azil,
its

That
leaves

of Z. Joazeiro"^'^

appreciated in
it

although the
;

shepherds refresh themselves with

are prized

in very hot weather

by small

cattle

its

bitter

and astringent bark

^^

is

a cure for

ague.

In the Philippine islands Z. exscrta

of skin diseases

is
'*

used for the treatis

ment
for

and
to

syphilis.

Z. Sororia

also
i

recommended
of

the

same
its

affections

in

India.
fact

Z.

soporifera,

northern
kernels
species

China, owes

name

the

that the rlecoction of

its

calms grief and procures refreshing sleep to invalids.

nopia, Napeca, and perhaps
rarely

Some

of Zizijphus have, besides, oleaginous, acrid, and purgative seeds, as Z.

some

others.

The indigenous
That of the
;

Rhamnace
Privet
is

have a wood

of good

quality.

sometimes employed by toy and cabinet-makers

it

is

especially used to heat ovens, as also that of R. catharticus, of the

branches of which canes imitating those of the Hawthorn are made.

The Mongols
'

cut idols of small size from the

[Bict.
iii.

wood

of R. lycioides.

Z. chinensis

Lamk.

318)

is

doutt-

'
'

less, like

many

of the following species, a var.

Eoxe. ex Rosenth. Mill. Bid. n. 3.

nojjlia
61).

DC.
Spec.

op. cit. 801.

Fi-odr.

n.

18.

of Z. vulf/aris.
Lamk. Bict. iii. 316. DC. Frodr. n. 3. Ad. Bk. i2/iOTH. 40. Rhamnus Lotus L. Spec. 281. Desf. Act. Acad. Par. (1788), t. 21 [Jnju-

Ehamnus
Thes.
'

L.

282.

(See

Bukm.

Zeijl. t.

Rliamnus agrcstis Schlxt. Si/st. v. 341. Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790), 158 [Cay-na).
lo '>

bier of the Lotophngi).

3

Lamk.

Bict.
ii.

iii.

W.

Spec.
i.

Fl. Ail.
380.
*
i.

1105. DC. Frodr. n. 6. Desf. 201. Hemsl. Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i.
Sond. Fl. Cap. 8. Guill. et

W.

Spec.

11

319. DC. Frodr. n. 27. (not Hochst). K/inniHj

ii.

Xylopyrus Retz. Ohs.

'-

11.

W. Enum. 251.-Harv. and

Baclei

475. Z

DC.

Frodr. n.

Peur. Fl. Sen. Tent. i. 144, t. 37. Z. mitis A. Rich. Fl. Abyss. Tent. i. 137. DC. Frodr. n. 20. Gvill. et Perr. Fl. Sen. Tent. i. 145. Perhaps a var. of Z. Jnjuba

Reiss. Mart. Fl. Mart. Beis. ii. 581. Bras. Shamn. 86, t. 24, 27. " DC. Frodr. n. 2%.Z. trinervis Pom. Bict. Suppl. iii. 192. Fhammts triverms Cav. Icon.
t.

505,
><

Z.

%. 1 (not Roth). Schult. Syst. v. 337. DC. Frodr. n. 22. trinervius a RoTii (perhaps a var. of Z.
soporifer

Lamk.
^

Jnjuba).
Spec. Fiant.

W.

1104. DC. Frodr.

n. 7.

Rhamnus Napeca

L. Spec. 282. (not Foksk.).

'^ ScuuLT. loc, cit. 340. Ehamnus Loub. Fl. Cochinch. 158 {Soan-tso),

u
In

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

many
parts heels of shoes

and matches are made of the wood of R.frangula^ otherwise very indifferent and more generally employed for heating and for the manufacture of charcoal, a constituent of gunpowder. The wood of the common Jujube is sometimes employed

At the Cape, Scutia capcnsis^ furnishes a hard and durable wood, and that of Rhamnus celtifoUa ' serves to make axletrees, yokes, and barrels. In India the textile bark of Ventilago maderaspatana^' (fig. 46, 47) is used to make mats and string, remarkable for their tenacity and durability. Coluhrliia rcclinata * and ferriiffiosa^ of the Antilles have exceptionally a wood so hard that they constitute one of the iron tvoods of this country. The sharp spines of Discaria Toumatou " served as tattooing needles to the savages of New Zealand. Several Rhnmnacc are ornamental. There are seen in our gardens many Buckthorns with beautiful persi.stent leaves; Jujubes; /'/mn/.s strafe, a very elegant plant charming Ceanothus with white, pink, or blue flowers and in our greenhouses and orangeries Pomaderris^ Tri/maliums, Phi/licas., Crijptandras^ having sometimes the foliage and habit of the Heaths, and requiring nearly the same kind of culture Hovcnia dulcis, in its foliage and odorous flowers uiu(;h resembling certain Til/as, and bearing our
in

turnery.

mild

winters

as

well

as
its

Colletia

cruciata,

remarkable for the

enormous development of
'

spinescent branches.
i.

Rhamnus

cripcimis

Thunb. Pnidi:

^
;

Ad

Bu. Rhamn.
loc. cit.

62.

Ct'anofhus

reclinatus

Fl Cap. ii. 73. Ocanothus capenxis DC. (eyn ? of S. Commersoni Ad. Br.). Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. i. 477 (Katdooii). ' TUUNB. ex ROSENTH. op. cit. 1154.

Lhr.
*

Ad. Br.

Rhamnus
Lamk.
PI.

cnliibrimis L.

Ceanothus coluhrinus
'

Raoul. Choix de
i.

29.

Hook.

f.

G.RTN. Frnct.

i.

38.

KosENTH.

223,

t.

49. DC.

Frodr.

i.

N.-Ztal. Fl. 30..

Coiilrib.

Notophieiia Toumatou
37, F.

Man. Miers

op. cit. 798.

272,

t.

GENEKA.

I.

EHAMNE^.
hermaphrodite or polygamo-dicecious
at apex.
;

1.

Rhamnus

T.

Flowers

receptacle very concave, obcouical or urceohite, lined with a thin or

more rarely somewhat thickened disk entire

sometimes
small,
cuculiate, or
flat.

Sepals 4,

5,

3-angular, valvate, inserted at margin of receptacle.

0),

Petals

4, 5, (or

Stamens same in number

;

opi^ositipetalous,
introrse, 2-rimose.

inserted

with perianth

filaments short

anthers

Germen

inserted at base of receptacle (in male

;

flower effete rudimentary), free, 3-4-locular

style

erect,

at

apex
cells

more
1,

or less deeply 3-4-lobate or ramose stigmatose.

;

suberect

micropyle introrsely inferior,

annular scar
finally

finally

Ovule in more or

less

lateral.

Fruit drupaceous, spherical or oblong, girt at base with

of receptacle
;

very

short

pyreua)

2-4,

osseous or

cartilaginous,
base,

obscurely

dehiscent

within

or

opening

at

oftener

indhiscent.

Seeds

obovate

compressed or sulcate,

sometimes dilated at base

times 0)
alternate
;

to a short aril,
flat

albumen

fleshy (some-

cotyledons of straight embryo

;

or recurved at margin,
;

fob'aceous or fleshy

radicle inferior short.

Trees or shrubs
{All

leaves

subopposite (deciduous or persistent) petiolate, entire or

stipules lateral small, deciduous
;

dentate

flowers axillary in simple

fasciculate
regions.)
2.

or

ramosely
p. 52.

compound cymes.

warm and
Rhamnus

temp,

See

Rhamnidium

Reiss.i

Flowers
t.

nearly of

recep-

tacle subturbinate or shortly obconical, lined

with a disk.

Perianth

Mart.

Fl.

Bras. Rhamn. 94,

31. B. H.

Uen. 378, n. 11.

76

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Gerraen
free,

and stamens of Rhamnus.

1-ovulate.
late to base of style

immersed

in disk

cells

2,

Frnit ovoid baccate (or

sometimes drupaceous

?),

apicu-

and

girt at base

with cupular receptacle, finally

1-2-locular.
;

corticate subdry,

indhiscent;

endocarp membranous,

Albuminous seeds and other characters o Rhammis.

opposite or subopposite
stipules small, deciduous; iiowers^

Shrubs

leaves
;

entire, with very closely lineate nerves

crowded in axillary subsimple

or fasciculate cymes.^
3 ?

Trop, and South Jmerica.^)

Macro rhamnus
(?).

H. Bn.^

Flowers
?
^

hermaphrodite
Gerraen
free,
;

petals 5,
3-locular.

subfree

Petals

and

stamens...
;

Fruit shortly ovoid drupaceous

2-fid
;

exocarp
;

sepai-able

lobes 3, at

apex

endocarp woody 3-coccous

comjjressed

cocci

separable,

parting elastic-

ally inwards.

Seeds in cocci solitary suberect exarillate obovate

;

much

testa crustaceous nitid

exalbnminous embryo
shrub;

and other characters of Rhamnus.

nodose at leaves
;

glal)rous

branches

leaves subopposite or alternate ovate peuninerved,

(?)
;

at base, sub- 5-7 -nerved reticulate-veined; flowers axillary solitary

fructiferous peduncles curved.^

4.

[Madagascar.^)
of
;

Karwinskia
in

Zucc.^

Flowers
;

Rhamnidium
1,

germen
2,

free,

immersed

disk; cells 2, 3, incomplete

ovules in each

ascending.

Fruit of Rhamnidium (glandulous)

in cells solitary obovoid
;

putamen
ovate

2-locnlar.
;

Seeds

testa verrucose (dark coloured)

fleshy.

albumen
leaves
stipules

thin;

cotyledons of erect embryo

Shrubs;
;

opposite or

subopposite
;

oblong

peuninerved puuctulate

membranous, deciduous
culate in pairs.^
5.

flowers in axillary cymes,

oftener pedun-

(North and West. South America.^^^)

F.

Emmenosperma
;

Muell."

Flowers (nearly
'

of

Rhamnus)

polygamous
'

receptacle obconical or campanulate, lined with thin

Spec.
1.

White

or slightly green.

M.

deeipieiis
i.

genus very close to Ehamiius, distinguished only by its less deep receptacle, incomplete cells and indhiscent fruit, its basilar cupule and apiculate style.
^

Nov.

Sti'rp. Fnsc.

349,

H. Bx. t. 16.^Endl.
9.

Gen.

n. 5723.

B. H.

Gcii.

377, n.

' A genus very near Rhamnidium, distinguished chiefly by its 2-ovulate cells, a character

' *

Species about

7.

Griseb. Cat. PI. Cab. 32.

of very small value, since the cells of

Rhamnus

Adansonia,
" Red."

xi. 273.

are sometimes 2-ovulate (Payer, Organog. 491).

' Spec, about 3. Cav. Ic. t. 504 {Rhamnus). H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. vii. 52, t. 618 [Rhamnus). An. Br. Rhamn. 55 {Rhamnus), A. Gray, PL JFright. i. 33. " Fragm. iii. 62. B. H. Gen. 999, n. 21 a

genus imperfectly known, but apparently very close to 7/mws, and distinguished chiefly by its elastic dissilient fruit (nearly Euphor^

biaceoui).

RHABINAGE^.
disk.

77

Germen

at base of receptacle, 2- or

style short

columnar or
;

more rarely 3-locular; truncate-conical, apex stigmatose shortly

I,

lobed or 2-3-fid

ovules in complete or incomplete cells

other

characters of Mhamnus.

Fruit
;

fi'ee

capsular

exocarp thin, finally

separable from endocarp

or

cocci of endocarp cartilaginous-crustaceous

membranous-woody, septicidally solute and opening inwards, and also at base solute from short receptacle and exposing the shortly stipitate and erect persistent seeds in it. Seed exarillate testa very
;

hard nitid;

albumen

fleshj^ or

sabcartilnginous; cotyledons of axile

;

embryo

flat

rather thick.
;

Trees or shrubs
small
or
;

leaves opposite or alter-

nate penninerved

stipules

flowers in subumbellate

subsimple or compound cymes axillary or iuserted in the wood of

the branches.
6.

{Australia, Netv

Caledonia.-)

Sarcomphalus

P. Br.^
;

Flowers (nearly of Ehamnus)

Stamens
5,

herma-

phrodite somewhat

flesliy

receptacle obconical or sub-hemispherical.

Petals long-unguicuhite cucullate.

equal in length to

opposite petals

filaments

much incurved

in the

bud

anthers hence
disk, finally

before anthesis included between the germen and the

exserted; cells didymous, extrorsely rimose.

ovules and other characters of

Germen

2-o-locular,
2,

Ehamnus

; branches of style

3,

Drupe ovoid, girt at base below the apex obtuse stigmatose. middle with cupule of receptacle putamen osseous, 2-B-locular Seed suberect ohovate compressed, somesepta thick very hard. Glabrous trees embryo... ? times subcariuate within exarillate
;

or shrubs,
entire

unarmed *

or spinous

leaves alternate petiolate quite

or

glabrous
;

coriaceous,

penninerved

oftener 3-plinerved

stipules small
late
7.

flowers in axillary and terminal ramose peduncu-

cymes.

{Antilles})

Hovenia

Thunb.'^

Flowers

hermaphrodite;

receptacle de-

pressed and broadly obconical, lined with a thin pilose disk.

'

Sepals

Ked,
Spec,
3, 4.

Benth. Fl. Austral, i. 414 {Emmenospermum). H. Bn. Adnnsoiiia, xi. 269. 2 /mn. 179. Griseb. Fl. Brit. JF.-Lid. 100. B. H. Gai. 376, n. 7. > And then with the habit and leaves of some
'

Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 31. [Zizyphui havaneiisis K. is [Grise, foc. cit.'] a species o Sarcomphali, notwithstanding its inflorescence, which is
i-athev that o! Zizi/phus)

iii.

Cinnamoma.
'

Spec.

4, 5.

L.

Amn.
ii.

v.

395 [Rhammis).
not. {li/iam[Ceanothns).

Fl. Jap. 101.J. Geii. 381. Lamk. Did. 138; III. t. 131. DC. Prodr. i. 40. Ad. Br. Rhamii. GO, t. 4. Spach, Suit, Buffon, ii. 456. Endl. Gen. n. 5721. B. H. Gen. 378,
"

II. B.

K. Nov. Gen.
Prodr.

nus).

DC.

et Spec. vii. 57,

30,

n.

i.

n.

12. Hook.

Fl. Ind.

i.

640.

78

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

0-angular,

5,

3-nerved,

in

the middle

carinate

within,

valvate.

Petals 5, ungniculate cucullate, surrounding the stamens the

in

same

number

a little longer.
;

Germen

conical, adnate at base to reo-fid

;

ceptacle,

otherwise free

style thick

cells

and ovules 3 of

Rhamnus.
tacle,

Fruit shortly ovoid, at b;ise girt with cupule of recep;

indhiscent

seeds (of Rhamnus) compressed sparsely albumi^

;

nous.

moderate-sized tree

leaves alternate petiolate minutely

serrate;
;

stipulate ovate,

unequal

at

base, 3-ncrved,

flowers-

in

axillary and

terminal

cymes,

2-cliotomously ramose

branches of

inflorescence under mature

fruit

much

thickened

fleshy

curved

the

pedicels

not

perceptibly thickened.

[North. India.,

China,

Jajmn.^)
8.

Noltia Reichb.*

Flowers

polygarao-dicious

receptacle ob-

conico-turbinate,

lined

with a thin disk, thicker around germen

becoming thinner to margin. Perianth and stamens (of Rhamnus) inserted beyond the disk. Germen adnate at base to receptacle, otherwise free and tapering to a style 3-lobed at stigmatose dilated
apex

and ovules 3 (of Hovenia or Rhamnus). Fruit ellipsoid or shortly obovoid, finally dry, surrounded below the middle with
;

cells

cupule of receptacle
tudinally

cocci 3, cartilaginous solute, dehiscing longi-

within.

Seeds

erect

compressed
aril.

thinly

albuminous,

furnished at base with a small cupular

A glabrous
;

shrub

branches erect
serrate

leaves
;

alternate
stipules

petiolate oblong obtuse obtusely

peuninerved

persistent

tuberculiform

flowers

ramose axillary and terminal cymes.

9.

(South Africa.^)
;

Colubrina L.

C. Eich.'''

Flowers nearly of Noltia

receptacle

shortly

obconical or hemispherical.
or 5-10-lobed.

receptacle annular

The thick disk lining the Germen within adnate to re;

ceptacle (and disk), at free apex attenuated to a 3-fld style

style-

branches obtuse at stigmatose apex.

1

Cells
*
'

and ovules of germen 3

^ 3

Habit of TUia. White, odoroua

Spec.
1.

White, crowded.
Spec.
1.

N. africaiia Rbichb.
Fl.

Wight, Icon.
Cap.
i.

H.
et

diilcis

Thunb Bot. Mag.

t.

t.

t.

490. Hauv. and Sond.

t.

478.

2360.

SiEB.

Zncc. Fl. Jap.

73, 74.

E.

Ccauothiis africaims L. Upec. 284.

i.

Seiia, Thes.

loe.

B. i>i!Ci,ualisCB. t. 501. K/empp. Amn. 808, 809. < Guiisp. 145. Endl. Gen. n. 5725 {Noltea). B. H. (t:. 381, n. 21. r7;aHi'a Wight and Arn. Prodr. i. 166 (not Turr. nor Vahl). WiUeinctM Ad. Bu. lihamn. 63, t. 5. Spach, Smt. Buffon, ii. 462.
aceiba Lindl. Bot. Itcg.
cit. n. 2.

22.

DC. Piodr.

ii.

32, n. 31.

Hickii

africana Wight and Arn. cima Ad. Bk. loc. cit. 64.
'

4.

Vittmannia
n.

Willemetia afri-

Ad. Br. Rhumii.

61,

t.

Endl. Gen.

5728. B. H. Gen. 379, n, Hook, i?/. /i^. i. Matiril.l. Commers. MSS.

17.

Baker,

Fl.

642.

Tubanthcra

RHAMNAGE^.
(of Rhamnus).

V.)

Fruit subglobular (of Noltia)

i

cocci finally solute

and dehiscing within; seeds

Erect or sarmentose shrubs
petiolate,
;

compressed sparsely albuminous.

stipules

leaves alternate (or very rarely opposite)

;

penninerved or 3-nerved at base

deciduous

flowers- in more or less ramose axillary cymes.

[All trop, regions?)

10

Cormonema
in

Eeiss.*

Flowers nearly of
2-glandulous at

Coluhri7ia,

5-merous;

germen immersed

and

free

from disk, o-locular.

Fruit and other

characters of Coliihrina; cocci of ondocarp finally dehiscing within.

Prickly
11

trees or shrubs
;

leaves alternate petiolate entire

memsmall

branous penninerved

limb

base; stipules

deciduous; flowers^ axillary cymose.^

?

{BrazilJ)

Alphitonia

Beiss.^

Flowers
;

hermaphrodite or polygamoinvolved with elongate

Cells and

dicious (nearly of Coluhrina)

receptacle obconical and lined with a

thick, 5-gonal, often pilose disk.

petals.

Stamens

5,

Germen adnate
2, 3 (of

at

base to receptacle (hence also to disk)

attenuated in a 2-3-fid style to free apex.

ovules of

germen

Rhammis).

Fruit globular, ovoid or ovoid-conical,

;

clothed below the middle with cupule of receptacle

thin, dry,

exocarp either
at maturity

or
;

oftener finally suberose-subcarnose

cocci

and

pulverulent

woody

3, 3,

separable, dehiscing

longitudinally

within and at base free from seminiferous receptacle.

Seeds

3, 3,

persistent after the fall of the cocci erect, exarillate or clothed from

base to middle with a loose obconical aril, pervious at apex testa hard nitid ;^ embryo albuminous. Trees or shrubs, either glabrous,
;

or often ferruginous-tomentose

leaves
;

alternate
stipules

petiolate

entire
;

penninerved,

oftener

hoary beneath

small,

deciduous

'

Sometimes persistent on the summit of the

faU
of

Ex Endl.

Gen. n. 5727.
J^^.

receptacle after the

the cocci;

testa

n. 16.

B.

H. Gen.
;

379,

C<rsia

Velloz.

J/m. 107

iii. t.

23

crustaceous nitid.

(nee R. Br.).
*

Yellow or greenish. Spec, about 12. Wight and Arn. Prodi: i. 165. Wight, ///. t. 74. A. Gray, PL Wright, i. 33; Amer. Expl. Exp. Bot.i. 277. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W..Iiid. 100. MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i.
^
^

Whitish. A genus

closely

allied
P),

to Colubrhia

(of

which perhaps a
7

section

distinguished

by

the glandules of the limb.

Spec.
t. 1,

2.

Reiss. Mart. Fl. Bras.

Rhamn.
381,

75. Reisr. Mart. FL Bras, lihamn. 98, t. 33. Benth. FL AuHtraL i. 413. Seem. FL Vit. 42. Oliv. FL Trap. Afr. i. 383. Walp. Ann. ii. 268; iv.
p.
i.

648. Thw. Eimm. PL

Zeyl.

96,

32.
n.

Ex Endl. Gen
Concerning
thn

5729. B. H.
structure

Geii.

999, n. 22.
'

of

the

seed,

435.

see Miers, Contrib.

i.

246,

t.

33.

80

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

in

flowers^

axillary

flowered cymes."
12.

and terminal very compound ramose many[Trop, and suhtrop. Oceania?)

Eerchemia Neck.*
;

Flowers

4,

S-merous, hermaphrodite or

polygamous

receptacle concave hemispherical or turbinate, sometimes

cupular or subplane, lined with a disk.

stigmatose apex obtuse.

Germen

free
;

(immersed

in

concavity of dish), 2-locnlar, attenuated to 2-fid style

branches at

with short cupule of

locular.
tiolate,

Drupc^ elongate-oblong obtuse, girt at base putamen woody or crnstaceous, 2receptacle

; ;

Unarmed

shrubs, erect or climbing

leaves alternate pe;

minutely stipulate, coriaceous penninerved

nerves parallel

close; transverse veins slender; flowers^ disposed in the divaricate

twigs of a wide terminal ramosely- compound spike or of a

much

branched raceme; solitary

(

or

cymulose,
^)

sessile

or

pedicellate.''

Warm
13.

regions of Africa

and North America

Sageretia Ad. Be.

;

Flowers
in

hermaphrodite

(nearly

of

Berchemia)

receptacle hemispherical or urceolate.

;

Disk lining tube

5cells

of receptacle, afterwards free and erect

lobed,

margin sub-entire or
;

Germen immersed

concavity of disk free

3,

1-ovulate.

Fruit drupaceous; pyrente

coriaceous, indhiscent;

seeds thinly albuminous and other characters of Scutia.

Unarmed or
;

spinescent shrubs

leaves sub-opposite penninerved and reticulate

;

veined, entire or serrate

stipules minute, deciduous

flowers

^"

on

the opposite divaricate branches of a terminal or axillary oftener

'

"

Ferruginous or sometimes white, pendent. A genus from its germen mo.stly inferior

' ' '

(within adnate to receptacle) and fruit cupulate

to middle, very closely allied to CoUihiina,

Purple or black. Greenish or whitish, A genus hence allied to Cohibiina, thence

Spec. 8-10. Jaco. Ic. Hay.
Beech.
Fl.
t.

from

to Zizyphiis (n. 19),

^

which

it

can scarcely he generically separated,

Coliibriiia (e. g.

336 {R/iamiius).
Bot.
i. i.

while there are some species of

C. ferrngiiiosa)

with seeds persistent on torus

and Abn. Torr. and Gray,

Fl. Iiid.-Bat.
1.

Hook,

Voy.

t.

37,

N.-Amer,
;

260.

Miq.

after the fall of the cocci.

' Spec, about 5, of which 1 is tomentose, very various in form: A. Gray, Jwo-. Expl. Exp. Bot. i. 277, t. 22. Benth. Fl. Austral, i. 414. Seem. Fl. Vit. 42. H. Bn. Ae/aiisonia,

p.

i.

644

Suppl.
Fl.

331. Thw.

Eiitim. PI. Zeyl.

74.
5,

Benth.
114.

Honcjk. 67.

A. Gray, .Woh. ed.

St.

Gnkvts.. Fl. S. XJnit.

i.

73. Oliv.
588.

Fl. Trop. Afr.

5.

Rliamn.
vii.

Or.-Aaiat,

Walp.

381. Maxim.
Aim.
i.

966

xi. 270.
Elem. n. 800. DC. Prodr. ii. 22. An. Br. Ehamn. 49, t. 2. Si-Acn, Suit, Bnffoii, ii. 446. Endl. Gen. 6719.- B. H. Gen. 377, n. 8. Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 637. noplea Hedw. f. Gen.

i.

Mhamn. 62, t. 2. Spach, Suit, Bnffon, ii. 446. Endl. Gen. n. 5720 A. Gray, Gen. III. t. 166. B. H. Gen. 379, n. 15. Hook. Fl.Ind.

i.

641,
'0

151

(e.'c

DC).

Very

small.

BHAMNACEM.
large raceme, glomerate or solitary crowded.'
Archipelago, ivarm North America,
14.

81

(Warm

Asia, Indian
^)

and North-west South America

nearly of Bcrchemia;
often
2-lobed.
in length

Scutia CoMMEES.^
unguiculate,
at
flat

Flowers
cucullate,
;

petals

erect

or

Disk

un-

dulate

margin.
or

Stamens nearly
ovoid free
cells

equal

to petals.

Germen globular
globular
or
ovoid,

2-4

style short,

2-4-fid,

branches obtuse stigmatose at apex.

pyrenae 2-4, angular.
slight

Fruit dry or slightly fleshy,

;

surrounded at base with cupular receptacle

Seed compressed;
fleshy

testa

various; albumen

or

cotyledons of slightly

Other characters of Ceanothus.

embryo plano-convex. Glabrous shrubs, unarmed or ofterer

;

spinous; spines straight or curved

branches often angular; leaves

stipules small

opposite, sub-opposite or 2-nate oblong, ovate or obovate, entire or

serrulate, coriaceous penninerved, petiolate
;
;

flowers
Asia,

in

axillary scarcely stipitate umbelliform

trop.

cymes.

[Africa,

and

South America.*)
L.^

15.

Ceanothus
;

Flowers

hermaphrodite (nearly of Scutia);

receptacle concave, or hemispherical, or shortly and depressedly tur-

binate

sepals

5,

8-angular, valvate,

membranous

(often coloured),

connivent. Disk thick filling the cavity of the receptacle. Petals and stamens same in number long-stipitate, extending between the sepals. Germen immersed in centre of disk, free or adnate at base,
of glandular with 3
slightly prominent angles
;

style short, 3-fid

branches stigmatose within or to apex.

globosely 3-lobed or depressed at apex
3, cartilaginous or crustaceous, solute
;

Fruit drupaceous free, sub-

exocarp finally dry

cocci

within and dehiscing longitu477.

'

genus distinguishable from the preced-

Fl. Cap.

i.

Kl.

Pet. Bets.
Sc.

Mossamb. Bot.
ser. 4, viii. 116.

ing only by the nature of its inflorescence. 2 Spec, ahout 10. H. B. K. Nor. Gen. et Spec.
vii. 50,
t.

Chapm, Fl.
Bras.

110,

t.

21.

TuL. Ann.
S.

Nat.

Unit. St.
92,
t.

619 (i?/MHis). Tore, and Gray,

Rhamn.
vii.

24,

72. Reiss. Mart. Fl. 30. Walp. Ann. i.

Fl.
"3. Fl.

N.-Amer.

i. 263. Chapm. Fl. S. Unit. St. Wight, Icon. t. 19 {Berchemia). Boiss. Maxim, i/i. Or. ii. 22.'K.loc. cit. ii.l

193
*

592.

Gen. n. 267.
t.
;

J.
ii.

Gen. 380 (part.).

sup.

Frnct.
(part.)

106,

fig.

Lamk.

G^rtn.
i.

Diet.

659

Or.-Asiat. 20.

Ad. Br. Rhamn. 55, t. 4. Endl. Gen. 6724. B. H. Gen. 379, n. 14.- Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 640. Baker Fl. Maurit. 51. * Spec, 7,8. Vahl, ?/!*. iii.t. 58 (;i)H!(s). Wight. Icon. t. 1071 111. t. 73.DC. Prodr. {Ceanothus, sect. 1). Hart, and Sond. ii. 29
3

n.

129. DC. Prodr. 29 (part.). Ad. Br. Rhamn. 62, t. 4. ii. Spach, Suit, Buffon, ii. 457. Endl. Gen. n. 5726. A. Gray, Gen. III. t. 169. B. H. Gen. 378, n. 13.H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 328. Forrestia Eafin. N.-York Med. Repos, ii. hex. v.
Suppl.
140
;

III. t.

350 (ex Endl.),

VOL. VI.

82..*

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Seeds smooth
;

dinally.

testa crustaceous,
elliptical
;

arillate

tohilum; cotytrees

ledons of albuminous embryo

sbi-ubs,

or obovate.

Small

or

sometimes spiuescent

leaves opposite or generally

alter-

nate, entire or dentate, penninerved or 3-plinerved at base, glabrous some-wbat scaly or canescent tomentose beneath, petiolate or flowers ^ in corymbs or racemes terminal and stipules small, caducous
;

axillary to uppermost leaves of twigs, densely ramose, cymiferous or

glomeruliferous, umbelliform or elongate thyrsoid.

west, regions of both Americas.^)

[Temp, and

trop,

16.

Ventilago G^rtn.^
;

Flowers

hermaphrodite or more rarely

or depressed above.

polygamous

receptacle shortly obconical or broadly cupular, lined

flat

with a thick annular or obtusely 5-gonal disk

Sepals 5, valvate, carinate within.

Petals same in

cucuUate,

entire or 2-lobed

at apex.
;

Stamens equal

number deflexed in number;

in

filaments free or adnate to petals at base

anthers introrse or laterally

rimose

connective

sometimes excurrent.

Germen immersed

centre of disk, 2-locular; style very short comjjressed, stigmatose at

apex, shortly or very shortly 2-lobed, afterwards accrescent.

Fruit

dry, indhiscent, subglobular, girt at the base or to a greater or less

height with the cupular receptacle apiculate to style accrescent and

dilated on both sides to

an erect linear membranous or coriaceous

;

veined wing.
thick
;

Seed

1,

exalbuminous

cotyledons of fleshy embryo

radicle

inferior short.

Scandent or sometimes subprostrate

leaves alternate ovate or oblong,
;

shrubs, glabrous or pubescent;

oftener oblique at base, petiolate
in terminal or axillary

stipules minute, caducous

flowers

more
(

or less

racemes, bracteolate.
17.

Warm

Asia,

compound ramose cymiferous Africa and Oceania})

Fruit*' ovate
v.
i.

Smythea Seem.^ Flowers

;

of Ventilago.

much
{Funis
76

White, yellow or azure

pedicels

aod calyx
Spec. vii.

Rumph. Berb. Ambnin.

t.

12
35,

often coloured.
2
t.

vimijialix).
el

Ro\b.

PI.

Corom.

t.

Fl.

Spec, 20-25. H. B. K. Nor. Gen.

615.

Gray,
6,

Fl.

115.
t.

Hook. M. Bor.-Amer. t. 45. Toiui and N.-Amer. i. 264. A. Gray, Man. ed. Chapm. Fl. S. Unit. St. 74. Sot.
4660,

413. Bl. i?//*-. 1144. Wight and Akn. Prodr. i. 164.^Wight, Icon. t. 163. Benth.
Ifl.
ii.

Fl. Austral,

i.

411

Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 77.

Grj^y, A,ner. Fxpl. Fxp.
Sc. Nat.
sr.
4,

Seeh. Fl.
ISot.
i.

Vit.

il. A.
Fl.

Maj.
6165,

5177.
i.

W ALP.
t.
ii.

4664,

4S06,

4810,
ii.

4815,
iv.

5127,

Ann.

267;

434;
451.
t.

120.

Oliv.

274. TuL. Am,.

Trop.
xi.

viii.

Afr.

i.

378. H. Bn.
vii.

"i- S912

Adnnmiia,
233,

268. Walp. Ann.

586.

Fruct.

DC.

Endl.
Hook.

Prodr. Gen.

49. Pom. Diet. viii. 38. Ad. Br. nhanm. 50,

Qen. 375, n. 630.

'

1.

Bonplandia (1861), 255; Fl. Vit. 41, t. 11. B. H. Gen. Zib, 998, n. 2. Hook. Fl. Ind. i.

n.
i.

5715. B. H.

1.

632.
o

Fl. Ind.

gather

large,

downy.

BHAMNACE.E.

83

compressed, thickly erustaceoiis or -woody, the capsule dehiscing vertically

along the middle of both faces, 2-valvate.

;

presssed
leaves

albumen

exalbuminous.

Subscandent

Seeds
shrubs
;

1,

com-

habit,

and other characters of Ventilago', flowers in axillary or terminal ramose cymes. ( Viti Island, New Caledonia, Borneo})
18.

Paliuriis T."

Flowers nearly of Ventilago; receptacle broadly

Petals
deflexed,

cupular or depressed obconical, lined with a thick depressed, 5-lobed

disk, fiat above.

Sepals 5, 3-angular acute, carinate within.

5, cucullate, oftener

and stamens of

Ventilago.
;

Germen
branches

semi-immersed in disk and almost entirely

of short style 3 oblong.
tacle,

free, 3-locular

Fruit girt at base with short cupular recep-

obconical and dilated above to a large orbicular transverse

;

membranaceo-coriaceous venose entire or lobate wing, indhiscent

endocarp thin dry
;

putamen woody,
;

1-3-locular.
;

Seed in

cells

1,

obovate compressed smooth

testa crustaceous
elliptical
;

cotyledons of scantily

albuminous embryo orbicular or

radicle short inferior.

Decumbent
petiolate;

or erect shrubs, glabrous or slightly tomentose,

;

armed

with strong straight or curved stipular spines

short
axillary
fasciculate cymes.

leaves alternate

limb ovate or cordate crenulate, 3-nerved; flowers^ in

(South. Europe, the East, north.

China.^)
19.

Zizyphus

T.^

Flowers nearly of Pallurns, rarely apetalous

Anthers introrse or
style-branches
at

disk plane depressed, obtusely 5-gonal. subextrorse.

laterally

Germen

2-4-locular

from base or
apex.

higher 2-4-fid divergent, stigmatose

attenuate

Drupe

globular or ovoid, furnished at base with short cupule of receptacle

(rarely

deciduous, sometimes concave);

Mag.

cells of osseous or

woody

'

Spec.

2, 3.
t.

Inst. 616,

Lamk.

304. J.

Adans. Fam. des PI. Gen. 380. G.eutn. Fnict. i. 203, t.

3S7.
III. t.

ii.

43.
;

Aspidocarpus m-ECK.
^

210. Sav. Zam/c. Diet. iv. 697 Suppl. iv. 262. DC. Pj-odr. ii. 22. Ad. Bk. Mamn. 46, t. 1. Spach, Suit, S'lfon, ii, 439. Endl. Geii. n. 5716. B. H. Gen. 375, n. 3.

Elem. n. 802. AiMetia Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790), 283 (not G.ertn. nor Jacq. nor Rich, nor Schreb.).

SmaU, yellow. Spec. 2, of which

2535. Benth. Fl. Eong Kong, 66. 11. ii. Gren. et. Godk. Fl. de Fr. i. 335. Walp. Ann. vii. 586. ^ I"st. 627, t. 403. J. Gen. 380. Gjertn. Fritct i. 202, t. 43. Lamk. Diet. in. 316; III. t. 185. DC. Prod/: ii. 19. Suppl. iii. 191 Ad. Bk. Phanm. 47, t. 1. Spach, Suit, Bitffon, ii. 441. Endl. Got. n. 6717. Payer, Organog. 490, t. 97. A. Gray, Oen. in. t. 163. B. H. Gen. 375, 998, n. 4. H. Bn. Pager Fam. Nat. 328. Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 632. Baker, Fl.
Bol.
t.

Boiss.

Fl. or.

1 is
i.

Chinese, L. Spee. 281

Mautit. 51.

(i/im)s).

W.

Spec.

1103 {Zizgphui).V)os,

62

81

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

putamen 1-3, 1-2-spermous. Seeds plano-convex smooth albumen cotyledons of erect somewhat thiu (or 0), more rarely rather thick Trees or shrubs, erect, sarmentose or thick embryo rather fleshy.
;

decumbent,

often

uncinate-aculeate

leaves

alternate,

entire

or

crenate, coriaceous or membranous, glabrous or tomentose, at base

oftener 3-5-nerved
or one caducous
{^All
;

stipules 2
^

both spinescent straight or hooked

flowers

in axillary short or subumbellate cymes.^

warm

regions?)

20.

Condalia Cav.^

Flowers
0.

oftener hermaphrodite
flat

receptacle
;

broadly obconical, lined with thick fleshy

[3Iicrorhamnus) or oftener
free
1
;
;

5-gonal disk

calyx 5-

phyllous, valvate, and other characters o Zizijjjhus.

Petals 5, small

Germen immersed
;

in concavity of disk
;

style short thick, at

apex stigmatose 2-3-lobed

cell of

germen

ovules
;

in

cell

2 subbasilar ascending

micropyle introrsely

inferior

spurious septum more or less incomplete ventral somewhat

projecting between the

siccate, girt at base

two

ovules.

Fruit
;

cb'upaceous

or

finally

with cupule of receptacle

;

putamen thick osseous

;

or woody,

1- or spuriously 2-Iocular

testa of seeds thin

cotyledons

of sparsely albuminous, sometimes subruminate,

embryo
leaves
^

flat.

Rigid
;

ramose glabrous shrubs

fasciculate

branches spinescent
coriaceous
flowers
"

alternate or

subsessile

entire
;

penuiucrved,

deciduous

stipules
solitary.

minute,
(Troj).

deciduous

in

axillary cymes, few

or

and temp,

regions of both Americas.'')

'

"

Small, greenish. 'A genus distinguished from Tulinnis only

its fruit.

hy
3

Spec.
Fl.

40-50. L. Spec.
Ru.i.i.
ii.

Pall.
Act.
200.
t.

t.

59

282 [Rhammts). {Rhamiins).X>ESF.

Acad. Far. (1788), Cav. Icon. t. 105.

Vahl,
;

t.

21

Fl.

AU.
Fcl.

i.

iii.

Ann. Scienc. Nat. i. 39, t. 4 Icon. vi. 16, t. DC. Proi/r. ii. 28. Ad. Br. Rhamn. 48, Endl. Gen. n. 5717. H. Bn. Adanaonia, t. 1. ii. 257 Payer Fam. Nat. 331. A. Gray, (?. III. t. 164. B. H. Gen. 376, n. S.Reynosia Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 33.Microrhamnus A. Gray, P*:. /Fnj/i^. i. 83 (not Maxim.). B. H.
;

52.5.

Bl. Rijdr. 1141. GuiLLEM. et Perr. Fl. Sen. 37. Oliv. Fl. A/r. Tent. 379. 144, Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. 475. Miu. Fl.
i.

23 {Paliurus). WiGUT, Icon.

t.

99, 282, 339.

Gin. 376, n.
*

6.

Often small, sometimes parallel Uneate heSmall, greenish, or whitish.

Spec. 8-10.
Fl.

t.

'Prop.
i.

i.

neath.
^

Ind. But.i. p.

1,

641

Ann. Mus. Luijd.-Bat.

iii.

'

Hook.
i.

Icon.

t.

287.

Torr and
Fl. Chil.

30. Maxim. Rhamn, A.'. Or. 3. Thw. Etimn. PL Zeyl. 73. Benth. Fl. Austral, i. 411. Brass. Fl. Or. ii. 12. Sibth. and Sm. Fl. Grc. t. 241. Reiss. Mart. Fl. Bras. Rhamn. 86, t. 27. Tr. ^H. c. iVrti. ser. 5, xvi. 380. Gren. et GoDR. J"/. r& . i. 334. Walp. .<ii. i. 1 92
;

Gray,
ii.

N.-Amer.
Fl.

685. C. Gay,
Brit.

20. Griseh.

W.-Ind.

100. A.

Gray, Amer. Expl. F.rj>. Bot. i. 275. Eeiss. Mart. Fl. Bras. Rhamn. 89, t. 24, 28. Walp. Ann. iv. 432 {Microrhamnus), 433; vii. 687
{Sciadopliila

Phil,
i.

is

a species of

Condalia,

U, 266

vii.

587,

MiERS, Contrib.

304).

RHAMNACEM.

85

II.

GOTJANT^.
;

21.

Gouania

L.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous

Sepals
Petals same in

recep-

tacle concave obconical or iirceolate.

5, inserted at

mouth

of receptacle, valvate.

number

alternate cucullate.
superior.
;

Stamens

5, oppositipetalous, inserted with perianth and

Disk epigynous interior to perianth and stamens, 5-gonal or 5-lobed lobes sometimes very prominent produced to horns or layers more or less connate internally at the base with the sepals. Germen inferior and adnate to concavity of receptacle, 3-locular style central
;

divided more or

less

deeply into 3 branches stigmatose at apex.

Ovule

in cells 1, suberect (of

Rhammis).

Fruit inferior coriaceous,

;

wings wide rotund ; submembranous, finally separate from woody or 6-partite columella and indhiscent, externally alate at margin. Seeds obovate compressed or plano-convex testa hard nitid cotyledons of sparsely albuminous embryo somewliat flat radicle short inferior. Shrubs oftener scandent cirrhiferous, glabrous or tomendisk, vertically o-alate

crowned with sepals and

cocci of endocarp 3,

tose; leaves alternate, entire or dentate, penninerved or 3-plinerved

at

base,

petiolate

stipules

oblong,

sometimes large,
{All trop, regions.)

deciduous
See

flowers in spikes or terminal

and axillary glomeruliferous racemes

p. 59.

rachis often changed into a cirrhus. 22.

Reissekia Endl.i

Flowers

of

Gouania

germen

inferior,

3i-locular.

Fruit inferior, 3-4-gonal coriaceous; lobes compressed

membranously alate; 3-4-coccous within; wings finally 2-partite and spongily reticulate cocci crustaceous, separate from 6-8-partible
;

columella.

Seeds and

all

other characters of Gouania.

;

A scandent
;

much-branched cirrhiferous shrub

minute
flowers
"

branches slender angular

;

leaves

alternate cordate serrulate, sub-3-nerved at base, petiolate

;

stipules
;

in axillary
*)

compound umbelliform cymes

pedi-

cels long.3

{Brazil.

Gen. n.

5747. B. H. Gen.

386, n. 37.

^
'

Small, golden.

A genus very near to CoHKoia, differing in its

and
also its inflorescence,
its

Eeiss. Mart. Fl. Bras. Ehamii. Gouania Sm. Rees G. cordifolia Radd. Mem.
smilaciiia

112,

t.

2G, 40.

Cijelop.

xvi. n. 8.

Soc.

delta Sciem.

fruit

which

is

quite

Moden.

xviii.

39 (1820).
;

Celastrus mnbellatus 137.

that of Melinus (differing in

"*

Spec.

1.

R. smilaciiia.

R. cordifolia

apterous fruit).

Velloz. Fl. Flum. 98

ii. t.

flEUD.

8(5

NATURAL HISTORY OF
23.

l'LAN'18.

Crumenaria
;

Gouania)
valvate.

polygamous (nearly of Sepals receptacle campanulate beyond adnate germen.

Mart.^
cucullate,

Flowers

Petals

inserted

at

the

base of the hollows

quite
inferior,

of calyx.

Stamens eclosed by
;

petals.

Germen
erect

2-3-locular
dilated
at

branches
stigmatose

slender

cylindrical

(2-3-fid);

style

apex.

Fruit inferior and crowned with

in 2, 3 vertical

remains or prominent cicatrice of perianth, produced

wiuged lobes
cocci),

wings membranous veined (marginal

;

as

regards
separate
;

2-lamellate

cocci

chartaceous

obcordate, finally

from 3-partite columella and dehiscing within.

testa rather hard
;

Seed obovate

cotyledons of thinly albuminous embryo suborbi;

cular

plano-convex fleshy
'''

radicle inferior very short.

Herbs
;

or

annuals

root

fibrous

leaves
at

alternate
;

petiolate

cordato-ovate

membranous,

3 -nerved

base

or

oftener

perennial

rhizome
""

woody; annual branches thin reedy,

or very small scaly
;

terete or compressed; leaves

;

stipules very small linear ciliate

flowers

in

axillary slightly ramose,

more rarely racemose cymes, sometimes

few or
24.

solitary.

(Troj). BtYizil.i)

Helinus
flat.

E.

Mey.^ Flowers
inferior,

of

Gouania;

disk

epigynous

rather

Fruit

shortly

obovoid exalate, areolate at

;

depressed apex, finally dry coriaceous

separate

cocci 3, crustaceous, finally

;

seeds

from central 3-partite columella and dehiscing within and other characters of Gouania (or i?cme"/). Scandent
;

shrubs, glabrous cirrhiferous or pubescent

leaves alternate cordatosmall,

ovate

entire,

slenderly

petiolate

sti23ules

deciduous

in-

florescence of Reissekia.
25.

[East Indies, South Africa, Abyssinia-^)

Phylica

L.^

Flowers

hermaphrodite or more rarely polyga-

mous;

receptacle very concave, tubular or obconical or urceolate.

Nov. Gen. H Spec. ii. 68, t. 160. Ad. Bu. Rhamn. 73. Eniil. Gen. n. 5748. B. H. Gen. 385, n. 34. H. Bn. Adaiisonia, xi. 290. 2 In 1 spec. viz. G. C. decmnbens Mart. Don, Gen. Sijst. ii. 44.

Spec.

3.

Ait. Mort. Eeic.

Tenl.

i.

266 {Mhamims).
i.

A.

Rich.

Fl.
Fl.

Abyss,
Cap.
i.

139,

t.

31.-

Harv. and Sond.

Spach,
608.
?

III. PI.

Or. v.

t.

472.

479. Jaub. and WALr. Ann. vii.

'

Small, white.

membranous-leaved; root annual, in habit very different from the rest, but in no generic sense distinct). Reiss.
is

Spec.3,4 (lof which

Mmt.
'

Fl. Bras.

Rhamn,

112,

t.

41.
n.

In Herb. Drge (ex Endl. Gen.

5745).
i.

266. J. Gen. 381. G^ertn. Fruot. Lamk. //;. t. 127. Fois.. Diet. v. 286 Suppl. iii. 400. DC. Prodr. ii. 34. Ad. Br. Rhamn. 68, t. 6, ii. Spach, Suit, Bvffon, ii. 467. Endl. Gen. n. 5738. B. H. Gen. 380, n. 18. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 329. Bakek
Gen. n.
t.
i.

114,
;

24.

B. H. Gen. 386, n.

36. Hook.

Fl. Ind.

644.

PL

Maurit. 63.

RHAMNACE^.
sometimes
cylinclrical or

87

hypocrateriform

Calophjlka

').

Sepals

5,

superior, inserted at

mouth

of receptacle, villose without or on both

sides or densely, barbate.

Petals 0, or setaceous {Trichocephalus^),

oftener concave or cucullate, either ^^YOVis[Soulangia,^ Tijlanthus*)^

or

ciliato-barbate

(^Pctalopogon.^)
;

Stamens

5,

opposite

to
;

and

enclosed
short,

by

petals

filaments
;

generally short

incurved

anthers

sometimes 3-dymous

clefts of cells 2, finally introrse, either

distinct or oftener confluent at

apex into one hippocrepiform.

Disk

epigyuous, produced to greater or less height within the tube of the

calyx, sometimes small or inconspicuous.

Germen

inferior; style

short or elongate, at stigmatose apex o-fid or 3-lobed, persistent or

caducous

ovules in cells 3 solitary (of Rhainnus).

Fruit

"

inferior,

subplane at apex or slightly depressed, generally prominent and

areolate, glabrous or

tomentose

exocarp more or

less thick

cocci

of endocarp 3, finally separate and dehiscing within.

Seeds com-

pressed-obovoid

testa coriaceous nitid

Small

slirubs,

rarely arborescent
;

embryo scantily albi;minous. indumentum various, often

tomentose-iucanesccnt
ericoid crowded,

leaves alternate or rarely opposite, generally

;

expanded coriaceous-membranous veined margin oftener recurved; stipules generally 0"; flowers axillary to
rarely

leaves or oftener sessile or shortly pedicellate in axils of bracts or

uppermost leaves of twigs, hence spicute or capitate terminal, more {South cvtra-troj)., insular and east trop. Africa.^) rarely cymose.
26.

Nesiota Hook,
pubescent
disk.

f.^

Flowers (nearly
Fruit
ovoid,
free,

of Phjlicd)

4-5-merous

receptacle obconical.

Germen

quite inferior, 3-4-locular,

crowned

with

exserted

at

apex
it
;

beyond
exocarp

urceolate receptacle and there

otherwise adnate with

subfleshy

cocci finally separate

^^
;

and other characters of Fhilica.

opposite
petiolate,

Small branched trees

Pkesl, *.^ 5cm. 39. -An. Bh. Mamn. 67,
1

leaves

elliptico-oblong

t.

6,

l. Walpersia

Keiss. ex Endl. Gen. n. 5736.

'

Ad. Bk. Rhamn.

70,

t. 6,

iii. Endl. Gen.

n. 5740.
*
'

Reiss. ex. Endl. Gen. n. 5739.

Reiss. Sov. Stirp. Vinduh. Dec.

82. Endl.

203. Berg. VI. Cap^ 52. W. Spec. 1112. W^yrih. Collect, i. 7. Vent. Maliimis, t. 57. ItaiM. et Sch. Si/st. v. 490. Bernh. Erauss Beijt. 44. H.iKv. and Sond. M. Cap. i. 479. TuL. in Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 4, viii. 128 [Ti/lant/ius). Lodd. Jiot. Cab. t. 36, 695. Hot. Reg. t. 711, 1498. )<. Mag. t. 224, 2704. Walp.

i.

Gen. n. 5737.
"

Ann.

"

194

vii.

592.

Oftener dark.

Gen. 380, n. 19.

In
p.

spec. (P. stipidaris L.) developed.

;

With

habit of some Avicenniie, or Muhiacea

'

Spec, about 60. L. Spec. 283

Suppl.

Mantiss, 208.
;

L.

and some Garrya,

153. Thunb. Piodr. 45

Fl. Cap.

88

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

coriaceous

(wide) entire

penninerved reticulate-veined canescent;

tomentose

stipules interpetiolate large, deciduous

flowers axillary
{St. Helena.")

in loose pedunculate cymes, bracteate or bracteolate.i

27.

Lasiodiscus Hook.
reflexed.

F.^

Flowers hermaphrodite

receptacle

cupuliform or broad obconical.

finally

Sepals 5, wide, 3-angular, valvate,

Petals small concave, rather shorter, deciduous.

Stamens inserted with perianth around thick epigynous glabrous or densely velutinous disk crowning the gernien filaments subcom;

planate longer than the petals

anthers small introrsely 2-rimose.

;

Germen
ovulate
;

inferior,

filling

the cavity of the receptacle

;

cells

3,

1-

ovules of

Rhamnus

style erect rather thick,

sometimes

articulated a little above the base, at

apex

3-fid

branches recurved,

stigmatose within and at obtuse apex.

turbinate, entirely adnate to receptacle

Fruit finally dry obconico-

except at depressed convex

;

apex, 3-coccous (?)

seed unequally obovoid depressed cotyledons of albuminous embryo suborbiculate (virescent). Shrubs, sometimes
;

subscandent, glabrous

innovations strigillose

leaves opposite large,

;

shortly petiolate entire or serrulate

membranaceous

stipules inter;

petiolar erect lanceolate, free or connate at base, deciduous

flowers

(rather large) in terminal axillary

late

compound subumbellate peduncu-

branches and twigs of inflorescence compressed or ferrugiueo-tomeutose fructiferous curved. {Trop. Western Africa.,
;
;

cymes

Malacca.'')

28
late,

Trymalium Fenzl.* Flowers polygamous

Sepals
5,''^

receptacle ob-

conical.

3-angular, deciduous or patent.

Petals 5, cucul-

enclosing smallanthers.

Stamens

filaments incurved, inserted

;

with perianth around epigynous annular or 5-lobed or partite disk

anthers
ovoid.
at

Germen
capsular,

inferior,

internally
2,

adnate to receptacle,
1, 2,

free only

apex and attenuate to

3-lobed style; cells

1-

ovulate.

Fruit

quite adnate within to thin receptacle,

34. n.
''

A genua scarcely to be retained, though in some cases in the form of its apical fruit, in other cases, in its ample leaves and loose cymes, distinct from most Phtjlicas, it would perhaps
'

1.

Gen. 381, n. 20.

<

Spec.

2.

Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr.

viii.

i.

385.

II.

Bn. Adansonia,

209.

Epigynous disk in

be better regarded as a section of the latter in which the above characters are occasionally
observed.
'

Spec.

1.

N.

ellipticti

Hook.

t'ca

KoxB.

Beats.

App. 316.

Phylica DC. Prodr.

f.

ellipii.

Western species densely velutino-lanate, in that of Madagascar rather glabrous, * Ha(ff. Emim. 20. Endl. Gen. n. 5744. B. H. Gen. 382, n. 34.

Often coloured.

RHAMNAG^.
or slightly

89

prominent at vertex, 2-3-valvate at apex

or
indhiscent.
or cupular-arillate
funicle;

cocci

finally-

dehiscent
to a

Seeds ovoid or compressed,

attached

dilated

embryo albuminous.
;

Shrubs oftener stellate-canoscent or ferruginous leaves alternate membranous, revolute at margin flowers in very compound ramose
i ;

cymiferous racemes.^
29.
5,

[South wed. Australia?)

Labill.*

Pomaderris

Flowers nearly of
;

Trymalium

petals

concave,
;

flat (or 0).

Stamens 5

filaments inflexed or plicate at

apex

anthers oblong, not enclosed by petals.

Disk epigynous thin

covering the top of the germen exserted from the receptacle to the
base of the calyx, sometimes pilose.

Capsule at apex projecting

free,
;

from adnate conical tube of receptacle and

tudinally or transversely
seeds and other characters of Tri/malium.

there dehiscing longi-

by an operculum

endocarp
for the

3-coccous

Shrubs,

most part
;

adpressedly stellato-canescent or rufescent, sometimes hirsute

alternate
flat,
;

leaves

revolute at margin
'"

stipules small,

often

fuscate,

caducous

flowers

in very ramose compound-cymiferous umbelliform

;

or corymbiform racemes
west. Justralia,

cymes sometimes axillary

solitary.

{South-

Neio Zealand.^)
Fenzl.'^

30.

Spyridium

Flowers

nearly of Pomaderris

petals

Germen free at apex or wholly adnate Disk covering either the top of the ovary and base of receptacular tube or the apex of the latter when higher than cells 3, 1- ovulate; capsule inferior crowned ih.e QevmQV\.{Stenodiscus^) with persistent sepals and 3-valved at apex seeds and other Shrubs ; leaves oftener small, fiat or characters of Pomaderris.
enclosing small anthers.

within to receptacle.

revolute at margin

stipules (fuscous) persistent

;

Pomaderris
'

flowers capitate

capitules in
^

indumentum of cymes or capituliform

;

Generally white. genus scarcely distinguished from

5.

Spec. 18. Fenzl, Hiieg. Eniim. 21 (part.)^

Jourii. Bot.

the

foUowLng.

Benth. Fl. Austral,

[Ceaiiothus)

Spec.

Labill. PL Nouv.-Eoll. i. 60, Fenzl, Hueg. Enum. 21, n.

i.

t.

84

6, 6.
ii.

423. Walp. Ann.

t.

270, n.
*

2, 3,

6-12

vii.

595
86,

Fl. Nouv.-Holl. 1, 61 (part.),

ii.

87. DC.

i. 256. A. Cunn. Field N.S.35L F. Mvell. Fragm. u. 131 iii. 68, 166, 1C8. Eeiss. Limia, xxix. 266. A. Gray, Amer. Expl. Exji. Bot. i. 282. Hook. f. Fl. N.-Zel. i. 46 Man. N.-Zeal. 43 Fl. Tasm. i. 76. Benth. Fl. Austral, i. 415. LoDU. Bot. Cab. t. I2(i.But. Mug. t. 1823, 3219, 3212. Walp.

Hook.
Wales,

Ad. Bk. Rhamn. 64, t. 5. Spach, Suit, a ISuffon, ii. 467. Endl. Gen. n. 6743. B. H. Gen. 381, 999, n. 23. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 229. ^ Golden or greenish.
Prodr.
33.

Ann.
^

vii.

694.

Hueg. Enum. 24. Endl. Gen. n. 6741.

B. B. Gen. 382, 999, n. 25. ' Eeibs. Linnaa, xxix. 295.

90

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

scarcely exceeding the leaves
tlie
;

compound glomerules

floral leaves

(generally different from

cauline) 1, 2, or

ivd

surrounding and

sub-enveloping the exterior capitules of the inflorescence/

trop. Australia.-)

{Extra

31.

Cryptandra

Sm.''

Flowers nearly of Sjvjridium

receptacle,

covering the germeu below, hypocrateriform or carapanulate, and beyond produced to a tube, sometimes tubular ( Wichurca *) disk clotliing the tube and more conspiannular thin or 0, sometimes genital organs, fruit, seeds and other characters cuous ( Wichurca) Small ramose shrubs, oftener spinescent oi Spi/ridium (or Pomaderris).
;

or cricoid

leaves small, ovate or revolute at margin and hence

;

narrow, generally cauescent beneath

flowers
capitate,

stipules (fuscate) persistent

intermixed with leaves or collected at the

ends

of twigs or
like

separated,

sometimes

pedicellate, surrounded

figure-

with imbricate
?

bracts.^

{Extra trop. Australia.^)

32

Stenanthemum

ReissJ

Flowers of Cryptandra

receptacle

clothing adnate
constricted tube.

germen within and beyond produced

to a thin often

thin or sometimes
fruit

Disk epigynous, lining the top of the receptacle, Perianth and other parts of flower, inferior 0.
(or

and seeds of Pomaderris

flat

Cryptandra).

Shrubs
**)

habit,
;

leaves small

or revolute at margin, and stipules of Spyridium

capitules dense

crowded in capituliform glomerules; inflorescence

Spyridium.^

and

floral leaves of

{Extra

trop. Australia ?

'

gemis scarcely to te retained. Spec, about 25. L.miill. PI. X'oiw.Sull,

f.

63!).
I.

Lindl. Milch. E.rp,

i.

ii.

178.

Tritcz.

Bull. Mosc. (185S),

iii.

t.

85 (CfffHo</j.s). Hook.

Fl.

Tasm.

{Cnjptandra).

Reiss.

Liiiiima, xxix,

i. 72 270 {Tnj.

04. Benth.
ii.

Fl.

Muell. Fia;im Austral, i, 437. Walp.

459.
;

F.

Ami.
?

268

(sect. 1, 3)

vii.

601.

malium), 288. F.

Muell.
i.

Fragm.

iii.

78.
vii.
..

Liima, xxix. 295. B. H. Gen. 382, 999,

Benth. Fl. Austral,

598.
3

425.

Walp. Aim.

n. 26.

'A

genus scarcely to be retained, flowers

Trans. Linn. Soc. iv.

217. DC. Prodr.

ii.

38.

Sitffon,

Ad. Br. Rhninn. 65, t. 3. Spacii, Suit, Endl. Gen. n. 6742. B. H. ii. 465.

nearly of Cnjptandra, between which and iSjoyridinm they form a mean, but generally more
slender.
'

Gen. 383, 999, n. 27.

Spec.

6.

Reiss.
f.

PI. Freiss.
Fl.

ii.

288)
75,
t.

Cryp12 B.

t.

Nees, Pi. Pm. ii. 290. * Oftener dark. ' Spec, about 20. Rldg. Trans. Linn. Soc. x. 18. Fenzl, ifTO;/. .En?. 23 (part.). Reiss.
ii.

tandra) .Roo-n.

Tasm.

{Cryptandra
xx.

sect. Stenocodon).

640

{Cryptandra).
i.

Tukcz.

Schltl, XiHa',
Sull.

i.

Mosc.
iii.

(1858),

458.

PI. Preiss.
F.

283

iWrta, xxix. 291.

t.

Hook.

{Spyridium).

Benth.
vii.

F.

Muell.
Fl.

Fragm.
i.

83

Austral,

435.

Fl.

Tasm.

i.

74,

12.

Sokltl, Linuaa, xx.

Walp. Ann.

600.

RHAMNACEJE.
III.

91

COLLETIEZ.
hermaphrodite or polygamous
or urceolate-tubular,
;

33. Colletia

Commers.

Flowers

calyx membranous (coloured) cylindrical

larged at base and there circumscissus
finally reflexed.
;

en-

Incinise of

limb

4,

.5,

valvatc,

Petals 5 (or 0), small cucnllate.

Stamens same in
clefts 2,

number

opposite petals and with

them

inserted in the hollows, sub;

equal in length; filaments free; anthers short, 2-locular

often finally confluent above into one of horseshoe shape.

Disk
for

glandular lining cupule at bottom of flower,

invisible, oftener thick

sometimes thin or

and involute

at

free

margin,
;

Germen
style

most part

free,

adnate to base of cupule, 3-locular

;

erect

elongate, capitate at lioUow

nate scarcely perceptible).

iutrorsely inferior,
finally
;

apex lobes stigmatose 3 or 6 (3 alterOvule in cells' (oi Ehmnnus); micropylc

Fruit drupaceous, girt at base
;

lateral.

with cupule of receptacle

2,

exocarp finally dry coriaceous

2-valvate.
;

endocarp
;

3-coccous

cocci
;

crustaceous,

Seeds plano-convex

testa coriaceous

albumen fleshy

cotyledons of erect embryo comleafless

;

pressed

radicle short inferior.

Shrubs generally
(or 0)
;

branches
;

decussate spinescent, sometimes thick comi^ressed very rigid

opposite
solitary

leaves

very
or

small,

squamiform
;

flowers below

spines

cymose few

pedicels

short

and

slender

wavering.

{Warm and
34
?

temp. South America.)

See

p. 62,

Discaria Hook.i

Flowers
;

(nearly of Colletia) 4-5-merous,

sometimes apetalous [Notophna'}

panulate,

tube of calyx terete or camPetals

more

or

less

produced beyond disk.

equal

in

number
orifice

sometimes 0) inserted in hollows of of calyx-tube cucuUate small. Stamens of Colletia, inserted

{Ochctoj)Jiila'-^)

to lobes of calyx (or

with and opposite to petals; anthers 2-rimose

lining

or from
.

apical confluence of cells horseshoe-like rimose [Eudiscaria)

Disk
free.

bottom of tube, annular, entire or lobed

generally subglobular,
sub-3-lobed,
;

at

margin

Germen

at base adnate to or

immersed in concavity of receptacle

> Bot. Misc. i. 156, t. 44, 45. Endl. Gen. n. 6731. MiERS, Ann. Nat. Eint. ser. 3, v. 370 Contrib. i. 273, t. 38. B. H. Gen. 383, n. 29. Tetrapasma Don, Gen. Si/st. ii. 40.
;

cells

ovule"*

and other

Ppp. Endl. Gen.

Hist.
loc. cit.

n.

5733. Miees, Ann.

Contrib.
i.

Hat.
39.
*

376;

279,

t.

Double integument.

MiERS, Contrib.

i.

266,

t.

37.

92

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

of
Colletia.

characters
capsular,

Fruit

drupaceous,

finally
less

coriaceous,

dry

surrounded at base to greater or

;

height with the

micro-

persistent receptacular cupule and disk

2-valvate.

cocci 3, crustaceous, finally

;

Testa of suberect plano-convex seed coriaceous

general
;

pyle

in

slightly fleshy
inferior.

cotyledons of albumen fleshy finally lateral embryo orbicular or shortly ovate radicle very short Eamose shrubs, foliate or more rarely leafless twigs
;
;
;

decussate, often spinescent,

articulate

or

subarticulate
thick,
;

at

nodes

leaves

(small

or

minute)

coriaceous

rather

imperceptibly
axillary

penninerved, oftener obovate, sometimes serrate

solitary or oftener

flowers
;

few cymose
ulpine

pedicels

waving

other characters

of Colletia}
Zealand."^)

{Trop,

and

ewtra-trop. America^ Australia,

New

35? Adolphia Meissn.^ Flowers nearly much shorter subcampanulate, lined with
insertion of petals
3-

of Colletia; receptacle
a

disk

as

far

as

the

and stamens.

Petals 5,

inserted between the

angular- ovate and recurved lobes of the calyx, small, cucullate, at

base rather longer attenuated subspathulate.

petalous
to corolla

Stamens

5, oppositi-

and inserted
;

at

margin of disk, nearly equal in length

;

anthers small

cells

2,

finally confluent in one

above
or
at
3,

and

hence

hippocrepiform-rimose.
cavity

Germen
and
disk,

subglobular

base adnate to receptacular

1-ovulate
;

glabrous

cells

style slender, o-lobed at stigmatose apex.

Fruit drupa-

ceous finally

with

subdry siibglobular, surrounded at base the somewhat enlarged and adnate cupule of receptacle,
coriaceous
;

3-coccous

cocci chartaceous, perforated at the base,

finally

sepa-

rate and dehiscent within.

Testa of suberect broadly oblong plano-

convex seed coriaceous

fleshy

albumen fleshy
;

cotyledons of somewhat

embryo orbicular

radicle short inferior.

Other characters

' A genus very often referred to Colletia, o which, with others following, it would be better regarded as a section, notwithstanding the form

173.

Ad. Bk. Rhamn.

Rich.
leon.
Vai/.
t.

A.
29.

59,

n.
t.

1,

4 {Colletia).
[Colletia).

Astral. Bot.
[Colletia).
Chil.
ii.

Hook.

of the perianth and receptacle and the structure

of the

G.
;

538
_F/.

Raoui,,
;

Ch. de PI.

Gay,

disk,

the nature of the pericarp, the

all

[Colletia),
i.

38 [Ochetophila).

Hook.

19 (_R/(mH(s), 35.37
f. Fl.

Tasm.

twigs imperceptibly or not at

characters apparently here of no
^

articulate,

69

Fl.

Ant.

ii.

255

[Colletia)

moment. Spkeno. Stjut. Cur. Fast. iv. 108 [Condalia). Vent. Jard. Cels, 92, t. Hook, and Arn. Sot. Misc. iii. 15 [Colletia).
Spec.
10-12.

Fl. 43.^Reiss. Mart. Fl.

Man. N.-Zeal. Bras. Rlmmn. t. 35.

Walp. Ann.
'

vii.

605.

Oen. 70;

Comm.
i.

50.

Mieks, Contrib.

281.

Endl. (roi.n. 5732. B. H. Gen. 384, n. 30.

RHAMNAGEM.
of Colletia (or Discaria).
opposite
linear-lanceolate
;

03

very ramose shrub

;

leaves very small

entire

stipules

minute

subpersistent

(finally fuscate)

branches and

twigs rigidly spinescent, articulate

at nodes

flowers axillary cymose. {Mexico, Columbia, Bolivia.^)

36
disk

Retanilla Ad. Br."

Flowers

of Colletia,

4-5-merous

tube

of canipauulate or urceolate calyx generally far produced

;

beyond

lobes ovate-acute, valvate.

Petals 4, 5, inserted in hollows of

neck of calyx, small, cucullate.

Disk covering base of calyx-tube and produced upwards, tapering from bottom to top, unlimited. Stamens 4, 5 anthers subpeltately affixed and opening in 2 valves
;

by subtransverse

cleft.

Germen
and

sessile, or free,

or slightly aduate
style

at base to receptacle

disk, pilose, 3-locular;

conical

or

cylindrical columnar, 3-lobed at stigmatose apex.

Fruit drupaceous
;

globular, girt at base with short cupule of receptacle

or

exocarp fleshy
;

spongy

putamen hard,
lateral
;

3-locular.

Seeds suberect
;

testa cruslateral
;

taceous,

raphe

percurrent

micropyle

finally
flat

albumen fleshy
undershi'ubs
^

cotyledons of straight embryo

subelliptical

radicle short infeiior

and other characters of Colletia. Shrubs or subaphyllous ramose branches virgate, 2-3-choto;

mously ramose
persistent
cellate.

terete spinescent

leaves obsolete or opposite

;

very entire the smallest most caducous

;

stipules

minute minute scarious,

pedi-

flowers in short

compound cymose ramules, shortly

{Peru, Chilis)

37.

Talguenea MieesI Flowers

nearly of

Colletia;

tube

of

calyx membranous, lined with hairs (not a glandular disk), cylindrically attenuated above, at base generally obconical

and

far

produced

beyond disk, somewhat contracted at ucck. Petals 5, inserted between lobes of calyx neck, small cucullate. Stamens same in number inserted with and opposite to petals filaments complanate
;
^

Spec.

1.

A.

infesta

Meissn.

A. Gray,
Noil.
itifesta

PI.

Spec.

2, 3.

Vent.

Jai-d. Cds,

t.

Wright. Zi:. Colletia infesta Ad. Br. lihamii.

59, n. 5.
et

Fl. t. 16

{Colletia).

Ceiinotkus iiifestus

Spee.vii.Q\,t.&li.

Colubrina
Endl.
483

H. B. K.

Gen.

n.

{Colletia).

Schi.tl,

Lmnaia, xv. 468.

Hook.
^

Metanilla).

Lodd.
25.
vii.

DC. Prodi:
Pot.
i.

PoiH. Diet.
ii.

92

Choix de
ii.

Suppl.

311,

28

{Colletia: sect.

(7aA. t.
;

1820
173.

{Colletia).

Pot. Mise.
ii.

1.57

iii.

Rhamn. 57, B. H. Gen. 384,

-

t.

3.

Gen. n. 5734.

39

C.

Gay

Fl. Chil.

Phil. Limia, xxviii. 679.

606.
ii.

n. 31.
3, v.

Rctamilia Miers, Ann.

;

Walp. Ann.
v. 6
;

JVi!.

Hist.

ser.

DE.
3

Uolinaa Commers. MSS. not of others.

Habit of Fphedrce.

Contrib.

i.

285,

t.

Trav. Chili,
Contrib.
i.

529
t.

296,

41.

B. H. Gen. 385,

Ami. Nat. Hist. scr. 3, Endl. Gtn. n. 5735.

n. 33.

94

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

pilose

anthers subpeltate, 2-locular, finally confluently rimose

and

opening very widely transversely.

sute, 3-lobedat stigmatose apex.

Germen immersed
;

in bottom of

tube, sometimes hirsute, sub-3-lobed, 3-locular

style slender hir-

Fruit " careerular chartaceous very

it,

hirsute oblong, enclosed by unchanged calyx, a little longer than

apiculate
to
style,

indhiscent

cells

l-o,
;

1-spermous

seeds of
;

of Colletlii} "

highly branched shrub

;

branches opposite
beneath,
stipules

the

younger ones spinous

or
serrate,
;

leaves opposite
base,

membranous oblong,

entire

5-nerved at

sericious

small

scarious

inflorescence and other characters of Retanilla or Colletia.

38? Trevoa

Mieks.''

Flowers
;

nearly of Colletia; calyx

mem;

branous, subcampanulate or long urceolate ampuUaceous, lined with

hairs not a glandular

disk

tube far produced beyond receptacle

4,
5,

limb 4-5-lobed, valvate.

calyx-neck, very cucuUate.
;

Petals

inserted

between lobes of
to

Stamens same in number opposite

;

and enclosed by petals confluently rimose and finally opening very wide transversely in 2 valves. Germen semi-immersed at bottom of tube, sub-2-3-lobed,
filaments short pilose

anthers subpeltate,

2-r)-locular very hirsute; style

straight pilose,

2-3-lobed at

stig-

matose apex.
cupule

Fruit drupaceous ovoid, girt at base with persistent

;

of receptacle

putamen rather hard

nutlike,

1-3-locular
;

seeds and other characters of Retanilla (or

Talguenea)
;

testa nitid,

raphe lateral percurrent

cotyledons of straight
radicle short inferior.

micrnpyle finally lateral

albumen

fleshy

embryo suborbicular or shortly elliptical Very ramose leafy shrubs branches not
; ;

sulcate

leaves opposite,

ovate or obovate, serrulate,

;

3-nerved at

base

stipules

deciduous

inflorescence

and other characters of

Colletia.

[Bolivia, Chili^)

'

Char, from Miers,

Spec.
2.

loc. cit.

488; Cuntnb.
Bot. Misc.
i.

i.

291,

t.

40. B.
Hook.

II.

Gen. 384, n.

Gill, and

t.

45 B. {Trevoa).

Bert,
t.
;

Hook.

158,

32.
*
iii.

from Colla, Mem,

Gay,. Fl.
607.
3, v.

Spec. 5 (Mieks).

i^ Misc.i. 157;
Chil.
ii.

Torin. ixxvii. 53,

CIdl.
3
ii.

7 {Colletia). C.

174

{Rda,iilla).G. Gay, Fl.

27

23 (T'-cTOa). Walp.
Chili,

Ann

vii.

{Retanilla), ZX {Colletia). Wau-.

Ann.

vin. 607.

Tiai:

529

Ann. Nat.

Hist. ser.

XLVIII. PENyEACE^.
In
this small family,

the flowers are regular, tetramerous, mono-

perianthous and hermaphrodite.

Those oi Pcncva'^

(fig.

58-66) have

Peiicca myrtifoHa.

Fig, 59. Flower

(f).

Fiff. 58.

HaWt.

Fig. 61. Long. sect, of flower.

their

floral

envelope tubular or conical, coloured,- surmounted by

four lobes,

two

lateral,

an anterior and a posterior, in prefloration

valvate in the

inserted an equal

short

bud (fig 60). In the intervals, on the same level, are number of alternate stamens, each formed of a very The two cells filament and a bilocular and introrse anther.^
Cliff.

'

L. Eurt.

37

Gen. n. 138 (not

Plum.

not Louii.). Adans. Fam. des PI. ii. 225. J. Gen. 419. G.BRTN. f. Fruet. iii. 243, t. 225.

Pom.

Diet. vi. 638 (part.).

(part.).

A, Juss. Ami. Sc. Nat. sr.

Gen. n.
;

K. Linna,

v.

676

most authors), could not be definitely determined independently of the study of the development. But it is probable from what we observe in the neighbouring groups, that it
tation of

3, vi. 22, t.

represents a receptacular organ, bearing at

its

1. Endl.
Nat. 333
xiv. 484.
-

2116. H. Ba. Faijer Ftim. Adansonia, xi. 287. A. DC. Piodr.

or pink.

upper

orifice the true perianth,

represented

by

the lobes and the andrcium, whilst the bot-

White

The nature

of the tuhe (which

we

here only provisionally attribute to the peri-

tom supports the gynsecium, hence doubtless a striking analogy between Pena and GoUetia. 3 The pollen is (H. Mohl, Ann. Sc. Nat.

anth, and which

we

shall call a calyx only in imi-

96

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

occupy a small interior portion of the internal face of a thick and elongated connective, and open by a short oblique cleft. At the bottom of the flower, the receptacle rises in a short cone which
Fenica mtjrtifoUa,

Fig. 63. Dehiscing fruit.

Fig. 60. Diagram.

Fig.62. Gynacium

(-).

Fig. 65.

Open

seed.

Fig. 66.

Embryo.

supports four free

perianth.^

carpellary leaves alternate

to our notice

with those of the

Each presents

an inferior ovarian portion

enlarged, concave within

ridge

and furnished with an internal median an attenuated stylary portion, and a stigmatiferous extremity

or less dilated. At its edges, it is in contact with the neighbouring carpellary leaves without effecting any adherence with them at any age these four pistillar leaves are valvate with each other
;

more

in prefloration

and, by their dilated ovarian portions, they thus

circumscribe four cells superposed to the leaves of the perianth and

consequently alternate with the divisions of the style.

Near the

base of each carpellary leaf are inserted two ovules, separated from

each other by the base of the prominence formed by the internal

longitudinal ridge
;

and thus two ovules are found enclosed

in each

of the cavities of the ovary.

sr. 2,
iii.

They

are collateral,
see

ascending, anaH. Bn.

'Adansotiia, xi.

314) ovoid, with six or eight longi-

tudinal furrows.
cal,

becomes spheriwith bands, three of which alternately

In water
it

mode of placentation, 228. The branches

not to the
partitions.
cells,

of

the style correspond,

but to the incomplete ovarian

bear papilla;.
'

On

the structure of the gynaocium and the

PEN^ACEM.
tropal

!)7

and primarily the micropyle

is

is

directed

downwards

and

inwards so that the raphe

dorsal

but later a slight twist occurs

which causes the raphes to approach, whilst the micropyles become more or less lateral. The fruit, to which the perianth remains for a longer or shorter time persistent and accrescent, is capsular, loculicidal, separating into four equal valves extending from the base to Each cell contains one or two the summit of the persistent style.
ascending seeds, the coats of which enclose a fleshy large-footed

embryo, nearly conical, with inferior obtuse or depressed radicle, and two very short superior cotyledons, separated from each other by a
vertical cleft scarcely visible (fig. 65, 66).
suflfrutescent

The Penas

are small

and cricoid plants from South Africa.

Their persistent

leaves are opposite, entire, coriaceous,

sessile or nearly so,

accom-

panied by two very small blackish glanduliform

stipules.

The

flowers are solitary in the axils of the upper leaves of branches, which are often transformed to coloured bracts, so that the whole
constitutes a small
lateral bracteoles.^

terminal spike.

Each

is

accompanied by two

In some species, as
differs

P. ericoides and fruticulosa, the gynsecium

from that of the Penas proper, in that the back of each

carpellary leaf presents only a

being prolonged to
61-63).
the

more or less salient angle, instead of a vertical, membranous irregularly slashed wing,
(fig.

extending from the stigmatie lobe nearly to the top of the ovary

For

this reason
;

they have been separated generically under

-

name

of Stylapterus

of the genus Pena.

but we can make of them only a section Thus understood, the latter comprises seven or

eight species.^

same country, with the same foliage and the same habit as Pena, with which they were formerly have generally larger flowers, the petaloid perianth of classed, which has a cylindrical tube, surmounted by a limb with four re-

The

Sarcocols^ plants of the

duplicate- valved lobes.

fucata, the tube

is

In the Sarcocols proper, such as aS*. formosa, elongated and the stamens have a long filament
;

'

If there are four instead of two, the lateral

L.

Spf.c.

e.

2,

162.

L.

f.

Suppl.
t.

121.
87.

are the

more exterior, and the interior are, one anterior and the other posterior {P. fiuticulosa).

Thdnb.
Meissn.
Icon.
t.

Ft. Cap. 149.

Vent. Malmais,

ifooi. 7om)-h. (1843),

51.

456 4w. Meerb. LoDD. Bot. Cab. t. 1770. Krauss,

A. Jess. loe. Prodr. xiv. 486.

2

cit.

23,

t.

1, fig.

2. A. DC.

Flora (1845), 76.

VOL. VI,

98

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

to

which causes them soon

sjjcciosa,

become exserted.

In others, as S.

the tube

is

also very long,

but the staminal filaments are so

short that the anthers remain enclosed. are united gradually to S. acuta,

Thus the former species nipestris, etc., of which a genus

Brachjsiplwn has been made and of which, the stamens being also
enclosed, the tube of the perianth remains relatively shorter.

Endonema^ formerly classed with Sarcocolla^ each of the ovarian cells enclosing two pairs
ovules.

is
of,

distinguished

by

instead of two,

cropyle
pyle.

Those of the upper pair are ascending with inferior mithose of the lower pair, descending, with superior microdorsal

All have a

raphe.

Sometimes the

lobes of

the

perianth are valvate, as in the true Endonema, and sometimes they

are reduplicate,
as in the section GlyschrocoUa.

shorter or longer than the perianth.

The stamens are Endonema is from the same

it

country as Sarcocolla whose organs of vegetation

has.

This small family, according

to

Lindley was verbally established

i

by him in 1820.
certain place. ^

Jusstetj

had

left

Pena among

the Genera of un-

LiNN-SUS and Thunbeeg into three genera

Geissolome.

In 1830, KuNTH^ divided the old genus Pena of Pena, Sarcocolla and
;

But Endlicher,*

in

1841, placed the Geissolome in

a small distinct group, following the Pcnace,

which consequently,
In 1846,

according to him, contained only Pena and Sarcocolla.

A. DE JussiEU, in a note on the family of Penace,^ added to the

preceding genera Stylapterus and Brachysiphon, which
retain,

we

cannot

which should be added one of the tlaree species of Sarcocolla admitted by him, and of which A. de Candolle, in 1867,^ made a genus GlyschrocoUa, proposed by EndLiCHER^ as a section of Sarcocolla, Summing up, the Penace with us number only three genera, comprising some twenty species, all
to

and the genus Endonema,

natives of the Cape, all fi-utescent or suffrutcscent,^ with opposite

persistent leaves, regular apetalous isostemonous flowers, gynacium,
'

Introd. 71

Veg.

Kiiigd.

(1846), 577, Ord.

rally has a square or lozenge shape, in accord-

209.
^

Sweet, Hort. Srit. (1827), 488.

Gen. (1789), 419.

*
*

Linnn,

v. (1830), 676.

ance with the arrangement of the leaves. In the medullary cellules and in those of the vertical parenchyma is found a yellowish or

Enchirid. 213, Ord. 112; Gen. 335.

'
'

An.

Sc. Nat. sr. 3, vi. 15.

Prodr. xiv. 483, Ord. 165.

'
'

Gen. Suppl.

iv. 73.

brownish resinous suhstance.in appearance much resemhling the gum-resins of the Biirser, and also certain SarcocoU, probably spurious, found here and there in commerce.

The

transverse section of the

wood gene-

PEN^AGEJE.
like

the other

verticils

of the flower,

tetramerous, seed exalbu-

minous with fleshy large-footed embryo, and difi'ering generically one from another only in the prefloration of the perianth and the number of ovules contained in each cell either two ascending, or four, of which two are ascending and two descending, but whatever
;

the direction, always having the micropyle interior and the raphe
dorsal.

"We have shown ^ that the Penacca approach the

one hand, and the Aquilarlc on the other
as well as
;

Colleticce

on the

but

that,

from the one

from the other, they are immediately distinguished by the

very singular organization of the gynsecium, unexampled apparently

in the Vegetable

Kingdom,

consisting of four carpellary leaves, inde-

pendent from each other at every age, valvate, with styles superposed to the partition separating the
cells.

dorsal wall formed of the adjoining halves of

leaves.

The latter have their two different carpellary

Penaace is attributed the production of a viscid, sweetish and somewhat nauseous substance, used by the ancient physician under the name of Sarcocol.- The genus which has thence
several

To

derived

its

name

is,

in particular, rich in a resinous

waxy

glue

but

the real source of this kind of balm, formerly so extolled for healing

wounds,
'

is

not yet determined.

exudes from a spinous tree.

Adan.tonia, xi. 289.

It is said to be the "ZapKOKXKa of Diosco-

that

it

It is not

RIDES.

The Arabs

call

it

Umeroot.
(xarcocollin),

It

conis is

known whether the Persians obtained it from their own country or from Africa. The Sarcocol

tains a sweetish principle

said to be brought from Ethiopia.

and There

of

odorous,

commerce resembles a pale, yellowish, somewhat bitter incense, often mixed

no proof, says Endlicher [Enchirid. 214), that comes from the Feiiacea:, as Dioscobides makes it come from Persia, and Msu reports
it

2)etm?n

with the fruits of the Umbelliferae, aa SagaGalbanwn.

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

GENERA.

1.

Pensea L.
;

Flowers
Stamens
;

hcrmapliroclite

regular apetalous,
;

4-

mcrous

perianth (coloured) shortly tubular or conical

4, alternate

lobes a little

shorter, valvate.

with

lobes, inserted in
;

neck

filaments very short

anthers introrse enclosed

;

connective basifixed

thick

somewhat compressed
;

rimose

flmbrilli-ciliate.

much shorter, inferior oblique Gyncium superior carpels 4, oppositicells

;

petalous, dilated at base (by germen), concave within,

contiguous at

margin, valvate (not coadunate), dorsally angular apterous {Stylapterus), or oftener

produced

to

vertical

vittteform

wing

to the

top of the style (Uupenaa), at the base internally produced to a thick

free

septum (contiguous within and hence dividing the germen into four cells, not connate); styles 4, free, approximating to a 4sulcate column,

cruciately dilated at stigmatose apex.

Ovules in

cells 3, collaterally

ascending subcrect

micropyle introrsely inferior.

;

Capsule clothed with augmented perianth, loculicidally 4-valvate

valves
septiferous
;

within,
of

1-2'Spermous.

Seeds suberect

testa

crustaceous

radicle

thick

exalbuminous fleshy
cleft or

ovoid-conical

embryo

inferior thick truncate or

concave; cotyledons 2, superior

almost entirely conferleaves opposite imbricate, entire

very small, visible from a very short

ruminate.

Evergreen undershrubs
;

cricoid or oftener flat coriaceous

stipules very small lateral glandu;

liform (blackish); axils often setiferous

flowers in axils of upper-

most leaves (sometimes changed into coloured bracts) solitary sub[Cape of Good Hope.) See p. 95. sessile, decussately bracteolate.
2.

SarcocoUa
"'

K.^

Flowers nearly
n. 2117.

of Pencea (larger)
^)

perianth-

tube

oblong

lobes shorter than

tube {Eusarcocolla

or subequal

>

Linnaa

(1830),

677. Endl. Gen.

287. A. DC.
'

Prodr. xiv. 488.

A. Juss. An. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, vi. 25 (part.). H. Bn. Payer Fain. A'at, 334 Adantmia, xi.
;

Persistent, accrescent, coloured.

Enpl. G(n. Suppl.

iv. p.

ii.

n,

2117

"

PEN^AOE^.
(

loi

Brach!jsij)hon

^),

or valvate {EucUssa

-),

or oftener roduplicate-Viilved
;

{Eiisarcocolla, Jnaclis^a.^)

Stamens inserted in neck

filaments free,

either long exserted (Busarcocolla), or short enclosed (Brachz/siphon)',

anthers shorter more or less than connective or subequal, introrse.

Gynsecium of Pena (exalate) style slender elongate ovules in Undershrubs * leaves oppocells 2 and other characters of Pena.
;

site

generally

flat,

imbricate
less

stipules very small

flowers axillary
the

solitary,

more

or

approaching the
capitate)
;

apex of
oftener

branches
or

(spuriously

spicate

or

bracts

expanded

attenuated, coloured.
3.

{^Capc of
Juss.'^

Good Hope})
;

Endonema
long.

A.

Flowers of SarcocoUa
4,
;

perianth valvate
;

(Eucndoncma'') or reduplicate [Gli/schrocolla.^)

rather

Stamens 4
2

filaments
;

Ger men- cells

4 -ovulate

ovules
;

ascending

micropyle introrsely inferior

introrsely
superior.

the other 2 descending

wingless,
Joculicidally

micropyle
4-valvate
;

Capsule

seeds in cells 1-3, or sometimes 4 (2 ascending; but 2 descending)

funicle

;
'^

swollen arilliform

testa

produced to a cupule

at

apex

embryo and other characters of SarcocoUa (or Pena). Shrubs or undershi-ubs habit and leaves of SarcocoUa flowers axillary often
;

to upper leaves

solitary

bracts

imbricate,

sometimes coloured.

{Cape of Good Hope.^")

' A. Juss. loc. cit. 2i, t. 2, Gen. n. 2l!6i (Suppl. iv. 73).

fig.

3.

ExDL.

Xat. 334.
' '

Endonema A. DC. Prodr.

A. DC.
loc. cit.

^ '
*

Endl.
E.NDL.

loc. cit.
loc. cit.

[lirachyaiphoii^ sect. a).

sect. b.

Sarcocoll

xiv. 490.
sect.

Glgs-

cJirocolla
'

Endl.

Siippl. iv. 75.

Often unctuous-resinous.
Spec, about 10.

I'he swollen part of the funicle interior to

'

na).
Cap.

Thuxb.
36
Bot.

L. Mantiss. 199, 331

Fl. Cap.

{Pena).

Pom.
Mag.

(Pcfla).

Lamk.
Diet.

149 {Pena).
III.
i.

vi.

540

Bero. 78 317, {Pena).

t.
t.

{Pe-

of this cupule, afterwards attenuated seems to penetrate within the substance of the integument itself, and is there produced in a white raphe to the chalaza.
'
t.

the dorsal margin

Grah.

t.

2809 {Pena). Bot. Beg.

26,

Spec.
2

3, 4.

Thund. Naturf. Mag.

loc.

Berl.

i.

106 {Pena).
" Ann. Se. Nat. sr. 3, vi. 19, Endl. ff:w. n. 2117'. H. Bn. t.

3, fig.
.

{Pena). A. Juss.

cit.

26 {Sar-

3.
Fam.

cocoUa)

I'ager

XLIX. THYMELiEACEvE.
1.

AQUILAKIA SEKIES.
name
which has been given to a consists of plants with hermaof

Jquilaria

(fig.

67-69), the

family long admitted as distinct, phrodite, regular and monoperianthous flowers.

Aguilaria malaccensis.

The floral receptacle ^

Fig. 67. Flower {\).

Fig. 69. Long. sect, of fruit

(f).

Fig. 68. Long. sect, of flower.

has the form of an obconical or nearly hemispherical

sac,

on the

margin of which are inserted

prefloration.

five or

six obtuse sepals, imbricate in

from the throat of the receptacle springe ten or twelve stamens, perigynous like the sepals to which
internally,

More

five of

them, somewhat longer, are superposed, whilst the five or six

often long*

others, belonging to another verticil, are alternate.

of a filament, very short or almost

Lamk. Diet. i. 49 Suppl. ii. 709 ///. t. Spach, Suit, DC. Fiodr. ii. 59. Buffo, xiii. 289. TvKP. Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 248. LiNDL. Veg. Kinijd. 579, fig. 392. Endl. GcH. n. 2111. H. ;Bn. Payer Fam. Kat. 332; Adansonia, xi. fasc. 10. Meissn. DC. Prodr.
>

nil,

Each is formed enough for the

little

356.

altemipetalous tongues described a

ther on.
^

far-

Their course can be traced lower down on

slightly
is

the internal face of the receptacle in the form

xiv.

601.

Ophispermum
t.

Lour.

Ft.

Cochinch.

(ed. 1790),

2S0.Aiialloc/mm Rumph. Rcrb.

10.

Am-

boin.
"

ii.

34,

tions, is considered as the

This corresponds to what, in all descriptube of the perianth.

a very thin glandular layer,
;

prominent thread. Their preowing to the late development of the receptacular cup which, at first, is scarcely concave and afterwards enlarges from top to bottom as it becomes more pronounced. * In some species it separates clearly a little
of a

sence here

after fecundation, following a transverse lino, a

little

It is lined with

covered with hairs thickening at the

and

it

is

this disk which,

Its

above the point where it becomes free. upper portion generally begins to change

tliroat,

there separates into

before this disarticulation.

THYME LMACE^.
anther
witli

lOS

which

it

The summit of the filament and

exserted.
latter is

surmounted to be partly or wholly formed of a connecti?e continuous with the

is

to the

internal face of

which are applied

independent
cleft.

throughout their entire length the parallel and

of the anther, dehiscing introrsely

cells

by a longitudinal

"With the

stamens alternate ten or twelve obtuse or flattened tongues which occupy the intervals i and are covered with whitish hairs. At the

bottom of the floral receptacle is inserted a sessile gynacium, the ovary of which, generally dicarpellar -, is surmounted by a short
style, dilated

above to a stigmatiferous head with more or

into

less salient

lobes.

each of

The ovary is divided which encloses, in its

two

cells,

complete or incomplete,'

internal angle, a descending anatropous

ovule, with micropyle directed

upwards and outwards.*

so,

The

fruit is

a drupe, but slightly fleshy, finally dry or nearly

sist

obovate or

obcordate, attenuated at base to a sort of foot around which per-

the perianth, and a portion of the

pendicularly to the partition which divides

andrcium compressed perit into two cells. It opens

;

marginally into two valves, septiferous in the middle of their internal

and encloses one or two seeds the coats ^ of which are prolonged inferior! y to a sort of chalazine horn ^ and cover a fleshy embryo, with short superior radicle and thick plano-convex cotyledons. Of one species of Aquilaria from the Philippines a genus Gt/rhiopsis'^
face,
.

has been made, because

it

has

receptacular

sac longer in tube

and very short staminal filaments. Aquilaria comprises trees and shrubs from tropical Asia and the warmest regions of Malaya. They have alternate leaves, entire or nearly so, pcnninerved, with numerous secondary nervures, linear and parallel, and terminal
lateral or axillary flowers,^

arranged in simple or more or less com-

pound umbels.
'

Four or

five species are described.'^

*

WTiile the sepals are rcilexed.

The

exterior

is

crustaceous, blackish, often

'

Here and tJUere with three carpels. They have always appeared to me com-

covered with small salient scales.

^

The prolonged

external coat envelopea this

though the separating partition is formed of two halves meeting along the middle line with margins tolerably thick, but not imiting and easily separable with the slightest traction.
plete,

conical projection.

When
it

it

decays

(which

hapjicns sooner or later),

lays bare a bundle

of long hairs, originally planted on the chalaregion, afterwards disengaged, but previously united in a brush in this kind of sheath
zaic

(Miq. tin. Mtis. Lvgd. Bat. i. 132), to us imknown, but apparently ought not, for this single character, to be sepam. Laclmolepis

Always

which keeps them together ^ Dcne. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 2,

Meissn. Prodr. 602. * GreenLsh or reddish, ' Spkeng. Syst. ii. 356.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi.
iii.

xix, 41,

t. 1

B.

rated from the other Gijrinops, the two parietal

placentiB remaining,
salient.
*

it

is

said,

but

slightly

Eoxb.
119,
t.

et

With double

envelope.

21.

Colebh. Koxb.

104

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Gyrinops Walla
"^

(fig.

70,

71), a

shrub from Ceylon, similar to

its

Aquilaria in

its

organs of vegetation, differs in that the throat of

narrowly tubular receptacle gives

Gyrivcps Walla.

insertion to only five oppositi-

petalons stamens and to an equal

<^

number of alternate scales, forming by their contiguity a short collarette covered

with hairs, and in

is

that their bilocular ovary

sup-

ported by a long
regions

foot."

Flialeria^ shrubs
tropical

from

all

the

of

Asia

and

Oceania, differs directly from the

preceding genera by
leaves.

its

opposite

The

flowers have also a

receptacle,

long

tubular

but

coloured and petaloid, as well as

imbricate sepals,* to the
Fig. 70. Flower (^).

number
with a

Fig. 71. Long, sect, of flower.

of four or five, which are inserted in the tkroat.

It is lined

very thin disk which thickens only at the throat and there terminates in a straight or festooned edge, or
project into the intervals
is

dilated into lobes

which
latter

between the superior stamens.

as the parts of the perianth to

The

are the same

in

number

which they

are superposed, whilst the alternate stamens are situated lower

down
by

on the

receptacular tube.

All are composed of one filament of

ovary, with two or often a single

variable length and one bilocular and introrse anther, dehiscing

two longitudinal clefts.

is

The

cell,

surrounded at the base by a cupuliform and membranous disk, entire or lobed, and surmounted by a style, like the staminal filaFl. hid.
ii.

422. Cav.

Diss. vii. 377,

t.

224.
to

Jack, Mai. UUc. (1820-22). Hook. Comp.

Bot.

EoYL. III. Eimal. 173, t. 36. Hook. Icon. t. 6. Benth. Hook. Keio Journ. v. 195 I'l. Boiigk. 297. MiQ. Fl. Iiid.-Bat. i. p. i. 882 Suppl. i. 141 (part.). H. Bn. Adansonia, xi. fasc. 10. ' DC. G;ertn. Frmt. ii. 276, t. 140. Arn. Liiidl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, Prodr. ii. 60. 442. Hook. Icon. t. 5. Endl. Oen. n. 2110.

Thw.
2

Eiium. PI.

Prodr. 602,

Zei/l. 251. Meissn. Gen. 73 700. H. Bn. Payer Fcim. Nat. 333.

Mag. i. 156. Endl. Gen. n. 2109. H. Bn. Adansonia, xi. fasc. 10. Drymispermum Eeinw. Sytl. Nov. PI. Ratisb. (1818), Meissn. Prodr. 603. Pseudais Dcne. 15, t. 2. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, xix. 40. Lcmosmia Benth. Hook. Zand. Journ. ii. 231 Voy. Sulph, Bot. 179, t. 67 (in some copies.). Plntonia NoRONH. (ex Hassk.).

Which

are the lobes of the calycinal limb

;

At

its

base exists a small glandular swell-

ing, scarcely perceptible.

according to most authors like the tube.

generally white,

THYMEL^AOEM.

105

ments, of very variable length,! dilated at the summit to a stigmati-

more or less lobed. The fruit is a slightly fleshy drupe, with one or two seeds the fleshy embryo of which is destitute
ferous head
of albumen.

Some dozen

species of Phaleria are described

the

flowers are arranged in short, often umbelliform, spikes, terminal or

axillary,

surrounded by imbricate bracts forming an involucre.^

of being elongated, as
in

Instead
of

the flower of Phaleria and

Gijrinops^ the receptacle of Aquiluria

;

form

so that the

perigyny there

may become short, cupulibecomes much less distinct. This

occurs in Gonistylus, a tree from the Indian Archipelago, which has

some thirty scales in their and a large bacciform fruit. intervals, four or five cells in the ovary By the form of its receptacle, it is intermediate between the preceding genera and Octokjns, a genus from tropical and western Africa, whose leaves are alternate, and its tetramerous and diplostemonous flowers have a receptacle almost flat, with an insertion, consequently, scarcely perigynous, and an ovary almost entirely
alternate leaves, flve sepals, ten stamens,
superior, with four uniovulate cells.

II.

THYMELiEA
its

SEEIES.

Thymekca, from name, nor by Daphne^ the best known, representative in our country, but by the most complete types, such

We

commence the study

it

of this series, not by

which

has derived

as those presented in their flowers

by Linostoma

(fig.

72, 73).

It

may be

said of

these that, but for their unicarpellar

they would be altogether inseparable from AquUuria}

'

gyncium, They have

p.

'

Genitalibus,
(A.

dimoi-piiis."
Hi. 305.)
-

more quarumd. Rubiac. etc. Gbay, Seem. Joiirii. of Bot.

vii. 1

[Dnjmispermum).

Hook.

Bot.

Mag.

t.

5787.
^

Benth.
Suppl.
i.

Fl. Austral, vi. 37.

WiKSTR. FoRST. Piodr. 33, 192 {Dais). Gaudich. Voy. XJran. Thymcl. 349 {Dais). 44 {Dais). Bot. Bl. Bijdr. 651 443, t.

Bat.

{Dais).

DcNE.
Nat.
;

(Miq. Fl. Ind.very imperfectly known, appears tolerably analogous to Phaleria by its fruit, but it differs, apparently, in its mode
142),

The

genu8

(<kaphium

Ann. Mus.
2,

iii.

41
1

{Dais)

of inflorescence.
"

Its flower

Ann.

So.

sr.

xix.

38,

t.

mispermum) Voy. Vemts, Bot. 13, 12 {Drymispermum) 17 {Leucosmia).

;

Zoll.
i.

{Dry10t.
loc.

Wall.
iv.

Cat. n.
p.
ii.

must be analysed. 4203. Kndl. Ge. n. 2102 ;

Meissn. Denkt. iii.

Suppl.
schr.

67, n. 2106''.

Bot.

Gcs. Begensb.

Vers.
cit.

ii.

117

{Drymispermum).

305 {Leucosmia).

{Drymisperminn).

Thw. Enum. Miq. Fl. Ind-Bat.

;

A.

293,

7; Prodr.

Gray,
p.

PI. Zeyl.

251
i. i.

Ncctandra Eoxb. Fl. Lid. (ed. 1832), ii. 425 (not Bebg. nor Eottb.). Eulinostoma Mexsi^s. Mart. Fl. Bras. Tl/ymel. 71.
599, 700.

883 {Pseudais), 884 {Drymispermum) 142 {Drymispermum). Seem. Fl.

{Dri/mispermum).'S'.

Suppl.
Vit.
v.

'

And

Phaleria

may

have, as

we have

seen,

207 26;

a unilocular ovary.

Muell. Fragm.

106

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The concave
receptacle/

regular, hermaphrodite pentamerous flowers.

in the form of a reversed cone, bears on its margin the five divisions of the calyx,
in
anthesis.

quhicuntially imbricate,

then open or even reflexed

In the throat are inserted with and superposed to

Liiiostoma dccaiidniiii.

Fig. 72.

Flower

().

Fig. 73. Long. sect, of flower.

them five stamens each formed of a free filament and an exserted and introrse anther, bilocular and dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. Five other stamens, alternate with and shorter than the preceding, of the same organisation, constitute a second verticil
;

and with the ten parts of the andrciiim alternate an equal number
of glands, also inserted in

the throat, elongate,

nearly petaloid,

glabrous, obtuse

"

at the summit, long contracted towards the base.

at the base

The gyntecium is quite at the bottom of the receptacle, accompanied by ten very small hypogynous glands each of which corresponds to a prolongation of one of the stamens. The ovary is free, nearly sessile, covered with hair.s, surmounted by a terminal
slender style, the exserted
ferous head.

summit

of

which

is

dilated to a stigmatiis

In the single cell of the ovary

little

seen a parietal

placenta bearing, a

below the summit, a single descending anatropous ovule, with micropyle superior and exterior. The fruit
is

a naked drupe

(?),

finally

dry, enclosing

one descending seed,

radicle,

with thick fleshy embryo and short superior

panied by an unabundant fleshy albumen.

and accom-

Linostoma, of which

only one or two Indian^ species are known, consists of glabrous

' Such is probably the signification of the tuhe which, in generic descriptions, we shall

often refer to

the are

perianth,

following moat
still

the linear descending threads of the staminal filaments, partly concealed by hairs. ^ Or more or less crenate.
clearly
'

authors, the

question being

undecided.

Griff.

On

these

coats

delineated more or less

not.

Calc. Journ.
i.

of Nat. Hist. iv. 234,

AJjV. A>i>i.

587.

THYMELMACE^.

107

shrubs, with opposite leaves, without stipules, entire, pcnninerved,

and terminal flowers arranged in umbelliform cymes and accompanied by leaves modified as to' form and consistence. Close to Linostoma ranges Lophostomu, a beautiful tree from the region of the Amazon, which, with the same leaves and the same and hairy alternipetalous glands, an ovary destitute of hypogynous disk, and a fruit with thin and dry pericarp, around which persists the accrescent perianth, almost vesiculate and thickened at the base to a sort of crenelated ring.
floral

organisation, presents short

Sz/naptokpis, a sarmentous shrub of Zanzibar, has likewise opposite

leaves and pentamerotis and decandrous flowers

but the perianth

;

has the form of a horn

still

more narrow and elongate

is

and, above

the oppositipetalous stamens,

collarette

seen, instead of free scales, a short

The fruit is ovoid, closely surrounded by an induvium formed by the base of the perianth become fleshy and perforated at the summit ; the flowers are axillary and solitary. In Stephanadema, native shrubs of Madawith entire or finely creuelate margin.
gascar, the habit is altogether difi'erent,

and the leaves are alternate,

and pointed, with numerous fine pinnate nervures. The and slender spike to which they are articulate, or gathered in a sort of umbel at its summit, are
elongate
flowers, either arranged along a long

constructed nearly as those of the preceding genera.

But

the perianth

has the form of a tube nearly cylindrical, and the throat bears, above

two distant

verticils of sessile anthers,

a thick glandular collarette,

spread out, and fringed with prominent papilliB. ported by a very short foot,
is

The gynciiim, sup-

composed of an ovoid ovary extending upwards in a terminal style with stigmatiferous extremity somewhat enlarged. In Dicninolepis, on the contrary, the scales of the throat of
the limb attain so great a development, that they nearly equal the
five divisions of the

calyx and resemble a

coloured
scales

corolla.

A
to

pair of these

large

petaloid

and

correspond

each interval

between two neighbouring sepals. The andrcium is equally diplostemonous, and the ovary is supported by a short foot surrounded by a disk in the form of a membranous sheath and sur-

mounted by
extremity.

a style with a stigmatiferous claviform

and elongated
western
sessile

Dlcranolejns
distichous

consists of shnihs from tropical

Africa with
flowers.

unsymmetrical leaves and axillary

Gnidia has also petaloid scales at the throat of the perianth,

less developed.

but they are much

They

are simple or double in

108

NATURAL HISTORY OP PLANTS.

The
latter are five in

each interval between two calyciual lobes.

number

in the species of

and four in

which the genus Lasiosiphon has been made, Gnidia proper, whose perianth often separates circularly
Litchnfca roftea.

Fig. 74. Floriferous hranch.

Fig. 76. Long. sect, of flower (*).

above the ovary.

The

latter is generally

surrounded at the base by

Gnidia has altera hypoo'vnous disk of very variable dimensions. nate or opposite leaves and flowers generally
Lachntca rosea.

collected in terminal capitules

surrounded
;

by an involucre of imbricated floral leaves more rarely they are axillary, solitary or grouped in spikes. They inhabit India, Madagascar and especially tropical eastern and southern Africa. Lachna (fig. 74-77),
all

natives of southern Africa, has

always

tetramerous flowers and eight stamens, four

of which

may be

sterUe

but,

what

is

remarkable, these flowers are

regular

sometimes

and

sometimes

irregular,

with
form
those

such transitions

between

the

one

and

the other, that

it

is

quite
of

impossible to divide the genus,

The

gynsecium

is

destitute

hypogynous

scales,

and

TH YMELJSA OE.E.

lO'J

which alternate with the stamens are inserted lower down on the tube of the corolla (fig. 77) a character which has given a name ( Cryptadenia) to one section of the genus. Laclma consists of cricoid
;

ramose shrubs, with alternate or opposite

leaves,

and flowers terminal or

solitary or

Lachiitca (Cryptadenia) grandijlora.

collected in a variable

number at

the sum-

mit of the branches, in heads bare or sur-

rounded by an involucre.
In the
the
following
types,

while

all

characters

remain
the
perianth

the
scales

same
of

as

the

preceding,

the
77.

throat of the
is

disappear.

This

Perianth and andrcecium.

observed not only in Daphne, but in

the

subseries {Etidaphnece).

numerous genera which, with it, here constitute a second The most complete are those which, as
(fig.

Dais

78),

have regular hermaphrodite pentamerous flowers,

five

with two series of

five,

stamens, of which
are

longer and higher placed,

opsur-

Dais

cotiiiifulia.

positipetalous,

and

gynajcium

rounded by a hypogynous disk. Dais, shrubs of Madagascar and the Cape, has,
besides,

the

foliage

and
it

inflorosecnce

of

Gnidia, to

which

is

often united,

being distinguished only by the absence

of scales from the throat.
Lasiadenia, a

shrub from Guyana and Venezuela, has

nearly the same flowers
;

but the terminal

and few-flowered

caj)itules are destitute

of an involucre, and the five glands

which accompany the base of the ovary are short and covered with long hairs. It is

Fig. 78. Inflorescence.

scarcely possible to separate Ilargasseria,

shrubs of Cuba, except that the stamens are exserted instead of being

and the flowers are polygamous and collected in a capitule (without involucre) the receptacle of which is covered with abunenclosed,

dant hairs

(like

that of Lasiosiphon).
also

In

Goodallia,

a shrub of

Guyana, which and capituliform

has alternate leaves and flowers in terminal

spikes, the flowers are dicious,

pentamerous

and

the hairy glands of the disk, ten in number, are not hypogynous,

but inserted on the tube of the perianth, near the base

the form

no
is liaear.

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Duphnopsk, shrubs of tropical America, has also dioecious
with a
bell-

flowers,

or funnel-shaped perianth; but they are tetra-

merous. The gyncecium is accompanied by a hy])ogynous disk, formed of four small glands independent or united in a short tube or
cupule.

The

flowers are alternate, and the inflorescence

is

in

umbels

or pedunculate capitules, solitary or collected in cymes.

Lagettu, the

Lac

tree of the Antilles, has also tetramerous flowers

but they are hermaphrodite,

oblong,
lobes.

and the coloured perianth

four

is

oval-

narrowed

at

the
is

throat, then divided into

imbricate

The andrcium
its

stamens, nearly sessile,

disk and

formed of two verticils of four enclosed and the ovary, whose base is destitute of
is

surface covered with long hairs,

its

surmounted by a

short style, swollen at

Dirca palnstris.

stigmatiferous extremity.

The

fruit is

dry, covered with hairs and surrounded

persistent base of the calyx.

by the
with

It is a tree

large alternate and oval leaves,

and flowers in
and have
col-

simple and terminal spikes. united with Lagetta.,

alternate or

Funifera, sometimes
Brazilian,

are

opposite leaves,

with flowers

lected in racemiform or spiciform cymes, termi-

nal or occupying the axils of the upper leaves.

They

are tetramerous, with eight enclosed stais

mens, but dicious, and the base of the ovary

accompanied by eight long linear setaceous glands intermixed with long silky hairs. The
fruit
Fig. 79. Floriierous

is

also

dry and surrounded by the acPeddica, shrubs

crescent and persistent perianth.

branch.

of southern and tropical Africa, have alternate or

nearly opposite leaves and

bellate, terminal flowers,

hermaphrodite, um-

with articulate pedicels.

The perianth

is

cylindro-conical,

with 4 or 5
consists of 8

imbricate lobes.

The andrcium

or 10 enclosed stamens, inserted within the tube

Fig. 80. Flower, peri-

anth laid open

(f).

Dirca palustris

two verticils, and the ovary is accompanied by a hypogynous disk in form of a denticulate The fruit is drupaceous and bare. cupule. (fig. 79, 80), a shrub of North America, has also
in

The petaloid perianth has hermaphrodite and tetramerous flowers. the form of a horn with an aperture cut obliquely, and the eight

TH YMELjEA GE^.

Ill

stamens, arranged in two verticils alternating with the teeth of the

perianth, exserted.

are inserted towards the lower part of the perianth and

The ovary and svu'mounted by a

fruit is a

accompanied by a small annular disk style attenuated towards the summit. The
is

naked berry.

The

leaves are alternate, caducous, and the

flowers,

which blossom
(fig.

in early spring, are axillary

and

solitary or in

few-flowered cymes.

Daphne
flowers.

81-85) has

also

hermaphrodite

and tetramemus

The

perianth, green or petaloid, has the form of a tube or

Daphne Mettreum.

Fig. 82. Flower

(f).

Fig. 83. Lonpf.

sect, of flower.

Fig. 84. Fruit

(f).

Fig. 81. Floriferous branch.

Fig. 85. Long. sect, of fruit.

funnel, and its limb consists of four folioles, disposed in the

bud

in

imbricate-alternate prefloration.
throat
is

As

in the pi'eceding genera, the

and the andrcium is formed of eight of which four superposed to the sepals are taller. The gyncium is surrounded by a disk generally very short, and the ovary is surmounted by a style nearly apical, with dilated summit, spherical or ovoid, covered with stigmatic papillae. In Edgetvorthia, which has been generically distinguished, it is longer and claviform in its stigmatiferous portion. The fruit is a naked berry, with a pericarp sometimes thin it contains one seed with albumen thin or nil. Daphne consists of shrubs from the
destitute of scales,

stamens, sessile or nearly

so,

112

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

regions of Europe,
leaves
Asia,
or Africa,

temperate
rarely

with alternate or

opposite

most frequently

persistent.

The

flowers

are sometimes axillary and sessile,

generally in

the axils of the

upper leaves or bracts which take their place, so that collectively they
form a sort of capitule.
are dclinons,
throat.

In the Daphne of South-western America,

;

the habit and the foliage are the same

but the tetramerous flowers

in

and the perianth

is

infundibuliform, constricted at the

the female flower to

Of the eight stamens, reduced

sterile tongues,

narrow
scales,

the four superior are oppositipetalous and

is

exserted.

The gyncium
the
the

surrounded by a small disk of four

style
is

and

elongated

dilated

to

stigmatiferous

head.

They formed
is

genus

Ovidia,

abundant especially in

the Andes.

Wikstroemia was also formerly comprised in the genus

scarcely distinct
;

Daphne, and
the same
;

the perianth and

andreium are

the

disk

is

nil

or

formed of four hypogynous, linear

scales, free or united at the base.

The

fruit,

generally but slightly

finally separates from the perianth, which opens lengthand the seed has a scanty albumen. They are Oceanic and Asiatic trees and shi-ubs, with opposite, more rarely alternate leaves, not persistent, and terminal inflorescence. Beside Daphne and Wikstrmia are ranged some other closely allied fleshy,

wise,

genera,
scales

all

in

which have regular, diplostemonous flowers, without the tbroat. Such are Stcllem, slirubby or herbaceous
of

plants of temperate Asia.

The perianth

is

hypocrateriform,

4-6-

merous, and
tion.

its

tube presents above the ovary a transverse articula-

The upper becomes detached, whilst the indui-ated base surrounds the dry fruit. The ovary, surrounded by an oblique membranous disk, is surmounted by a bundle of hairs from which emerges the style dilated at the summit. The leaves are alternate
and the flowers disposed in spikes or in terminal capitules. Thymela has tetramerous, unisexual or hermaphrodite flowers, without hypo-

gynous

They are shrubby or siibshrubby plants of the Levant, Asia and North Africa. The leaves are alternate, and the flowers
disk.

axillary, solitary or collected in glomerules.

Arthrosolen, shrubs or

undershrubs of southern and eastern Africa, having flowers axillary or terminal and surrounded by an involucre, has an infundibuliform
coloured

perianth;

the

flower

differs

from

that

of

Gnidia only in the absence of scales in the throat of the perianth.

Diarthron

is

also

very analogous.

The tetramerous perianth has the

THYME L^A GE^.

113

form of an elongate tube and presents a transverse articulation constricted above the ovary. The latter is surrounded by a thin annular disk, and becomes a dry fruit surrounded by the inferior
portion of the perianth.

Diarthron comprises slender herbs from central

Passerina
Pasmnna

Asia

the leaves are alternate, linear, and the flowers form elongated
spikes, destitute of bracts.
(fig.

and slender

86) has also

tetramerous flowers, with hypocrateriform calyx

;

the ovary

is

Ursuta.

without a disk,

and the two

staminal verticils are sufficiently

near to appear a single verticil.

The

fruit is

dry or more rarely

P. emj^etraides, of

fleshy, as in

which has been made a genus

Chymococca^ but which, like
congeners,
coid,
is

its

Fig. 86. Floriferous branch.

a Cape plant,

cri-

tomentose, with

linear opposite leaves,

and flowers

solitary

or collected in short spikes or terminal capitules.

The andrcium
Strutklohi

is

rarely isostemonous in this series, and there

are only four genera therefore constituting the subseries Struthiole.

and Kdlcria have in

or

fact only four stamens, alternate

the divisions of the perianth;

four

simple

unsheathed
In Drapetes,
the scales
all

with but the throat of the latter bears scales, superposed to the divisions
PimeUa ugustrma.

[Eustruthiole).

on the contrary,
other
characters

disappear (Brajjetcce),

the

remaining
Struthiola

those of Kelleria.
consists

of Cape

shrubs or

undershrubs, cricoid and with

leaves almost always alternate.
Kelleria and Drapetes humble subshrubby and
pitose,

are
cses-

museiform plants, with sessile and imbricate leaves. The former are
Oceanic;
the
latter

inhabit
Fig. 87. Flower (). Fig. 88. Long. sect, of
flower.

the mainland and

islands
VOL.
of
VI.

principal

the

Magellanic

lU
region.
is

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Schnobibius, of whicli only one

woody

species

from Brazil

known, has membranous alternate leaves, and male flowers disposed

in terminal umbels.

The perianth

presents a short, infundibuliform

tube, covered with hairs at the bottom, with four linear open lobes, to which are superposed an equal number of exserted stamens, with

The female flower is unknown. Still stamens than parts in the perianth, and more rarely there are less the small subseries {Pimelc) in whicb this is observed, comprises
oblong and introrse anthers.
the single genus Pimelea
(fig.

87, 88),

which has only two stamens

superposed to the most exterior of the four divisions of the perianth, and which includes shrubby, subshrubby or herbaceous plants, natives
of Australia, Tasmania,

New

Zealand and, very rarely, of Java.

In

nearly

all cases

the leaves are opposite and the inflorescence capitate

and terminal.

This very natural family

is

of very ancient origin.

Adanson

'

had very clearly indicated it in 1793, in section II of his Family of Garou {Thymelece"^). A. L. de Jussieu^ gave to the same group the name of the order Thymelece^ but he introduced into it wrongly Lindley* and Endlichee, ^ fairly limited Qulsqualis {Comhretacc).
this family for

which

C.

A.

Meyer
to

proposed the name Baphnace)

^),
^
;

but the former included Exocavpus (^Santalace

and Hernandic^
latter retained

whicb we have referred

Camjera

Lauracece

and the
',

(of the Santalacece)

and Hcrnandiacece

but
''

he

added,

as a doubtful genus, however, Phaleria

which Jack

had published
Dais.,

some

fifteen years previously.

In fact Endlichee, in 1836, admitted

fourteen of the genera

Passerina,

now preserved, Dirca, Daphne^

Drapetes, Pimelea,

Lachna,

Diarthron^

SirutMola,

Gnidia, Lino-

stoma, Wikslroemia, Lagetta and Pludcria.

times'^ occupied himself

Meissnee, who at various

with

this family, in

1857 added

to it the
it

genera Ovidia and LopJiostoma, at the same time ascribing to

their respective order
th.e

in

ancient genus Thymela of Tournefort,

Fam.

des PI.

ii.

278,

Fam.

40.

2 3
*

Veprecu/ec L. Phil. Sot. (1751), 33.

(CT. (1789), 76, (ird. 2.

Introd.

(ed.

2),

194; Veg. Kingd. (1846).

630, Ord. 203 {Thymelaci).

s

Bot. Ges. liegensb.m. 274; Gen. 323, 330 (242); Mart. Fl. Bras. Thymel. (fasc. 14); DC. I'rodr. xiv.

jVa<. Hist, of Fiants, ii. 449. Mai. Misc. (1820-22). ^Liniuea, xiv. 385; Deiikschr.
" ?

See

Gen. 329, Ord. 109 {Daphmidea).

493 (1857).

THYMEL^ACEM.
Sfellera

115

of Gmelin,

Arthrosolen

and Funifera of C. A.

Meyer,

Kelleria of Endlicher, Peddlea of Harvey, Baphnopsis and Schno-

Martids and Zuccarini, Dicranolepis of Planchon, Coleophora of Miers and GoodalUa and Lasiadenia of Bentham. In fact, lie admitted among the Thjmelc thirty-three genera which we have reduced to twenty-seven and to which Oliver^ has just added Synaphihlus of
tolepis.

We have also
"^ ;

proposed, in this series, a

new genus

Stepha-

nodapJine

bringing

the total

up

to twenty-nine.

which formerly comprised only the genera Aquilaria Gyrinops of Gartner,* have been long separated from the Thymelacece,
chiefly

The Aqiiilarie, of Lamarck ^ and

but E. Brown,

on account of their pluricarpellar gyncium

who ranged them

beside the Dichapetale{Chailletie)^ declares,

how-

with the Tlujmelccc would be less difficult This opinion, the parato establish than with any other group." doxical appearance of which he did not dissimulate, is indeed now
'
'

ever,^ " that their affinity

adopted by everyone.

have seen Endlicher placing Pliawhich entails the annexation laria in the series of the Thymelacece Gyrinops, inseparable from Phaleria. to this family of Aquilaria and Unfortunately, Decaisne, engaged with these plants in 1843 " and
;

We

1864,'''

placed before the latter generic

name

that of

Brymispermum^

which is posterior to it, and, inconsiderately multiplying generic and specific divisions, introduced the utmost confusion, making with the true Phaleria at the same time Brymispermum, Pscudais and Leucosmia, persisting in and even aggravating his errors in his work of 1864, in which he appears to take no notice
of

the

progress
also,

of science

or

the

labours of his

predecessors.^

having passively admitted the valueless genera established by Decaisne, was led to divide the Aquilarie, under the same title as the Thymele, into two tribes, Gyrinope and
Meissner,'"

Drymisperme, distinguished from each other by the presence or absence of scales in the throat of the perianth, and to place the Happily in same genus, under different names, in both tribes.

Eooh. Icon.
Adansonia,
Diet,
ii

t.

2
3

xi. fasc.

1074 (1870). 10 (1875).

' s

Voy. Vnus, Bot. 13, tab.

(1806).

Frac^.ii (1791).
Coni/o
i.

Reinw. Syllor/. PI. Eatisi. 15 (1828). ' For the most complete demonstration of these facts, now scarcely credible, see AdanWorks
(edit.

(1818),
126.

443;

Misc.

Benn.),
*

smia, xi. fasc. 10. 1" Prodi: xiv. 601 (1857).

Ann.

Sc. Nat. sr. 2, xix. 35,

t. 1.

82

116

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

1866, Seemanni had the credit of restoring in one and the same

genus Phaleria {Drymispernmm) and Leucosmia of

union fally adopted by this conscientious
since, in
observer.^*

Bentham;^ a Miquel long

1861 and in 1863, enriched this series with the genera ^l"aphiuin,'^ Lachnolepis^ and Gonisfylus,^ the two former of doubtful position, and the last intermediate, in the form and dimensions
of the floral receptacle, between the

Aquilarie

formerly

known

and the genus Octolepis proposed some years since by Oliver.^

whose autonomy we admit comprise Not two are common to both worlds, and a dozen of them are American. The greater part are monotypes and their total represent only some thirty odd species, whilst about two hundred and fifty are peculiar to the old None of the world, and are distributed in twenty-one genera. Aquilarie (some score of species grouped in half-a-dozen genera) belong to America, and all, except Octolepis which is African, are natives of the warmest parts of south-eastern Asia and tropical Oceania. The American Thymele are nearly all from South America. Only a couple of Daplmopsis and Dirca are from North America. The three genera Dap/mopsis, Lagetta and Hargasseria, are found in the Antilles, and the two latter are met with nowhere else. Coleophora., Funifcra, Lophosfoma and Schnohiblus have boon observed only in Brazil Lasiadenia in the north of Brazil and in Venezuela Goodallia in Guyana Ovidia in the Columbian Andes

The

thirty-three

genera

about two hundred and sixty species.

and Chili

Drapetcs in the Magellanic region.

Among

those that

belong to the old world there are genera, not rich in species, the
geographical distribution of which
is

quite as limited.

Thus PedDicranolepis,
;

diea is exclusively from Southern or

Western Africa

from tropical Western Africa

dap>hne,

Sgnapiokpis, from Zanzibar

;

Stephano-

from the eastern

;

isles of Africa

Passerina and ylrthrosolen,

;

from southern Africa

Darthron, from central Ahia

;

Dais, from

Madagascar and the Cape

Kellevia.,

from Oceania

Linostoma, from

'

Fl. Vit. 207.

'
ii.

* * *

Jlook. Land. Jouin.

231.

*
'

Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. Ann. Mii.i. Lugcl.-ISat.

Journ. Linn. Soc.
viii

i.

134.

loc. eit. t. 4.

Fl. Austral, vi. 37.

Si. Jnd.-Bat. Suppl.
i.

(1866).

3fi7.

THYMEL^ACEJS.
India,

117

The greater part of the Oceanic Thymele are PimeleaSy to the number of nearly a hundred. To the Ca2)e belong exclusively two genera of numerous species, Struthiola and Lachna. The
genera most widely spread in the old world are
:

Gnida, which

grows

in

Africa, in
is

Asia and

as

far
;

as tropical

Oceania

Wik-

strtma, which

Asiatic

and Oceanic

Thi/mcla, extending like

Daphne,

through Asia,
is

Africa and Europe.

In America, from

where Brapetes muscosa grows, to Canada, where In our found, there are a hundred degrees. hemisphere, fi-om Tasmania and New Zealand, where the Kellcrlas are the analogues of Brapetes, to Sweden and Norway, where also Baphne grows, there is the same distance. The latter genus has representatives in Java, in China and Japan, in India, in Siberia and in all the countries of Europe. All these plants have pretty numerous constant characters. The principal are: the simplicity of the perianth' and its imbricate prefioration the definite number of parts of the andrcium and
Tierra del Fuego,

Dirca palusiris

their

insertion

on the

floral

envelope

the

independence of the
to

gyneecium and
characters

its insertion

inferior to that of the stamens.^

which vary most and which generally serve

:

The mark

the generic divisions are

the

number

of the parts of the flower,

the point of insertion of the stamens and the dimensions of Iheir

filaments which render

them exscrted or enclosed, the presence or

absence of scales in the throat of the perianth and of glands forming

a disk at the foot of the gyncium, the consistence of the pericarp,

which the base of the perianth falls after floration or persists growing round the ripe fruit, the relative proportions of the embryo and albumen which may be wanting, and the arrangement of the inflorescence. A single character distinguishes the
the
in
series
'

mode

of"

the Aauir.ARiE.^ from

of types such aa
for example,

that of the Thymele.^!

it

is

the

The comparative study

must be mentioned the simplicity of the

leaves,

Octnkpis, Aijiiilaria

and Daphne,

the absence of stipules, and, in the organisation

of the stems, the peculiarities traceable in the

without speaking of the intermediaries, seems

to prove that the part considered as the

tube of

the calyx here represents a receptacle,

bearmg

perigynous

stamens, the true calyx consisting

only of the parts of the limb.

xi. fasc. 10.

Payeii

[Orgaiioc/.

481) arrived at the same conclusion, Adanmnia,

tenaceous, sometimes textile, with the remarkable fascicular structure which renders the leaflets reticulate, in form of cloth, lace, thread, and which prevents the branches of the Thijnielerc from being easily and cleanly broken.
liber,

(See

Link, Anat.
Eliti.

PI.

(1843),

t.

viii.

6.

There arc other characters nearly constant in the organs of vegetation. In this respect
2

A. Jvss,

But. 65,

g.

96.

Oliv. Stem.

Dicat. 31.)

118

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

of the carpels of

number
latter

which the gynsecium

is

formed
is

one in the

and two

in the former.

And

even this character

not absolute.

It is indeed exceptional that one cell

and one ovule

of

is

observed in
a

the

Thjfjmelc

but in certain
is

species

Phalcria,

genus

of

quilarie, there
as two.^

nearly as often one ovarian cell and one ovule

This last character shows us plainly enough that,

perceived by early botanists,
scarcely

if

the affinities

of this family with the Laurace^ Hernandie^ Protace

it is because they had to any but the Thyniele that is, types with uniwe must carpellar gynsecium and parietal placentation ^ but now inquire to what families the Tliymelace ally themselves by their highest types, those whose gyna3cium is formed of more than one leaf and contains two cells, complete or incomplete. These are the Penccacea\ the Rhamnacece (especially the Colletiece) and the Celastracc. The 'tube' of the flower, we have repeatedly said, appears to have the same morphological signification in the Thymelacecv and in the plants of these families which have a perigynous andrcium. But in the Rhanmacc and in those of the Penace which have in each cell only two ovules, the

were alone compare with

them

latter are

always ascending.
special

Moreover, the

Rhamnace

are dis-

tinguished by their oppositipetalous stamens, and the Penace, by

the
quite

organization* of their
generally

ovarian

partition.

The
they

Celastrace

are

hypogynous; and, in
entire
floral

this case,

nearly approach,

by

their

organization,
Octolepis.
to

one of the
in those of
opinion
of

Thymelace scarcely perigynous, such as

Peddiea has been cited as sometimes having two OTules in one and the same cell, and De Martius has seen two or three ovules and as
'

But

present day

understand the

authors
fruit.

who The

placed

them among
frequently
;

or after the

Thymeh, perhaps on account of

I'roteacea

their induviate

many
-

stones in Funifcra

utilis.

H. Bn. Adansonia, xi. fasc. 10. The gyncium of AqnUaria is sometimes tricarpellar. ' The Lauracecc are everywhere distinguished from the Thymclea 1. hy the perianth formed of two or more verticils 2. by the character, quite peculiar, of their valvicide anthers; 3. by
:

have one then either orthotropous and descending, or anatropous and ascending which is never seen in the latter,
ovule like the

Thymek

it

is

The stamens, always the same

in

number

as

the divisions of the perianth in the Proteacece, are superposed to those divisions, whilst in the

the position of the micropyle,

which, in the

descending

ovule, is

interposed between the

hilum and the placenta. The Mernandkea: are Laitrace, and have besides, as we have seen
[vol.

Thymelace (except in Schicnoa genus still imperfectly known) the stamens alternate with the sepals, and, when
isostemonous
biblus,

they are
fewer,
*

opposite,

as

in

Pimelea, they

are

a. 449), a double perianth,

free stamens

and an inferior (adherent) ovary, surmounted by an opigynous disk. It is difBoult in the

See

p, 90, fig.

60-63.

THYMEL^AOE^.
the Celastrace whose ovules are descending, as
is

119

invariably the
is

case in the Thymelacece, the mycropyle, exterior in the latter,

turned upwards and inwards.

It

would always be

difficult, as

we

have elsewhere pointed

out,^ not to find a striking

resemblance be-

tween

Octolepis

"

and Geissoloma.
are acrid
plants,

UsES.^

The

Tlnjmelcce

often very dangerous,

canal, producing

most
a

parts,

when introduced
sometimes

into the

intestinal

mouth and throat, a burning sensation, followed by a change in the mucous membrane analogous to that produced on the skin, and which is
violent,

mortal,

irritation;

in

the

true blistering if the contact

is

sufficiently prolonged.

This pro-

perty has been attributed to daphnino,'^ a principle often found in

Daphne united with a green oil, which can be analysed into glucose and daphnctine. Many European Daphnes are employed as vesicants, chiefly Garoii, D. laureola and Bois-gentil (D. Mezereum). The bark and more rarely the seeds are used in medicine. Garou (or
Sain-Bois^)
is

a small shrub from the south of Europe. Its bark, flexible

and
if

difficult to break,

has a tenacious liber which might be textile

freed from the fine white silk

which covers the

exterior,

and

which, entering the skin, produces a painful itching.

nauseous, corrosive, and
is

It is acrid,

used especially in preparing blistering

fresh

powders and ointments.

The

bark

itself

has also been emIt is

ployed, in southei-n districts, to establish revulsion arid issue.

an active but dangerous cmmenagogue, and

rator of cutaneous afl'ections.
'

also a powerful
(fig.

mode-

Bois-gentil^
Lamk.
Fl.

81-85) has quite

222.

Aiansonia,

xi. 290, etc.

Ft:

iii.
i.

'

Olivek compares these with Ftiicca. Enoh. Fiic/iiiid. 209. liisDh. Fl. 3[ed. 32i

AhX-, Fl. Pedcni.

;

153

{Lm

Thymela Giiidium smivage ou btard,

Camile

Triiitaiiellc,

Thymle de Montpellier,

GuiB. Drug. Simpl. d. 6, ii. 3S4. RosENTH. Si/H. PI. Diaphor. 240, 1133. 4 Ci^H<"0''6. SwENO. Ann. Chcm. und Pharm. cxv. 1. GuEiLLioT, Etude sur les Daphne.
J'eg.

Kihffd.

531.

noire,
^

Bois d'oreilles).

(Ths. cole Pharm. Par. 1867. ' Daphne Gnidinin L. Spec. 357. DuHAM.
. . .

Arhr.

ii.

t.

Del. Diet. Mat. Md. ii. 580. Hayne, Arzn. Gew. iii. t. 45. Reichb. Je. Fl.
et

MR.
Germ.

23. Sibth.

et

Sm. Fl. Qre,

t.

356.

Mezernim L. Spec. 356. Blackw. Herb. 46. le. Fl. Germ. iii. t. Hane, Arzn, Eeiciib. le. Fl. Germ. t. 556. Mu. et Del. Diet. Mat. Geu: iii. t. 43. Md. ii. 584. GuiB. loe. eit. 385. Gken. et Godr. Fl. deFr.m. 57. Rosenth. op. cit. 240.
I).
t.

582. Nes,

t.

553.

GuiB.

op. cit.

ii,

384, fig. 471.

Gren. et Godr. Fl. de Fr. iii. 60. Gaz. Med. Indig. d. 3,365. Rev. Fl. Md. du XlXo Sicle, ii.T. Rosenth. op. cit. 240. D. Cnidium B01B8, Vog. Esp. ii. 657. D. Paniculata

Schm. _;(. Off. Gew. t. 12 b.Z. Dauph. iii. hl6 . Mesereum ojjicinarum G. A. Mey. Beitr. v. n. 112. Thymela Mezercum Scop. Fl. Carniol. 279. All. Fl. {Joli-bois, Faux-Garou, Zaurole Pede m. 131
et

Bero.

Liotardi Vill.

femelle ou gentille.).

120

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

is

the same properties, but

districts.

less

used among us, except in rural

is

In Germany, the bark of the stems and of the roots

used as a vesicant. extremely

acrid.

The
It

taste, at first

sweetish, speedily becomes

active

produces

vomiting,

purgation and

inflanunation

of the urinary passages.

Bois-gentil has

been em-

ployed in the treatment of chronic cutaneous afiections, paralysis

of the organs of deglutition, and locally against dental decay.

The

and that of Garou find much difficulty in protecting their eyes and respiratory passages from Persons who have taken this the penetration of this irritant powder. bark internally are often afi'ected by a perspiration in the head and

workmen who

pulverise this bark

neck, after which remains a biu-ning sensation in the throat. Laureola^

and Daphne

collina^'

ulpina^ /o,fc<,* altaica,^ Cneorum^ olcoides^

Bholua,^ have, in various degrees, similar properties.

said of Dirca paliistris^
(fig.

The same

is

79-80), employed as a purgative by

the North Americans, of Lagetta Untearia, of Wikstrmia indica^'^ of Baphnopsis Sivartzii'^^ and tinifolia^' of Thgmela Tartonraira^^

and of many species of Gnidia}*

Blackw. Herb, 183. MR.et Del. Diet. Mat. Md. ii. 684. Hayne, Arz. Gew. iii. t. 44. Guib. op. cit. ii. 386. Gren. et GoDR. Fl. de Ft: iii. 57. Caz. Fl. Med. Iiid. d. 3, 366. Rev. in Fl. Md. du XIXe Sicle, i. 449. RoSENTH. op. cit. 240. B. major Lamk. Fl. Fr. iii. 221. Thi/meliea Laureola Scot. Fl.
'

The

action of the fruits and seeds

D. Laureola L.

Spec. 356.
ii.

internally as febrifuge, hydragogue and yer-

t.

62. Jacq.

Fl. Austi:

49,

t.

micide.
^

See

p. 130,

note

9.

Bigel, Med. Bot.

ii. t.

37.

LrNDL.
C.

Fl.
cuir,

Med. 325.
Bull.
1.

Rosentu.
iv.

op. cit.

240 [Bois de

B. de plomb).

"

A.

Mey.

Ftenb.

n.

4.

Meissn. Prodr. 5ii, n.

in Jacquem. Voij. Bot. 146.

Dcne. W. nutans Benth.

TV. Forsteri

Cariiiol.

i.

276 {Laurier-Epurge, L. des Bois,

ii.

Auriole, Laurole Mle).

2

Sm.

Spieil.

t.

18.
t.

Meissn. Frodr. xiv.

Hook. Journ. (1853), 195. Baphiie indica L. Spec.5\\. D.ftida L. F. Siippl. 223. Forst. Capura Purpurata L. Mantiss, Prodr. n. 168.

535, n.
'

15. Bui. Mag.

428.

226 [Ooo, Oao, Avan-o-ao

the Sandwich Isles).

9.

L. Spec. 356. D. Candida Wittm. jT/iymeliea Candida Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2,1. 277.
*

" Meissn. Prodr.

deiitnlis

522, n.

Daphne

occi-

L. Spec.

357. Andr.
1282.

Bot. Fcpon.

t.

73.

Bot.

Mag.

t.

We

are assured that the

is

Sw. Prodr. 63. " Meissn. Prodr. n. 14. Daphne tinifolia Sw. Prodr. 63. Nordmanuia tinifolia FiscH.
et

poisonous honey of Asia Minor

partly from this plant.
'

collected

Mey. {Mahot).
'3

Pall. Fl. Foss.

t.

i.

53,

t.

35. Lodd.

Bot.

399. i?o<. Mag. t. 1875. Spec. 357. Jacq. Fl. Austr. v. 12, t. 426. Curt, in Bot. Mag. t. 313. Bull. Herb. t. 121. MR. et Del. loc. cit. 5S0.D. odorata Lamk. Fl. Fr. iii. 222. D. Verloti Gren. et GoDR. Fl. de Fr. iii. 59 [B. Fausse-Chamlc).
Cab.
'

L.

133. Meissn. Prodr. i. Daphne Tartonruira L. Spec. 356. DC. Fl. Fr. iii. 357. Mkr. et Del. Diet. Mat. Md. ii. 587. D. Candicans Lamk. Passerina Tartonraira Schrad. N. Juurn. iv. p.
All. Fl. Pedem.
656, n. 16.

i.

89.

Gren

et

GoiiR.

Fl. de Fr.

i.

Chlamydanthis Tartonraira C. A.

7nunda
'^

argentea latifolia

Mey. Sanaangustifolia Barrel

63.

ScHREB. Bee. i. 13, t. 7.-2. caucasica Bieb ? D. Jasmiiiea Sidth. et Sm. Fl. Grocc. t. 358. Don, Prodr. Fl. Kipal, 68 (Bholu Swa).
'

{Trinianelle, T. Malherbe, Gros-Retombet).

D. Genkwa (Sied,
75)
is

et

Zuco. Fl. Jap.

flowers are

i.

137,

t.

Notably G. pinifolia L. simplex L. and Dryand. species from the Cape. G. odiiri/irri. LOLR. from Cochin China, yields a
imberbis

also used for blistering in

is

Japan; the
administered

kind of tar which serves to calk ships.

bark

used.

The

THYMEL^ACEM.".
is

121

similar,

though generally
feed

less

marked.

The

pericarp of Bois-

gentil is said to be poisonous for all animals

except birds, which

among us
(jnida^

upon
is

it.

The
to

seeds of Garou, were formerly used in

the South as a purgative, under the

name

of Grana gnidia or Cocca

whence

supposed

be derived the vulgar name Coqucnau-

and Mesereiim, are also and in powder in rural districts they purge in a less violent manner. Dap/me contains likewise a colouring matter. Garou is used in the south to dye wool yellow. A beautiful yellow lac is also extracted from D. alpina and Laureola. As Passerina tinctoria also furnishes a dye of the same colour.^ plants with a textile liber, the Thymele still play a certain part in practice. In Madagascar, cord and paper are made from the bark of Gnidia duphnfola^' and paper from that of G. madagascarknsis? Duphie Bholua and pap^yr^cc* in India, and D. cannahina and Harchrysantha'^ in China and Japan serve the same purpose. gasseria Lagetta " and Lagctta calensuana ^ in Cuba have a reticudier.

Its leaves, as also those of Laureola

in decoction

employed

lated tenaceous whitish liber resembling certain loose tissues

but

the most beautiful and best

known

of these lace-woods

is

the liber of

Lagetta Untearia^ which, prepared by maceration and compression,

imitates net

somewhat

irregularly.
lace,

Of

it

are

made

cuffs,

collars
to

and
in

cockades

resembling

fine

mats,

and

whips used

chastise the negro slaves.

In

many

of the Polynesian Isles, notably

the Sandwich, the clothes of the natives have for a long time
of

consisted of the liber of Thgmele, chiefly

Wikstrmia

indica,

separated into leaves beaten and compressed with special imple-

ments, then smoothed and painted, fairly imitating coarse lace.

Brazil Fimifera
'

In

utilis ^ is

used to make mats and cordage.

^
III.

villosa L. are cited

p. Filiformis L. hirsuta L. ciliata L. and asevacuanls, as also SteUcra

L.
Suppl.
225.

Lamk. Did.
t.

iii.

376, 440

Suppl.

iii.

236

289.

Mi'r. et Del. Diet. Mat. Md. iv.

C/iamaJasiiie L.
^

19.

Lixdl. Fl. Md. 325.

i.

Hook. liao Gard.

ioO'l.

.F.

Lasiusiphoii

pubescens

Misc. ii.t.i; Bot. Ma/j.

Fl. Gard.
i.

Lindl. /Vu(.
Jard. Fleur,

Done. Meissn.
^

Prodr. 597, n. 10.

ii.

n. GO, c.

Dais Madaffascarieiisis Lamk. Diet.

368,
fig. 2.

254,

19.

Meissn.
i.

ic Lem.
626.

t.

Prodr.

Endl.

Erichirid.

III. t.

'

Wall,

ex Steud. Nomencl.i^Z.
xii.

209. EosENTH. op. cit. HI.Lar/etto Lunan, Jam. i. ilZ. Daphne Lagctto Sw. Prodr. 63;
2i.Edgei.

D. Papi/rifera SiBB. Act. Bat.

(1847),
t.

Fl. hid. Occ.

'

680 {Lace-bark, Gauze-tree),

C. A.

worthia Chrijsantha Lindl. Jourii. Hort. Soc.

Leandro, MSS.
iv.
;

Mey.
1.

Bull. Acad.
Fl. Bras.

148; Bot. Reg.

48.
iv.

Papi/rifera

Plersb.

n.

6. Meissn. Mart.

Zucc. in Abh. Baier. Akad. of the Japanese).

' '

199 {Mitsmata

Thymel. 67
liensis

Raddi.

D. T/iercminii JjHotzk. Lagetta

et

Prodr. 625, n.

Daphne BrasiSpec.
i.

LI iiiiilciidroii Lagetta Gv.i&^Ti, A. KiCH. Cub. xi. 193.

fiiiiifcra'MhWT. etZvcc. Nov. Gen.

t.

66,

34 [Einbira branca).

122

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The Aquilarie present few useful species. The name comes, as is known, from that of Eaglewood or Aloes of which the genus
Aquilaria

furnished

many commercial

sorts.

Among

the odorous

and resinous woods, formerly burnt in temples and palaces, and

which in ancient therapeutics entered into a number of preparations, the best known, which Guibourt calls the ordinary Aloes wood of commerce, is probably the Garo of Kumphius, the product of Aquilaria malacensis^ (fig. 67-69) or secundaria;"" and
the same aiithor thinks that
it

is

A. Agallocha^ of India which

produces the Eaglewood or false Calambac*

The

Orientals highly

woods which their sacred books extol as aromatic and of which many articles of cabinet work, chaplets and The Agullochum spurium of Rumphius^ is trinkets are made.
esteem these Aloes
Gonisttjlus hancanus.^

The

flowers of the Thymclace are often very odorous.

Those of

D. odo)-a,jaj)onica and Mcsereum have a sweet and strong perfume perhaps not sufficiently utilised. The industrial uses of the stems
are not

numerous

in Europe.

In Switzerland, satin-like hats are

Bois-gentil,
splib

twisted from the

layers.

wood

of

Garou and

into

thin

In Greece, brooms are made of the branches of Tartonraira.

;

Dirca palustris has a supple and flexible wood

its

bark

is

used to

make baskets

species, notably those of

and cordage. The precocious flowers of certain Daphne Mczercum, show themselves in the middle of winter. Many Chinese and Japanese Daphnes flourish at the same season in our cool conservatories, where are cultivated a great number of Passerina, Gnidia, Dais and the very beautiful
Australian Pimelea,
Lamk.
49

'

hict.

i.

III. t.

ii.

59. TuRP.

Diet.

Sc.

Nat. Atl.

350. DC. rrodr. 248. t.

(not Benth.).

Meissn. Prodr. 602, n. 3 J. Oi'ata Cav. Diss. vii. 377, Suppl. Ind.-Bat. i. p i. 882
;

Rqxb. Cat. Bort. Calc. 33 Fl. Ind. ii. 422. Eotle, 111. 173, t. 36, fig. 1. Boxb. et Colehr.
;

Trans.

Linn.

Soc.

xxi.

199,

t.

21.

Meissn.

t.
i.

224. Miq. Fl
141.

Prmlr. 601, n.
v.
s.

1. H. Bn. Did.
Aggnr,
ii.

Encycl. Sc.
a.

MM.

754 {Lignum vcrum Agallochum,

Cnlambac,
*

Agalttgin,

'

DC.

Prodr.

ii.

59.

2.

Agallochum
ii.

s'cuudarimn
10 (var.
?

Meissn. Prodr. 601, n. Eumpii. Uerh.

of the preceding

s.

s.

Aloci).
iii.

(Juin.

o/). cj(.

d. 6,

337.

Amboin.
species).

34,

t.

'
"

.Herb,

Amboin.

402.
1.

See

p. 125,

note

THYMEL^ACE^.

123

GENERA.

I.

AQUILAEIE^.
hermaphrodite regular; more or

1.

Aquilaria Lame.
long obconical.

Flowers
5, or,
;

less

Sepals

more rarely

6,

inserted in the

throat, imbricate.

Stamens 10 (or rarely

12), inserted in

two

series

with the sepals, perigynous

introrse,

filaments short or very short, sometimes

;

longer subexserted or exsertcd

2-rimose.

anthers basifixed, ovate or oblong,

in

Squamules equal
free, enclosed, 2- or

number

to,

and inserted
sessile
;

alternately with the stamens, erect exserted pilose.

to

Germen

bottom of tube,

short or subnil,
at

apex dilated more or less complete, sometimes very incomplete, 1-locular; ovule
;

more rarely 3-merous style sometimes longer than and rising above the stamens, cells in germen 2, 3, stigmatose more or less lobate
Fruit drupa-

in cells

1,

descending; micropyle extrorsely superior.

ceous, finally capsular, girt at attenuate base with persistent calyx,

obovate

or oblong or obcordate, loculicidally 2, 3-valved

valves

medially septiferous.

Seeds 1-3, oftener 2

pilose cone
;

chalaza produced to a

more

or less

spongy

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo

fleshy plano-convex

radicle short inferior.

Trees

leaves alternate
;

shortly

petiolate

exstipulate

entire

penninerved
102.
of

nerves

close

parallel; flowers terminal, lateral or axillary subumbellate.

south-east. Asia,
2.

{Trop,

Malaya, Borneo.)
G.ertn.

See

p.

Gyrinops

Flowers

nearly

Aquilaria',
;

calyx

slender and long tubular, externally puberulous

limb imbricate.
plane setulose

Stamens
2-rimose.

5, oppositipetalous, inserted, with as

;

many

squamules, in the throat

anthers subsessile enclosed linear, introrsely

at

Germen

inserted

bottom

of

perianth

somewhat

thickened and there furnished with unequal

scarcely perceptible
style slender

glands, long stipitate, attenuate at base and apex;

124
erect, at

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

apex stigraatose
Fruit, seeds
capitellate.

Ovules in

cells (2) solitary (of

Aquilaria).

ovato-oblong or subovate.

and other characters of Aquilaria ; pericarp

shrub; leaves alternate (of
^^'taVrtr/a);

flowers axillary and subterrainal subumbellate, very shortly pedicellate.

.3.

[Ccjjloii.')

See

p. 104.

Phaleria Jack.

Flowers hermaphrodite,
;

45-merous

recep-

tacle long tubular (petaloid)

sepals inserted in throat, imbricate.

Disk very thin lining the tube, thickened above at the throat and there annular, subentire or 5-crenate, sometimes produced to 4, 5
scales alternating thick.

with the sepals and more or less prominent and the Stamens 8-10, inserted in two series under the throat
;

oppositipetalous longer; filaments either very short enclosed, or more

or less elongate

and exserted

anthers basifixed introrse, 2-rimose

all exserted or enclosed, or the oppositisepalous semi-ex sorted.

Germen
with
;

subsessile,

sometimes shortly attenuate

at base

nnd there

girt

hypogynous membranous disk, equal or unequal, subentire or lobate

cells 1, 2, 1-ovulate
;

style terminal or lateral, or

short enclosed, or

elongate exserted, at apex stigmatose capitate subentire or more or

less

2-lobed.

Ovules in

cells 1,

descending

micropyle extrorsely,
;

superior.

Fruit bare drupaceous, indhiscent

sarcocarp
;

oftener

putamen woody, 1-2-locular, 1-2-spermous embryo of exalbuminous descending seed fleshy cotyledons thick plano-convex
thin
;
;

radicle

short superior.

Glabrous

trees

or

shrubs;

leaves oftener

opposite and shortly petiolate exstipidatc entire coriaceous penni-

nerved

flowers in short or umbelliform

spikes terminal or lateral

bracts imbricate forming involucre around flowers, caducous. [Southeast.

Asia and north, trop. Oceania.)

See p. 104.

4. ?

Gonistylus Tetsm. and Binn.^

^

" Flowers

hermaphrodite
;

calyx short subsomiglobular

valvate, persistent.

coriaceous, deeply 5-lobed

lobes subin
in

Scales

the

throat,

filiform.

numerous (35), inserted in one series Stamens 10; filaments short, incurved
subglobular, 4-5-celled

astivation; anthers oblong obtuse; cells 2, confinent above, longi-

tudinally rimose.

Germen

ovules in cells

solitary pendulous anatropous ; style filiform very slender geniculately Berry ^ subglobular ; bent, apex small clavate 2-lobed stigmatose.
1

Bot. Zeit. (1862), xx. 266.

i.

Liiffd.-Snl.
faac. 10.

184,

t. 4.

H. Bn. Adansonia,

Mia.

Ann. Mus.
xi.

* Very like a cupular receptacle Romewhat pprigynous free (P) * " Tomi majoria mole, auraiitiaca."

sepals

THYMEL^ACE^.
;
;

125

cells 4, 5 seeds affixed to vertex of central mesocarp fibrous oblong curved embryo exalbuminous. A lofty tree columella, leaves alternate petiolate sublanceolate entire coriaceous penninerved
;

reticulate-veined,

persistent

racemes

terminating
in

axillary

few-

flowered

twigs;

flowers

fasciculate

dense

hirsute

tubercle.

[Banca, Java, Sumatra})''^

5.

Octolepis

Oliv.~

Flowers

hermaphrodite

receptacle

flat

subcupular.
inserted in

Sepals

4,

subperigynous,
;

imbricate.

Stamens

8,
;

two

series

with the perianth

filaments free subulate

cells
3,

anthers ovate or ovately-cordate introrse

rimose.
entire

longitudinally

Squamules
obtuse, pilose,
4-celled
;

8,

inserted and alternating with the stamens,

valvate in the bud.

Germen

sessile

ovoid,

hii'sute,

style terminal short, at

openly 4-lobed
angle.

ovule in cells

Fruit...?
flowers^

"A

1,

apex stigmatose dilated descending from top of internal

leaves
alternate
petiolate

small

tree; or

obovate-lanceolate

apiculate,

entire

widely denticulate

mem[Trop,

branous;

axillary

fasciculate

few pedicellate."

west. Africa.*)

II.
6.

THYMELE^.

Linostoma Wall.

Flowers hermaphrodite apetalous regular;

Stamens
;

perianth tube (receptacle?) obconical (coloured), deciduous; lobes 5,

equal, imbricate, finally patulous.
10,

inserted in throat,

in 2-serics, 5 oppositipetalous, a little longer

filaments free exserted

subulate; anthers oblong introrse obtuse, 2-rimose.

Squamules

10,

inserted in throat alternately with stamens, oblong-linear, attenuate

obtuse or more or less incised, finally and exserted. Germen sessile in bottom of tube, girt at base by 10 minute hypogynous glandules opposite the stamens, ovoid
at base,
at apex

subentire,

erect

hirsute 1-1 ocular

capitate
;

style terminal slender exserted, at

1,

apex stigmatose
anatropous
;

ovule

parietally

inserted,

descending,

micropyle extrorsely superior.

indhiscent
;

Fruit (by ("drupaceous")

;

bare,

albumen of descending seed but slightly fleshy radicle of somewhat thickened embryo superior. Shrubs sometimes sub-

scandent
1

leaves
G.

opposite

entii-e

penninerved exstipulate
'B.VTiV'a.
-

floral

Spec.

1.

bancanus.

Teysm, et BiNN. loc. cit. Aquilaria ? bancana MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bat. Suppl. i. .355. A. macrophylla MiQ. loc. cit. Agallochum spuritim

G.

Miquelianus

Berl. Amboin.

ii.

idi.
t.

Joiirn. Linn. Soc. viii. 161,

12.

'
'^

" White," small.

Spec.

1.

0. Cascaria Olit. loc. cit.

126

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

submembranous diversiform
See
p.
;

leaves

flowers in terminal

umbels

(?).

[India).
7.

105.
Meissn.^

Lophostoma
10,

Flowers
round
dry

nearly of Linostoma
fruit

calyx

tubular,

marcescent,

persistent

large

membranous.
and basally

Squamules

inserted in throat with as

0.

many
;

longer stamens.
pericarp smooth

Hypogynous disk

Fruit

enclosed by

calyx

seated in receptacle thickened to a ring, acuminate

crustaceous, indhiscent.

Seed ...

Other characters of Linostoma.

{o Lino-

Small
stoma)
;

trees or shrubs; leaves opposite or subopposite

flowers in terminal corymbiform pedunculate racemose ra-

cemes; flowers ebracteate; pedicels very short persistent.^

thern Brazil.^)
8.

{Nor-

Synaptolepis
lobes
5,

Oliv.*
;

Flowers

hermaphrodite (nearly

of

Lophostoma)., 5-merous
at base
;

perianth long tubular-obconical, articulate

;

imbricate

the interior thicker, Squamules connate

in slender erect subentire or shortly crenulate coromile of throat.

Stamens 10, inserted

oppositisepalous

at top of the

tube under the coronule

;

the 5
short
;

higher than the others

;

filaments

of all

anthers enclosed introrse, 2-rimose

short connective.

apicule

Germen

inserted at

somewhat obtuse from bottom of tube, free, at apex

Fruit
;

attenuated to a subulate style, dilated at stigmatose apex.

enclosed
seed
.

by somewhat thickened base

of perianth, finally subdry

glabrous

shrub,

sometimes

subscandent

branches
;

opposite

divaricate

more or

less

open

terete

(blackish)
;

leaves
;

opposite, shortly petiolate,

ovately acute penninerved

stipules

axillary buds conspicuous

petiolate.
9.

flowers axillary, oftener solitary, shortly

{Zanzibar.^)
Bn.*^

Stephanodaphne H.
of

Flowers
;

hermaphrodite regular
;

(nearly

Lophostoma\
;

5-merous

calyx hyp ocra teriform

tube

elongate cylindrical
thick
inserted
in

lobes of limb 5, short, imbricate, open.

Disk

throat, annular

continuous, finally at reflexcd

margin unequally fimbriate-lobed.

under the throat
;

Stamens 10, inserted

in 2 series

anthers subsessile obtuse introrse.

Germen sessile,

without disk, perceptibly attenuated to a conical style stigmatose

1

DC.

Prodr. xiv. 600.

Thymd.
"

(fasc. 14),

72 [Linostoma).
3,

In habit, leaves, structure of flowers very near to Linostoma Meissn. of which it formerly formed a section. It diS'era in inflorescence, absence of hypogynous disk, sometimes in nature offrait clothed with calyx. ' Spec. 1. 2. Meissn. Mart. Fl. Bras.
2

Hook. Icon.
its

ser.

59,

t.

1074.

Oliver
t.

describes

another species

[S.

alternifoHa) re-

markable for
1194).
'
''

alternate leaves [Hook. Ic,

Spec.

1,

? xi. fasc. 10.

Adansonia,

THYMEL^AGE^.
at obtuse apex,
. . .

127

densely villoso-setose

ovule

1,

descending.

Fruit

Shrubs
;

leaves alternate, subsessile or very shortly petiolate,

unequal or subequal at base, entire or widely crenulate,

pennilineate
;

nerved
flowers

nerves transverse or oblique

in long-pedunculate spikes,

veins

netlike

or

erect

or cerniious,

lateral

or

supra-alate, clavate at apex, elongate or shortly subcapitate, articulate,

deciduous.

{Trop. east. Africa

and islands})
5-merous
;

10.

Dicranolepis Pl.^

Flowers hermaphi-odite,
10,''

tube

of hypoerateriform calyx elongate,

sometimes very slender; limb

inserted in throat, alternating

very imbricate, open.

in pairs with,

Squamules

widely

and equal to or longer than, the lobes of the calyx, Stamens 10 inserted in tkroat, 2 -seriate or petaloid.
filaments free short;

spuriously 1 -seriate;

anthers introrse

the

longer exserted.

Germen

sessile or shortly stipitate, stipate at

base

to hypogynous thinly membranous, unequally crenate or dentate, either regular, or sometimes more evolved disk ovule 1, descending ;
;

style

subterminal

or

lateral

long,

enclosed,

at

apex stigmatose
(?)

clavate, capitate or orbicular.

Fruit subdrupaceous
base of calyx,

juiceless sub-

globular, enclosed

by

persistent

seed subglobular,
;

cotyledons
short

of exalbuminous

superior.

Glabrous

embryo thick hemispherical

or

radicle

oftener

pilose

shrubs
;

leaves

alternate,

2-stichous,

unequally oval or trapezoid

flowers

sub-

terminal or generally axillary, solitary or few glomerulate.

west. Africa ^)

(Troj).

11,

Gnidia

L.'^

Flowers hermaphrodite
germen,
deciduous
patent.
;

tube of infundibuliform
[Lasiosiphon
4,
5,

or subhypocrateriform (coloured) calyx cylindrical, oftener circumscissus above the

lobes

'^)

or

oftener
inserted

4, imbricate, equally

Squamules

petaloid,
lobes,

in

throat,

alternating with and shorter than the

or
partite

either simple or

2-fid

(more rarely very

in

small

and

scarcely perceptible).
'

Stamens 8-12, inserted

ed.
2,

2-plicate series at

Spec.

2.

H. Bn.

loc.

cU.
;

154.

Nectandra Berg.

PL

Cap. 131.

Hook. Icon.

viii. t.

798

Niger, 496,

t.

49.

Meissn. Trodr. 599.

3

Thijmdina Hoffmsg. Verz. i. 198 (part.). E.ndl. Gen. n. 1\<i\.Canalia 8chm. N. Pjianz.
Prag. (1793),

Or

5, 2.fid,

or 2-partite.

Walp. Ann.
^

Spec, about 4.
i.

H. Bn. Adansonia,
;

xi. 302.

Zeyh.

Calysericos

n. 5.

Epicliyoxaiitha
Eckl.
et

(part.)

Eckl. et Zeh. (ex

588. Gen. n.

Meissk.).

487./. Gen. 77. Lamk. Diet. n. 764; lU.i. 291. Endl. Gen. n2100, 2102 (Suppl. iy. p. ii. 63). Meissn. iiHa, xiv. 423 Prodr. 5S0.Dessenia Ad/lks.
Stjst. ed. 2,

22

Fbesen. Flora (1838), 602. Dcne. Jaequem. Bot. 147.Exdl. Gen. n. 2\Q&^.Enkleia Grif. Cnfc. Journ. Nat. Sist. iv.n. 13. Jack,
Voij.

Cat.

PI.

Hort.

Cale.

(1843),
i.

138;

Pdla

Fam.

dea PI.

ii.

2S5.Sli-uthia Roy. L. Gen.

MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bat. Suppl.

355.

128

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

top of the tube, subssessile, the 4, 5 upper, oppositisepalous generally

semi-exserted,

sometimes abortive
all

the inferior same in

enclosed

anthers of

linear or oblong obtuse, iutrorse.

number Hypo-

gynous disk short membranous or very short annular, often obsolete. Germen sessile style lateral, equalling tube, at apex stigmatose
;

capitate.

Fruit nucular, enclosed by base of persistent calyx

seed
or

sparsely

albuminous.

Shrubs

or

undershrubs, either ericoid,

furnished with herbaceous or sub-coriaceous leaves alternate or opposite

;^

flowers

"

terminal, shortly spiked or oftener capitate

receptacle

often

pedunculate

sometimes
with
floral

hemispherical,

often
)

(Lasiosiphon)

villose, involucrate

leaves (few or co

imbricate (somewest.

times larger).

(India, south,

and

trop.

east,

and

Africa and

adjacent islands.^)
12.

Lachnea

Roy.*

Flowers
;

hermaphrodite, 4-merous, regular

Onjptadema),^ narrowed
;

or sometimes irregular

tube of perianth straight or curved, slender

(

or infundibuliform, sometimes suburceolate

above the germen and

equal
or
;

finally cii-cumscissile

deciduous

lobes of limb
lip

iiTCgular

in

2-labiate

limb

the

posterior
;

smaller

(1-lobed)

the anterior larger open-recurved (3-lobed)

imbricate in
;

prefloration.

Stamens

8, inserted at
;

top of tube, 2-seriate

the upper

4, oppositisepalous and exserted

filaments slender short, sometimes

barbate

anthers ovate or oblong obtuse.

Squamules

8," alternating

with stamens, sometimes very small, either partially concealed in the

hairs of the thi'oat, or inserted at or

below the middle of the tube

{Cryptadenia) and

much lower than

the anthers.

Hypogynous disk

0.

Germen
oftener

sessile

style lateral capillary,

apex stigmatose capitate

of

exserted.

Fruit nucular, enclosed by persistent base

calyx

seed oftener sparsely albuminous.

;

Shrubs
;

or small shrubs

often ericoid branched

branches slender

leaves alternate or opposite,

flowers
'''

linear or acerose, glabrous or variously pilose

sometimes
{South.

terminal solitary or oftener capitate involucrate or naked.

Africa.^)
'

the

The leafy branches compound leaves of

are said to resemhle

Piifea (of the

408

Prodr. 574.

Lnchara L.

Sijst.

ed. 2, 22.

Legumi-

Gonophylla Eckl. et Zeth.

^

MSS. (Meissn.)
;

nos).

Radojitskya TuRCz. Bull. Mosc. (1S52), 176.

White, yellow, lilac or reddish. ^ Spec, about 65 I., f. Siippl. 225. Wikstk. Thymel. 316. Line L. Bot. Peg. t. 757. Done. MiQ. Anal. Voy. Jacquem. Bot. {Lasio.sijihon).
-

Meissn. Linnosa, xiv. 404

ii.

Prodr.

573.

EffDL. Gen. Suppl. iv. p.

n. 2101. -Calysericos

Eckl. et. Zeyh. (Meissn.). ^ Staminodes ?

'

Bot. Ind.

ii.

3,

t.

1.

Walp. Ann.
n.

i.

587 {La-

Oftener rosy or
46,

lilac.

siosiphon),
"

687 (Enkleia), 688

ed.
2,

{Psilosolena).

'

Spec, about 22 L.
t.

Spec. ed.

1,

660.

Burm.
Fl.

382. J. Gen. 77. Gmkts. Fruct. iii. 196, t. 215. Lamx. Diet. iii. 373; III. t. 292. Endl. Gen. n. 2094;
L. Gen.
iSuppl. iv. p.
ii.

Afr.

48 (r%wtea). Thunb.

376 [Pasesrina),
Prpon.
t.

378 [Gnidia). Andk. Bot. 104. Turcz. Flora (1863), 743 (TJa-

Cap.

n. 2193.

Meissn. Linnaa, xiv.

dnjitsh/n).

Bot. May,

t.

1295, 4143 {Passerina.).

THYMEL^ACEjE.
13.

12U

Dais

L.'

Flowers

hermaphrodite,

3-meroiis

(nearly

of

Gnidia); limb of inf'uudibiiUforra (coloured) calyx patent; throat esquaniate.

Stamens 10, exsertcd 2-scriately

girt at base

in throat; filaments setaceous

;

rather longer, all or only the upper exserted

anthers oblong obtuse.

;

Germen

with cup-shaped membranous disk

style lateral,

apex stigmatose capitate or subclavate truncate.

(sometimes dry
flowers
^

Fruit baccate

?),

enclosed by persistent base of calyx.

Shrubs

leaves alternate or ojiposite flat

capitate terminal
;

membranous rather
bracts.

large veined

capitules solitary pedunculate,

involuSouth.

crate with 4, 2-cussately

imbricate

{3Iadagascar,

Africa?)

14
calyx

Coleophora Mikes.*
coloured

" Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-5-merous

;

iufundibuliform

tube

contracted

from base

to
;

middle and there hirsute within, above and externally glabrous

throat esquamate
fimbriately
;

limb 4- or more rarely 5-fid

lobes acute reflexed

ciliate.

Stamens 8-10, inserted 2-seriately in throat

;

exserted
versatile

filaments short inflexed

anthers ovately rotundate sub-

connective

dorsal

thick.

Hypogynous cyathulus

sur-

rounding filiform stem of germen, springing from small glandular

bed adnate

to

base of calyx,
;

iufundibuliform petaloid glabrous,

equalling half of calyx, 4-fid

lobes linear erect.

Germen

stipitate
;

oblong gibbous pilose

terminal
(?) filiform,

ovule pendulous from apex of

cell

style
;

equal in length to germen, enclosed glabrous

. .

stigma capitate.

Fruit.

lofty tree

trunk gemmuliferous
;

gemmules

aggregate,

imbricately

multibracteate

leaves.

flowers racemose."
15.

{South. Brazil.^)

Lasiadenia
5,

Benth." Flowers

hermajihrodite,
;

5-merous
;

tube of persistent green calyx cylindrical

throat bare
;

lobes of

Stamens 10, enclosed 5 superior, oppositipetalous inserted much higher than the rest and below the Germen very hispid, girt at base with 5 squamules, minute throat.
limb
very imbricate, patent.
'

Gen. n.
t.

i.

187,

3d, fig.

540. J. Gen. 77. Gmht!^. Friict. 3. Lamk. Diet. ii. 254; III.
n.

Cvi\.i. Bot.
*

Mag. t. Ul. Serb. Amat.i.lU. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, rii. 196. Meissn.
Spec.
1,

t.

368. Endl. Gen.

2093

Suppl.

iv. p.

ii.

Froth-. 548.
*

n. 2106.

Meissn. Linna,
or white
2, 3.
?

xiv.

388

(part.)

to us quite
vit.

Prodr. 528.
-

mijiora Miebs, he.

Meissn. Mart. Ft. Bras.

632. Endl. Gen.
n.

unknown,

viz. C. ffcm-

Rosy
Spec.

Thymcl. 70.

WiKSTK. Act. Holm. (1818), 270, 348 (part.). C. A. Mey. Bull. S.-P&ersb. iv.
3

//,./,.

Lnml. Journ. iv.

2106 '.IMeissn. PfWy. 627.

n. 4.

DcNE.

Ant).

Sc.

Nat. ser.

2,

xx. 51.

VOL. VI.

130

NATURAL
style

II I

STUB Y OF PLANTS.
apex stigmatose thick ovoidseed exalbuniiuous.
leaves alternate,

long barbate;

eccentric thin,

capitate obtuse, 10-costate.

Fruit drupaceou?, finally dry, enclosed

;

by perianth

putamen osseous thin

flowers
^

low

divaricate ramose sericeo- pilose shrub;

ovate or

ovato-laneeolate

terminal few (2-6) subcapitate at top of

slender twig, ebracteate.

16.

{Guiana, Venezuela, North.

Rich.^

Brazil.''')

Hargasseria A.
of Gnidia)
;

Flowers

polygamous,

5-merous

(nearly

calyx hypocrateriform, straight

10, exserted.
. . .

or incurved,
5,

throat esquamate.

Stamens
Fruit

Hypogynous squamules
shrubs
;

long sericeo-pilose.
Lagetta)
;

Trees or

liber textile (of

branches virgate
;

leaves alternate

flowers capitate, some-

times few

capitules pedunculate arranged in terminal

;

corymbose

racemes, exiuvolucrate
hairs.-^
(

receptacle discoid with long and dense white

Cuba.^)

17? Goodallia Benth.^

wide tubular
;

"Flowers
;
;

dioecious,

5-merous; calyx

tiibe villose within, 5-fid

throat esquamate. !!"tamens

(in fc'mal(! flower 0)

inserted in throat

the oppositipetalous a

little

longer than the calyx;

the 5 alternate shorter.

Squamules

10,

perigynous near the base of the tube. linear glabrous. Germen (in male flower very small or 0), highly hirsute, girt at base with very
small

hypogynous

long-haired scales
;

style

short

slender,

apex

stigmatose thick capitate

fleshy, enclosed

ovule

1,

descending.
;

Fruit ovoid hispid or

by somewhat enlarged calyx testa of exallniminous seed crustaceous. A divaricate much-branched shrub leaves alter-

nate, elliptical, herbaceous, at base cuneate

or rotundale, glabrous,
;

thinly and densely veined,

very shortly petiolate

flowers in few-

flowered sessile terminal capituliform spikes.

18
?

(Guiana.'')

Daphnopsis Mart, and Zucc.^

;

Flowers dioecious; male calyx

;

infundibuliform or campanidate
'

limb not separable, 4-fid

^

lobes im-

Greenish white, half inch.

1.

'Spec.

L.

rupesii-is

Benth.

Meissn.

Hook. Loud. Journ.

Spec.
1.

Endl. &/.n. 2106\

'

Meissn.
.

iv.

633 (not BowD.).

Pi-uil/:

Mart. Fl. Bras. ?'%;. 69, t. 29. ' Cub. xi. 193 (not Schied. et DEPrE). Linodendron A. Gray, PL Wright, i, 187.
*

mMait.
*
a,

G. guiaiiensis Benth. Fl. Bras. Thymcl de.

Gen.

Meissn.
Sup])l,

627.

J^ov.
ii.

Spec.

i.

65.

Endl. Gen.

genus distinguished from Lasiosiphon,

perianth.
4 (flowers

iv. p.

section of Gnidia, ouly

hy the e.squamate throat

in
1

Meissn. Pm*-. 520, 700. Hargasseria Schied. et Deppe, ex C. A. Mey.

'3.

n. 2106

of

its
*

JSnll. S.-Ftersb. iv. n. 4

Spec.

species said to be

white.

Meissn. Prodr, 522,

n. 10

(Daphnopns

,').

Grised.

loc. cit.

n.

(not A. Rich.). Endl. 2106 '.Nurdmaunia Fiscu. et Mey.

lue. cit.

Cut. PI. Cub. 109.

TlirMEL.l=:.WE.Ji.
bricate, generally

131

puberulent within

tliroat

esquamate. Stamens
(in

8,

2-

seriately subsessile to throat; anthers ovate or ellipsoid

female

flower effete or

Female calyx i deciduous 0). from base or persistent. Germen sessile (in male flower rudimentary or 0), girt at base with hypogynous membranous subentire or 4-fid or partite disk; style very short terminal, apex stigmatose capitate
rudimentary, sometimes
or subclavate.

Fruit drupaceous

(or

sometimes baccate), slightly

;

fleshy or finally dry,

naked or

girt

with calyx, 1-spermous

flat
;

seed

exalbuminous.

Trees or shrubs;^ leaves alternate

(Both
J.^

inflorescence^

capitate or umbellate pedunculate, sometimes solitary, sometimes in

ramose, 2-chotomous corymbs or cymes.

19.

trop. Jmericas.*)

Lagetta
;

Flowers (nearly of

Lusiadenia) hermaphrodite,

4-inerous

tube (coloured) ovoid-oblong, often finally

above the

germen, circumscissously deciduous, above at the throat narrow

esquamate, but there often furnished with a somewhat thickened disk
lining the tube, otherwise densely hirsute
;

lobes of limb 4, valvate.

Stamens
ovule

8,

2-seriate

four inferior,

alternating

with the

lobes

anthers subsessile ovate, introrsely rimose.

1

Germen

sessile hirsute

descending

style terminal,

apex stigmatose subclavate or

capitate.*''

Fruit clothed with the entire calyx, finally unequally

divided, or

by

its persistent

base, dry, externally very pilose

;

of externally
scanty,

somewhat

fleshy seed thick fleshy

embryo albumen oftener

;

sometimes
;

wanting
"

above.
;

tree

branches alternate

glabrous

liber (textile) reticulate

;

leaves alternate, cordato-ovate,

nitid reticulate
spikes.

flowers

in terminal simple ebracteate few-flowered

(Antilles.^)

20.

Funifera Leandr.^
4-merous
;

Flowers (nearly o Lasiadcnia) polygamo' '

dicii us,
'

calyx tubular or campanulate, pubescent or

White
Spec.
or slightly green.
1.

' '
^

In tlie m;ile often not the same. Habit of Tjipiiiic or Funifera. Flowers white or greenish.
Spec,
ii.
;

Gard. Misc.
n.
60,

ii. t.

L. linUaria Lamk. Hook. Kcw 4. Lindl. Paxt. Fl. Gard. i.

about 1.5. Sw. Pmdr. G3 Fl. Iiid. {Daphne). Syiiups. i. 446 {Dap fine). B.. B. K. Nuv. Gin. et Spec. ii. 1.51
Occ.

683

K.

Benth. PI. Hartirej. Ii7 {D.iphiie, T/ii/mela).Gm&En. Cat. PL Cub. 110. * Geu. 77. Lamk. Diet. iii. 376, 440 Suppl. iii. 236; III. t. 289. Wik.stii. Act. Holm.
{Daphne).
;

i.

Icon. Lem. Fl. Jard. t. 19. A. Eich. 192. Griseb. Cff/f. Fl. Cub. 111. Hot. Ma,/, t. X^.Lai/eitn Lunan, Eurt. Jam. i. 473. Du/ihiie Lagetto Hw. Prodi: G3 Fl. Lid. Occ.
(/i. xi.
;

680.
'
E.^c.

C. A.

Mey.
;

Bull.

Jcad. S.-Plcrsb.

iv.

n.

4. Endl.

Gc. n. 2106'. Meissn. if;<. .

Prorfr.

293. G.iiUTN. Fntct.iiS. t. 215. Spach, Buffon, X. 437. Endl. Gen. n. 2100; Suppl. iv. p. ii. n. 2106'^ JIeissn. Prodr. 526.
(1818),
Suit,
'

Bras. xiv. 67
iv. 150, t. 11

(Mei.ssn. not Bl.).

'i

Boscia

525. A>fs/ff Mart. MSS.

Velloz.
Fl. F'ium.

With adherent glandular

disk.

9-2

132

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

hirsute, persistent, 4-fid

lobes equal, imbricate

tbroat esquamate.
;

Stamens

8,

2-seriate

filaments short or very short

anthers erect

oval enclosed (in female flower 0).

Germen
finally

(in

male flower rudi;

mentary) hirsute
slender,
capitate.

ovule

1,'

descending (of Zaye//'a)

style terminal

in

fruit

persistent

and

lateral,

apex

stigmatose

Hvpogynous
and
closely enclosed
fragile
;

disk consisting of squamules generally 8,

pilose

linear-setaceous
siccate,

sericeous

intermixed.

Drupe
liber

finally

by increased coriaceous

hirsute perianth;
;

putamen
leaves

seed exalbuminous.

Shrubs

tenacious

^
;

herbaceous alternate, opposite or subverticillate elongate

leaves

flowers terminal or axillary to uppermost

cymose

cymes

pedunculate or
short bracteate.
21.

sessile,

sometimes few- or

1 -flowered;

pedicels very

{Brasil.^)

Peddiea Harv.*
esquamate at

Flowers hermaphrodite; perianth (coloured)

;

subcampanulate or cylindrical
volute,
throat.^

lobes of limb 4,

5,

imbricate,

re-

Stamens 8-10

anthers enclosed,

subsessile, inserted

above the middle of the tube.

Germen
cell

girt at

base with cup-shaped membranous crenate disk;

style

1-ovulate;^

slender,

shorter

than tube of perianth, deciduous, at apex

stigmatose depressed capitate.

Drupe naked, with

;

pyrena; seed
;

exalbuminous.

Glabrous

shrubs

branches oftener 2-chotomou8

subsessile

bark thin

leaves alternate or approximate subopposite

;

flowers in terminal pedunculate umbels (?) base. (South, and trop. West. Jfrica.'')
22.

pedicels articulate at

Dirca

L.^

Flowers hermaphrodite
;

calyx obconico-campanu-

late glabrous, deciduous

limb obliquely cut above (hence slightly

irregular)

and there unequally crenulate or sometimes subentere.

2,

'

Sometimes abnonnally

3 (Mart.),

whence

account of very thin disk being there a

thickened)
^

little

2,3, pyrena) occasionally occur in fruit. ' Textile ductile.

"

Sometimes, as
(?)

said, 2-ovulate

drupe hence
i.

Spec.

[Daphne).
i.

Mart,

2.

Eaddi,
et

Fiant.

Bras.

add.
et

12
Spec-

2-pyrenate
7

Zucc. Nov. Gen.

Spec, about

3.

Walp. Ann.
;

688 {Psilo5), n.
t.

66,t.3-l.
*

solena).
s

Gen. n.

Hook. Jimrn. (1840), ii. 266, t. 10. Endl. 2106'; Suppl. iv. p. ii. n. 2106".
Gen. 331
(243)
:

Jjiss.

(ed. 6), n.

Chenon (1751) Gen. (ed. 486; Amn. Acad. in. 12,

437

1, fig. 7.
t.

Meissn.

Frodr.

528,

700.

HocusT. Flora (1842), 240. Psilosolena Presl, in Ahh. d. Boehm. Ges. ser. 3, Eaiveya Plant V. 532; Sot. Bern. W2.
Cijathodiscm

Schkuhk, Randh.
Fufon,x.
p.
ii.

J.

Gen.

79. Lamk.
i.

Diet.

iii.

287

III.

293.

436.

(Meisbn.).
'

2100 Adans. Fam. des Fl.

n.

Spach, Suit. Endl. Geii.n. 2091 Suppl. iv. Meissn. Prodr. b21.DoJia
337,
1.

107.

ii.

285.

Sometimes

thinly glandulose-anuular (on

THYMEL.^ACEJE.
Stamens
teeth
8,

188

of whicli 4 are longer, further exsertecl

at insertion with

filaments subu-

late, alternating
;

minute (sometimes withered)

anthers basifixed introrse oblong obtuse.

;

Germen

sessile (of

Daphne)
nous.

style scarcely lateral slender exserted, at ajDex stigmatose

scarcely capitellate.

A glabrous shrub
Daphne
;

Fruit naked "baccate;" seed thinly albumi;

branches virgate
deciduous;

bark thickened
i

at

nodes

leaves alternate veined,

flowers

axillary

cymose few

(2-4) or more rarely solitary.

23. L.^

[North America.")

Flowers
;

hermaphrodite, 4-merous

tube of

tubular or subiufundibuliform,

deciduous or sometimes persistent

calyx not solute

or

lobes of 4-partite limb equal, alternately imbricate

more rarely tortuous throat esquamate. Stamens 8, inserted in 2 series under the throat, 4 of which are inferior, alternisepalous
;

anthers subsessile, enclosed

introrse,

or subenclosed, oblong or subsagittate,

sessile

2-rimose.*

Germen
;

or substipitate,
;

girt

at base
;

with small or very small, often annidar, disk ovule 1, descending micropyle extrorsely superior ^ style terminal enclosed, short or
subnil,

sometimes rather longer

subclavate or oftener capitate.

apex stigmatose Fruit oftener naked or coriaceous,

(E(/(/eworthia'''), at
;

sometimes enclosed by calyx

testa of descending seed crustaceous

albumen

little
;

fleshy or

cotyledons of inverted embryo fleshy

plano-convex

radicle short superior.

Small trees or oftener shrubs

or
lateral, sessile

^
;

leaves alternate or

more rarely

opposite, persistent

more rarely
or j^edun-

deciduous, oftener entire coriaceous penninerved; flowers^ terminal

or lateral capitate, sometimes
culate,

more rarely
;

sometimes

involucrate

inflttrescenee

rarely

compound-

'

Pale yellow, early.

Spec.
1.

'

D. palustris

L. Pursh,

Fl.

Bar.-

Amer. i. 268. Hook. Fl. Bor.-Amer. i. 268. A. Ghay, Man. ed. 5, 424. Bot. Reg. t. 292.
*

Wall. MSS. (not Poit.). Mezereum C. A. Hey. Bull. S.-Ptersb. iv. n. 4. * PoUen globose punctulate pores minute
;

very

close,

Gen.Ti. 311.
;

J.
; ;

Qen. 77.
III. t.

434
de

Suppl.

iii.

314

290.

Lamk. Diet. iii. Wikstr. Diss.

(1818),

3.4), in

H. Mohl [Ann. He. Nat. sr. 2, iii. Daphne; sometimes in other genera

{Gindia, Passeriiia, Dais, PimcUa).

*

294 Nees, Fl. Germ. f. vii. t. 1. Spach, (part.)Suit, Buffo, X. 438. Endl. Gen. n. 2092 Meissn. PeSuppl. iv. p. ii. n. 2106' (part.). gensb. Deiiksehr. iii, 282 Prodr. 30, 700. Thi/meletc T. List. 594 (part.), t. 366, G.ertn.
Aet.

Daphne (1817)

Holm.

Integument double.
Meissn.
Regeiisb. Deiikselir.
iii.

280,

t.

Prodr. 542 (not Falcon.). E.ndl. Gen. Suppl.

iv. p.
?
ii.

n. 2106'.

Liber of caustic bark textile very tena-

cious.
'

Fruet.

i.

188,

t.

39.

Scopolia L.

p.

Suppl. 60,

409
Sm.).

(not

Erinolena

AnANS. nor Forst. nor Jacq. nor

Bl.
Bijdr. 6.51.

Roiimea

ish, often early

White, golden or pint, more rarely greenand odorous.

134

NATURAL

II I

STORY OF PLANTS.
(Temp. Europe and Asia, North.

ramose or axillary
Africa, Java?')
24.

racemose.^

Ovidia

Meissn.''

Flowers
;

nearly of Daphne, 4-merous,

throat

by

abortion 1-sexual dioecious (?)

calyx, esquamate.

of funnel-shaped, 4-lobed,

Stamens
(in

8, 2-seriate,

inserted i throat

filaments
introrse.

slender

anthers
(in
;

female
sterile

flower

rudimentary)

ovate

Germen
capitate.

male flower

rudimentary), girt with 4 hypogynous

glandules

style lateral or

subterminal exserted, apex stigmatose

Fruit

"baccate piriform."*

Shrubs;

leaves

alternate
;

subcoriaceous, inflorescence and other characters of

Daphne

flowers*

Bubumbellate at top of
(

terminal or lateral peduncle,

ebracteate.

Western South America.^)

25.

Wikstrmia EndlJ
;

Flowers

(nearly of Daphne) herma;

phrodite, 4-merous

calyx tubular or funnel-shaped

throat naked

limb

4-fid, oftener

separable from tube and deciduous.

Scales of

Anthers

8,
;

2-seriate, enclosed.

hypogynous disk
finally

4, free

or connate

germen
capitate.

1-ovulate

style terminal short

or very short stigmatose-

Fruit baccate

or
;

dry and other characters of

inflorescence capitate or

Daphne.

Trees or
:

shrubs

leaves opposite or alternate, foliaceous

;

or subcoriaceous venose,

deciduous

um388,
t.

Sect.

(Meissn.) 5

1"

Mezerenm (Spach),
;

i.

147

ii.

34,

t.

1.Wall.
Loud.

Ai. Ses.
Ti.

xiii.

leaves herbaceous deciduous

caly.\

deciduous

9.

Sieb.

bcrry oftener fleshy. 2" Baphnnnthes (C. A. Ciieoroidts Spach, III. PI. Or. t. 305), Mey.
;

worthia).

leaves persistent
persistent.

flowers terminal

calyx sub;

3" Gnidium (Spach), leaves annual

ramose,
ebracteate;

Benth. Fl. Hongk. 296. Jaub. et Spach, IH. PI. Or. t. 303-306. Miq. Fl. Iiid.Bat. i. 877; Aim. J/us. Liigd.-Bat. iii. 133, 135 [Edgeworthia). Geen. et Goer. Fl. de Fr.

Hook.

Jour.

46 (^Edge-

racemes
finally

terminal

calyx

iii.

57.

ot.
t.

Peg.
206,

t.

1177;
1282,

(1S47),

t.

48.

deciduous. 4 Lanreola (Spach; Laureoloides Spach), leaves coriaceous perennial coetaneous; racemes axillary. b" EnosoUua
(Bl.
tules
;

Pot.

Mag.
i.

313,

1875.

Walp.

Aim.

582.

/'corfc.

524 (not Kafin.).

F'..

ScopoUa L.
lateral

F.),

leaves coriafeous; capi;

C.

Gay,

Chil. y. 314.

pedunculate involucrate
;

sepals

'
*

Greenish or yellow.
Spec. 4.

often tortuous

to

which add.

6"

Edgeworthia
long

H.

B. Sgit.

PI.

.^tjuiii.
et tijjec.

i.

447,

(Meissn.), leaves highly coetaneous, head po-

{Dap/uie). li. B. K. Nov. Gen.

duneulate in uppermost

axils, style rather

(Daphne).
ii.

Ppp.
n.

ii.

151
Spec.

et

Endl. Nov. Gen.

et

subclavate; anthers subsagittate.

Spec, about 35.
Fl.

60,
7

t.

191 (Daphne).
;

Pall. Fl. Boss.

(ed.

i.

53,

t.

Prodr. Fl. Norfolk. iT

p.
ii.

Gct. n. 2106; Suppl.

35. Lour.

Cochinch.

1790),

236.

ScHREB. Dee. i. 13, t. 7.--VAHL, 8gmb. i. 28. Tratt. Arch. i. 120, t. 133. Thunb. FL Jap. 159.- Bl. Bijdr. 651. Sm. Spicil. ii. t. 18;

gensh. Pot. Ges.

Denkschr. Re286; Prodr, 543. Decne. in Jacqtiem. Voy. Bot. 144, t. 149. C. A. Mey.
iv.
iii.

2106'. Meis.'^n.

le.

ined.

ii.

34,

t.

34.

Sieb.

Bull.

S.-Pthrsh.

iv.

n.

(not

Schrad.

nor

et

Zucc. Ahh.
iii.

Spre.ng.). Cajowra
289.

Mantiss. 224 (not Bl.).

Deiiksohr.

Math.-Phys. Kl.Baer. Ak.

Jap.
i.

iv. p.

199; Fl.

Piplomorpha Meissn.

Segeiisb.m.

137,

t.

75. LiNDL.

Journ. Hurt. Soc.

THYMEL.F.ACE^.
bcllate,!

135

axillary or

terminal,

solitary

or

more rarely corymbose-

ramose.

[Trop, and sultrop. Asia, Oceania.")

26. Stellera Gmel.^

Flowers (nearly of Daphne) hermaphrodite,

Stamens 8-12, inserted
enclosed
or
in 2-serics

4-6-merous

calyx hypocrateriform, articulate above the germen,

semiexserted.

deciduous; throat esquamate.

under the throat

anthers

superior

Germen
lateral,

subsessilo, barbate at

apex, girt at base with annular or

;

cup-shaped membranous, sometimes oblique disk

shorter than
papillose subovoid.

style terminal or

germen, and at apex stigmatose hispiduloFruit nucular, loosely clothed with persistent

tumescent base of
albuminous.
lanceolate
(
;

cal)

pericarp thin crustaceous

or

seed scantily

Small
*

shrubs

perennial

herbs

loaves alternate
or

flowers

terminal
Asia.^)

racemose,

spicate

subcapitate.

West. 3Iiddle
27.

and North.
T."

Thymelsea
or

Flowers (nearly o
1

Stellera or

Daphne) herma-

phrodite

sometimes

-sexual

calyx (coloured or herbaceous)

;

infuadibuliform or urceolate-tubular, persistent or tardily deciduous

throat esquamate.

Stamens

8,

inserted in 2 series in the tube

destitute of

the
;

higher enclosed or exserted.

Germen

hypogynous disk

style terminal or oftener lateral very short,

apex stigmatose
;

capitate.

Fruit nucular, naked or oftener enclosed by calyx

not at
plants
all
;

albuminous.

Herbaceous
;

seed but little or subshrubby or oftener shrubby

axillary
solitary

leaves

alternate

flowers

or glomerate

few, bracteolate.

{Central

and South. Europe, North Africa, North,

Wikstr. Act. Holm.
iii.

and West.
'

Asia.^)
axis, subspicate.
'

Sometimes excrescent from

Spec, about 22. L. Spec.
i.

'

511 (Dn/i/me).

Spec, about

321 {Passeriiia).

Ledeb. Fl. Jlon.

III.
/'/.

8.

(ISIS),

546 {Pmt.

FoRST.
Coc't.

Prodr.
(ed.

n.

)6S

{Dap/t!ie).LovB..

PL

.vriiia). Javb. et Stack,

0/- iv.
iii.

301,

1790),
1,

236 {Daphne). Blaiico, Fl.

e Filip. ed.

309 {UapJine).
195.

Benth.
Pi.

302. Meissn.
[TFikstrmid).
'

Deiikscin:

Rcgemb.
Gen.

2S7
iv.

/Tooi.

Jowii. (1853),
Bur.

68
J/.

{Passeiina).

MoR.

Bunge, Enum.
et

Chin.

Pnst.

59-1

(part.).

Endl.
551.

ZOLL.

Arch. 878;
134.

p. it,

65. Meis.sx.
186,
t.

ft-OT/;-.

Suppl.

SCc/zoa G.kktn.

Nat. Gcs. Ned. Ind. (1844), 615 [Eriosolenu).

Fi-vct.i.

39. fig. 2 (not

Seem.

Vit.

206. Miq.
;

Fl. lud.-Bat.
Liiffd.
9,

i.

Fasax. Att. Ace. Nu/mI. (1787), 235,

Piptocldamijs C. A.

Gmel.). i.yyi t. 19.

Suppl. 141, 354

ylnn. Mils.
n.

Bat.

iii.

Me.

Bull. H.-Pettrsb. iv. n.

Meissn. Prodr. 550, Walp. Ann. i. 589.

'

10 {Stellera).

i.Chlamijdaiithus C. A.
^

Mey.

loc. cit.

Greenish or yellow, more rarely white or

gpec, about 20.

L.

Diss.
5),

Diisson
n.

(1747),
;

Aman.
6),

i.

399;
(not

reddish, o'ten small.

3

Gen.

(ed.

439

(ed.

n.

488

G^RTN.). C. A. Mey. Bull. S.-Plei-'b. iv. n. 4. Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. n. 2098. Mei.ssn. i'/Wr. 548 (part.). Chamjasme Ann.
iuM.
*

t.

{Hauamundu).

Barrel.

Clus. Eisp. Icon.

Icon.
t.

176.
{Sana-

221

nvnida).!: Spec.

16,

2.

(ed. 1), 356, 509 {Daphne), 512,519 {Stelln,>).Foii.tK. Fl. Aiyi/pi -Arab. 81 (?)(/!). Vahl, Symb. i. 28; iii. 58.

White, yellow or reddish.

136

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

28.

Arthrosolen

C.

A.
;

Mey.' Flowers
;

(nearly of T/if/mckca)

hermaphrodite, 4-5-merous

limh of funnel-shaped (coloured) calyx inferior part of tube articulate regular, 4-5 -partite, finally open below middle persistent around fruit ; throat esquamate. Stamens 8-10, 2-seriate, inserted in throat the upper semiexserted anthers
; ;

subsessile,

oblong

or linear.
slender,

disk

style lateral

hypogynous germen, enclosed, at apex longer than

Gormen

destitute

of

stigmatose capitate, extending to the throat.

Fruit nucular ovoid.

or

Shrubs
29.

or

uudershrubs

leaves

alternate

opposite

sessile

floM'ers either axillary solitary or

very few, or terminal, capitate and

involucrate.

(South, or West. Jfrlca.~)

Diarthron Turcz.^

Flowers

hermaphrodite; tube of gla-

brous calyx elongate, narrow (herbaceous), above the germen constricted articulate, below persistent around fruit, above deciduous ;
throat

esquamate

limb (coloured)

erect,
;

4-fid.

Stamens 4-8,

enclosed, inserted 1-2-seriately in throat

introrsely rimose.
1

anthers subsessile oblong,

Germen

girt with thin annular disk, glabrous,

-ovulate; style subterminal or lateral, apex stigmatose slightly or

all

not at

thickened obtuse. Nucule enclosed by calyx

seed slightly
flowers
*

albuminous.

Slender

herbs;

leaves

alternate

linear;
(

in

very slender terminal and

30.

lateral spikes, ebracteate.

Central Asia.^)

tube of cup-shaped (coloured) calyx thin, narrowed above

Passerina L.^ Flowers hermaphrodite (nearly of Thymela)', germen

;

and there solute

limb 4-partite patent deciduous

throat esqua-

VovvL. Chlor. Narbon.

Dict.
iii.

(i)i)Af)- Allion. Fl. Pidem. i. 139; Jiict. 9. Lamk. 'IT [Passerina).

20 (ra.ssfciwn). Axdr. Bot. Cab.

scrina).

Presl,

But. Bern. 107.

t. 311 (PasMeissn. Zi-

436, 437
iii.

Fl. Fr.

III. t. 290 [Daphne). T)Q. vi. 72 [Passerina), 356 [Daphne)

; ;

na, xiv. 390, 396, 398 [Passeriiia). Bull. Mosc. (1832), v. 204 (1852),
=> ;

ii.

464,

466 (Pfliwcinfl). Desf. Fl. All. i. 331, t. 9.5 (P.sfriHo). WlKSTR. Act. Holm. (1S18), 320
[Passerina).

t.

Guss.

Fl.

Suppl.
Bulear.

i.

114 [Stellera). 183

Cambess.

Siciil.

Prodr.

i.

466;
PI. PI.

11. Endl. (?<;. n. 2096 Suppl. iv. p. ii, n. 2099. Meissn. Prodr. 558. ^ Very small, purple or sometimes 2-coloured.
;

[Passerina).
et

t.

Emtm. D'CJrv. Enum.

i.

Spec.

2.

Ledeb.

Fl. Boss.

iii.

t.

544.

Fiscir. et
et

Archip.

42. SiBTH.

Boiss.
Gbbn.
1

[Daphne).

Nees,
GouK.
ii.

Sm. Fl. Qrc.

t.

t.

355

Mey. Kir. Bmim.

ii. t.

5i(K. ifow. (1839),

PI. Alt. n.

170. Kae.
Spach,
III.

801. C. A. Mey.
i.

Fl.

Germ.m.
ii.

47 [Passerina).

Bull. S.-Ptersb. iv. n. 4.

PI. Or.
6

Jaxib. et

Voy. Esp.

157
iii.

[Passerina).

105. Walp. Ann.

105.

et

Fl. de Fr.
iv.

60 [Passerina).

Bull.

S.-Ptersb.
n.

n.

4.

Endl.
t.

jo,.^,

ct,j i4g_ l.\l; Gen.

(ed. 1), n. 856.

Gen.

C. A. Mey. Bull S.-Petersb.

Sait,
ii.

iv. n.

4. Spach,
iv. p.

Suppl.
2

2100. Meissn. Prodr. 559. Spec, atout 8. Thunb. Fl. Cap. 75, 376
iv. p.

n.

Bnffon, x. 446. Endl. Gen. Suppl. 2097. Meissn. Prodr. 561.

(Passma).

Wfn PL.

Obs.

19,

2,

fig.

19,

THYMEL^ACEM.
mate.

137

Stamens

8,

inserted 2-seriately in throat

;

filaments subulate,

often coherent at base, exserted at apex

destitute of disk
tate.
;

anthers ovate.

Germen

style lateral,

apex stigmatose semiexserted capi-

Fruit nucular, enclosed by persistent base of tube or sometimes

finally

naked
(

pericarp crustaceous or sometimes slightly fleshy, very

;

rarely

Chymococca ^) baccate
;

seed

albuminous.

Ericoid

shrubs

twigs tomentose or lanate

leaves opposite, linear acerose, convex at

back; flowers"

sessile in

uppermost axils solitary or in terminal

{South Africa.^)

sometimes comose or short subcapitate spikes.

31.

Struthiola

L.'

Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-merous (nearly of

at base

Gnidia; glandules of throat 4, or oftener 8-12, exserted, fleshy or

horny each densely setose somewhat prominent ring.

;

and there oftener confluent in Stamens 4, alternating with lobes of

adnate within to connective
of
sessile, destitute

calyx
disk;

anthers subsessile
cells.

cells linear,

produced beyond the

style lateral,

Germen

hypogynous
capitate
;

subequal to tube of calyx, at apex

shrubs or undershrubs

stigmatose.

Fruit nucular, enclosed by persistent base at calyx

seed albuminous.

Ericoid
;

branches gene-

rally straight slender

leaves opposite or sometimes alternate sessile,

^

oftener linear

flowers

sessile in

uppermost

axils, solitary or binate

calyx 2-bracteolate.

(South Africa.^)

32

Kelleria

Endl.'^

Flowers
;
;

hermaphrodite, 4-merous
;

calyx

(coloured) funnel shaped, 4-fid

8, oppositisepalous in pairs

squamules 4

inserted in throat, or

tube continuous.

Stamens

4,

alternating
;

with lobes

filaments inserted in throat subulate, exserted

anthers

ovate obtuse, 2-riraose.

Germen

sessile,

1-ovulate, destitute of hy-

pogynous disk

style lateral or subterminal filiform exserted, at

apex
;

stigmatose capitate, deciduous.

'

Fruit nucular ovoid, finally naked

'

Meissn. Prodr. 665.

Oftener rather reddish, small.
Spec.
4, 5.
i.

^
3

L. Spec. (ed.

1),

560 (Lachiitva)

White, golden or reddish. Spec, about 20. Thune. Fl. Cap. 382. Houtt. I'fl. Syst. v. 3.S, t. 40, &g. 2. Bukm.
*

Maiitiss.

236. Thunb. Prodr. 75; Fl. Cup. 374. PoiR. Diet. V. 40.WmsTR. Act. Holm. (1818), 232. LoDD. Cat. (1816), 18. W. *>.
li.

Afr. 127,

t.

47 (r/i//?fte). Eetz. Obs.

iii.

26. HoKNEM. Sort. Hafn. u. 955. WiKSTK. Thjmel. 286. Ait. Sort. Kew. (ed. 2), i. 272.

25,

434.

Meissn. Linna, xiv. 299.

t.

Wendi..

Em.
Obs. 9,
t.

et

Sen.

Si/st.

iii.

20,

330.
t.

Wendl.

Obs. 18,

2, fig. 15.

t.

2. Andr.
Bot. Cab.
t.

Bot. Repos,
11, 74, 75,

113, 119, 149.

< Mantiss. n. 1244. J. Gm. 77. Lamk. III. t. 78. PoiR. Sict. vii. 475. G.ERTN. F. Friict. iii. 194, t. 125. Endl. Gct. n. 2099; Suppl. iv. p. ii. n. 2096. Meissn. Linixca, xiv. 463 I'rodr.
;

Loud.
?

\il. Bot. Mag.

2095. MEiss>f.

1212, 2138.

Gen.

Suppl.

iv.

p.

ii.

n.

Prodr. 665.

Baphnobryon Meissn. Prodr. 566.

.566.Beliala Adams. Fam. des PI.

ii.

286.

133

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

seed copiously albuminous.

undershi'ubs
sessile
;

Dwarf
;

csespitose

musciform shrubs or
;

steins

sometimes prostrate ramose

flowers
^

leaves

opposite

small densely imbricate

terminal subcapitate few,

pedunculate or subsessile, imbricate in upper leaves, involucrate.^

[New Zealand,
33.

Australia, Tasmania, Borneo?)

Drapetes

Lame.**

Flowers of ^(?//ena
;

calyx funnel-shaped,
;

4-fid; throat

esquamate

limb articulate above germen, deciduous

fruit.

persistent
Kclleria.

base surrounding

Seed and other characters of

;

small dwarf undershrub

*

leaves small sessile decussate

densely imbricate and inflorescence Magellanic continent and islands.^)

of Kclleria.

{^South America,

34

Schnobiblus Mart, and

;

Zucc.'''

" Flowers
;

dicious,* 4-

merous
shaped,

male calyx (corolline)

pilose
at

4- partite

tube very short funnellobes patent linear,

4,

bottom

throat esquamate
scales
0.

glabrous within,

Hypogynous
anthers
0.

Stamens
affixed

exscrted,
;

opposite lobes of calyx and subequal and adnate to

filaments
filiform
;

them below
above base
or

oblong,

dorsally
.

rudiment of germen
leaves few
Z^.
rai'ely
;

Female flower

tree

shrub

umbels terminal pedunculate.

Soland.^"

[North. Brasi!.^)

Pimelea Banks and

Flowers
;

hermaphrodite or
4-merous;

polygamo-dicious (nearly of

Struf/iiola ov Gnidia),

tubular throat of (coloiu'ed) calyx esquamate

Rather small. genus by Bentham {Fl. Austral, t. 35) conjoined with Drapetes, to which indeed it is very close, but from which it is decidedly
^

tube continuous or
Antarct.

Sijst. iii.

333.
J?/.

Hook.

f.

Voy. Bot.

'

343 (not
'

N.-Zel.).C. Gay, Fl. Chil.

v. 317.

iv. p.
^
'

distinct

by the Drn petes).

''

scales of the throat (absent in

et Spec. i. 65. Endl. Gen. Suppl. 2106 '2. Meissn. Prodr. 519. " White, puberulous."

Nov. Gen.
ii.

n.

Spec.

1.

S.

daphnoules

Mart,

et
t.

Zuco.
28, fig.
1

Spec, about

3.

Hook. Loud.
f. Fl.

Jotirn.

ii.
i.

497,

t.
ii.

17 (Drapete.^). KooK.

N.-Zd.

223;

Meissn. Mart. Ft. Bras. Thymel. 65, ' G.EUTN. Frnct. i. 186, t. 39.

Dkyand.
p.
ii.

t.

895
<

222; Uandb. N.-Zeal. Fl. 245; Boo/c. Icon. Houk. Journ. (1853), 299, t. 7 {Drapetes).
;

Ann. Bot.
118, 270,

ii. 205. Wikstr. ^<;<. Ilolm. (1820), 273. Spach, Snit. Buffou, x. 448.
;

Journ. d-Bist. Nat.

i.

186,

t.
ii.

10, fig. 1

III.

t.

915. PoiE.
479.

Diet.
iii.

Suppl.
t.

Gartn. Fnict.
vii.

199,

21.5,

523. Banks. J. Ann. Mas.

Endl. Gen.

Endl. Gen. n. 2098 Suppl. Payer, Orgauog. 482, t. 96.

496, 700. L. nor DoMis.).

iv.

60.

Meissn. Prodr. Banksia Forst. Char. Gen. n. 4 (not

Coukia G.viel. Syst.
i.

WiKSTR.
;

Thijmel.
ii.

284.
n.

24 (not

Suppl. iv. p. 2097 Prodr. 518 (not Benth.).

n.
'

2094. Meissn.

Sonner, nor Sprenq.). 2Viecff;i(Ae

lue.

Wikstb.

cit.

269, 271.

Endl

Icon.
Sein.

t.

Ciilyx potaloid coloured.

Itcnn

FisCH. et Mey. Ind.

'

Spec.

1.

Voy. Uran. Bot.

D. muscuules Lamk. Gauuich. 133. D'Urv. Mm. Soc. Bist.

605.

11. BeteroBort. Petrop.

Macrostegia
177.

(1845), 46.

Gyinnucocca FiscH. et

Mey.

loe. eit.
iii.

TuRcz. Bull. Mo-ic. (1852),

Nat. Par.

iv.

V.

museosus KcEM. et ScH.

THYMEL^ACE^.
finally divided

139

above gernien
2, inserted

limb patent or
in throat

finally reflexed,

im-

bricate.

Stamens
;

and opposite exterior lobes

;

of calyx

filaments
sessile
;

generally ovolute exserted

anthers iutrorse
;

Germen
closed or

style lateral, enhypogynous disk minute or exserted, apex stigmatose capitate. Fruit nucular, enclosed
;

by

Shrubs seed slightly albuminous. persistent base of calyx undershrubs or more rarely herbs; leaves opposite or sometimes alternate flowers ^ capitate terminal, very rarely spicate or axillary
;

few or solitary
4 or
00

globular or hemispherical pubescent receptacle of

capitules persistent, involucrate with larger imbricate floral leaves.

,

sometimes coloured.

{Australia.,

Tasmania^ Nc/c Zealand,

Java.-)
White, yellow or pink.
Spec, about 90.

'

Benth.
t.

Fl. Autral.

vi. 1.

"

R. Br. Prodr. Fl.N.-Uull.

540. Sweet,

Fl.

Austral,
t.

Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 53. R.ioul,

1268, 1439, 1578,

359. Sm. N.-Holl. i. 31. Meissn. PI. Pniss. i. 602; ii. 268. L.1BILL. Fl.N.-Eoll i. 10, t. 5, 7. Vahl. Enum.i. 305. Hook. f. Fl. Ta.ym.
\.Zi1;FLN.-Zd.i.2-2a;IIandb.'S.-Zeal.Fl.'U1

Clwix de PI. i'l.Bot. Seg.

1.582,

1827; (1838),
t.

t.

(1841),

S3.

24;
t.

(1839), Misc.

66;

But. Reg.

891, 3270, 3276,

3281,

3288,

3330, 3459,
i.

3721,

3833,

3950.-

F. MuELL. Fragm.

v. 73,

109;

vi.

159

vii. 2.

Walp. Ann.

584.

L.

ULMACE^.
I.

ELM
we
Ulmus

SEEIES.
with

In

this extensive family, each series of which,

many

authors,
(fig.

constitutes a distinct family,

shall

study

first

the Elms^

89-

campestris.

Fig. 91. Flower (i).

Fig. 89. Foliaceous branch

{\).

Fig. 92. Long. sect, of flower.

On its 94) the flowers of which are hermaphrodite or polygamous. concave receptacle is observed a gamosepalous depressed or slightly
calyx, often

subcampanulate, and with five divisions more or

t.

less

Adans. Fam.
;

372.L. Gen. n. 239. 377. J. Gen. 408. Gjertn. Fruct. i. 224, t. 49. PoiR. Diet. iv. 609 Suppl. iv. 187.Lamk. Ill.t. 186. Turp. Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 282. Nees, Gen. ii. 34.
VUmts. T., hist. 601,
des PI.
ii.

Buffon, xi.

29;
in

99. Endl. Gen.n. 1850; Suppl. ii. 33. Payer, Fam. Nat. 167. Pl. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, x. 259; DC. Piodr.
iT. p.
ii.

xvii. 154.
cit.

Micropteha Spach, Ann. Sc.Nat.

Biiffon,
xi.

loc.

358; Suit,

113. Endl.

Gen.

Spach, Ann.

Sc.

Nat. sr.

2,

xv. Sflg

Suit

n. 1849=.

ULMACE^.

141

The andrcium is comdeep, imbricate in the bud, marcescent. stamens. They are inserted posed of an equal number of superposed
at a greater or less height

on the margin
receptacular

ot

tne

cup,^

and
fila-

are formed each of a

ment, erect in the bud,

and a bilocular anther,

.S-;

exserted,

extrorse,

dor-

sifixed and dehiscing bytwo longitudinal clefts." ingyncium, The

serted in the

centre of
93.

Fruit.

the receptacle,

is

comin

posed of a
pitate

sessile or stisterile

ovary,

the male flower, formed

two carpels, in such a manner that here and there it may have two
of

te

uniovulate cells
it

(fig.

92);
i?v

surmounted by a style which divides above into two equal branches,

is

?A.

furnished

within

with
But,
only

m
Fig. 90. Floriferou-s branch.
,

stigmatic papilla).

most

frequently,

one of the
tile,

cells is fer-

94.

Long.

sect, of

fruit {\).

and the ovule which

with the micropyle directed upwards
samara, the entire

it encloses, inserted near the top of the internal angle, is descending,

anatropous,

The

fruit is a flattened

and outwards.'* margin of which is pro-

duced to a peripheric membranous wing, ciliate or not at the edge, and its cavity, somewhat unsymmetrical, with reticulate partition,
encloses

descending seed whose fleshy embryo

Its flat

is

destitute of
fruit.

albumen.
'

cotyledons correspond to the faces of the

That

is to

say a
is

little

perigynously,
See.

aurrounded by a narrow halo, situated along

sr.

"
iii.

The
2,

pollen

(H.

Mohl, Ann.
five

Kat.

312)

"ellipsoid flat;

oval

pores,

the equator (U. campcstris)." ' It has a double coat.

U2
and
its

NATURAL HtSTORY OF PLANTS.

superior radicle
six,
is rectilinear.

There are Elms with flowers

trees or shrubs,^ of

having

seven or eight divisions.

fifteen

They are

known, ^ inhabiting the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere of both worlds. The branches are often suberose and sometimes alate. The leaves (fig. 89) are alternate, distichous, simple, often serrate, penninerved, unsymmetrical at the base,'"^ accompanied with lateral stipules. The leaves almost always fall in winter, and it is before their development that the numerous, inconspicuous flowers* show themselves emerging from axillary scaly buds, and arranged in cymes or glomerules more or less compound. In India there is an Elm, Ulmus intcgrifoUa^ the sepals of which are free and its androecium diplostemonous. Its embryo instead of
species are

which some

being

flat

has two conduplicate cotyledons.

It

has been

made

genus under the name of Holojjtelea. Another tree, growing in the marshes of North America, which the older botanists placed in the Elm genus, has the flowers of this genus with the foliage of certain

Hornbeams {Carpinus)\
points

but

its

dry indhiscent

fruit

has a thin

mesocarp, dilated on every side into soft and papillose lamellaB or

;

characters which

distinguish the genus Planera.

Abelicea,
its

formerly classed
habit, foliage

among

the Elms, aftei'wards with Planera, has

;

and flowers

but the
is

fruit, at first

drupaceous, then
It

with mesocarp withered and thin,

in a small recurved beak
retort
;

of smooth surface.

terminates

which gives it some resemblance to a body and very short neck. It is traversed on one side by a marginal crest, not very prominent in most species which are natives of Crete, the Caucasus, and Eastern Asia, but developed more to a wing in Z. Davidii, a tree of northern China, of which a genus has also been made under the name Hemiptelca.
with a
full

The Lotus
terised
chiefly

trees [C'ellis) constitute a distinct subseries,

charac-

by

a drupaceous fruit

(fig.

97).

That

is

the general

character of a group which has been raised to the rank of even a sub-

order

( Ce/^/t/ece).

Their flowers

(fig.

95, 96) are

polygamo-moncions
Michx.
ii.

'

Planchon

divides the genus into 3 sections

:

(or sub-genera)
;

Oreoptelea (Spach)

2 Dri/o-

ptfka (Spach) 3 Microptelea (Spach) founded on the form of the perianth, the time ofappearunce of the flowers, the form and position
of the pedicel, the ciliation or otherwise of the

With. Arraiig. Nutt. Trans. 169. Sond.

67.

Mort. Berol. 295.

FI. Bar.

275.

Amer. i. 172 Roxb. Fl. Iiid. ii.

tSoc.

Amer. Phil.
Flora

n.

ser. v.

Reyeiish.

(1851),

43.

margins of the samara. - FouGER. ilm. Acad.

Gkay, Man. ed. 5, 442. Chapm. Fl. S. Unit. St. 416. Guen. et Godr. Fl. de Fr. iii. 105. Walp. Ann. iii. 424.
^
*

Jacq.

Sc.
t.

Sort.

Schr.br.

261.

Par. (1787), t. 2. W. Eiium.

The

internal half

is

the larger.

Green, yellowish or reddish.

ULMACE.E.

14S

and iu structure nearly like those of the Elm. The pentamerous perianth is imbricated, and the}^ have five stamens superposed to the sepals, with filaments inflexed in the bud but which straighten
themselves, often elastically, at the time of anthesis.
are primarily introrse.

The stamens

The
is

unilocular ovary encloses one descending

surmounted by a style with two stigmaThe putamen encloses one seed the tiferous branches (fig. 95). embryo of which is accompanied by a little mucous albumen and has two conduplicate cotyledons. Lotus [Celtis] consists of trees or
campylotropous ovule and

shrubs of

all

warm and

temperate regions of the globe. Their leaves

are alternate and triplinerved at the base.

Ccltiti

auatralis.

'^,

Fig. 9.

Flower

(i).

Fig. 97. Long. sect, of fruit

(J\).

Fig. 06. Long. sect, of flower.

From
by

the Lotus plants the following genera are distinguished only

Gironniera, Asiatic

characters of very small value.

and Austrafruit,
is

lian trees, ally themselves with Celtis

by

their flowers with imbri-

cate sepals and leaves with independent stipules.

But the

surmounted by a

|)ersistent style,

with two branches not plumose,

;

accompanied at the base by the persistent calyx

of nearly all

and the flowers

Trcma, natives

are dicious instead of being polygamo-moncicus.

warm

regions of the globe, have the free stipules and

Celiis,
;

polygamo-dicious flowers of

with the persistent calyx at the

])refloration of the sepals

base of the fruit like Gironniera

is

but the

such that they are valvate-induplicate below and imbricate at

the summit.
niera,
Celtis

Faraspomaj inhabiting the same countries as Gironhas the polygamo-monoocious flowers and imbricate calyx of and the drupaceous fruit with persistent calyx at its base of

Trema.
of the

But the style-branches are plumose, and the two

Artocarpccc.
AiiJiananthe,

stipules of

the same leaf are united in a single concave axillary blade, like those
trees

of

the

same

countries as

Gironniera and Farasponia, have the calyx imbricate and persistent,

144

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

as in Giromiiera, stipules
;

and stigmata not plumose

like those of Parasponia

united in pairs

but the flowers are moncious and not

is

dicio-polygamous.

The same

the case with those of Jphanaiithe,

spinous trees of the Cape, with fruit accompanied at the base with
the persistent calyx and filiform style-branches, but possessing a
valvate-induplicate calyx and stipules united to each other in one
large

membranous

axillary blade, which

is

early detached in one

piece, nearly like those of Parasponia.

Ampelocem cannot, apparently to us, be removed from Celtis^ to which, by its stamens 10 to 15 in number, it bears nearly the same relation as Holoptelca to Ulmiis. The gyna3cium is also quite It comprises that of a Lotus, and the fleshy fruit is monospermous. trees of tropical America, with alternate leaves and membranous
caducous stipules.

II.

MULBERRY
Monts
nlha.

SERIES.

In the Mulberry'

(fig.

98-101), the unisexual, monoecious or

^
Fis- 98.

\-^:^

Male

floriferous branch.

Fig. 100.

Female

inflorescence.

dicious flowers are tetramerous, and the straight almost flat or, in the male flower, slightly depressed receptacle, bears four decussate
1 Morns T. Isf. 589, t. 362. L. Gen. n. 1055. Adans. Fam. dis PI. ii. 377. J. Gen. ScHKUHK. Uaitdh. t. 290. G.-ertn. Frnct. 402. Suppl. iv. ii. 199, t. 126. Pom. Did. iv. 373

33. Lamk. III. t. 762. Spach, Suit, Buffon, xi. 39. Endl. Gen. n. 1856. rAYEii, Fam. Nat. 171. H. Bn. Jdaiisnnm, i. 214, t. 8, fig. 1-12.

Bur. DC.

Prodr. xvii. 237.

ULMACE^.
sepals, in prefloration alternately imbricate

145

in the bud,

and four

superposed stamens, inserted under a slightly developed rudiment

of the gyneecium.

Each

of these is formed of a filament inflexed

and incurved

in

prefloration,

afterwards

elastically

straightened

at the time of anthesis,

and of a bilocular introrse anther dehiscing

by two longitudinal
unilocular ovary
divergent,
papillae.
"^

clefts.

The calyx
'

of the female

is

similar to

that of the male flower and surrounds

a free gynsecium, formed of a

style,

surmounted by a
branches,

soon divided into two

stigmatic

subulate

covered

internally with

ovule, with micropyle directed

Under the summit of the cell is inserted a descending upwards and outwards.' The fruit
drupe
with
sarcocarp
of
little

becomes a
thickness,

especially along

the faces

of the

""'"

'"^'"'''

depressed putamen.
sistent sepals,

It is surrounded by perbecome fleshy and succulent,

packed

closely

together.
its

The

descending

seed encloses under

integuments a fleshy

albumen which surrounds a recurved embryo, with oblong and fleshy cotyledons and incumbent radicle, at the summit directed upwards. The Mulberries are trees and shrubs, with milky or opal juice, inhabiting all the warm regions of .the globe. They have alternate,
pani(>d

p;,

^^^

compoimd

fruit.

distichous, entire, dentate or lobed leaves, with the petiole accom-

by two

lateral

caducous stipules.
resembles a
following
their

The

flowers are axillary.

slightly
as

The male
done,*

inflorescence

cylindrical or

com-

pressed catkin.

But
elongate

development,
is

we have
part of

the axis of these apparent spikes

or
less

found

to

be a blade
one

more
its

and
is

flattened,

bearing upon

surface only, a very large

number
It

of small
is,

whilst
cence,

the

remainder
it is

bare.

therefore, a

cymes or glomerules, mixed infloresspecies

'^

and

the same as what has been described as the female

of
to

spike or catkin.
described
'

Of Mulberries a score the number ought to be reduced

pistil are seen, in early

have been

about half-a-dozen.
Adaniv. p.
i.

Between

it

and the

Its coat is

douWe.
Sc.
fi:;;.

age, the stamens the development of

which

is

Compt. Rend. Acad.

221,
t.

Pur. Hi. 19

generally soon arrested.

2

soiiia. Inc. cit.

8,
ii.

9-11.

Dicarpellous and bilocular at

first

but one

'

L. Hpcc. (ed. 3),

of the

two

cells

soon ceases to grow.

368.

Seu. Uescr.

et Cull. des.

1398. W. !^pec. Mr. 191.

Loud.

VOL.

VI.

10

146

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

species from

Madagascar and the Mascarene been distinguished with a generic title under the name of Jmpalis, because its male calyx is less clearly imbricate than
islands, has

Morus Jmpalis, a

that of the Mulberries and because

its

fruit,

arranged in a false

spike

much more
genus of

elongate, encloses one seed with

of albumen, fleshy plano-convex cotyledons and

It is a
little

embryo destitute accumbent radicle.

trees of

New

The same may be said of Faratrophis, Zealand and the Pacific Ocean which have all the
value.

external characters and the dioecious inflorescence of Jmpals, but

the sepals are not accrescent and do not become fleshy around the
fruit, at the same time the embryo, almost totally destitute of albumen, has the radicle accumbent to the cotyledons, which are

much

larger

and

nearly

foliaceous,

unequal,

conduplicate

and

longitudinally plicate, in such a

manner that the

Psendomorus
is

largest envelopes

the smallest in

its

concavity.

equally oceanic and

are

almost

constantly

dicious.

The

leaves

accompanied by

caducous amplexicaul stipules, and the flowers are nearly those of

the preceding genera.
persists without

The female

calyx, like that of Paratrophis,

growing to the base of the drupaceous fruit. But the seed encloses an embryo destitute of albumen or nearly so, and the radicle is accumbent to the flat, thick and fleshy cotyledons.
In tropical America, the analogue of
Tropins^ which, with the
:

the

preceding

types

is

same general characters, presents these two peculiarities the female floral receptacle becomes more or loss concave which renders the unilocular and uniovulate ovary partly inferior, and the female (perigynous) calyx gamosepalous,
;

in the form of a conical sac with superior dentate opening, closely

surrounding the gynsecium and the fruit [Trophide).

from the preceding genera by their female glomerules being collected on a spherical receptacle instead of grouped on a common axis more or less elongate and flattened (in general form of a spike). This can be easily
Broussonetiece are easily distinguished
^

The

Arbor,
Gen.
et

et

Fiut. Brit. in. UiZ.'B.. B. 'K. Nov.

ii.

.'i.PIledclaliiai.

Spec.

33.
i.

Mm.
A.
Unit.

P/. Jungli. 42; Fl.

a tree

Ann.F. S;BvR. Prodr. 220), unknown to us, which, with spikelike male

Jiid.-Bat. Suppl.

415.

444. CiiAPM.
Ft. Ilongk. 323.

Fl. S.

SEEM. Fl.

Gray, Man. ed. 5, St. 415. Benth. Gkbn. et Vit. 245.

inflorescence, has solitary female flowers, but ac-

companied by an involucre formed of numerous imbricate and pluriseriate bracts. The unio" is described as " semi-adherent a character which at the same time brings this plant near Tropins (vulg. Bois de sagaie, de
yulate ovary
;

Fl. deFr. iii, 102. This enables us to consider provisionally as an intermediate type between the two groups
'

GoDR.

Jiailliardia borboniia

(Frapp, et Duchtke, Note

requin, de Gaillard, de Maillet).

ULMACE^.
verified
in

147

Broussonetia^

or

the

Paper-Mulberry

(fig.

102-107),

beautiful
variable

trees
in

of temperate and ti'opical Asia, with leaves very

and dicious tetramerous flowers. The male inflorescence is amentiform and analogous to that of the Mulberry. The female flowers have a gamojjhyllous urceolate perianth and a gynsecium analogous to that of Morus. but with a simple style,
form,
roussonetia papyrifera.

Fig. 102. Foliacoous branch (|).

filiform at its sti^i;matiferous extremity.

The
at

fruit is

formed of a

great

number

of stvpitate drupes, collected on a spherical receptacle,

and the fleshy mesocarp thickens only

forceps with elastic branches
as

the edges in a sort of

which drive and project the putaraen

those
of

the

seeds,
differs

analogous
very

to

the

Mulberries,
of

mature.

3Iaclura

little

from

Broussonetia,

the flower and male

destitute of

inflorescence.

which it has But the female flowers are

folioles,

calyx with independent

like

that

of the

102

148

NATVRAr. HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Mulberries and are buried in the cavities hollowed in the com-

mon

receptacle

so

much

so that the

fruit

which

succeeds

is

Broiissojietia papyrifera.

Fig. 105.

Female

inflorescence.

Fig. 104.

Male flower

(f).

Fig. 106.

Ftmale flowers

(a).

completely encased in this receptacle accrescent after fecundation.

The

style is single or
trees.

are American

formed of two very unequal branches. They Beside Madura is placed Caturus, having the

same
Brotissoiietia papyrifera.

inflorescence,

with
of

the

female

flowers

Broussonetia,
fruit, sessile

but

the

on the comis

mon

receptacle,

sur-

rounded by
male
rally

tlie persist-

ent urceolate calyx.

flowers arc

The

gene-

trimerous

but in

one species, of
genus,

which a AUantlms^ has

they
are

been
drous.

made,

tetraraerous

and tetranare

They
trees

un-

armed
of
Fig. 103.

and shrubs Asia and tropical

Male

in-

Fig. 107. Fnictiforous branch.

florescence.

Oceania.

With

the fun-

damental organisation of

andrcium and gyntecium of the preceding genera, Plecospermum and Cardiogync are distinguished in that the inflorescence of
flowers,

both sexes has a spherical receptacle on which the glomerules are

ULMACEM.
arranged [Plecosperme).

149

In

Cardiogyne,

the

female calyces are

independent of each other, and the seeds have a large embryo with foliaceous conduplicate and strongly plicate cotyledons, enveloping
each other and covering the incumbent radicle.
small aperture at the summit.

In Flecospermum,
has
;

the female calyces are united externally and the style emerges by a

The embryo

also

cotyledons

incumbent to the radicle and enveloping each other

thick, fleshy

but they are

and not

plicate.

Cardiogyne, plants of Zanzibar, has

globular and sessile female inflorescence.

Flecospermum^ like the

preceding spinous, but natives of India, has the

inflorescence.
Sti^ebhis,

same pedunculate
its

a small Asiatic and Australian tree, has given

name

to a secondary group {Streblecc),

which

differs

from the preceding in

inflorescence
It is (?)

the female flowers never being collected in spikes or capitules (of

glomerules), but almost always solitary.'
of Strehhcs
this
is

The male

similar to that of Cardiogyne and Plecospermum.

it

which distinguishes

from Pseudostreblus, an Indian tree

with male flowers united in a compound cyme, on the multiple ramifications of which they are unilateral, and from Taxofrophis, a
spinous shrub of Java, the male inflorescence of which
late
is

peduncuthose
of

catkins,

covered

with

glomerules,

analogous

to

Madura.

In

Phyllochlamys,

spinous shrubs, natives of the same

"

countries as Strebhis, the male flowers

capitule with a thick
is

are collected in a sort of

and very short peduncle, and this capitule surrounded by large accrescent bracts which form around it a
involucre.

foliaceous

Finally Diplocos, a spinous shrub of Ceylon,

the flowers of which are constructed like those of the preceding

genera,

has

the

amentiform
female

and

stipitate

male inflorescence of

TaxoiropMs,
(covered

and

inflorescence

compound

and

ramified

with glomerules), nearly like the male inflorescence of

Fseudostreblus.

Dorstenia

(fig.

108-113) has given from all

its

name

to a small

group

(Dorsteniece) distinguished

the preceding genera by the inflo-

rescence including flowers of both sexes.

This inflorescence, as in

many
'

preceding types, consists of glomerules either of male flowers

inseparable
seen are

More rarely 2-4-nate. The stamens as far as we have

introrse anther.

from

the

preceding, would ap-

short, with a straight erect filament

and an

proach quite as near to Artocarpus. But (according to the figure of it given by Wioht) they

erect

By

that, this genus,

appear finally rather far exserted.

150

NATURAL HISTORY OP PLANTS.

by male flowers.
It

only, or of one female flower surrounded

But

these

glomerules are united on a

common

receptacle or principal axis the

form of wliicli
platform,
flat

is

extremely variable in Dorstenia.

may be a

circular

or slightly

convex or concave
Dorstinia imdliformis.

(fig.

112), or a

cup of round

Fig. 110. Male

bud

%.

Fig. 108. Inflorescence.

Fig. 109. Portion of inflorescence

(^j).

Fig. 111.

Male flower
(fig.

in

bloom.

or quadrilateral contour, or unequally divided into

two

108), or

into a greater

number

(fig.

113) of similar or dissimilar branches,

is

the upper

surface of
brasilieiisis.

which

surrounded by bracts forming a

slightly developed involucre.

Dorstenia

Most
is

frequently

the

receptacle

de-

pressed at the point of insertion of

the female flower into a small hol-

low in which the

(fig.

latter is encased

109), whilst

the surrounding

male flowers are inserted near the

margin.
Fig. 112. Long. sect, of inflorescence (f).

Dornfmias are found in

all
;

the tropical regions of Africa, of

Asia and especially of America

rally, perennial herbs,

they are shrubs and, more gene-

often with very sliort stem.

or less deeply cut,

The

leaves are

alternate,
lateral

entire or

more

and accompanied with

stipules,

most frequently persistent and hardening on the

stem.

Fatoua, which closely resembles them in the organisation of

its flowers, is

an herb of eastern Asia and the warm parts of Oceania,

nettle,

having altogether the habit and foliage of a

florescence formed of androgynous cymes.

and the

in-

Instead of being

sessile,

ULMAGE^.
they are collected on the
small capitule.
little

151

developed but

much branched axes

of

one or two axillary pedunculate cymes resembling at a distance a

In Bleekrodia, shrubs of Borneo and Madagascar, the flowers are

Borsfeiiia euspidatn.

also

grouped

in

capituliform

cymes, a

and terminal, surrounded by younger male flowers in considerable number. Both have a valvate calyx in the form of a gamophyllous sac in the female and the embryo, destitute
;

female being central

of albumen, has very unequal cotyledons.

Sloetia,

Javan

shrub,

has

an

inflo-

rescence, the elongate

and flattened axis

of which, covered with floral gloraerules,

has the general form of male infloresceoce

of the Mulberry

and Madura.

But a

Fig. 113. Long. sect, of

inflorescence.

single one or a very small

number of the

glomerules (which are collected on one of the faces of this receptacle

and on a portion of the other) bears in the centre a tetramerous female flower with sessile and prominent gynsecium. All the rest are formed of only male flowers, trimerous and triandrous, with valvate ealyx.^

III.

BEEADFEUIT

SERIES.

The Breadfruit trees^ (Artocarj)us) (fig. 114-118) have given their name to this group, often raised to the rank of a family, but they They have monoecious flowers are not the most complete type. number on unisexual inflorescences. In the male collected in great flowers is observed a perianth formed of two or four calycinal
In this group has been placed, not without some doubt, Tnjmatoeoccus Ppp. a Brazilian tree the juice of which, it is said, is not milky for if its stamens have, according to Pppio,
'
;

females have a superior ovary, surmounted by a

style with

two long revolute branches.

(See p.

167, note 12).

-

Artocarpus

Syst. Veg. n.
iii.

1426.

J.

Gen. 130;

filaments

inflexed

in

the

bud, they do

not

402.

Lamk.
t.

always appear so in the adult flowers under our eyes .ind in most of its characters, the plant seems very near Pseudolmedia. There lacteseens T. Calius also an African is (Blanco, Fl. d. Filip. ed. 1, 698. Bur. Prodr. xvii. 278), remains also a most doubtful genus. The flowers of the two sexes are said to be mixed in axillary pedunculate fascicles or The males have four stamens glomerules. elastically straightened at anthesis, and the
;

m.

207; Suppl. 130. TuRP. Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl.

Diet.

iii.

t.

286.

Suit, Buffoii, xi. 69. Endl. Gen. n. 1868. Trc. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, viii. 109, t. 4, fig. 100-120. Payer, Fam. Nat. 172. H. Bn. dnnsonia, iv. 79, t. 5. Rima, Soxner. Voyag. 99. t. 57-60. Sitodium Banks, Grtn. Rademachia Thunb. Aet. Holm. Fruct. i. 345. xxxvi. 252. Polyphema Lour. Fl. Coch. (ed.

Spach,

1790.), 546.

152

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

from each other or united below
single stamen.
to

folioles, free

an extent generally

inconsiderable and imbricate in prefloration.

They surround an
This
is

andrcium represented by a

formed of a

filament primarily straight, instead of curved in prefloration (and

Artucarpus
incisa.

Fig. 114. FloriferouB and fructiferous branch

(i).

this

is

the character to which the greatest

importance has been

In the

attached in distinguishing this series from the preceding), and an

anther with two

cells,

each dehiscing by a longitudinal

is

cleft.

female

flowers

there

concave
of

receptacle,

ordinarily

very

deep, hollowed in the form of pits in the substance of the floral

receptacle

which supports a gamosepalous calyx,! perforated only at the summit. At the bottom of the hollows is a free gyna3eium, formed of a sessile or shortly slipitate ovary, surmounted by an eccentric style the stigmatiferous summit of which is entire, variable in form, or divided sometimes into two or thi'ee
itself,

the margin

branches.
'

At

first,

the dicarpellar
At other

gynsecium,^ like that of the

This

is

consequently perigynous.

the summit, with those of the neighbouring

flowers,
"

times the sepals were supposed hypogynous, but united in a tube and also welded, except at

Sometimes the pumbcr of carpels

three,

ULMACE^.
Mulberries, has two cells
;

153

but one of them

is

early arrested in its

in its internal

development,! whilst the other, alone

fertile, presents,

angle, a thick placenta,- which supports a single descending anatro-

pous ovule, with mioropyle directed upwards and outwards,^ and ordinarily capped with an obturator pro-

Artocafjms integrifolia.

ceeding
ovaries

from

the

placenta.

The
de-

become achenes* whose

seeds enclose

scending

curved

embryo, destitute of albumen, with a short superior radicle and two

fleshy

cotyledons
All

generally

very
Fig. 115. Male flower (L2).
Fig. 116. Long. sect, of male flower.

unequal.

these fruits

are im-

bedded in the slightly fleshy and

fecular substance of the

common
a

floral receptacle,

on the surface of

which The whole therefore constitutes

fruit, often spherical or ovoid.

are seen only the slightly prominent remains of the perianth.

compound
Jrtocarjms

Artooarpus integrifoUa.

consists

of beautiful trees with soft wood,

milky
or

juice, alternate leaves, simple, entire

moi'e

or

less

deeply cut.

They

are

accompanied by a very large supra-axillary

blade, formed
stipules,

by the union of two

little

lateral

inserted a
for

higher than the

some time enveloping the summit of the branch with a cap in the form of an elongate cone after this, they detach
leaf

and

themselves at the base leaving on the branch,

a
little

above the

petiole, a nearly circular

scar.

The moncious

flowers are separated

Fie
117. Portion of female infloreacence.

on distinct inflorescences the receptacle of which is spherical or more or less elongate.

They

are in fact arranged in a great

number

of glomerules, with or

without bracts and bracteoles with peltate summit.

and
is it may even persist to the end the ovary then trilocular and triovulate. ' Exceptionally it continues to develop, and
;

The males

are

sonia), iv.
^
*

t. 5, fig.

3, 4).

There

is

a double coat.

the ovary has two fertile

-

cells.

When fresh, they are in reality drupes, but with a mesocarp ordinarily very thin.

It

may

be free in

its

upper portion (Adan-

164

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

more or less deeply sunk in pitlike depressions (fig. 117) of which the gynfecium occupies the bottom without contracting any adherence
free on the surface of the receptacle, whilst the females are
Artocnrpus integrifoUa.

Some twenty spewith their integuments. ' Artocarpus have been distinguished, cies of
all

natives of tropical Asia and Oceania.

Acanthinophyllum strepitans, a small Brazilian tree,

with prickly leaves, like those of

but

certain Sorocea, has nearly all the characters

of Artocarpus

its

monandrous

male

flowers are said to be destitute of perianth

and the female flowers are collected, though not mutually adherent, on the surface of the
spherical
Fig. 118.

receptacle.

The

fruit

is

sur-

rounded by the perianth become pulpy and

Long.
sect, of

young female

flower.

encloses a seed with straight

embryo and

plano-convex cotyledons. no perianth properly so called in the male flowers of Parartocarpus, a tree of Borneo, the spherical and pedunculate receptacle of
to be

There appears to

which bears

erect

stamens separated from each other by bracts

free,

variable in number,

obtuse or swollen at the summit and

receptacle, the

marginally contiguous.

Below the

summit

of the

peduncle is enlarged and bears a small involucre of unequal folioles. The male infloThe female flowers of this genus are not known. the stamens are rescence of Treculia has also a spherical receptacle
;

The style is divided above into two thick stigmatiferous branches, and the fruit, imbedded in a large common spherical receptacle, encloses a seed the embryo of which has two very unequal cotyledons, the larger reflexed upon
two
to four in

number

in each flower.

itself to

envelop the smaller.

Treculia comprises trees of tropical

western Africa.
receptacle

The

flowers are monoecious or dicious, and the

is

which bears them

accompanied at the base by a small

'

FoRST. Prodi: 64
Spec. iv.

W.
682.

Tuss. Ft. iks

De Plant. Esc. Oc, 23. 188. Spkeng. Syst. hi. 804. Aid. t. 2-4. Wight, Icon. t. 678;

MiQ.

PI. Juiigh. 44. Miirt. Fl. Bras.

i.

Urtic. 121

Fl. Ind.-Bat.

p.

ii.

284

Suppl.

i.

171,

417.

Hassk. Flora, ii. 18.ZoLL. Verz. ii. 89. Boj. Eort. Maur. 290. Hook. Sot. Mag. t. 2833, 2834, 2869-2871. Kl. Liniuea, xx. 535.

Tesm. et BiNN. in Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. 401. Kruz, op. eit. x.xvii. 182. Thw. Fiium. Fl. Ziyi. 262. Benth. Fl. Hongk. 325. Seem. Fl. Vit. 255. Walp. Ann. i. 668.

ULMAOE^.
involucre formed of imbricate bracts, as in Parartocarpus.

155

In the

female inflorescence, the cavities in which the pistils

are lodged are

surrounded superiorly by a great number of male flowers the anthers

of

which appear
Bagassa in

sterile.

this

group

may

be considered the analogue of

Madura

The male flowers are unknown, but in the Moms series. the female flowers have a superior perianth, formed of four thick and fleshy sepals, contiguous without a true union in nearly the entire length of their margins and free only at their

They surround a free ovary, similar to that of Artocarpus and surmounted by an eccentric style with two unequal or The fruit encloses a seed the embryo of nearly equal branches. which, surrounded by an inconsiderable albumen, has oblong foliaceous cotyledons and a curved accumbent radicle, the summit of which is directed downwards. Bagassa consists of trees from Guyana with opposite leaves and very numerous female flowers sessile upon
obtuse summit.
the entire surface of a

common

spherical receptacle.

Cudrania

is

doubtless, on its side, the analogue of Plecospermum

It

and

Carcliogyne.

has their alternate leaves, spinous branches, globose inflorescence, and replicate embryo, with conduplicate cotyledons ; but the stamens,
generally four in number, instead of incurved, have rectilinear or

even somewhat outwardly recurved filaments.

all

The Cudrunias

are

Asiatic and Oceanic.

Hclianthostylis, a tree

of northern Brazil,

also

much

resembles

Madura

in its external characters.

The male

flowers are in spherical capitules ou the surface of which they are

inserted

by

short

pedicel.

The garaosepalous

calyx, in four

divisions, surrounds four superposed stamens,

with extrorse anthers,

definitively exserted.

The

filaments are borne

is

on the base of

a long

rudimentary gynsecium the ovary of which

stipitate, uniovulale,

and the style long exserted. The fruit, globose and scabrous, encloses under a thin spherical pericarp one seed the embryo of which has two or three large thick and fleshy cotyledons. Olmedia has given its name to a sub-series ((9/?ec?/e) in which the receptacle of inflorescence has the form of a cup generally of little depth or even nearly plane the margin of which bears, as in a capitule of a composite, an involucre formed of several ranks of In the male capitules, the imequal, alternate imbricate bracts.
flowers are indeflnite in number.
are often also a great number,

In the female inflorescence, there

single one.

more rarely a

In Olmedia

16G

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

the flowers are dioecious

the males have a tetramerous calyx and

Aiitiaris toxicaria.

^^^1^1%.

Fig. 121. Long. sect, of female flower (f).

Fig. 119. Floriferoua branch.

Fig. 120. Portion of male

infloreacence ().

four stamens superposed to

its

divisions

the females have a free

ULMACEM.

15r

gynaDcium, the ovary of which, surmounted by a style with two

long stigmatiferous subulate branches, encloses a descending ovule

and

is

surrounded by a gamosepalous calyx.

bracts of the involucre.

Around and below

Olmedia consists of

this are the imbricate

trees of tropical

South America.

Beside

it

is

ranged Antiaris

(fig.

differs

119-121) inhabiting the warmest regions of Asia and Oceania, which only in its ovary being inferior instead of superior, and in the
of its

parts

female

calyx

being

independent

instead

of being

united to a variable extent below.

Pseudolmedia,

The

flowers are monoecious.

growing in the same countries as Olmedia, has the inferior ovary of Jnfiaris, with a descending or laterally attached ovule, and a lateral style emerging from an apical orifice in the The male flowers are destitute of perianth aud refloral envelope.
presented by a variable

number

of stamens

inserted

within the

imbricate bracts of the involucre.

In most genera of Olmcdtc, the female flowers are numerous upon each capitule on which they are arranged in glomerules. In
that

only

is

Castilloa

(fig.

122), a

caoutchouc

tree

of

central

America,

distinguished from Pseudolmedia.

It has otherwise the

aperianthous male flowers, the inferior ovary and the style with two
stigmatiferous divisions of Pseudolmedia.
Hclicostylis, a

genus from

Guyana, has the inflorescence and female flowers of Castilloa, but tetrandrous male flowers and a palyx of four sepals like Antiaris. This genus derives its name from the
northern Brazil and
stylary branches being

much

spirally twisted

a tendency existing
is

but in a much

less

degree in Castilloa.

Not only

the

ovary

inferior relatively to the perianth in the

it

two preceding genera, but

is

also adherent

on one side to the cavities from which the

receptacle of the inflorescence grows, like that of Artocarpiis.

The same is the case in Noycra, a tree of Guyana, the male flower of which is unknown, and the style proceeds- from a simple apical
opening in the epigynous perianth, as in Pseudolmedia.
opsis,

In Nauclc-

on the contrary, the inferior ovary

itself, to

is

entirely buried in the

receptacular tissue

which it adheres in every part. It is a tree of northern Brazil. Maquira and Perebea, which belong to Guyana and Columbia, and have tetramerous and perianthous male
flowers, differ from all the preceding

genera in that their female

receptacle,

flowers are simply placed

upon the surface of the common

158

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

They have a female calyx with it. more or less deep, relative to which the ovary is MaqiUni and superior in Pcrchea. The former are there-

without laterally adhering to

four divisions
inferior in

fore here the analogues of Olmcdia^ whilst the latter nearly corre-

spond

to

Pscudolmedia and Jntiaris.

Ciistilloa dastica.

Fig. 122. Floriferous tranch

(i).

Now

let there be, in a

concave receptacle like that of the Antiaris,

there be

a female flower the ovary of which occupies the central cavity, and

on the thickened margin of the receptacle

gyufecium, and

let

grouped

glomerules of male flowers, inserted perigynously in relation to the

we

shall

have an inflorescence much resembling the

This happens in a small group to which

flower of the Rose, with this diftereuce that the stamens are replaced

by male
the

inflorescences.

name

of Brosime has been given.

Take, for example Lanes-

sania (fig. 123), a tree of northern Brazil.

The

receptacle of

its

ULMAGE^.
inflorescence has the form of a reversed pyramid,

159

growing from a The ovary, imbedded long central cavity in the form of a deep pit. in it, is otherwise organized like that of Olmedia, and the two long
branches of the style which

surmounts

it

emerge

from

Lanessania titrbinata.

the opening corresponding to

the centre of the base of the

pyramid.

The
of

entire

sur-

face of this base bears glo-

merules

male
a

flowers,

formed
calyx

of

gamosopalous

two or three stamens. Around the male flowers is found a crown of small bracts forming an involucre they are inserted on
and
;

the circumference of the py-

ramidal
scattered

base. in

Others
small

are

number
surface
;

over

its

convex
involucre

others again are collected in

a second

towards

the summit of the pyramid

that
is,

above the axillary

it.

peduncle which supports

In Sci/phosyce,
relative

shrub
of

of

western tropical Africa, the

disposition

the

Fig. 123. Long. sect, of inflorescence

{{).

various elements of the an-

drogynous inflorescence
the parts
is

fundamentally the same, but the form of very diff'erent. The common receptacular cup is wider
is

and less deep. The central female flower is consequently free, removed from the coats of the receptacle. Near the margin of the
latter are

also

inserted perigynously the male flowers, furnished

equally with a gamosepalous calyx.

They have only one stamen, and the bracts of the involucre which are outside of them are highly developed and completely cover them by imbrication in the
bud.

The female flower

is

also

surrounded by

its

own

calyx.

160

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Bosqueia, a shrub of Madagascar and the eastern coast of Africa, has

the gynsecium of Lanessania,

flowers of Sci/phos/fce
;

with the involucre and monaudrous

but the monandrous flowers are not sur-

rounded by a calyx, and the common receptacle of the inflorescence has an upper surface more or less oblique, according to the age of the flowers. In PiraUncra (of which Brosinmm forms part) belonging to tropical America, the receptacle takes the form of a small
sphere the entire surface of which
flowers,
destitute
is

covered with monandrous male

summit,

and the female flower,

inflorescence, is

and separated by bracts with peltate most fi'equently single in the found imbedded in the interior of the sphere.
of calyx
Ficus Carica.

Fig. 124. Foliacoous and

floriferous

Fig.

12.5.

Long.

sect, of
(s).

Fig. 126. Long. sect, of

branch

(j)

female flower

compound

fruit.

With

a receptacle in form of a sac, like that of Lanessania and

the neighbouring genera, the Figs [Ficus) have given their

to a distinct

name

group

[Ficcce),

because this receptacular pouch, with

orifice generally

very narrow, and surrounded by a small involucre,

encloses female flowers in great

number

instead of a single one,

with or without male flowers above them.

in glomerules on the interior suiface

All are likewise disposed

of the

common

receptacle

VLMACE^.
(fig.

ICI

124-126).
in

There are Figs in

the
tropical

all

parts

of the

world, of

but

especially

regions.

Sparattosi/cc,

trees

Now
;

Caledonia, derive their

name from

their
is

common

floral receptacle

being finally divided and open, which

not the case in the Figs

and from their female flowers, situated upon having a style emerging from the apical opening of the receptacle,
that of the Figs remaining enclosed.

separate inflorescences,

In the Sorocce, the flowers are in clusters or catkins composed of cymes or glomerules (as in the inflorescence of most Morav). The

have pedicellate flowers of both sexes. In Pseudosorocca, plants of the same regions, they arc sessile and disposed along the two margins of an elongate and flattened axis, resembling a spike, but which, like that of many More, has one or two faces without flowers and often reduced, at
Sorocece proper, shrubs of South America,

adult age,

to

simple longitudinal ridges.

Finally, in

Sahagunia,

likewise American, and one

species inhabitPourouma molli

ing Mexico, not only does the male catkiu

present this peculiarity, but the male flowers,
instead cf being, as in the preceding genera,
fui-nished with sepals

and an equal number

of

superposed stamens, are represented only by

bare stamens, disposed in great

number and

without apparent order on the

ceptacle

common

re-

and intermixed with a variable number

of bracts.

In one and the same genus, Fseudolmedia, according to the species, we have seen the
ovule inserted more or less high on the wall of
the ovarian
cell,

and
;

also

more

or less elongate

so that this ovule

by an umbilicum was

Fi

;.

127.

Long.

sect, of
(f).

female flower

in one case descending,

laterally to the ovary.

and in another attached It is this last arrangement which

is

presented

in Pourouma (fig, 127), trees of tropical America, which, by this character, serve as intermediaries between the genera which precede and those which follow, and of which the group Conocephalccv has been

Pourouma has a free ovary, enclosed in a sac, through an opening in the summit of which passes the style afterwai'ds dilated to a stigmatiferous head. The flowers are grouped in compound cymes with axes sometimes very short. In Coiwccphalus (fig. 128),
formed.
VOL. VI.
11^

162

Natural history op plants.

to tropical Asia

which belong

and Oceania, besides the ovule being

is

erect and orthotropous, the flowers of both sexes are borne on spherical

receptacles or nearly so, and the female calyx

into four lobes.

widely

cleft

above

Coussapoa^ inhabiting

tropical America, has the

its

capituliform inflorescence of Conocephalus, with

basilar

ovule, and the female perianth of Pourouma, provided at the

and erect summit

trees,

with an opening which gives passage to the

Cotioecphalu.9 srinveolenfi.

style.

In Cecropia, beautiful American

with peltate-digitate leaves, the glomerules of

flowers of both sexes are borne on long cylindrical

and spikelike receptacles.

;

Musanga has

also digitate leaves

but the male inflorescences

of Conoccjihalus.,

are little spheres,

like those

and the female have a large obovate or piriform receptacle. The gamosepalous calyx, in both sexes, has a circidar orifice at the summit, and the male flowers are monandi'ous. Musanga
inhabits tropical western Africa.

This

is

also

the native country of Myriunthus and Dicra-

which have simple pinnate or digitate leaves. The former has the same female inflorescence as Musanga, whilst the latter has
nostachys.,
Fifj. 128.

Long.
flower

sect,
().

of female

J,

lemale flowers disposed in stars on a small tewflowered capitule.

in

-,

ii

Both have simple

styles,

and numerous small male flowers, arranged in close glomerules on the much-branched and nearly cylindrical axes of an inflorescence
resembling a compound spike.
IV.

HEMP
is

SEEIES.
five sepals, quincuncially

In the
apetalous.

Hemp

(fig.

129-136), the flowers are dioecious, regular and

flower

The male

composed of

imbricate in the bud and inserted on a small convex receptacle

which
'

also bears five

stamens superposed to the sepals, each formed

Biiffon, xi. 31, t. 133. Endl. Gen. n 1890. Payer, Orgamg. 281, t. 61; Fum. Nat. 169. ScHMZL. Ico)i. t. 96. Gabpaur. S. Canape, in Mem. Sot. t. 1-3. A. DC. Prodr.

Adans. Fam.
G.-ERTN.

Cannabis T. Inst. 636,

des
t.

PI.

Friict.

75.
t.

La.mk.

ii.

t. 309. L. Geii. 304. 376. J. Oeii. 404.

Suit, a

Diet.

i.

694;

Suppl.
t.

ii.

191

III,

326. Nees,

Ic.

Fl.

Wiegvi.Areli. v. Beitr.

814. ScHKUHK, Uandh. Germ. ii. 30. Schleid. 40, t. 2, fig. 19. Si'ACi[,

xvi. p.

i.

30.

ULMAGEM.

163

of a free erect filament and a bilocular anther, primarily introrse ^ dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The female flower is composed
of a small gamosepalous calyx,=^ in the form of a truncated membranous cup, and of a superior gyncium. Its sessile ovary has
Cannabis sativa.

'"\^-Ii./

Fig. 132. Female flower enclosed in bract.

Fig. 131. Female floriferous branch.

Fig. 129. Male inflorescence.

Fig. 135. luduviate

fruit (f)

Fig.

13-4.

Long.

sect.

of female flower.

Fig. 130. Male flower (?)

Fig. 133. Female flower (f).

Fig. 136. Long sect, of fruit.

it

primarily two cells of which only one remains at maturity, and

is

surmounted by two stylary branches, clothed with stigmatic papillfe. On the side of the ovarian
a placenta
'

articulate at their base,

and

cell is

bearing a single
may become

descending, anatropous ovule, with

MoHL, Ann.
2

The

lines of dehiscence

lateral,
;

Sc.

Nat. sr.

2, iii.

313).

then slightly extrorse. The pollen is " spherical tlu-ee small umbilica surrounded by a large
halo;
external

It is often little developed,

it

and

it

has been

admitted that

may

even be abortive.

membrane transparent" (H.

112

164

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

achene, micropylc directed upwards and outwards.i The fruit is an embryo, without tlie descending seed of which encloses a fleshy and albumen; the incumbent radicle is folded upon the cotyledons
its

summit turned upwards.

The Hemps

are

annual herbs, of

MumtilKs Lupidiis,

Fig. 137. Volubile foliaoeous branch.

Fig. 141. Fructiferous branch.

which there
leaves,

is in reality

only one species r

Its

it

is

supposed

to

be a

native of central Asia.

often

stem

is

erect,

clothed

with opposite

alternate in the upper part,

petiole

palminerved, 7-9-sect,
free

scabrous,

and persistent stipules. The whole plant has a strong odour and contains an aqueous juice. The male flowers are in axillary and terminal clusters of compound cymes which become in part uuiparous and
with

accompanied

by two

are partially destitute of bracts.

'

The female
Din
i.

flowers are also in

chbiciisis

With double
t.

envelope.
1457.

'

695, n. 2.

Del. Cat. Hort.

' C. satira

L. Spec.
de Fr.

Reichb.
t.

Ic. Fl.

Monsp. (1849).
Diet.
vi.

Poli/ffoiutm

Germ.
et

655.
Fl.

Blackw. Herb.
iii.

GoDR.

112.

C.

322. Gren. iiidica Lamk.

140

(ex Meissn.).

Kalerigi

viridijlonim

Pom.

Eheed-

Eort.Malah.

x. t. 60.

UL3IACE.E.

165

cymes or glomerules, and are situated in the axils of the foliaceous bracts. Each is accompanied by a bracteole, a small gamosepalous calyx and a unilocular and uniovulate ovary, surmounted by two
equal

branches of a long developed, oval-lanceolate style, velutoHnmulns

LiipiiUis.

Fig. 138. Female inflorescence (i).

Fig. 139.

Female

flower (f).

Fig. 140. Long. sect, of

Fig.

1-42.

Compound

fruit (cone).

female flower.

Fig. 144.

Achene and induvium (\).

Fig. 143.

Winged

induvium.

Fig. 145. Long. sect, of induviate achene.

glandular without and considered as formed of two connate stipules.

It persists

around the
beyond.

fruit

which

it

totally envelopes

and extends

even a

little

The

JIoj)s'^ (fig.

137-145) are

also dioecious,

and their male and

female flowers are constructed like those of the

Hemp.

But

their

staminal filaments, instead of remaining erect, become very slender

and pendent, and the female

1

floral

bracts, as also

the bracteoles,
265,
fig.

SiimulKS L. Gen.SOi.
iii.

Diet.
t.

138

III. t.

326. Nee3, Ic. Wiegm. Areh. v. 229,

Suit,

J. Gen. 404. Lamk. 815. Schkvhu. i/rr,///. Fl. Germ. ii. 31. Sciileid.
t.

1891. LiNDL. Veg. Payer, Fam. Nat.

p.
i.

Kiiigct.

179.

169.

-A. DC.
t.

Piodr. xvi.

29. Xk/)I(?!(s,T,
t.

Inst. 5.35,

309. Gjirt.v.

Seitr.

t.

2, fig. 20.

n,

Fnict.

75,

Spach,

Buffon,

xi. 33.

Enpl, Gen.

166

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

considered as connate stipules, enveloping the flower, are more or less

elongate around the fruit
(fig.

143).

The

latter (fig. 144,

145)

is

an achene

of

an embryo

destitute of albviraen, with radicle ascending

which the descending seed contains under its coats and incum-

bent upon the cotyledons highly developed and spirally rolled one upon the other (fig. 145). The two or three species of this genus

known -

are herbaceous evergreen plants, with annual and volubile

branches, opposite .3-7-fid leaves, accompanied by interpetiolate and

connate stipules.

All the parts are rough, scabrous, odorous.

The

male flowers are in rough clusters of cymes, and the female flowers
as well as the fruit (cones) collected in peduDCulate capitules, with

numerous bracts
worlds,^
is

closely imbricate, in the axil of

which the flowers

cultivated in both

are germinated (fig, 138, 142).

The Hop, now

a native of Europe and temperate Asia.

of

Ulmacc is of modern creation: B.-Mirbel* disThose genera comprised in it which were known to Adanson,^ such as Cannabis, Moms, Ficus, Dorstenia, Cccropia [Anthaiha), Trojjhis [Bucephalon), Ccltis and Uhnus, were placed by him in section III. of his family of Castaneae, with Urtica, that is, in the group of Scabridece of LiNNiEus,^ plants to which

The family
it

tinguished

in

1815.

JussiETj''^

afterwards gave the

name

Urtic.

E. Brown, ^ in 1818,
the

separated from the Urticece a group of Artocarpe, and was therein

followed by Bartling and by Dumortier

Urtice the families
Ficine,
LiCHER,^" in 1833, and,
after him,

"

who detached from

etc.

Cannabine, Hunmline,

End-

Meissner^^ distinguished from

them an Order More.

AU

these groups were differentiated from

the UrUcace, either by the organisation of the gynaecium, in which

some character, generally

placentation,

easily

verified,

varied, as the

mode

of

the direction of the

ovules,

their anatropy,

or the

ntimber of styles, or by the mode of insertion of the stipules or the

presence
1

of a milky juice.

Later a reaction
is

set in

against this

Exterior to the putamen they have a small

identical with

fleshy

which soon decays. 2 L. Spec. 1467. Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 427. Bi!LL. Herb. t. 234. Eeichk. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 656. Scop. Fl. Carniol. ii. 263 [Caiiiiahis). SiEii. et Zuce. Fl. Ap. Fam. Nat. ii. 89. Seem. Voy. Berald Bot. 512, t. 98. MiQ. Ann. Mus. Luffd.-Bat. ii. 133. Aschers. Fl. Brundeb, 611. Gren. etGoDR. J"/. & J?;-, iii. 112. 3 The species described as American have doubtless been introduced, and H. Americanus
bed
(fig.

145)

Jourii,

Aead.

Sc.

S. Lupulus of Europe. Nutt. Tour. Philad. ser. 2, i. 181.

Emor. Rep. 203.

'

EUm.
Fam.

de Phtjs. Vig. et de Bot. 905.

des Plant.

n.Z76 [MQZ).

?
^

Meth. Nat. Phil. Bot. (1770), 29. Gen, (1789), 400, Ord. 3. (;g^ 454. j/,-^^ n'orla (ed. Benn.)

i.

138.

Anal, des Fmn. {\%1^). 1 Prodr. Fl. Norfolk. 40

Gen. 277, Ord. 92.

" Plant.

Vase. Gen, 261 (part.).

ULMAOE.E.
extreme division which the Prodromus of De Candolle
pletely maintains.
'^

167

still

com-

The princii)al leaders of this movement were Payera and Seehann who reunited, under the name of Artocarpe nearly all the genera we have just passed in review, but who have recently been surpassed in this respect by Bentham* with whom the limits of the TJrticece have returned very nearly to what they were in the time of JussiEU. In 1847Trecul^ published an important memoir on the family of Artocarpe^ in which he enumerates (with the description of a hundred species) all the genera, to the number of
forty, recognised in
stac////s,
it
^
;

he adds the six genera Cudrania, DicranoPsctidolmedia,

J.

Helieostz/lis,

JVoi/era,

Treculia

genus of
1873,^

llorecv,

Plecospernmm.

E. Planchon, in

1848'''

and the new and in

made a monographic study of the Ulmacece, among which, to the genera known before his labours, Ulmus^ Ocltis, Trema (Sponia),
Glronmera, Planera, Abelicea [Zclkova) and Parasponia, he added the

and Chtacme? The genus Klotzsch in 1843, ought, in our opinion, Ampelocera, proposed by In 1873 E, Bureau wrote for to be placed beside the preceding.
three types Holoptelea,

Aphananthe,

the Prodromus a complete description of the group of the

More

'

and a

sketch

of that

of

the

Artocarpe}^

In the former he

describes

twenty-four
latter,

genera, ^^

comprising about ninety species,

and

in the

he

enumerates twenty-nine genera, with apfifty species.

proximately seven hundred and of More established by him in

retained, are six in number, viz.
:

this

work, and which

The new genera we have

Diplocos,

Phyllochlamys, Pseudo-

'

xvi.

sect.

i.

28 [Cannabinem)

xvii.

151

'^

[Ulmace),'\\ [Morace),2?>0 {Artocarpaceid).

2

Fl. d. Filip. 698),

Of which one doubtful, Calius (Blakco. has moncious flowers, the

it ia

Fam. Nat.
Fl.
Vit.

169,

Fam.

76.

He

retained the

two sexes being united,

or pedimculato fascicles

said, in

axUIary

Ulmacea as a distinct family.

^

or glomerules.

The

145.

He

separated

from

this

male flowers have four sepals and four stamens

group the Cinnabinece which Payeu made only

a section of the family Artocarpe.
*

mentary gynaicium.
those of the

with inflexed filament inserted round a rudiThe female flowers are

Fl. Austral, vi. 154.

More
C.

Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, viii. 38, t. 1-6. In addition Trophis, rightly classed with the Moreie, Ficus, now referred to the same group, and Qi/nocep/ialiim, syn. of P/ii/tocreiic, and inseparable from the Muppic. 7 Ami. Sc. Xat. sr. 3, x. 257.
'

drupaceous.

common

to

and the fruit is Blanco is a tree the Philippines, which we have

in general,
lactesceiis

been unable, from the characters ascribed to it, to refer to any of the known genera of this group. (See p. 151, n. 1). Another doubtful genus is Aspidanda (Hassk. Cat. Rort. Bogor.
ed.

8
9

DC. Prodr. xvii. 151, Ord. 183. Not to speak of the genus ifcJt>iefra, by U3
211, Ord. 183
bis.

nov.

47

Bot.

Zeit.

(1856),

803

Flora

(1857),

532, syn. ot Ri/paria

ctBsia

Bl.,

and

reunited as a sub-genus to Abelicea.

'" xvii. 1

which, according to Muellbii d'Arqovie (DC.

Prodr. xv. p.
ii.

1258), iapeiha^a

an Arlocarpia,

L'ic. cit.

280, Ord. 184.

108.

NATURAL UJ STORY OF PLANTS.

Cardiogync^

streblus,

Uromonis

and

Fseudomoriis.

Among

the

Artocarpe, .be established the

syce^

new genera Ogcodcia and Sparattoand admitted the genera posterior to the work of Trecul described by MiQUEL under the name of Nmickopsis, by Liebmann under that of Sahaffitnia, and by F. Allemao under those of Soaresia
and Acanthtnophjlbmi.
older genera

He

likewise reincludes in this group the

and Myrianthus of Palisot de Beauvois, with Bosqucia which remained long unpublished in the herbarium of Dupetit-Thouars, and which, in our
Bayassa, Maqidra of

Aublet,

opinion,^ could not be separated

from this family in which we have

Parartocarpus^
Helianthostylis^

jnst^ established

the

five

genera

Scyphosyce, Lanessania, and Pseudosorocea.

Finally, the

Cannahinece

comprising the two genera Cannahis and Htmiulus, with three or four
species only,
series,

and the number of genera we preserve in the other

being eleven for Ulmece, twenty for More, and thirty-two for

Artocarpe, we, arrive at a total for the entire family of Ulmace, of

sixty -five genera comimsing about a thousand species.

They
Celt/'s

are distributed over a considerable extent of the globe.

for example,
to

most warm regions Ulmus to all parts of the northern hemisphere. Three other genera, Dorstenia, Trymatococcus,
;

and Ficus, Trema and Morus

belong to

all

parts of the world

and Huimdiis,^ are common

twenty-three
Cecrojm,

to

both worlds.
Ampelocera,

To America belong the

genera

Planera,

Madura
Olmedia,

(?),

IVopkis,

Coussapoa,

Pourouma,

Bagassa,

Pseiidohncdia,

Acanthinophyllum, Moyera,
nelicosfylis,

Perebea, Maquira,

Castilloa, Naucleopsis^

Hcliantliostylis,

Lanessania,

Piratinera,

Sahagimia,

Sorocea,

and Pseudosorocea.

The remaining

thirty-five belong to the

old world.

Some

of

them are found only

;

in Africa;

Chadacme
Ampalis,

grows

at the

Cape of Good Hope

MaiUardia,

Cardiogyne,
;

Bosqiieia,

Trccidiu,

belong to the continent or eastern isles Scyphosyce, Musangu, Myrianthus, and Dicranostachys, are observed only

coast. The other types are most numerous and Australia on the one hand, and on the other in tropical South America. To the former belong exclusively Gironniera,

on the tropical western

in Tropical Asia

Parasponia, Aphananthc, Holoptelca, Diplocos, Phyllocldamys Streblus,

,
'

A,daiiso)na,

iii.

335,

t.

10

viii. 72.

Frodr. 231, n.

4),

a species of tropical western

' Ailiii soiiHi, xi (1S75),

^

293-299.

Asia, belonging probably to another genus, a

And

Macl.uia,

doubtfully

M.

? exelsa.

Bur.

neighbour

(f)

of Amj/alis.

ULMACE^.
Pseudostreblus,

169

Catuns,

Plccospermum,
Cudrania^
is,

Uromorus,

Pseudomorus,

Fatoua^ Sloetia, Conocephalus^

Antiaris and

Artovarpus, Parartocarpus,
Brazil possesses
it.

Sparattosi/cc, that

twenty genera.
all

an equal number of which

rare in

two-thirds are peculiar to

Ficus,
is

the only genus observed spontaneous in

parts of the world,

Europe and

exists only in the south

where

it is

represented

by a

single species, F. Carica}

to Japan.

and in Asia ascends

range
is

In Africa it extends to the Cape, In the two Americas its geographical

over 60 degrees, and in the Old

World

nearly 80.

The
Cud-

other Artocarpe are confined to the

more

tropical regions.

rania and Conocephalus extend to the Asiatic temperate zone, and

in the

warmest parts of Mexico are found, besides Figs, a Sahagunia and a Cccropia. The Morecv extend further both north and south, Madura inhabits the for Broiissonetia reaches the north of China United States, and both endure the open climate of our country,
;

as also

many

Mulberries.

Paratrophis heterophjUa

is

a native of

Morus alba grows wild in Mongolia, and M. rubra The genera of this family which include the as far as Canada. There are species of wildest species belong to the Ulme series. The Elms have Celtis as far as the north of China and Japan." the most northern range whether in America^ or in Asia and
Zealand.

New

we meet and Ilumulus in the wild state, and introduced, the genera Morus, Broussonetia, 3faclura, Cudrania, Planera, and Cannabis thought to be of Asiatic origin.*
Europe.*

In this last part of the world, besides Figs,

Celtis,

with the genera Ulmus,

Jbelicea,

which we admit in this family are distinguished from one another by the following characters

The

series

' Spontaneously in Italy, according to GasPARRiNi {Ric. s. Caprif. e Fieri, Napoli (1845). 65), who divides it into several species, adopted by Miat'EL [Hook. Land. Xnini. (1848), 222). But M. A. De Candolle [Gtiyr. Bot. Unis. 919) believes these Figs to be natives of western Asia. Caprificus, or the wild Fig, the inflorescences of which are ti.'sed on the branches of

Europe 20 degrees of
the State of

cold.

C,

cmiiim grows in
C. criissifoUa.

New

York, as well as

This genua
Momisia-.
.

is

also represented in

La Plata by
spon-

' Where Ulmus americana grows taneously in Canada to 48 20' lat. N. *

TT.

pcdunculata

is

found in Sweden

and

the cultivated Fig, either to fecundate the latter

Russia higher than V. campestris. The latter JJ. pumila grows in Scotland. inhabits the
transbaical region of Siberia.
U.

or to give the Cytiips, which,

fig,

by pricking the would hasten, it is supposed, its divelopment, would be also of western origin. 2 Celtis japonica is said to have borne in

Montana

is

found in Sweden, in Scotland, and as far as the TI. Fuira, in Canada. river Amour
;

A.

DC.

Gogr. Bot. Rais. 833, 986.

170

NATURAL HISTOR Y OF PLANTS.

Ulme^.i

I.

Flowers
straight

polygamo-dicious
or

more rarely herma3-plostemonous.

prefloration.

phrodite,

isostemonous,

more rarely
or

2-

Sta-

minal filaments
descending.

incurved

in

Ovule

Fruit dry and often winged (true

(Celtide).

Uhne), or druwith juice

paceous, without wings

Trees

or

shrubs,

not milky, distichous leaves, accompanied by lateral stipules either

intra-axillary

and independent or united, flowers in loose or conor dicious, ordinarily tetra-

tracted cymes.
II.

11 genera. MoREiE.- Flowers moncious

Stamens in number
less

merous.

than or equal to the sepals,

filaments inflexed in prefloration and elastically straightened at the

period of anthesis, anthers introrse after anthesis.

ing,

Ovule descend-

anatropous or campylotropous.

Fruit generally drupaceous,

indhiscent.
rally
*

Trees

or shrubs, rarely evergreen herbs,^ juice gene-

milky or opaline, leaves alternate, often distichous, stipules

or caducous, leaving on the branches transverse
scars.

lateral persistent

but rarely annular

Inflorescence mixed, formed of

cymes

or oftener glomerules grouped on a spike-like capituliform rarely

racemiform receptacle.
III. AfiTOCARPEiE.^

20 genera, Flowers monoecious

or dicious, similar to

those of the More, except that the staminal fllaments are straight
in prefloration and at every age.

Ovule descending or more rarely

(Conoccphcde)
pletely

ascending (and in this case completely or incom-

orthotropous), with

micropyle always superior.

Trees

or

shrubs, with juice generally milky or opaline, leaves alternate rarely

opposite

convolute

in

estivation,

stipules

ordinarily amplexicaul,

leaving annular scars on the axes.

IV. Cannabine^.^
1

Flowers

32
.

genera.

dioecious,
Dot 509.
^
^

isostemonous.

Staminal

Veg. Kingd. (1846), .580, Ord. 275, Ord.

Celtidece

mmace'M.mB.Elin.{\85), 90. Lindl. 221. Endl. Gen.

90. Pl. Prodr.

xvii. 151,

Ord. 183.

Fatom only such. But not constantly.

R.
Bn,.

5o<. (1826), 507

L. 0. Rich, ex Gaud:ch. Voij. Freyciii. (this name, proposed by L. C.

'

Congo (1818).

Lindl.
Gen. 217,
3,

Veg. Kiiigd.

269,

Ord.

88. Endl.
Sc. Nat. sr.

Ord.

92.

Richard, woiUd doubtless have priority, but appears not to have been published by him). Endl. loc. cit. 276, Ord. 91. Lindl. foe. ci<.
580 Ord. 221.
2

Tukc. Ann.
'

viii. 38.

Artocar-

paceUvu. Prodr.

xvii. 280,

Ord.

18'1.

Endl.
sect.
i.

Bl.

Jiijdr.
Geii.

515 (1825). Dumout. yl^ja;. 17. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 286, Ord. 95.

More

Mei.ssn. Gen.

261 (part.).

Endl.
Lindl.

28.

Eunmline Dumort.

loc.

eit.

Gen. 277,

Ord. 92

(part.).

Moraceee

xvii. 211, Ord. 183 Ais.-BTO!s,orf(>(B,

Veg. Kingd. 26S, Ord. 87 (part.). Bur. Prodr. Chloro-

Lupulace Rasp. Phya. ii. 495. Cannabinaeea Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 265, Ord. 86. Cannabisace l&S. Cannabaee Al. Br. Suv.. Deser. Mr.
Aschers FI. Brandeb, 611
;

phore, Fice, BorstenieGcWtiicH. Voy.Freycin.

Enl. 68.

ULMACE^.
filaments
short

171

and

straight.

Female

calyx

gamophyllous,

cupuliform.
dehiscent.

Ovule campylotropous.
Seeds without albumen,

Fruit dry induviate and in-

embryo recurved.

Odorous

herbs, annual and erect or evergreen and climbing, with aqueous juice, leaves opposite (at least in the lower part of the stem),
scabrous, palminerved, often lobate, stipules persistent, inflorescence

in cymes.

2 genera.

family

thus

constituted,

" by

concatenation," has

manifold

Lindley has placed the Ulmc in his Alliance of Rhamnales, between the Aquilan'e, which belong to the Thi/mclace, and the Chailktice, which we include in the EuphorUacece. We are
affinities.

not unmindful of their affinity to the the Artocurpcce and the

Urtice.

Now, although
less

3Iore have been more or

ovules
oftener

widely
of their

separated from the Urtice on account of the constitution

dicarpellar

gynsecium with

descending and ana-

and although we ourselves have formerly admitted this separation, the study of a large number of genera of the small
tropous,

group of Conocephalca'^ in which the ovule is more or less distinctly ascending and orthotropous, we are convinced that this disjunction cannot be maintained and that the opinion of Mr. Bentham, restoring to the older Family of Urtice
its

unity and integrity, ought

still

now

to

be fully adopted.

We

perhaps go

in leaving the

Ulme and Arfocarpc

in one

further than he does and the same natural

but the Celtide, on the one hand, could not be disjoined from the Elms, the fruit of Flancre being intermediate between and, on the other the drupes of Ccltis and the samarte of Ubmis

group

hand, they could not be separated from 3Iore and Artocarpe by any truly absolute character, neither by the nature of their juice,
nor by
fruit
;

the
if

characters of their stipules, stamens, gynsecium

and

and

purpose really

the diffrences which have been put forward for this exist, there is not one which, in every case, can be

considered constant.

On

the other hand, the family

we

are

now

studying approaches, as

very near to the Castaneace and, consequently, to the Hamamelide and Platane.
shall presently
see,

we

Uses.

The
d.

milky or opaline juice found

in a great

number

of

Artocarpe give them very characteristic properties,' analogous to

>

Endl.
Fl.

Encliirid. 168.

Lindl. Veg. Kiiigd.

d.
6.

ii.

320.

Eosenth.

Syn.

PI.

Diaphor. 196,

270;

301. GuiB. Brog. Simpl.

1108.

172

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

tlie

those of

Euphorhlace with similar properties.

Their latex

is

rich, either in caoutchouc,

which is extracted for industrial purposes, or in a deleterious principle which renders these plants extremely dangerous. The most celebrated of the latter class is unquestionably Antlaris toxicaria^ (fig. 119-121), a terrible poison with which the natives of Java formerly rubbed their weapons of war and chase, and the inoculation of which was said to be mortal. Moreover, contact with or even the neighbourhood of this tree was, according to report, Fugitive slaves perished under its branches in the fatal to man. forests where they took refuge, and the ground was strewed with corpses in the valleys of death where this terrible tree grew, under which the birds could not fly without perishing. Eumphius, then Leschenault, have made us better acquainted with what is true in The latter received the milky juice which flows all these traditions. from incisions in this tree upon different parts of the body without inconvenience but he also has seen accidents produced by contact
;

of the latex with the skin or the eyes.

Many

of the Javans

cut the tree experience pains, nausea, vomiting, and vertigo/'

action of this juice
is

more energetic when inoculated

it

who The than when

taken internally,

and, in the latter case,

does not act with the

same intensity on man as on other animals. We are assured that animals killed by this poison may be eaten without inconvenience.
The
of
this juice

'

reservoirs

studied

occasionally
are

by authors
Observ.

have been who have

le

Leschen. Arin. Mus. xvi. 476,

ii.

t.

22.

Bl.

RmnpHa,

56,

t.

22,

23. Lindl.

Fl.

Med. 301.

examined
of

this family anatomically, the principal

:

whom

Mia.

H.
Arbor
t.

Bn. Diet. Encyel.

toxicaria
Aiitsjar,

sur

Canal.

Sc. Md. v. 306. KuMPH. Herb. Amboin. ii. 263,

Mdiill. et les Diaphr.

.Se.

du Tronc de Cecropia Bull.

87 {Antiar,

Upas-Autiar, Fo/ion-

Phys. Nerland. (1838), 29-31, 168-172, iI/"ffW. FI. Bras. Urtic. 140). C. H. ScHULTz, D. Ctjklosc
{Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. (1841), xviii. Suppl.
13.
ii. t.

Upas, Ipo, Hypo).

3

On

the effect of Antiar, see Eai, Hist. Fl.

Kakst. Nov. Act. (184), xxiv. 79. Morus; Gaudich. Voy. Bon. Bot. Atl. t. 132, f. 14,
15.

App. iii. 87. C. jEjmel (praisid. Thund.), Arbor toxicaria Maeassariensis. Upsal (1788). FuESCH. Mel. Litt. tr. i. 63. R.-Del. Sur.

M. David

attributes to the reservoirs of the

les

Ejf.

d'un

Poison

de Java. Paris

(1809).

latex of the M'ire the

same origin and the same

Magend. Exam,
(1S9).

constitution as to those of the Eupliorbiacea: (see

vol. V.

159,

note
:

5).

The

Okpila,
d.
6,

dc V Action, de qq. Vegl. Paris

To.xicolog.
ii.

1. Mart.
(1792).

Jleb.

same applies
(1830),
t.

to
10.

den Macassar Giftbaum. Erlang.

et

Mu.
been

Ficus
f.

Carica

Meten,
1-;

Fhi/tot.

Del. Biet. Mat. Md.

ii.

i.

333. Gum. Brog.

Antiar has

5, 6

,F.
ii.

elastica,

Link.

Ic. Aiiat.

Bot. (1837),

Siinpl.

327.

Duchtre, Elm. fig 25, 26. TbAcul has marked as an exception [Compt.
fasc.

xiv.

analysed by Pelletier and Caventou {Ann.

Chim.
et

Plnjs.

xxvi. 44).

They

found,

among

Rend.
juice,

Ixvi.

575)

Cunocephalus

tiauelcifloru.i,

others, a bitter subst.mce including the veno-

which does " not enclose vessels with a milky but cellules of gum in the youngest part of the branches and lacunes or canals full of

mous

principle which contains jierhaps, accord-

ing to them, an alcaloid. ii antiarine {C-m-OQ^").

M. Mulder hasnamed

gum

in the older parts."

ULMACE^.
;

1T3

The juice of Antiaris toxicaria has been proposed as a curative it is an energetic vacuant, but probably very dangerous. Beside this and A. species some are mentioned as not injurious, as A. innoxia Bcnnctti,' which have various uses in the Yiti isles, principally to prepare and dye the barks of which the natives make their coarse In Ceylon, A. saccidora^ is employed to make tissues and garments. especially sacks, the foundation of which is a thin round of wood the
^

only portion preserved of an entire log chosen of the height desired

for

the sack

the coats of this are formed of the cylinder of bark

separated by beating and finally turned.

acrid and caustic juice,

Other Artocarpece have an

to

notably Piratinera spuria,^ of the Antilles

and many species of Artocarpus.

qualities of their latex,

In singular contrast

these

diametrically opposite qualities apparently

are

ascribed to that of the famous

utilis,^

Cow

tree of

South America,

which constitutes a true vegetable milk analogous, and alimentary value, to the milk of the cow f although it has been more recently remarked that great abatement must be made from the value attributed to this aliment ' which is obtained in abundance from incisions made in the
Piratinera
it is

said, in its physical properties

bark.

thick and viscous

gummy

milk

is

also extracted

from the

bark of Piratinera Alicastrum^ a Jamaican species and

Bl. Rumphia 172, t. Hook. Comp, to Bot. Mag. t.
'

its

young
at
40,

i.

54.

A.

toxicaria

to

contain

fatty

matter soluble

A.
' t.

17 (not Lesch.). xv.

34S.

Dubia Span. Linna,

ix.

Arhur
\\.

toxicaria fecmina'Rviivyi. Herb.

Amboin.

'Idi.

which, united with an albuminoid substance, salts, etc., would constitute a complete aliment. But there is great difference as to the jiroportions of these useful ingredients

Seem. Bonplaiidia,
t.

(1861), 259;

x.

3.

between ob-

7; Fl. Vit. 253,

^
.

72 {Mavit ni Toga, Mami).

servers

who have

treated of this juice.

The

t.

Dalz. Soo Journ. iii. 232. Wight, Icon. 1958. A. Zeijlanica Seem. Baiipluiidia, x. 4. Lepurandra saccidora NiMMO, Fl. Bomb. 193.
(Eiiiim.

M. Thwaites

PI.

Zei/l.

427)

believes

be edible but viscous, ? Makcoy {Tor du Monde, xii. 167, 21C) says that this milk, at first very sweet to the palate soon leaves in the mouth a bitter and disagreefruit is said to

this species identical with A. innuxia

Bl.

able taste, that

BrosHinum spiirium Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 20. MUk-u-ood, P. Bk Jam. 369, n. 8. * Galactodendron utile H. B. K. Nov. Gen. ct Endl. Eiicliirid. 168 Mi'.u. et Spec. vii. 163. Del. Bid. Mat. Md. iii. 321. Eosentu. Si/ii, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2723, PI. Biaph. 196. Brosiiimm utile Endl. 2724. Lindl. Vcg.

its daily use as an alimentary substance ,would soon produce serious disorders

in the animal economy,

taste
to
it

and that the natives partly from want of occupation, partly assuage theii- thirst, partly to show the
of this liquid

curious that a small dose

;

may

Kingd. 270 {Palo de Vaca, Sandi).

'

be taken without danger but that they do not make their nourishment of it that they use it mixed with soot to calk their vessels, also as an
;

It

contains 3'73 per cent, of fibrin and

ct Phijs. vii.

vegetable albumen [Ami. de Chim.

182).

astringent in cases of tenesmus and dysentery, ^ Brosimiim Alicasl ruin Sw. Fl. Lid. Occ. i. 17
t. 1,

M.

vegetable
qualities.

BoussixGAULT has collected this milk and stated its alimentary Solly found that it contained
galacliiie.

fig.

1.

Tuss.

Jouni. Bot.

i.

202,

t.

7.

Rosenh.

30'7 per cent, of

It

is

said

also

Alicastrum arboremn fol. Oiat. Alt. Fruct. Solitariis P. Br. Jain, 372 {Bread Nut).
op. cit. 196.

174

NATUBAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

employed in this country for feeding small cattle, but they are said to be injurious and aging. The seeds are edible, as
leaves are

are likewise those of the

Cow

tree,

but they are roasted before

being used.

Those of Musunga
of Artocarpus,

Smithii,^ a fine African tree,

and of

many
(fig.

species

are equally edible.

A.

integrifolia'^

115-118), in the wild

state,

has no other part useful.

still

But

more A. incisa^ (fig. 114), proper of Asia and tropical Oceania, in which is the Bread tree greatly reducing the volume of the fruit (with the seed they enclose), or even in making them entirely disappear, while the receptacle has assumed as much greater a development and is filled with a They are cut in slices and eaten fresh, larger quantity of fecula. boiled, roasted or grilled, hut may be preserved after having been In Otaheite scarcely any other species is now dried in the oven. met with than the variety called " seedless," which grows abundantly also in the Friendly archipelago, the Sandwich Isles, New The Hebrides, the Marianne and especially the Society islands.
culture has modified this species and
fruit of tkree trees is said to be sufficient to nourish a

man

for a

year.

The

flowers are used to prepare a sourish conserve.

Dried,

they form a sort of tinder.

for the use of the fowler.

If to this

The thickened latex becomes birdlime we add that the wood, though

but slightly rsistent, may be employed in the construction of huts and that the bark and leaves serve for making mats, roofs, tissues,
the statement that the Bread tree alone supplies
all

the material

wants of this little-civilized people will be justified, and we shall understand the superstitious legends which claim a celestial origin There are other species of Artocarpus for this precious vegetable.
useful to man,
hcterophylla^^

though less appreciated than the preceding. A. an Indian species cultivated also in the Mascarene isles,
' L. f. loc. f('(. Hook. T^nt. Mag. t. 2869, 2871. Tkc. loc. cit. 110. Mkk. ct Del. he. cit. 45.5. H. Bn. Diet. Eiicycl. Sc. MJ. vi. 410. A. Commiiiiis'Fo-RaT. Socciasffraiiosus Rumph.

'

R. Br. Congo, 453. L.

Nat.
r.

Suppl-

Hook.
Sc.

Bot.
ser.
i.

61.Wight. Icon. t. 6, 8. Mat/, t. 2833, 6831. Tri'c. Atm.

3,
viii.

Mat. Md.

454.

Bn.

Diet.

Eiicijcl.

115. Mii. et Del. J)irf. Rosenth. op. cit. 198. H. Soceus Sc. Md. vi. 410.

t.

Uvib. Ainboiu.

i.

112,

33.'

Itadcmac/iia incisa

Thunb.
Vo;/ag.

Act.
99,

Holm, xxxvi. 252.

t.

Riina Sonner.

RuMPH. Serb, Amhoiu. i. 104, t. 30. S. minor Rumph. op. cit. t, 31. Tsaja marum Rheed. jffort. Malab. hi. 17, t. 26-28. ijo*major

57-60.
.

Iridaps Hiiiia Commers.

(Arbre Fain, Rima)

*

Sitodium

maehia Integra Tuvtih.

cauliflortim

I'olgphema Jaca hovs..

G^rtn.
Fruct.
i,

346,

t.

Lamk. i)/rt. iii. 209. Tiii'c. foe. ci'^. 117. A. philippinensis Iridaps CoMMEUS. herb. Lamk. loc. cit. 210. [Jaquier ctcrophylle),
I

71, 72 [Jaquier Jak, Jaca).

ULMACE^.
has edible seeds
folia^
;

175

its

root

is

astringent, as

is

also that of A. inicgri-

employed against diarrha and scabby affections. The juice of the fruit has been extolled for maladies of the eyes, and the wood and bark have served to prepare astringent gargles. The bark of A. Lakoocha^ in India supplies an astringent medicine, as also that of J. puhesccns^' an Indian species the bark of which is
and
is

used as an antidiarrhtic and administered in cases of pain,

of limbs, contusions and tumours.

stiffness

In Java and Malabar A. BhinieP

its

has the same reputation.

From

buds and leaves

oil

is

prepared an
for culinary
species,

ointment which
purposes.

is

applied to sores and hemorrhoidal tumours. Its fruit,

prescribed against diarrhoea, contains an

It
is

employed

edible, as is also that of another

is

Javan

A. Kertaii.*

In Cochin China

eaten that of A. Polyphema^ and in

the East Indies those o . imperialis Roxb., parvifolia

Reinw., hngifoUa H. Cels, lvis lowing are also reported as Artocarpe with edible fruit

Wight, elastica Hassk. and rigida Bl.^ The fol:

in central
;

America Trophis Americana L. ; in Guyana, Bagassa guiancnsis Aubl. in Brazil, Pourouma aciiminata^'^ hicolor^ and cecropifolia^ and many Ceeropi. These are almost always astringent plants.^" C. pcUata^'^ is much employed in the Antilles and central America for
various purposes.
Its caustic latex is

used

to destroy warts, corns

and

and inner bark are very astringent, antidiarrhtic and antigonorrhtic. Of its hollow stems and branches the
scabs.
Its leaves
'

Roxb.

Fl. Ind.

iii.

624.

Wight,

Icon.

t.

dulate, of

an agreeable taste; and these species

681 l^Dhea-phul-Biirhiil Bengal).

are said to deserve cidtivation as fruit trees.

W.
hirsiita
2.i, t.

Spic. iv.

Roxb.

Aiisjcli

189. Tkkc. Inc. cit. 122. A. Rheed. Hurt. Malab. iii.

B-l.

(Mart. Sc.iii. 1130). ' Mart. Stjst. Mat. Med. Bras.

cU. 130,
t.

34.

Mm.

loc.

32.
loc. cit.

39.

'

Trc.

III. a. pubescens
Verz. 76
op. cit. 1108.

Bijdr.

'

Mart.
123,

Eeis.
t.

iii.

1130; Mat. Med.

multifida Trkc.

34MiQ.

481 (nee
*

W.). Zoll.

{Bmdaah).

loc. cit.
'"

36. P.
C.

Zoll. ex Rosenth.

The same

Notably

concohr

W.

Eumboldtiaim Kl.
op. cil.

author also cites as very dangerous the juice of

[C. 2'cltnta

W.

not L.).

See Rosenth.
v.

A. vcmiiosa ZoLL. * Pers. Si/ii. ii. S31. Tuc. loc. cit. 116. Polgphema Champeden Lour. Fl. Cochiiich. (ed.

197.

" L. Pug.
Jacq. Ois.
Eeis.
cit.
iii.

PI.

Jam. Amn. Acad.

;

410.

ii. t.
;

40, fig. 4

Amcr.t. 262.

Mart.

1790), 547 {TJampeda, Caij Mitrnii of the

mites).

Anna-

1130

149.

Lindl.

Fl. Brus. Urtic.

Veg. et

Kingd.
197.
b.

210. Miq. loc. 275. Endl.

is
is

" The fruit of A. brasilicnsis Gomez, which probably only a species introduced from India,

Enchirid. 169.
ii.

Mfb.

Del. Diet. Mat. Md.

166.

Bosenth. np.
(ed.

cit.

cited as edible.
?

Sumar.
Mat. Med. Bras. 34. Miq. in
Urtie.
Its)

1547), fol. 82,

2,
t.

Sloan.

Yariimn Ovied.
Iist.
i.

Mart.

Si/st.

137,

t.

88, fig.

89

{Bois-trampette, Bois-

Mart. Fl. Bras. Vinho, Mansa).

130,

fruit

t. 40 [Ambauba do and that of the fol-

canon,

Figuier de Surinam, H/iake-uood of the

English.

lowing species are mucilaginous, sweetish

aci-

176

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

made trumpets with which they
religious
called the people

Caribs formerly
to

war and

to

ceremonies.

Now
light

water conduits and

gutters are

made

of

it.

The wood

is

and

soft.

By

brisk
in its

rubbing, with the aid of a pointed piece of hard

tissues

wood sunk

and caused to rotate rapidly by means of a cord or

of Brazil for the

strap, fire is

produced, and other species of the same genus, ambaiha^ are used

same purpose. The wood of the The young branches of many species furnish a fibre of which very stout fabrics are woven and made into hammocks and vestments. But the most

by the natives
is

root

generally preferred to that of the stem.

useful industrial product of the Artocarpc

is

probably the caoutSan-Salvador,

chouc extracted from their latex.

southern

All the caoutchouc gathered in

Mexico,

Panama,

Honduras,

Nicaragua,

Costa-Rica, Guatemala, the Antilles, Columbia, Equador and Peru,

that
is to

say, in the west of

America between 25" N.

is

lat.

and about

25'' S. lat. is the

(fig.

product almost exclusively of CastiUoa elasHaCcollected at all seasons, but

122).

In Nicaragua the juice

much in the rainy, when it is much less abundant.' Ineisidus Sometimes a long are made in the trunk in two different modes. intersected by oblique ones sometimes, as in vertical cut is made
not so
;

Nicaragua, the incision

is

in the form of a continuous spiral, with

an inclination

to the horizon of

45*

and

if

the tree

is large,

another
;

spiral incision is

made

in a contrary direction to the former

but

this double incision is

very injurious to the plant.

strained

An

iron gutter

placed at the foot of the tree conducts the juice to buckets of the

same metal, and in the evening

PisoN
{Bras.

it is

after this, it is treated

1748, 72) and Makchave designated under the name of Ambaihn and Ambmiva several species The ashes are used to clarify mooi Cccrcipia, The fruit lasses in the manufacture of sugar. is edible. The savages of [Brazil hold with the foot the piece of Ambaiba ruot in which they make the painted stick of hard wood rotate rapidly, and provide themselves with dried leaves
'

ed.

GRAFF

{ibid.,

91)

which M. Levy has reported from NiM. Collins speaks, cannot be distinguished specifically from C. elnxticti [loc. cit. 12, t. 3). Does the new species established by the same author imder the name of C J/ff;7.7inmirtW(7, and which should also give caoutchouc, belong really to the same genus ? ^ In April the yield is 60 per cent, better
leaves,

caragua, and of which

or bits of cotton as tinder.

than in October, the rainy season. A tree 18 inches in diameter may give in April, a maxi-

Cervantes,
Bel.
3,
viii.

Snjtpl.

t.

la

Gaiet. de Litem t.

Mexico, 2
Nat.
LINS,

Jul. 179-1 [Castilla).

Tukc. Ann.
142-148.
t.

mum

of 20 gallons

of milk,

from

which

is

Sc.

extracted 50 lbs. of caoutchouc.

district of S.- Juan, in

The

single

136,

S, fig.

Col{U/,

Nicaragua, has produced

Rep. on Caoutch,

(1872), 11, Tassa).

in one year 10,000 cwts. of caoutchouc (Collins,

loc. cit. 15, 16),

Hul,

Ul-uU,

Uii.

Jehe,

CastiUoa, a
its

collected

by 600 huUros.

little different

from the type in the form of

ULMACE^.
with juice prepared from certain
caoutchouc.
plants ^
wliicli

177

coagulate

the

The
;

latter

becomes
is

a floating

of a cheesy odour
dried.-

the mass

subjected to

mass in a brown liquor an iron press and then

In tropical Asia, in Australia and perhaps also in Angola

and Benguela, on the coast of Africa, there are other Artocarpe which produce the greater part of the caoutchouc exported. They
belong to the genus Ficus and, among a great number of species
imperfectly defined,'^ are esjjecially mentioned F. clastica^^ laccifcra

and rcligiosa ^ in Asia, macrophylla ^ and nihiginosa ^ in Australia. In the province of Assam the former of these is chiefly employed incisions are made in the trunk and aerial portions of the roots
;

with a peculiar knife {daos).

The

juice flows into troughs

dug

in

the ground, or into channels formed

by the leaves
It is treated

it

is

richer in

caoutchouc during the cold season.

till it

with

warm water
Generally
Besides

coagulates

after
is

which
is

it

is

pressed and dried in the sun.

itself.

In Java the juice

or earth,

allowed to dry upon the tree

impure.

the caoutchouc of Ficus

it

Even when

it

contains no bark

is

of less value than the American produce.

this substance,

now

so

serviceable in industry domestic

economy

and medicine, the products of the Fig trees are so numerous and The so various that it is almost impossible to enumerate all.

common
'

Fig'-' (Sg.
Coasso

124-126)

is

especially

known
Fl. Imi.
iii.

for the quality of

It is the

and Achet {Ipoma bona-

Kohlehlcl in Java).
'

nox) that arc previously macerated in the water.

Treated with water only, the juice also coagulates, but much more slowly.
^

It hears the

name of tortilla,

torta, meros,

and

weighs dry about a kilogr. When it has been dried by contact with the iron, it is rolled into
balls called cabezza.

Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 575. Thw. Enum. Fl. Zeyl. 265 [But). ^ W. Spec. iv. 1134. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 547. Urostigma religiosum Gasp. Arcalu Bheed. Ilort. Miilab. i. t. 27 (Astvat, Bogaln, Fippa,

Urostigma laccrfirum

Eoxb.

645.

Wight,

Icon.

t.

656.

ii.

The
:

bola or burncka, is the

itself at

M(n\ Figuier des Pagodes).

'

caoutchouc dried on the tree

face of the incisions
it is

the sur-

Desf. ex Peks. Sgnops.

609.

Benth.

the most esteemed in

Fl. Austral, vi. 570.

F. Suegelii K.(ex Miq.).

the United States, but

loss

is little

abundant.

The

Urostigma
Journ.
'

macrophgUum
560.

Mia.

Hook.

Land.

due to dessiccation, estimated at about 15

is

vi.

percent.,
'

called lOHiff (Coll.).

Desf. ex Vent. Malmais.

Austral,
vi.
iv.

Or less worked than the others, as/'. To'da Reinw. (Urostigma Karct Miq.), nymphicifulia L. ( U. nymphifolium Mm.), populnea W. indica L. elliptiea H. B. K. prinoidcs H. B. K.
(which give the caoutchouc
hia),
(/

Fl.

t. 114. Benth. 168. iSo<. Mag. t. 2939.i?.

Australis^V. Spec.
6-13.

1138.
Fie.

Urostigma
7
;

rnbigi-

osnm Gasp auk. N. gen.

t.

Hie. Caprif. 82,

7, fig.
'

ffarf(r5 in

Colom-

Ficus Cariea L. Spec. 1513.

TV.

Spec. iv.
op.

gummiferaMiQ. liadulaW. (Pharmascosgce

'M.ia.), ant/telmint/iicalSlxRT. etc.

1131.
cit.
ii.

Roxb.
317.

Fl.

Ind.

iii.

528.

Guie.

Badiila
*

Roxb.
6,
ii.

d.

Enchirid.

Fl. Ind. iii. 541. Guib. Brog. Simpl. 319. Lindl. Fl. Med. 298. Endl. 16G. Bosenth. op. cit. 195. Coll.

Rep. on Caoutch.
{Kusnir,

W. Urostigma
in

elasticnm

Miu.

Mk. et Del. Diet. Mat. Md. iii. 254. Lindl. Fl. Md. 298. Gken. et Godr. J/. (?e J'r. iii. 103. Berg e\,iicm.i. Barst. Off. Gew. t. 19 a. Fldeck. et Hanb. Pharmacogr. 487. [Bou, Arbre cariques).
Enchirid.

Endl.

166

Easmeer

India,

Pohan

Earet,

VOL. VI.

12

17K

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

its fniit.

Figs are eaten dry, and, in that case, not only the fruit proper (which are drupes with a sarcocarp of little thickness, except at the edges), but also the receptacle which envelopes
into
it

and

which has passed a certain quantity of saccharine matter, is eaten or fresh, and tlien generally the receptacle, insipid or of a disagreeable flavour, is rejected,^ and only the drupes are taken of which the flesh and foot only are succulent and of an agreeable
;

taste, constituting a

animals which

a)'e

wholesome aliment for man and also for certain fattened on figs where they are very abundant.

They are sometimes used, especially in the south-west of Europe, They are a pectoral fruit." From them are preto make alcohol. The latex contains pared sweet beverages and soft poultices.
caoutchouc; but
it

is

not certain that

it

is

extracted.

This acrid

purgative juice serves to destroy warts.

a sympathetic ink

It

has been employed as

and

also, in

the time; of the Eomans, for

is

making
;

a kind of stucco.

The wood
presses.

porous and of
in the
it

little

solidity

that

of old trunks has always been used

south of Europe for

seamed with hard concretions similar to the cystoliths of the leaves, and may replace emery for polishing. The leaves have also been used to produce a reddish yellow dye. The other useful Fig trees are very numerous
is

making screws of

Younger

and have very various properties.^

an astringent iu India.

F. hetcrophi/Ua L. L.

f.

serves as
antiqiioriim

F. Sycomorus

{Sycomorus

Gasp.), a noted species on the banks of the Nile, has edible fruit.
Its

wood was formerly used

to the

to

make

coflins

and

mummy

cases,

and
F.

also for the carved figures,

sometimes so remarkable,

-n-hich

extend

back

remotest period of ancient Egyptian civilization.

Msjnda L. (F.
is

Dmonum

EoxB.), the juice of which

F.

is

very poisonous,

used against aphtse, and angina.

F. foxicaria L. {F.

amhoinensis Kostl., of the

Its root serves to

Moluccas, passes as an astringent and febrifuge.

intoxicate fish.
in caoutchouc

radawi Burm.) has

a juice rich

and very poisonous.

is

Likewise F. scptica Eumph.,

also,

which, in the Moluccas,

are assured, as a blister.

employed as a vermifuge and

F. Altiiiiemaio Eoxb.
it is

we

F. alba Bl., fiiloa Reinw., and nivea Bl.

is

are fodder for hcrses in Java.

considered an
for fish.
1107.

aperient in the Philippines

^

employed as a sauce
^ Eosenth. Med. 297.

The

See

H.Bs.

Adaiisoiiia

Frucius Caiicce OS.

tvKri Theophr.

ix..

31S.

op.

cit.

192,

Lindl. Fl.

ULMAGEM.
leaves
of F. polycarpa

179

Roxb.

(F. copiosa

Steud.) are taken mixed

of Abyssinia,
lias

with
the

opium.
of

F. panificd Del.,

or

ChoMo
valUs

an

internal bark
fruit

whicb
F.

is

used for bread by the natives.

Del.).

They
F.

also eat

Schimpcriana (F.

coiirtallcnsis

[CovcUia courtallensis Miq.) has been described by Rheede, under

the

name

of Valli Teregam, as a very useful tree in India,

its

its fruit

being ixsed in the treatment of stomatitis,

leprosy,

bark as a cure for

metnl.

In the Wassa Roxb. [Caprificus aspcra Rumph.) is used in dressing viands ; its bark is antidysenteric, and from its fruit is prepared a mixture supposed to facilitate partm'ition. In Malabar F. parasitica Koen. is sought as an antidysenteric, and its acrid
its

and
F.

leaves

for

polishing

wood and

Moluccas,

latex

is

supposed to cure chronic affections of the

F.

liver.

F. undulata

Hamilt., of the same country, serves for the treatment of aphtce,

tumours, ringworm
septiea
is
;

scaherrima Bl.,

of Java,

for

pains.
;

F.

di-astic,
it

vermifuge, and
F.

an

energetic

blister

the

Javans consider

a violent poison.

henjamina L.

{Urost!(/ma

benjamiimm Miq.) serves for the local treatment of sores produced

by poisoned arrows the chewed leaves and branches are applied to the point wounded. F. henghalcnsis L. ( JJrostigum beughalense Gasp.) has a tonic root, and edible fruit and leaves. F Karct {F. indica Lame.), one of the caoutchouc species, is employed as a tonic and for toothache. As astringents and resolutives are sought in tropical Asia and prescribed for a multitude of maladies of the liver,
;

of the skin, of the mouth,

nitida

etc.,

F. indica L. {Urostigma Tjiela Mia.),

[F.

Thunb.,
L.

infectoria

Roxb.

venosa
is

Ait.),

Rumphii
a

Bl.,

racemosa
poison.

etc.

F.

Dmoimm Vahl
the fruit
of

considered

terrible

On

the

contrary,

F. glomcrata Roxb., F.
of Polynesia, and

nmboinensis KosT. {CovelUa racemifera Miq.), mollis [C. mollis Miq.),

aspcra Forst., Granatum Foest., Chanas Forst.

that of F. piimila Thunb., of China, and of F. Johaniiis Boiss.. of the

East, are edible.

Several s^jecics are used to dye yellow, notably

F. Ampclos Burm. and politoria Lame, are used in Java to polish wooden vases. The properties of the American Figs are analogous to those of the Old-world species. F. tinctoria Forst., a tree of Tahiti.

In Brazil F. antlielminthica^
'

is

extolled as verv efficacious in the

thica
fig.

Mart.

Syst. Mat. Med. Bras. 88

t.

PI. Med.,

Mia. Mart.

Fl.

Bras.

Vrtic.

85,

t.

coii.

Bras.

77.

Pharmacosycea anthelmin-

2 (Coajingivia),

12

180

NATURAL, HISTORY OF PLANTS.

F. atrox
'

treatment of verrainal affections.

juice of F. doliaria,^" which derives
its light

is

one of the plants

from which the Indians of Rio-Negro prepare the curara, and the
its

name from

the-

employment of
is

wood

for the fabrication of large vases for domestic use, is

also considered very acrid.

The

juice of F. radida^

also a vermi-

fuge and rich in caoutchouc, as likewise that of F. vermifuga.^

gumniifera, prmoides
species in Columbia.

F.

and

elliptica

K. are

also reported as caoutchouc

Its

Gum

lac is a

product of several Figs.

formation

is

attributed to the

Coccus Lucca,, a hemipterous insect,

the females of which, living in great numbers on the branches of

the Ficus indica and religiosa^ produce thereon a sort of continuous

crust

from the resinous matter which exudes from their bodies.

in this reddish matter are found, not only the dead bodies

Imbedded

of the females, but also eggs which, later on, are hatched and give

birth to insects before the issue of

which
it

it is

preferable to collect

the

lac.^

This

latter,

formed into

sticks, grains, or plates, is

used

in India for dyeing stufTs.

When
it

burnt

emits an agreeable odour,

and colours the

It is

saliva

when

has been masticated for some time.

is

used to make varnish for fine cabinet work, and

especially

prized

among

us for bead-work, for making

sealing-wax and for

In medicine,
it

the construction of some physical instruments.

is

employed as a
Contrayerva,''

tonic, as

an astringent, and forms a constituent of

several medicinal dentrifices.

belonging also to this family, consists of evergreen

its

herbs and derives

central

name from

the property attributed to

it

in

America

as an

antidote to the bite of

venomous snakes.

Drake root, brought from Peru by the celebrated navigator of that name at the end of the 16th century, and described by Clusius iu
1605,*^

was a blackish rhizome, clothed with adventitious

Houstoni?
piicjode,

roots

and
that

leaf-scars, attributed to Dorstenia

'

Linn^us thought
i.

Makt. Herb.
105.

Uiosti(/ma

(!')

atrox

MiQ.

Arcahi Kheed. Hort. Malab.

F.
ih-s

t.

27 {Fir/uiey-

Ice. eit.
'

Pagodes, Baiigaii, Pippat, Astvat,

Maut. Mat. Med. Bias. SS.F. Game'Jeiia K. Iiid. &m. Hort. Berol. {I8i6), IS. Urosligma doliarium MiQ. loc. cit. 82 Hook. Land. Journ.
;

Bogahu, Bai).

MK.
319.

et

Del. Diet. Mat. Md.

ii.

33.3.

Lindl. Fl. Mid. 297.

C,
ii.
''

Gi'iii.

Prog. Simpl. d.

vi.
'

527 {Gamellcira, Figiicira Branca).

F.

anthclminthica

Rich,

(not

Makt.).

Gomez, De

Coiitra;/erra

Pharmacosyeea Radula Mm. loc. cit. 84, t. 25, fig. 1 Sook. Jouni. vii. 64, t. 2, figB. * Maut. Herb. Pharmacosyeea vermifuga
;

1803).

GuiB.
^ 9

Miiu. et
op. cit.

Del.
315,

Diet.
fig.

{Mem. Ac. Lisb. Mat. Med. ii. 672.

ii.

434, 435.

JE.rot. lib. iv.

cap. 10.
;

MiQ.
'

loc. cit.

87, n. 6.

L. Spec.
iii.

ed. 4, 176

L. Spec.

Fl.Iiid. ui.

1514. W. Spec. iv. 1134. Roxb. 547. Lindl. Fl. Med. 298. Urot.

Pict.
8,
t.

86, n.

3. Plexck,
D.

Mat. Med. 53. Mill. le. PI. Med. ii.

103.

\a.i. {?) oi

Coiitrajena.

stigma religiosum Gasp. Ric. 82,

7, fig. 15.

ULMAOE^E.

181

the true Contrmjerva would prove to be the species of Dorstenia to

which he had applied this specific name ^ but this is Mexican, and the true 0. of commerce, or Caa-apia of Marcgraff and of Pison,^ is a Brazilian species, either D. Caijapia^ or J), multiformis * (fig. lOSB. tuUcina'" wA D. 111), which has exactly the same properties. Faria^' are also employed as alexipharmics in the same region.
;

They
tonic,

are reputed as anti-dysenteries.

Their rhizomes are aromatic,

true of certain African species,

and astringent.

The same

is

such as D. radiata^^ used in Abyssinia in the treatment of cutaneous

affections.

The most

active of the

bably D.

brasilicnsis^ (fig.

American Contrayervas is promixed inflorescence of which is 112), the

and
its

in the form of a cii'cular disk,

reddish stock has a feeble

It is

aromatic odour and a taste finally very acrid.

stimulant and

provokes perspiration
properties attributed
Strcbliis,

which doubtless explains the alexipharmic Like Dorstenia, to it, now quite forgotten.

belonging to the

More

series,

has been used in medicine

parts of the Mulberries
tree

in its native country, tropical Asia.^

Many

are also useful.

The black Mulberry,^" a

i.

probably of Asiatic

'

2). CoiitraJcrva'L. Spec. ed. 3,

17G.

Jacq.

Ic.

614; Cull. iii. 200. Bun. Prodi: xvii. 2.59. D. Coiitrni/erva Mill. Diet. loe. cit. n. 1. Descourt. Fl. Med. Ant. iii. 256,
Ear.
iii.

18,

t.

207. Li.vDL. Fl. Med. 300. D. Hmdoni LoDD. Bot. Cab. 1. 1005 (not L.). D. Sphondi/Ui folio, Dentaria radie Plum. Nnv. Gen. Amer. 29, t. 8; PI. Amer. (ed. Burm.), t. 119. The D. Brakena L. [Spec. ed. 4, 176; D. mexieana Bexth. pi. Eartweg. n. 386) ia also employed
t.

LoDD. ( Tusilla in Venezuela) ' Paiv. ex SpRENG. Syst. iii. 777. Mia. Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtie. 168. 7 Lamk. Diet. ii. 318. Bur. Prodr. n. 58. Kosaria Forskhalii Gmel. {Kosar of the AbysD. chinensis Lour., a stimulant arosinians).

matic plant
(Bur.).
8

is

not,

it is

thought, of this family

like Contrayerra.

Bras. ed.
c. ic. 3

1,

52, 90, c.ic.

ed. 2,

232, 311,

Velloz. Fl. Fliim. i. t. 137. BuE. Prodr. D. Bryonifolia Mart. Mat. Med. Bras. 106. MiQ. Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtic. 161. D. palmata Pohl. D. vitifulia Field, et Gardn.
n. 5.

D. morifolia FiscH.
*

Lamk. Diet. ii. 317. Bur. Prodr. n. 6. 315. LiNDL. Fl. Med. 300. Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtic. 215, D. placentoidis Commers. B. tomentosa FiscH. D. monteridensis Gardx. These plants contain a bitter principle and a warm diuretic and diaphoretic essence (Mart.). /S. asper LouR. (p. 195, note 5) is recommended in Java for epilepsy, rheumatic affections, gout, and after childbirth (Aniplas,
loe. cit.

''

[Carapia).

iSiik/iotnka,

Bariiika).

S.

macrophyllus

Bl.

Mia. Mart. Fl. Bras. Urttc. 16.5, t. 57-59. D. arifolia Lamk. Diet. ii. 317; Ill.i. 83, fig. 2. i). Cyperus Velloz. Fl. Flum. t. 140. D. Mandiocenna FiscH. D, pinnatijida Mia. D.fluminensis'WA.i.v. D. Ceratnsanthes LoDD. Bnt. Cab. t. 1216. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2760. SycMirium ramosum Desvx. Ami. Soe. Linn. Pur.

{Diplocos? macrophylla BuR. Prodr. xvii. 216)

it

used to
1

make

pestles for

pounding

rice [Tarn-

boiii

of the Javans)

Moras Nigra
ii.

li.

Spec.

1398. Duham.
t.

vlci;-.

fruit,

iv. 217,
5

t.

12.
i.

R. et Pay. Fl. Per.

Bot.

65,

t.

102, fig.

b.

Hook.

Mag.

t.

2804. i). infundibidiformis

22. 19. Bur. Prodr. xvii. 238, n. 1. Llvdl. Fl. Med. 300. GuiB. loe. cit. 322, fig. 438. Gren. et Godr. Fl. de Fr. iii. 103. Caz. PI. Md. Ind. d. 3, 671. Flueck. et Hanb. Pharnmcogr, 489.
42,
t.

Arbr.

(d. 2), iv. 90, t.

Ser. Mar. 220,

t.

6, fig. 1,

182

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

especially

origin,' is

cultivated

for

its

fruit

(fig.

101).

It

is

tolerably agreeable aliment,

cine, slightly astringent

and at the same time a refreshing mediand acidulous. Its leaves, also employed in

medicine, are used to feed silkworms.

ference
is

But

for this purpose, pre~

justly given to

the white Mulberry

(fig.

98-100) which,

introduced from China into India, thence into Persia, was brought
to Constantinople at the time of the
to Sicily

Lower Empire, and passed thence

and

Italy,

of Naples in 1494.

whence the French brought it after the conquest Its compound fruit is edible, like that of the
bitter purgative

black Mulberry.
as a vermifuge.

Both have a

bark formerly extolled

The wood,
and

as also that of the red Mulberry,^

an

American
utensils.

species, is solid, proof against the attacks

is

of insects, sus-

ceptible of a fine polish

used for making furniture and various

The
(fig.

cortical fibres

might, in case of need, be employed for

textile purposes,

Mulberry,^

but in this respect it is far surpassed by the paper 102-107), a Chinese tree, now introduced in Europe,

Oceania and America, and used to make paper and stuffs. Its wood Madura has a wood is pale, porous, light and does not polish well.

That of M. aurantiaca^^ or the Osage Orange, was used to make bows. The Indians of North America used to dye their faces with the yellow and fetid juice of
comparable
to that of the

preceding trees.

its

large round fruit, to frighten their enemies.

The
in

entire plant

contains a colouring matter,

'

much more developed

;

M.

tinctoria.^

A. DC. Geogr. Bot. 856, 981, 986.

1308. Lamk. Did. iv. 373; III. t. 762, &g. 2. Locd. Ai-bont. iii. 1398. Seb. JJfso-.Jl/'K). 191. Endl. Jc/ii)irf. 165. EosENTH. op. cit. 191. BuK. Frodr. xvii. M. macrophylla Moret. M. Mcrct238, n. 2.
-

M. Alba L.

Spec.

Kaadsi Kansi, Hjo, Kami mki of the Japanese). ' Nutt. Geii. ii. 234 N.-Amtr. Si/h: i. 126, t.
37,

38. I,indl.
Arboret.

Zotwi.Sicye/. 784,
iii.

fig.

13256.

l.ofD.

fig.

1826-1828.

Seh.

Ur. 232, t. 27. Guib. op. cit. ii. 324 {Bow wood. Bois d'arc). Good prickly hedges may

M. ConstantinoM. bi/zantiint politana Poir. Diet. iv. 381. SiEB. M. Iiidica L. M. cuspi'-'iita Wall. M, rubra Lour, (not L.). M. latifolia Poir. mii/ticaulis Perr. M. cucuUata Bonaf. M.
tiaiia

.lAca.

31.

tatarica

L.

made of this tree, .and it is also said to be a good substitute for the mulberry in feeding silk worms. * D. Don, ex Bur. Drodr. xvii. 228. M. Dlumicra Don. M. XantJwrijlon Endl. Gen.
be

ii.

bullataBALB.M.
2

chiiienyisluOVD.

Suppl.
iv.

L.

iSpec.

1399.

PoiR.

Diet.

377.

Bor-Amcr. ii. 179; Arbr. for. iii. DuHAM. Arbr. d. 2, iv. t. 23. Ser. 232, c. ic. Mr. 22Z, t. 20. BvR. Frodr. n. 3. M. cana-

Mieux.

Fl.

Bl. J/s. Liebm. Morns tinctoria Jj. Spec. ed. 2, 1399. Velloz. BroutFl. Flum. x. t. 22.-31. XaiU/ioj;/ton L. soiietia tinctoria SfREiiG. Si/st. ii. 901. H. B. K.
iv.

p.

34.

M.

vehitina

Lugd.-Bat.

ii.

82.

M.

chlorocarpa

densis

Lamk. M.
Audib.

pcnsi/h-anica

Nois. ilf.
Tabl.
iii.

mis-

souriensis
*

^- Xanthoxijlon
Chlonphora
Gelbholz, yellow

Nov. Gen.

et Spec.

32. .S. Flumierii Spkeng. Mart. Herb. Fl. Bras. 260,

ii.

Bruiissonetia papyrifera
xvii,

Vent.
2.

547.

tinctoria

Bur. Frodr.
fera L.
Diet.
j^j,T,<.

224, n.

Morus papyri-

Gaudich. {Fustic, Fustete, wood of the Antilles, Leehero,

Spec.

V.

1399. Fapyrius japonicn Poir. S.Fapyrtis lgitima K^empf. Amn.

ie.

Dinde in Colombia, Moreira, Amoreira,

de arvore in Brazil.

Amora

471.

(Hoa.

Tchnn of the Chinese,

ijz,

ULMAGE.E.

188

The

latter has astringent fruit

used in medicine, like the Mulberries,

a fine wood which might be employed with advantage in cabinet

work, a resinoid juice, called the marrow of Cuba,' proposed for the
treatment of scurf, and a colouring mutter highly prized for dyeing
in the

New
is

trees of the

which

There are also yellow dye woods in Brazil from genus Madura ^ and the Bagassa wood of Guyana that of Bagassa guumensis^^ has analogous properties and
World.
;

might equally be employed in cabinet work. The most useful woods of this family are the Blms. The common Elm* (fig. 81-94), excellent as fuel, is good for making a great variety of articles it is used by turners, joiners, cabinet makers and builders. Of its knobs are made trunks and articles of furniture.
;

The bark

is

used for tanning skins, to make mats, cords, string,

;

paper, and to dye yellow

tonic, astringent, for

it

has been

much used

in medicine as a

Its young ringworm and intermittent fever. leaves are given to beasts, and its fruit has served as an aliment to Ulmus alata,^ man, being eaten green as a salad in some countries. americuna^ and Julva'' have analogous uses in the United States. The wood is much used in building. The bark is emollient, used as From that of U. alata decoctions poultice, and is said to be edible.

are prepared and applied as lotions to chaps, chilblains and gunshot

wounds, and are taken internally

folia ^

for

cough and dysentery.

U. parvi-

was celebrated
Its

at a

certain epoch under the

name

of

Th

de

Vahh Galois.
use
to

leaves sometimes bear a gall which the Chinese

skins."

dye and tan

Planera

aquatica^^^ furnishes a

wood

employed in the south of the United States.

'

Ahelicea crctica^^ or

GuiB.

</^. ci*, ii.

324.

'

MiCHX.
Jacq.

op. cit.K.Yll.

A.

>4/ Michx.
261.

p.

2
^

Mart.
AuiiL.

Fl. Bras. Urtic. 210.

Giiiaii.
ii.

{dippery Elm).
t.

Suppl.

15,

376 [Bagaslight

Hort.
67.

Schiibr..
13.

iii.

t.

Pl.

sier).

It is especially useful for

making

Prodr.

xvii.
i.

161, n.

U.

cliinemis Pers.
So. Nat. Atl.
t.

canoes.
*
ii.

Euchirid.
(part.).

Tukp. Diet.
Arbont.
iii.

Ulmus campestiis L.
de Fr.

Sm. Engl. Fl.

281, 282.
telea

LocD.

1377.

Microp2,

20.

Fl.
ii.

Pl. Prodr. xvii. 156. Gren. et Godr. iii. 105. Guiis. Drag. Simpl. d. 6,

parvifolia Spach,

Ann.

Sc.

Nat. sr

xv.

358.
' U. major Sm. Glabra Sm. tilicefolia Host. have nearly the same uses as U. campesiris. U. piimilla is used in Siberia to make a tea-like infusion. In Japan, U. Kijaki SiEU. has a useful wood. ' See p. 188, note 6. " Zelkova C'retica Spach, Suit, Bnffmi, xi.

LiNDL. Fl. Med. 303. Mkr. et Del. Mat. Md. vi. 799. Esdl. Euchirid. 163. Caz. Pl. Med. Iiid. d. iii. 716. Kosexth. op. cit. 189. Flueck. et Hank. Pliarmac. 500 {Ormeau, Ormille, Umcau. Arbre pauvre
314.

Diet.

homme).
5 MiCHX. Fl. Bor.-Amer. i. 173. MiCHX. N.-Amer.Sijlr.v.'i.MI {JVahoo). ^

f.

W.

Eiium.

Hort. Berul. 295.

U. Floridaiia

Chapm.

Fl. S. United St. 416 {tehitc Elm).

121. Pl. Prodr. xvii. 166. Pseitdo-Saiitalum Crcticuin Bauh. Pinax, 393. Qticrcus Abelicea Jjkii^.ABCdaria L. Herb.
!

184

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

has
;i

False-Sandal of Crete,
astringent and detersive.

reddish odorous

wood,

said

to

be

A. erenata ^ has a solid

wood

for carpentry

and cabinet work. The Dates are also useful trees. That of Provence' (fig. 95-97) serves to make a great number of domestic productive hedges of it are articles ^ and musical instruments Its leaves feed cattle, and its seed pressed planted in the South. furnishes an oil for burning. The Bate of the West,* a species from
;

the United States, has also a useful

wood employed by

carvers and

musical instrument makers.

Its astringent bark is

used for tanning,

and

also as a febrifuge.

Its leaves are said to strengthen

and fatten

horses.

Celtis Tournefortii^

and

crassifolia,^ oriental species, are also

astringent
orientalis^''

plants,

prescribed

for

various kinds
Asia,

of

flux.

Trema
into the

a beautiful tree of

tropical

introduced
;

Mascarene isles, is reputed a remedy for epilepsy and T. micrantha,^ a Central American species, has a textile liber of which cord and
stuffs are

made

in the Antilles.
qualities of the bark are

family, to a

common, therefore, in this and 3fore. But they find their greatest development in the Cannabine, and principally in the cultivated Hemp^ (fig. 129-136), an herb of Asiatic origin and

The

textile

number

of

Ulinccv

sought everywhere

for the textile fibres of its liber.

Theii* arrauge-

ment

in parallel longitudinal bundles, separated

from each other by

similarly longitudinal zones of cellular tissue, renders

them

easily

separable
textile.!"

by soaking and heating,

jt jg unnecessary
to

as

is

usual in plants eminently

stuff's,

speak of the
its

cordage and

various articles prepared from the hemp,

tow and

its fibre.

These

substances are also used to

1

make
118. Pl.

paper.^^

Much
9. Pl.

has been said of the

Zelkom
eit.

eretinta

Spach,

lac.

at.

228,
'

t.

Prarfr. n. 13.

loc.

Jihamnus carpvnfvlius Pall. Planera croiata TTlmus polygama L. C. Rich.

165.

Celiis

orientalis L. Fl. Zeyl.

176.

Spoiiia

nriiidnlis
'

j)]5gp_
'

Pl. I'rodr. xvii. 200, n. 14. Celtis micrantha Sw. Fl. Iiid.-Occ.
loc.

i.

157.

Celtis

Australis h. Spte.

H78.
Piiiax,

Pl. Fro</r. 447 {FabrePer-

Sponia micrantha Dcne. ex Pl.

n. 25.
'
'"

xvii. 169, n. 1.

Lotus ^iiior Louel. Adi\iZ^.

cit.

203,

.S'.^;(;n!iaj(rt

Ex.
2.

ii/;rr,

xx. 536.

L.

fructti

Cerasi

Bauh.

See

p. 164,

note

coulter,

Fabreguier,

Fenalrgne,

Bois de

On the

structure of

hemp and

its liber,

see

pignan).
Shafts, forks, whips, hoops, etc. Prodr. 174, n. 10. Pl. L. Spec. 1478. Lotus arbor virginiana fruclu nihro Rai, Hist.
I

Eeisbek, Die Fuserg. d. Leines, etc. Deiikschr. Ak. Wiss. Wieii, vi. Oliv. Stun Dieot. 34.

Dutailly,
Adansonia,

Sec/i.

Anat.-Phys. sur
its

le

Chanvre,

ix. 263.

1917 (M. des Antilles, M. Ramon).

6 ^

Lamk. Lamk.

Diet. iv. 138.

loc.

is
f.

used to

" The wood, stripped of make matches,

bark or

chnevotte,

light canes, charcoal

cit,

133. Michx.

Arbr.

iii.

for powder, etc.

ULMACE^.
particular intoxication produced

185

by emanations from the liemp

qiiite

fields.

The

leaves of the cultivated

hemp have
owe
to

a peculiar action on
^
;

the system which they appear to

two

volatile essential oils

these are most abundant in the Indian

haschisch of the

Hemp/

from which

the

Orientals

is

prepared, a substance considered by

them exhilarating and

aphrodisiacal,

which produces a delirious

As a intoxication, much studied by physiologists and physicians.^ medicine, the Hemps, after producing a passing excitement of the
nervous centres, finally become sedative and stupefying.'' of the Hemp or hempseed is especially valued for the oil

The
it

fruit

contains

which renders
oil
is

it

edible, especially for birds

used for burning, to

to feed
to

This and small cattle make soap and paint, and the cake is

employed hempseed

and fatten animals.^

Its

stimulate the stomach.

The ancients ate torrefied The Hop'' (fig. 137-145) is

quite as widely celebrated.

young

shoots (hop sprouts) are eaten

in the north like asparagus.

tiple fruit

They, as well as the roots and mulbitters, purifiers

(cones), are used in medicine as tonics,

and diaphoretics. The cones are employed principally to aromatise beer, and the intensity of its action depends upon its richness in lupulinP This is also a narcotic and sedative. The leaves of the Hop have been used for dyeing, and its annual branches ^ have a textile bark used to make bands, coarse threads, and cordage. The climbing Under this head, this branches of the Hop are very ornamental.
family does not present"
1

many

choice plants, beyond the fine trees

NuTT.
75.

Cannabiiie (C^oH"")

and a hydrate of eannathrough the whole

Lupulus

communia Gjertn. Fruct.

Scop.
Fl.
carniol.

t.
ii.

bine

(C'"H'^),

distributed

Catinabis

Ltipiilus

plant (Personne). It contains besides a resinous matter eannabine or haschischitic (Smith). ('. - C. I'idiea\j&M's.. Diet. i. 695. chiiiensix

263 {Viffne da Nord, Salsepareille nationale). Lnpuline, liipulite. This substance is fonned
'

Del.
'

(var. of C. sa'iva).

Droff. Simpl. d.

Del. Bid. Mat. Med. ii. 68. Gum. Eosenth. op. cit. 6, ii. 331. 201. Personne, Journ. Pharm. (18.57). Vil-

MK

et

LARD, This.

Fac.
et

Journ. Pharm.
<

Chim.

Md. Par. (1872). Muell. sr. 3, xxvii. 296 [Bang.

Se.

Sanghie, Guaza).

See Diet.

Eiieyel.
Off.

Md. xv. 398.

Berg

abundant especially These organs are epidermic cells which, increasing in size, close in and become a sort of cupule, formed of several radiating cella, supported \>y a small foot. The cuticle which lines the lower surface of this cupule is raised by a yellowish secretion which fills it from bottom to top like the finger of a glove, so that it forms a conical projection above the cupule
of yellow, resinous glands,
in the bracts.

et

Gew. t. 19 b. ' Pulverised, it is used to counterfeit pepper. ' Munmlus Lupulus L. Spec. 1457. Sm. Engl. Eeichb. 7c. Fl. Germ. xii. t. 656. Bot. t. 427. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 29. GuiB. op. cit. ii. 332,

ScHM. Burst.

(Tricul).

Then
foe.

the tupulin
eit.

is

completely de443.

veloped (Guib.

335,

fig.

Berg

et

Schm.
*

t.

cit. fig. x).

On
d.

their structure,

see

H. Moiil,

Ueb. d.
^

Bau

Hani, und Schlingpfl.

Zeit. (1855), 889.

Tubing. (1827),

fig.

441-443. LiNDL. Fl. Md. 296 Beuq et B. americaniis Schm. Off. Gew. t. 27 b.

75; Bot.

186

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

which, in our plantations, are derived from the genera of the Elm,
Date,

Mulberry, Broussonetia, and the beautiful species of Ficus which are grown in our gardens and houses as foliage plants/ There are but few American and Asiatic Figs the wood of which is of any
utility, as it is

generally soft and brittle

mention

is

made, however,
;

in India, o Ficus rcUgiosa, from

which idols are sculptured in Tahiti, in of F. tinctoria Forst., of which some domestic utensils arc made Miq., employed for the same purpose, the Abyssinia, of F. panificu, specific name of which is derived from the natives eating the inner bark as bread in Java, of F. alba Bl. and fulca Eeinw.,
;
;

Madura
Guyana
is

javonica Bl. and

Ciulranus amhoinensis of Eumphitjs, the

woods of which
is

are coloured yellow.

The

Letter or Snake ivood of

attributed to plants of this family.

Piratincra gidanensis
it
;

the best known.

The negroes make rice-pestles and canes of

and the Galibis their bows and traps (boutous). The spotted kind of commerce comes, it is said, from Brosimiim gidancnse., a species of the same genus, as well as, very probably, from Fcrolia guiane^isis of
AuBLET, which produces the Bois satin, or Ferole, an excellent red essence, streaked with yellow, heavy, compact and susceptible of a
fine polish.

'

Madura and

Abelicea are

more rarely

cul-

wax
to

of Sumatra, attributed to Ficus eerifera Bl.

tiv;ited in the torieB,

open ground and in our conservaDorsteiiia, curious for the varied form
receptacle

to Bleckrodtn,

and

to certain Supotacetv, appears

of the
ccphdlus

of

its

inflorescence,

C'oiio-

render great service in siu'gery as a local agglutinative medicine (Vanhenoel), and also internally as an antiiUarrhu'tic.

and Aiiocarjnis for the heauty of their foliage, and Tircii/ui africana and an Antiaris. Many useful products have necessarily been omitted in the enumeration we have just made.
Calms lacteseens Blaxco (p. 164, note 12) has an edible fruit and a milky juice, but it is not poisonous, for small cattle feed on its leaves when other forage fails. Friction with the
macerated bark
is

This substance

might also bo employed (Bleekeode, Aim. Sc. Nat.

for

making tapers
iii.

sr. 4.

330,

t.

11),

Many
enter

fossil

plants

belonging to

this family

into

the constitution of certain lands.

24-26) has described

TJnger
Ulmites

[Chliir. I'rotog. t.

There are Elms and Figs in the tertiary strata (Sap. Ann. Sc. Nat.

and Ulminiiim.
112

said to cure the bite of veno-

sr. 4, xix.

sr. 5, xviii. 39, etc.).

mous

snakes.

Getah-lalioe,

a kind of vegetable

VLMAOE^.

187

GENERA.

I.

ULME^,
or

more rarely polygamous; Calyx marcescent, 5-8receptacle short generally rather concave. Stamens equal in number and opposite to lobes lobed, imbricate. filaments inserted more or less deeply in the cupule of the recep1.
;

Ulmus T.

Flowers hermaplirudite

tacle (hence slightly perigyuous) free exserted

anthers in aestiva-

tion erect extrorse

cells

2,

longitudinally rimose.
;

Germen

(some-

times in male flower effete) 2-carpelIar, 2-locular

abortive effete (or more rarely fertile)
lobes
;

the second cell

style

short, 2-fid at

apex

densely
;

papillose-stigmatose

within.

Ovules

descending

anatropous

micropyle extrorsely superior.

Fruit samaroid, clothed

stipitate,
;

at base with cupule of receptacle

and often

surrounded by a
eccentric com-

marginal wing entire or more or less

ciliate

cell

pressed reticulately veined, sometimes longitudinally nerved, 1-spermous. Seed desceudiug coat membranous, 2-plicate; cotyledons of
;

exalbuminous embryo plane or plano-convex rather fleshy radicle superior straight. Trees or shrubs, not milky branches sometimes
;

suberose
at base
;

leaves alternate, 2-stiehous, serrate penninerved, unequal

stipules lateral free
;

flowers early or rarely late, breaking

from perulate buds, collected in loose shortly stipitate compound [Temp, and suh-frigid cymes; pedicels articulate, bracteolate.
regions of the north, hemisphere of both worlds.)

See p. 140.

2? Holoptelea

Pl.i

Flowers
;

(nearly

of

4-8-merous

stamens rarely free

Ulmus) polygamofrom sepals equal in

'

Ann.

Sc. Nat., sr. 3, x. (1S4S).

259

DC. Frodr.

xvii. 163.

188

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Fruit samaroid peripterous
;

number, oftener 8-16.

wing subentire
Seed exalbu-

or marginately excised, glabrous or softly pubescent.

minous

cotyledons of somewhat
to

fleshy

embryo deeply 2-lobed, conOther

flowers
2-stichous
entire

duplicate

medial nerve
Ulmus.

radicle
;

subclavate incurved.
;

characters of
early

A
;

tree

leaves

compound cymose

cymes springing from the naked twigs of

{East Indies})

the past year, ebracteate.

3.

Planera Gmel.2
;

Flowers (nearly of
4, 5,

Ulmus) polygamo-mon-

eious, 4-5-inerous

stamens

alternate with lobes of perianth ex-

serted.

Germen (in male

flower effete) and other characters of

Ulmus

ovule descending amphitropous.

fragile, shortly stipitate

Fruit dry (utricular) crustaceous

and there girt with emarcid perianth, the whole exterior cristate with complanate unequal lamellse or prickles, Seed descendapiculate with indurated base of style, indhiscent. hilum linear cotyledons of exalbuminous ing, obliqiiely ovoid
; ;

embryo unequal; the one larger enfolding the

branches distichous
;*

other.

tree;^

leaves alternate 2-stichous,

;

ovately oblong,

unequal

at base,
;

unequally crcnate or serrate

early,

stipules lateral free,

caducous

flowers^

breaking ffom perulate buds,

shortly

compound cymose
4.

or glomerulate.

[North America.^)
(nearly of Ulmus) hermaphrodite
;

Abelicea

Belli.'''

Flowers

or oftener
late.

polygamo-moncious, 4-5-merous

perianth subcampanu-

Stamens equal in number and opposite to lobes of perianth and other characters of Ulmus (or Planera). Fruit (utricular) ovoideogibbous, hence produced to a short keel (Zelkova) or sometimes to a narrow wing {Ilemiptelea,^) laterally beaked at apex with exocarp thin, finally dry putamen rugose. Seed base of style cotyledons of suspended from apex of cell subamphitropous plano-convex corrugate, at apex and base exalbuminous embryo
; ; ;

2-fid or
1

2-lobed

radicle

superior
ini.

rather

long.

Trees
Desf.
305.

branches

Spec.

tegrifolia

1. S. integrifolia Pi. Roxb. W. Spec. i. 1326

;

Tllmus
PL

567.
S.
iii.

A.
283.

Ghax, Man.

ed. 6, 443.

Coram,

Unit. St. 417. -.P. ulmifolia

C-awu. Fl. Michx. p. Arbi:

Michx. Fl.
ii.

56,

t.

18.

Edgew.
(1852),

Journ. As. Soe. Bengal, ex

PI. Zeijl.

P. Gmelini L.
ii.

C.

Rich. Arhr.

Bot.Zeit.

840.- Thw. Enum.

Bor..Amer.

248.

446.

267.
"-

EoEM. ctScH.
Sijst.

Sijst. vi.

Ammymns

aqtiatica

305.

XV. 355; Suit,

n.

Spach, Ann. Sc. Kat. sr. 2, Buffon,id. 115. Endl. Gen.

_^i_

Walt.
?

Fl. Carol. 230.

18491. Pl.
' 4
'

gc,

Nat.

sr.

3, x.

261

Prodr. xvii. 167.

Clus. Hist. -.ii. ZOi.Zelkora Spach, Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 2, xt. 350 ; Suit, Buffon, xi. 117. Endl. Gen. Suppl. ii. n. 1849. Pl.
Prodr. xvii. 165.
*

Ex

Appearance of Carpinus. Bare at time of flowering.

Small, dark yellow.
Spec.
I.

Pl.

Compt. Rend. Ac.

Sc.

(Jan.

1872);

Prodr. xvii. 164.

'

aqtiatica

Gmel.

W.

Spec.

iv.

VLMACE^.
2-sticlious,

189

sometimes

spinescent;

leaves

alternate,
;

2-sticlious,
;

and other characters of Planera buds perulate flowers' coetaneous the male in crowded cymes; the female few
crenato-serrate
;

or solitary

axillary.^

(Crete,

Caucasian region,

iemp. east.

Asia,

north. China.*)
5.

Celtis T.^

Flowers
much

polygamo-moncious, 2-morphous.

Se-

pals

5, or rarely 4,

imbricated, iu female or hermaphrodite

;

flower deciduous.
free (longer in

Stamens same in number opposite

dissilient

filaments
less
;

male flower), incurved in stivation and more or

clearly

elastically

and

at

anthesis
in

rigidly

divergent

anthers
cells

introrse,

before

anthesis

connivent

centre of flower

sometimes swollen at base, longitudinally rimose.

Germen

(in

male flower rudimentary or 0) girt at base with pilose annular disk, 1-locular; style branches 2, thickly subulate wide recurved,

entire or at

apex emargiuate or dilately 2-lobed {Solenostigma ) lobes linear [Momisia'^) or sometimes {Momisiojjsis^) 2-fld, densely stig;

matose

within
;

ovule

inserted

under apex

of

cell

descending

amphitropous

micropyle cxtrorsely superior.

;

Fruit
;

drupaceous

naked, oftener globose

cotyledons

flesh

generally scanty

putamen more or
;

less rugose, 1-spermous.

Seed descending amphitropous

foliaceous
replicate

coat thin

of

much incurved embryo

cucullately

wide unequally
;

conduplicate

and

corrugate

one

enfolding
;

the other, enclosing the

incumbent and ascending radicle

or spinous

albu0.

men

slight

between the folds of the cotyledons mucous or

;

Trees or
persistent
entire
'

shrubs, unarmed
or caducous
dentate,

leaves alternate, 2-stichous,

in winter,

oftener
stipules

unequal-sided at base,
free;
t.

or

3-plinerved;

flowers''
354.
;

axillary
iv.

Nearly of Carpiims, caducous or deciduous.

Small, inconspicuous.

Schkuhk. Saudi,
(part.)
;

La.mk. Diet.

136

'
'

Suppl.
1851.
A^at.

iii.

688

III. t. 8-44.

Nees, Gen.
122.

A genus
Spec.
4.

hence between
Vtltis.

XJlinus

and Planera,

ii.

35. Spach, Suit,

n.
Sc.
:

Bnffuii, xi.

Exdl.

thence between

Gen.

Payek, jRoh. Nat.

sr. 3,
.\.

168.

Pi.

talum.

Lamk.
i.

Bauk. Finax. 373 {Pseudo-SaiiDiet.

i.

725, {Qiierciis).

Smith,
et

Ann.
(incl.

168 Mertensia K. Momisia Dumort. Sokno;

202

Prodi:

.\vii.

Traiis. Linn. Soc.

(1808), 120.

KM.

Sen.
sur

stigma Endl.)
6

Syst. yi. 304 (P^ff ). Sidth. ct Sm. Prodi:

Fl. Grac.
le

Endl. Prodr.
ii.

Fl.

Norfolk.

41. Bl. Mus.

172 (P/i"). Michx. p.

(1831).

Zelkova
iii.

(1861), 428 (P/aHci-). Mia.

Pat.
vi.
5

66

Lindl. Gardn. Ann. Mus. {Planera). Hance, Seem.

t.

Mem.

Lugd.-Bat.

07. Pl.

Prodr. 182.

Chron.

Luyd.Journ.

' Dvaowv. Anal. Fam. 11 Mertensia 'B..7i. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. ii. 3, t. 103. Endl. Gen. n. 1853. Pl. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, x. 204

333 (Planera).
Inst. 612,

Prodr. 186.
n.

383. L. Gen.

1143 (part.)
i.

*
'

Bl. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.

ii.

69.

J. Gen. 408 (part.) G,EUTN. Fruct.

374,

t.

77.

Greenish or j'ellowish.

ion

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

new branches
or to leaves or bracts of the past year, solitary,

in

cymose or racemose-cymose.'
G.

(AU warm and

temp,

regions.''')

Gironniera Gaudicii.^ Flowers dicious (nearly

;

of

Ccltis),

4-5-inerous
accrescent.

sepals imbricate,

persistent under the fruit, scarcely

;

Stamens
pilose

4, 5 (in

female flower 0)

filaments incurved

inserted under
(of Oeltis)
;

rudiment of gynsecium.
sometimes free
not plumose.
scarcely fleshy

Germ en

-ovulate

style branches papillose,

;

to base filiform elongately

subulate, densely pressed-lenticular

brittle,

Fruit drupaceous com;

exocarp

sometimes
;

rugose

without.

Trees

putamen crustaceous or shrubs unarmed

;

strigose

leaves 2-stichous, entire or serrulate penninerved

stipules

subintra-axillary free rather wide convolute, closely enfolding the

twig, afterwards caducous and after their fall leaving annular scars
flowers in loose or close sometimes spike-like cymes
;

the male often

glomerulately spicate or
Pacific Islands.*).
7.

densely crowded.

{Trop. Jsia, Malaya,

Trema
;

Lour.*
5,

Flowers

(nearly of Ccllis)

cious
less

sepals

in eestivation induplicate-valvate below,

polygamo-monmore or

imbricate above, in female flower generally unequal and oftener

quincuncially imbricate at base.

Stamens
;

5,

inserted under pilose

hypogynous disk
(in
'

filaments subulate

anthers introrse.

Germen
Celtis;

male flower rudimentary), ovule and other characters of

Subgenera in genus
4,

ex. Pl. Fyodr. soil.

xviii.

193

I.

Fncelt

{incl.:

Lotopsis

Si'ACH,

Leiopijrciia

(1815), 871.

{Momisia). Bernh. Furnr. Fl. CAKRiJc. (1868), 300. A.

i/u/Y.

Spach, ProteophjUmn SpAcn), stigmas entire linear, male flowers at base of leafless branches, female flowers in axils of cymoso-racemose
;

new

loaves,

solitary

2.

Spuiiioceltis
;

(Pl.)

cymes stigmas as in preced. flowers cymose 3. Soknoxtigma infer, male super, hermaphrod.

Gray, ^ra. ed. 5, 443. Chavm. J/. .V. Pi';. 5<. 417. Benth. Fl. Hongkong. 323 Fl. Austral. vi. loo. Thw. Eiiiim. PI. Zegl. 267. Gren. et Godu, Fl. de Fr. iii. 104. ^ y-u,j_ Bonite, Pot. t. 85. Pl. Aim. iSi: Xat.
;

sr. 3, x.

338

emar4. Momisia (Dumort.) ginate flowers cymose. stigmas 2-fid or twice 2-fid; flowers cymose. - Spec. 73-75. L. Spec. iv. 1478. Cat. Icon.
(ExDL.)
;
:

stigmas at apex 2-lobed

or

Pl.

loc. cit.

mum Thw.

Prodr. ^vn. 205. Nemutusligma 265 {Nemosligma). UclmiiithospcrHook. Journ. (1854), 302, t. 9, C.
;

Bl.
Bat.

Spec. 5,

6.

Wall.

Gut. n.
ii.

7289 {Antidesma).
Pl. Iiid.Pl. Zegl.

Mus. lugd.-Pat.
p.
ii.

72. Mm.

t.

294 (ii:/iamHs). Lamk. Diet.

iii.

388

{Ztzij-

i.

pkus).
229.

V/.

Spec.y^i.
Iiid.

Pers.
i.

222. Thw. (.

267.

Eiichirid.

Teysm.

et

Ten.

Sem.

Hort.

Neap.

(1833),

{Spoida).

Binn. Xat. Tijdschr. iV. lud. xi. 363 Benth. Fl. Hongkong. 324. Seem.
(ed.

15. PuRSH, Fl. Am. Ludov. 25. Roxii. Fl.

Liic.

Sept.

hid.

ii.

200. Ratin. Fl. 63. Torr. Ann.

d. Filip. ed. 1,

Fl. Vit. 236.

N. Hist.
t.

{IS27), 2i.T)csE. Jacquem. Vog.

Bot. 150,

152. Blanco.

Fl.

197; oi.2,Ud.Sv.:Prodr. 53; Fl. Tnd.-Occ. 545. H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. ii. 32. Kl. Weud. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, JjuuiiCu, XX. 537.

1790), 562. Bl. Mus. Benth. Fl. Austral, vi. \57. Sponia Commers. ex Lamk. Diet. iv. 138. Done. Herb, timor. 170. Endl. Gen. n. 1852 (part.) Pl. Ami. Sc. Kat. sr. 3, x. 264
'

Fl.

Cochiiich.
ii.

lugd,-bat.

58.

Prodi: xvii. 195.

ULMAOE^.
style

191

branches free

to

base

elongate

stigmatose-plumose.

Fruit

drupaceous minute, clothed at base with persistent calyx, generally

crowned with plumose eniarcid style

Seed nearly of
Celtis
;

putamen rugose or

pitted.

albumen

slightly fleshy

embryo scarcely

or not at all corrugate.

^Unarmed
;

cotyledons of curved
trees
;

leaves

alternate (evergreen),

3-plinerved, often tomentose

stipules free;
regions.")

flowers^ in axillary cymes, 1- or 2-sexual.

8 ?

[All

warm

Parasponia Miq.^
Celtis)
;

Flowers
5,

polygarao-dicious
persistent

(nearly

of

Trcma or

sepals

imbricate,

around

fruit.

Stamens gyntecium and other characters of Trcma. Fruit, drupaceous, crowned with plumose stigmata ; cotyledons of curved

embryo

linear
;

accumbent.*

Trees

or

shrubs

^
;

leaves

2-stichous,
;

?)-plinerved

stipules intra-axillary, united in one 2-carinate, 2-fid

flowers axillary cymose.''

9.

{Indian Arddpclago^ Pacific IslandsJ)

Aphananthe

Pl.^

Flowers
0)

(nearly

of

Celtis)

monoecious

sepals 4-6, imbricate,

not accrescent.
(in female flower

more or less persistent under fruit indurate, Stamens 4-6, inserted under rudiment of gyncccium
rudimentary or
;

filaments straight or scarcely

incurved in the bud

anthers introrse oscillating, 2-rimose.

Celtis)
;

Germen
;

and ovulum of Trcma (or

paceous, sparsely
fleshy

style afterwards

2-fid

branches

subulate, longer than the germen,'' velutinous withiu.

;

Fruit dru-

without

seed amphitropous

spirally convolute; radicle

putamen crustaceous, somewhat rugose cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo superior somewhat incurved. Unarmed
;

(evergreen)
'

trees;

leaves

2-stichous,
Vit.

unequal at base,
235
(Sponia.) Solms,

entire

or

'

Spec, about 25.

2 [Muiitiiigia).

Minute, greenish cr yellowish. Burm. Amer. Icnn. 206,

Schiveinf. JEthiop

fig.

arhoi:..).

Plum.
[Celtis).

Slo.a.ne,
Gen.
v.

192 (Sponia).

Jam.

ii.

80 (Zo<i

41

[Miiiitinriia).

L.
Fl.

Pl.
*

'

In Fiant,
"

Jwif/Ziiiii.

6S; Anal. Bat. Im/. 31.

Pro(?r. ivii. 191.

Spec.
ze>(l.

280;
176

Amn.

395

[Rhamnus);
;

Not conduplicate."

Sw. Frodr. 33
[Celtis)

Fl. Ind.-Oc.c.

W.
Gen.

157 (C'eftts). Font. Diet Suppl. iii, 689 [Oil is). H. B. K. Nov. Spec. iv. 996 {Celtis).
et

Spec.

ii.

Roxii.

Inconspicuous minute. ' A genus very near to Trema, but sufficiently distinct by the plane imbricate aestivation of
'

Fl.

Ind.

ii.

the male flower and iutra-a.xillary concrescent

stipules Pl.
sr. 3, x. 336 Bl. Mus. Lngd.-Bat. ii. 65, t. 36. -Seem. Bnnphindia (1861), 259 [Sponia).
?

66 [Celtis).Ati. Bu. Duperr. Bijdr. 47, 215 (CeWi*). Bl.

To;/.

Bot. 212,

t.

486

[Celtis).

Beslcr. 160 [Spnnia). ScHUM. et Thonn. Blanco, Fl. de Filip. ed. 2. 139 [Celtis). HocHST. Flora (1845), 87 (6>m/).Wight, (5;)flHi). Bbnth. Fl. Hongk. Icon. t. 1971 Miq. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 324 [Sponia.) 215 (6>om). Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 267

Spec.

2.

Pl. Ann. Sc. Nat.

[Sponia anom.)

[Sponia).

Seem.

Vog.

Herald, Bot.

i.

413; Fl.

Miq. Fl. Ind.-Bnt. i. p. ii. 218, t. 16. ^ Ann. Se. Nat. sr. 3, x. 205 Frodr. xvii. 265. ffnmoiceltis Bl. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 64. Galumpila Bl. loe. cit. 73. ' Shorter than in GjroMt-.
;

192

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

widely serrate, penninerved or S-plinerved at base

subfree,

stipules rarely

growing into one, intra -axillary not enfolding, 1 or caducous male flowers cymose in lower part of the branches a few female sometimes intermixed; females solitary in axils of
oftener
;
;

upper leaves.
10.

{Trop. Asia, Indian Archipelago, Australia})

Pl.-

Chsetacme

Flowers
;

monoecious

(nearly
fruit.

of

Celtis);
5,
;

sepals 5, induplicate-valvate,

marcescent under

Stamens
cells at

inserted under thin pilose disk

filaments erect subulate in

;

bud

anthers at aestivation 2-rimose introrse, not inverted

shortly 2-saccate, longitudinally dehiscent.

base

Germen
;

(in

male flower

rudimentary) girt at base with pilose disk, 1-ovulate style branches Fruit drupaceous 2, filiform elongate densely papillose-stigmatose. An evergreen tree,^ unarmed or armed with seed... ? (juiceless ?)
;

axillary spines (abortive branches)

leaves distichous elongate, at

coria-

apex often setiform mucronulate, entire or spinously dentate,

ceous penninerved, finally glabrous
in one wide intra -axillary
;

petiole short

stipules connate

enfolding the convolute leaf-bud, cadu-

male flowers cymose springing either from naked base of new female flowers solitary in branches, or from perulate leaf-buds
cous
; ;

axils of

upper leaves

pedicels 1-2-bracteolate.*

(South Africa.^)

11.

Ampelocera
calyx

Kl.

Flowers
;

hermaphrodite or polygamocup-shaped,
iinequally
5-fid,

moncious;
imbricate.
filiform,

gamophyllous

Stamens 10-15 filaments connate at base with perianth anthers long exserted (sometimes short in female flower)
;

ovately
flower

oblong

apiculate,

introrse,

2-rimose.

Germen

(in

male
style

rudimentary

or

0) free,
;

unequally ovate, 1-locular;

erect, afterwards

2-partite

lacinia

elongately subulate divaricate,

papillose within.

Ovule

1,

inserted under apex of cell peritropous

descending

micropyle

superior,
;

Fruit baccate compressed-ovate

'

protected by small obturator. embryo of descending seed ?

.
. .

Spec.

no-ti).

Thunb.

i.

Kjekvf. Amii. Exot. 799 {MukFl. Jup. 201

Miiiich.

[Prunus).
A/cad.

Sieh.

"A genus \BTy ueai

Ajihananthe, differing
loaves and and also some

chiefly in its iuduplicate valvate calyx at ajsti-

et

Zucc. in Abhandl.

(Sponiir).

SiEB. Synops. 28

[Celtis).

Bh.JSijdr.

iii.

223

vation " (Pl.), otherwise in hahit,

spines rcsemhling the Cdastrinc,
Bixaeea;
*

599 [Cycldstemon). MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 224 [Galumpiia). " An. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, x. 340 Fi-odr. xvii.
;

and Cratagut.
1.

This. Cap. 16,

C.

209.
'

aiistata Pl. loe. cit. Harv. 25. Celtis aristata E. Mey. appcndiculata E. Mey. C. sttbdentata E. Met.
C.
t.

Spec.

"

With

hahit

of Bumclia

or

Machirri
this

"

Herb,
"

closely

connecting the

XJlmc with

and

Liuii(ta,xx. 541.

other More.)

ULMACEM.
Trees
;

193

leaves alternate,

widely serrate
in

stipules lanceolate

mem-

branous,

deciduous;

flowers

ramose glomeruliferous spikes.'

[Peru, Cuba.^)

II.

MORE^.
moncious
or
dioecious,

12.

Morus

T.

Flowers

4-merous.

and accrescent around fruit, closely connivent and finally succulent. Stamens 4, opposite sepals (in female flower rudimentary or generally 0) filaments inserted under short thick rudiment of gynoeeium, free, inflexed in
persistent
;

Sepals 4,

decussately imbricate,

bud, finally straight or recurved

rimose.

anthers introrse

cells 2, reniform,
sessile,

Germen

(in

male flower rudimentary)

1-locular;

style terminal short, afterwards divided into 2 subulate papuliferous

branches; ovule in
lotropous;
closed

cell

1,

inserted under apex, descending, campy-

micropyle extrorsely superior.

sepals
;

Fruit

drupaceous,
;

en-

by succulent

exocarp thin, thicker at margin

;

putamen
;

testaceous.

Seed descending
or

testa brittle
;

albumen
opal

fleshy

coty-

ledons of incurved embryo oblong

conical.

radicle ascending long cylindi-icoor

;

Trees

shrubs

juice milky
or lobed,

leaves alternate,
;

2-stichovts,

entire or dentate

unequal at base
;

stipules

lateral free,

caducous
;

flowers axillary or subaxillary

in

inflorescence

solitary

stipitate

receptacle

males elongate subcylincU-ical, on

;

one or both sides somewhat compressed longitudinally

surfaces (hence naked sulciform)

glomerules

crowded, more numerous at margin and wanting on one or both

;

female receptacle shoi'ter ovate or

oblong, also glomeruliferous

drupes with succulent calyces flnally

united in syncarpia.
13.

{^All trop,

and

suhtrop. regions.)

See

p. 144.
;

Ampalis

Boj.^

Flowers nearly of Morus, 4-merous

in

perianth

in

male flower subvalvate, but

(of 3/on(s).

female
in

decussately

imbricate,
fruit

persistent

and growing succulent

syncarpia

around

and

stamens involute
nent,
'

Germen compressed
flesh

ovate; placenta

thin or sometimes {Pachytrophe*) thicker and more or less promi1

-ovulate.

Fruit

drupaceous;

scanty;

albumen of
Walp.

genuB hitherto generally excluded from on account of the number of stamena (Pl. Prodr. xvii. 152). But 10 stamens are
Ulinece

Spec.

2.

Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 57.

An,
^

i,

C40.

Rorl. 3faw:
Bur./oc.

291. Esdi..
234.

Gen.

1375. Bub.

oftener observed in Holopteka.

Ampelocera, in

Prodr. xvii. 250.

*

our opinion,

is

certainly Celtidea.

cit.

VOL.

VI.

13

104

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

descending seed very scanty or

fleshy plano-convex,

cotyledons of curved embryo

or sometimes {Pachytrophe) thinner subrotund

;

and more or

less plicate

radicle

accumbent or more or
;

less

incum-

bent ascending.

Trees
in
;

or shrubs

juice opaline

leaves alternate
stipules
;

petiolate entire coriaceous, oftener

less

rough beneath

more or

coalescent

one semiamplexicaul,

deciduous

inflorescence

axillary pedunculate

receptacle very elongate spikelike marginally

glomeruliferous on both sides, each surface longitudintdly sulcifoi'm

and destitute of flowers

bracts

crowded oftener peltate/

{Mada-

gascar, Mascarene islands.-)

14

Paratrophis Bl.'^ Flowers

;

(nearly of

Morus

or Ampalis)

male sepals valvate or slightly induplicate or imbricate. Female sepals 4, herbaceous, scarcely or not at all growing around fruit, not fleshy. Germeu and other characters of Morus (or
dicious
Ampclis).

Fruit drupaceous slightly fleshy

generally
thicker

albumen of descending-

seed

between the folds of the embryo. Embryo incurved; radicle ascending incumbent; cotyledons equal plicate and conduplicate, parallel or sometimes (Uro7norus*) not parallel and unequally lobed. Milky trees alternate leaves and
thin,

inflorescence of Ampalis

receptacles amentiform solitary or 2-nate,

(

subcylindrical or sometimes
rulate.

Uromorus) very long,^ densely glome-

(New Zealand,

Pacific Islands,^)

15

Pseudomorus
;

Bur.^

Flowers

(nearly

of

Paratrophis

or

Ampalis)
of fruit.

sepals 4, imbricate, not accrescent, persistent around base Gynsecium and other characters of Morus (or Ampalis). Fruit drupaceous pericarp thin slightly fleshy embryo of descend;

ing subglobose seed thick compressed subglobose ing accumbent

;

radicle ascend-

cotyledons fleshy

hemispherical
radicle.

albumen scanty
lactifluous

and well conspicuous only around

1

tree

Sect.
;

2,

viz.

1.

Pachytrophty
;

placenta
radicle in2.

235.

Taxotrophia F.

Muell. Fiagm. Phylogr.

thicker

cotyledons broader plicate

less

Austral, vi. 193.

* ^

cumbentor more or
palis,

accumbent;
;

Euamthicker

placenta
;

thinner

cotyledons

Bur. loc. cit. 236. A genus much better reduced to a section

straight

radicle accumbent,

genus appa-

of Ampalis, notwithstanding the nature of its

rently very near to Monts.

^

Spec.
Ic.

Jacq.

{Morus). Rar.Kn. 617 (vl/orw). --Willem. Herb.

3.

PoiE. Diet.

iv.

380

female calyx and embryo. " Spec. 4. Fokst. ex. Hook.

Choix de PI. 15 {Trophis)
ii.
;

r.

et

Raovl.
sr. 3,

Ann.

Sc.

Nat.

Maur. 56 {Morus) .B.ASSK. PI. Jav. Rar. 198 {Morus). 'Bh. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 80 {StreUus). Miu. Fl. Ihd.-Bat. i. p. ii. 278. ' Mus. Lujd.-Bat. ii. 81. Buk. Prodr. xvii,

117; Choix de PI.

Tit. 258,
t.

14, t. 9

{Epicarpitrus).

Seem. Fl.
PI. Tahit.
'

63 {Trophis). 'Skxt. Etium.

43 {Pseudomorus).

Prodr. xvii, 249.

ULMAGE.E.
leaves
alternate,

195

entire

or

rarely

lobate,

stipules,

dicious and

araentous, hence glomerulate flowers and other characters of

or Ampalis.^
in.

Morns

{Australia, Pohjiicsia")

male calyx 4-partite Flowers dicious Stamens 4 (of 3Iorns), inserted under obpyramidal rudiment of gyntecium. Female calyx perigynous, inserted in margin of concave eupular-saclike receptacle subovoid and

Trophis P. Br.^
valvate.

or

4-fid,

gamophyllous, at contracted apex 4-lobed or 4-dentate.

semi-inferior
;

Germen

and descending ovule of Morus (or Ampalis), Fruit semi-inferior or inferior, crowned with persistent calyx, drupaceous ; putamen thin parchment-like. Seed sub-globular radicle cotyledons of exalbumiuous embryo hemispherical fleshy conical very small superior. Lactescent unarmed trees or shrubs
style, cell
;
;

leaves alternate, 2-stichous,

petiolate; stipules lateral small, cadu-

cous

flowers glomerulate
;

inflorescence spikelike

or

racemiform {Both
trop.

glomerulate
Americas.*)
17.

racemes (spurious) simple or compound.

Broussonetia Vent.^
4,

Flowers dicious
at base, valvate.

(nearly of 3forus)
;

male sepals

free or connate
;

ments
tate,

elastically exsilient

Stamens 4 Female anthers short introrse.''

fila-

calyxstipi-

membranous
stigmatose

obconico-urceolate, denticulate at apex.

;

Germen

1-locular
;

style

lateral

to

apex subulate-filiform exserted

ovule extrorsely superior.

micropyle

of

descending

Fruit stipitate to elongate gynophore girt at base with persistent

calyx, drupaceous
;

mesocarp very thin

;

at

both

faces, at

base and

margins on both sides thick fleshy

finally free

putamen crustaceous
;

or osseous,

from exocarp

;'''

testa of descending seed thin

W,ight. Mem. Amer. Acad.
t'l.

cotyledons
173
;

' A genus of doubtful autonomy and very probably hereafter to be reduced to a section of Ampalis. 2 Spec. 1. very various in form, as P. Bruno-

sr. 8 (1860),
I'l.

Brit.

JV.-Lul.

153

Cat.

Cub.

58.

ScHLTL, Linna,

vi.

357.
ii.

Liebm.

Videiisk.

Sclfskr, Kjobeii. (1851),

315, 335 {Soroccn).

niaiia

Bur. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 5, xi. 372. Benth. F/. Austral, vi. 181. Morus Bruiioniana Endl. Atakta, t. 32. M. pendulina F. Bauer, Prodr. Fl. Ic. ined. PI. Norfolk, t, 186, Endl. Streblus Bruiioniana F. MuELL. Norfolk. 40.

Seem. Bonplaudin,

v. 74.

Endl.

Tabl.

iii.

547.

Spach,
1858.

Suit, Buffon, xi. 49.

Gen. n.

Payer, Fam. Nat.

172. Bur. Prodr.

Diet. v. 3.

xvii. i'ii.Paptjritis
III. t.

Pom.

IjAMK.

762. Stromadendrum

Frag.
:i

vi.

192.

S. pendulina F.

Sist. Jam. 357.

L.

MuELL.
viii.

loc. eit.

Si/st. n.

1103 (part.).

J. Gen.

442

(part.).

Pom.

Diet.

Endl.
Sc.Nal.

Gen. n.
sr. 3, viii.

1S71 (part.).

Trc.

122 (part.).

Pav. Herb, ex Bur. Adansonia, x. 734. " Pollen granular in B. papi/rifera sph.eTica.1 with 2 thick polar papillas. (H. Mohl. Attn. Sc.
iVa/. sr. 2,
?
iii.

Ann.

313.

146. Bur. Prodr.

(ed.

xvii. 252.

And by

the elasticity of the fork formed

surfaces projected to a less or
(Cft.

Bueephtilon

Plum. PL Amer.
Sw,
niis.

Burm.), 55.

from the thick margins of the sarcocarp after

the ruptiire of
its

L.
I

Spec. ed. 3, 1661.

2. 3.

Spec.

Mia.

Mart. Fl. B-as.

372. W. .V. ii. "33. Vrtic. 159. Griseb PI.

greater distance.
19
;

H. Bn. Compt. Rend

t. S.

Iii.

Adansonia.

i.

226,

132

196

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLAXTS.

;
;

incurved embryo subequal oblong radicle accumbent ascending albumen fleshy thicker between folds of embryo. Other characters
of 3Iorus.

Trees

with milky or opaline juice

often

leaves alternate,'
lateral

2-stichous,

caducous,
;

polymorphous

stipules

mem;

branous, caducous

inflorescence axillary pedunculate solitary

;

the

male araentiform (glomerulate)

spherical receptacle
;

the female densely glomerulate on

clavate

bracts interposed, truncate at

snhtrop. Asia.-)

apex.

{South
18.

east. trop,

and

Madura
;

Nutt.^

Flowers
4,

dicious (nearly

of

Moms

or
;

Broussonctiu)

male sepals

free or connate below.

filaments elastically exsilient, finally long exserted.

4, free, thick,

Stamens 4 Female sepals

imbricate and angular by mutual compression, thicker

at obtuse apex.

Germen compressed

sessile

style simply filiform

or 2 -partite

the second branch very short subulate enclosed.

Fruit

drupaceous (mesocarp slightly fleshy), collected and enclosed in globular fleshy syncarp formed of the accrescent mutually compressed

subcrustaneous

and closely approximate or coadunate calyces putamen coriaceous or albuminous seed and embryo nearly of Broussonetia.
; ;

Spinous
caducous
;

trees

and shrubs

wood yellow

juice milky
;

leaves
lateral,

alternate petiolate, entire, serrate or rarely lobed

stipules

male flowers on amentiform receptacle (partly naked)

;

glomerulate or sometimes cymose

of Broussonetia}
19.

female capitate

other characters

{Both Americas tvarm and temp})

or
'

Caturus Lour.' Flowers dicious (nearly of Broussonetia Madura) male calyx 3-fid or more rarely {JUanthus^) 4-fid, im;

Sometimes more rarely in B. papyrifera opSpec.

3, 4.

mose
6

pedicellate,
1 is

posite.
^

Spec. 4 [of which

African, viz.

M.

Kmmvf.

(Pnpijrus

lgitima). Seha, Tlies. i. 44, t. 28 {Mnrus).lj. Spec. 1399 (JWoivis). Thunb. hi.

Amii. roi. 421, tab.

cxirlsa

Bur.

(il/r; fj-w&a

Welw.) apparently
et

of .inother ;enus].
ii.

M.'.^. Nov. Gen.

Spec.

32 {Broussonetia).

Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 85. Sii. Descr. et Cult, lies Mr. 228, t. 23 (Morus). ^i^yi. Ver/i. Bat. Gen. xii. 28. Sieb. et Zucc. in Abhand.d. Keen. Akad. d. Wiss. iv. p. iii. 221. Mia. FL Ind.-Bat. Suppl. 417; Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 198. -Seem. R. n^ 246. ^ Gen. Amer. ii. 233 N.-Amer. Sylv. i. 126, t. 37, 38. SpAcn, Suit, Bufon, xi. 52. Endl. Gen. n. 1857. Payer, Fnm. Nat. 122. Bur.
;

Bl.

Jap. 71 [Morns)

DuHAM. Arbr. ed nov.

ii.

25.

249 (Broussonetia). Sloane, Jam. i. p. ii. 2 (Morns). Jaco. Stirp. Select. 247 (Morus). Ser. Descr. et Cult, des Mr. 231, t. 27. K.Del. Bull. Soc. Agr. Berault, jun. 1835, c. tab. Bl. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 81. Mia. Mart. Fl.

Uk'O.t.

Herb. Fl. Bras.

Bras. Urtic. 153,

1

t.

51-54.

Fl. Cochinch.
Vit.

Seem. Fl.

1790), 612 (not L.). 25i.Malaisia Blanco, Fl. d.

(ed.

Filip. (ed. 1837),

789
ser.

(ed. 1845),
iii.

Ann.
xvii.

Sc.

Nat.

4,

543. Pl. in 293. Bur. Prodr.

P)Wc. xvii. 226. Tnxylon Rafin. Land. Gard. Mag. viii. 247. Chlorophora Gaudich. Freycin.
Voy. Bot. 509.
*
'

Bot.
ii.

t.

221. Sumartroya GtAUdich. Voy. Bonite, 97. Cephalotrophis Bl. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.
t.

75,
*

27.

Ovule often oblique descending peritropous. Sect. 2. 1 Chlorophora, male flowers glome;

Thw. Hook.

Jnurn. Bot.

vi.

302

Enmn.

PI.

Zeyl. 263,

rulate scssUe

2 Eumaclnrir,

iii:ilc

flowers cy^

DLMACE^.
bricate or sub-valvate.
;

l'J

Stamens 3,4; anthers short introrse cells subglobiilar rimose. Female calyx urceolate, at apex shortly or very Gynsecium sessile; shortly 4-dentate, sometimes hence fissous.

germen 1-ovulate;
equal
enclosed

style

erect, presently divided into

2 branches,
sessile,
;

or unequal (Jllant/ms), filiform

papillose.

Fruit

by

calyx, coriaceous fleshy

albumen
;

or

scanty mucous

cotyledons of fleshy embryo equal or unequal

radicle various.
petiolate,

Trees or

shrubs,

often climbing,
;

lactescent

leaves
;

2-

stichous, entire or serrate

stipules lateral, deciduous

inflorescence
;

axillary pedunculate, solitary or 2-uate, sometimes

more

the male
{Trop.

spikelike glomerulate

female flowers capitate

bracteate.^

Asia and

Oceania."^)

20

Cardiogyne
;

Bur.''

Flowers

dioecious (nearly of Brousso-

netia or Ilaclura)
imbricate.''

calyx 4 -fid, in
4,

female

flower

oftener thicker,
of

Stamens

germen and other characters

drupes
oo,

Caturus

style simple very long, loug-flliform

and stigmatose above.

coat thin

Fruit

collected on globular syncarp

nidulant; exocarp thin;

;

putameu crustaceous
branous;
cotyledons

fragile.

Seed exulbuminous

mem-

wide much corrugate-conduj^licate, one enveloping the other; radicle incumbent

of

incurved embryo

foliaceous

-on cotyledons thick conical, slightly curved, ascending.

A
;

spinous

shrub

leaves alternate petiolate entire penninerved

inflorescence

of both sexes axillary 2-nate, shortly pi'duuculate or sessile

tacle globose glomerulate
;

recep-

flowers alternately free and bracteate cla-

vate I'ather thick, at apex truncately peltate, intermixed.^ [Zanzibar.^)

21
at

Plecospermum Teec' Flowers

;

dicious (of Cardiogi/m or

imbricate
;

Broussonetia), 4-merous

male calyx

4-fld,

female pierced

fleshy

Syncarp globose apex with very small aperture 4-denticulate. enclosing free fertile and sterUe achenes; embryo of ex;

albuminous seed fleshy

radicle.
'

cotyledons conduplicate covering ascending

Other characters of Broussonetia (or Ifaclura).

to Broussonetia, Allteaii*

A spinous

genua very near

The female

sepals very often enclose in the

thits

intervening, and also to

Madura, notwith-

standing the calyx of the latter is formed of free Allceanthus is (not without right) a folioles.
section of

Mndnra, according
ii.

to

Miq. Fl. lad.Beech. Voij.

very thick substance of the parenchyma 2 cells filled with a yellow powder, (of a sterile anther The same is more rarely the case in the male calyx of some very near genera of Plecospermnin.
i')

Bat.
'

i.

p.

280.

The
Hook, and Akn.
ii.

sepals thus call to

mind those

of the Oxa-

Spec.

2. 3.

lide,
'

Bot. 214

(Trophis).QL. Bijdr. 488 [Morus);

lb {Malasia).

though thicker. A genus to be reduced perhaps

to a section

Mus. Lugd.-Bat.

MiQ.

loc.

cit.

o Ciidrania.
C. africana Bur. loc. cit. Spec. 1. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, viii. 124, t. 4, 126. BuR. Prodr. xvii. 233.
'
'

281 {Cephalotrophii).M. Arc. I)C. Prodr. xv. sect. li. 906 (.J/c/ioi-rtia). Benth. Fl. Austral.
vi.

fig.

121-

180 {Mataisia).

Prudr. xvii. 232.

198

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

shrub

branches

diflfiise

leaves alternate peliolate entire

axillarj',

inflores-

cence of both sexes globose glomerulate,

rarely solitary, pedunculate
at base.i
(India.^)
;

2-nate

or

more

female flowers connate with each other

22. or

Streblus Lour.^
;

Flowers dioecious
2,

(nearly of Plecospermum
;

Cardiogync)

the males axillary glomerulate, 4-nierous

;

stamens
;

finally

long open

the females solitary or very rarely 2-4-nate

branches of terminal style

accrescent iuvolucrate
;

long filiform.

Fruit globose
;

calyx

pericarp
;

parchment-like

embryo of exalone enfolding the

buminous seed globose

leaves
small,

cotyledons very unequal

other witli superior radicle.

2-stichous
;

An unarmed
petiolate

tree or
;

shrub

twigs and
lateral

leaves

coriaceous

stipules

caducous

male flowers collected in axillary pedunculate

;

glomerules,

2-bracteate

the female

axillary,

long

pedunculate.

[East Indies, Java})

23

Pseudostreblus
at

Bue.'^

Flowers
5,

monoecious (of Streblus)

ovate concave,
Streblus.

males in axillary ramose 1-laterally cymiferous (spurious) racemes, 2bracteate

base,

5-merous, sepals
?

imbricate

females solitary.

Fruit ...

Other characters of

A tree or

shrub (?); leaves petiolate, 2-stichous, entire coriaceous; stipules lateral small, caducous ; inflorescence axillary the males longer
;

with 24

petiole.'
?

(East Indies.^)

Taxotrophis Bl.

Flowers dioecious (of Streblus), A-merous;

Fruit longer than slightly
thick, thence
; ;

the males in pedunculate shortly spikelike or capituliform glomeruliferous catkins

;

the females solitary.

increased and persistent calyx

laterally thin
;

mesocarp here rather

embryo of cxalbuminous seed subglobose

;

cotyledons

subhemispherical fleshy
'

radicle very short superior.

aspern Mia. Fl. Iiid.-Bat.
i.

A spinous
ii.

genus perhaps with Maclura

it

to be united
is

p.

278.

Tropins
Fl. Ltd.
viii.

with the preceding, of which

Bat.
2

a section
J<'i. ///(/.-

aspera Retz. Obs. v. 30 (part.).

iii.

Roxb.
PoiK.

according to Bl. (X(p^osr) and Mia.

i.

761.

T.

cochinchineiisis

Diet.

p.

ii.

280.

t.

Wight, /co)/. Spec. 1. P. spiiiomim Tr.c. 1963. Thw. Enum. ri. Zcijl. 2&^. Balis spinom Roxb. Fl. Iiid. iii. 763. ' Fl. Cuchinch. (ed. 1790), 614. BuR. Prodi:
Trophis Retz. Obs. Epicarpurus Bl. Bijdr. 488.
.tvii.

123.-7.

aculcata,

Roth. Nov. PI.

Jipicarpurus

oriciitnlis

Tiiidaparua

'

1961. E.

aspei-

Bl. Wight, Icon, t, Stevd. A clii/miis palleiis Sou Rheed. Hmt. Miilali. i. 87, t. 48.
scarcely

Spec.

868.

Prodr. xvii. 219.

218.

v.

30 (not L.).
n.

genus

distinguishable

from

Endl. Gen.

Streblus

by

its

compound spuriously racemiform

cit.

1855.

inflorescence.
^
'

ii.

Sometimes polygamous (Bl.). ^ Spec. 1. 6'. ;"' LouK. Hh. Mus.Lugd.-Bat. 79, t. 30. Thw. Enum. PI. /.eyl. 264. A'.

Spec.

1.

P. indica Bur. he.

ii.

220.
Pcorfc.

Mus. Litgd-Bat.

77,

t.

26. Bur.

xvii. 216.

ULMACE^.
milky shrub
petiolate
;
;

199

spines axillary (ramules)

leaves 2-sticlious, shortly

;

stipules lateral small,

;

not caducous

male inflorescence
i

shortly stipitate

female flowers solitary, long pedunculate.

Bur,'^

[Java.")

25

Phyllochlamys

Flowers dicious
;

(nearly

of Taxo-

tropMs or Strehlus)^ 4-raerous

involucrate inflorescences
;

males
4,

in

subsessile capituliform

anthers
dry,

introrse subglobose.

Scales of
flower,

involucre

ovate

concave,

dark-coloured.

Female

gyncium and other characters of Strehlus. volucrate by accrescent perianth albumen

;

Fruit drupaceous, inof descending laterally

aflixed seed pulpy, sometimes very thin

cotyledons of somewhat

fleshy

embryo very unequal

one conduplicate lobate enfolding the

;^

other

much

smaller.
stipules
;

A spinous shrub
small,

leaves alternate, very shortly

sessile

petiolate;

2-nate;

male capitules axillary

glomerate 2-5

female flowers axillary solitary long-pedunculate."

[East Indies, Java!')

26.

Biplocos
;

BuK.^

Flowers
;

dicious

(nearly

of

Streblux),
;

4-merous

male calyx valvate

anthers subglobose introrse

;

female

calyx imbricate, not involucrate. Fruit in part drupaceous

parchment-like

seed sometimes pulpy albuminous

putamen embryo placed at

in

top of albumen, cotyledons equal broad complanate, cordate at base,

conduplicate

radicle long curved turned to

hilum and enfolded

Strebliis.

base of cotyledons.

Other characters of
;

branched

shrub somewhat spinous

shortly petiolate
;

leaves alternate subelliptic small,

sen'ate

membranous,
;

stipules

above,
;

caducous

male

flowers" in broken cymiferous catkins, bracteate

female in axillary

(spurious) racemes, shorter than the

ebracteate.
(

leaf,

cymosely subcorymbiform

Ceylon^')

27.
'

Dorstenia Plum.^^
? 1.
ii.

Flowers
Fl. Ind.-

moncious;

male oftener 2-

Better a section of Streblus

rewst's

'

Spec.
i.

T. javanica

Bl.MiQ.

Bat.
507.
'

p.

27S.

V'rtica? xpiiiosa

Bl. Bijdr.

Done, Serb. Timoi-. t. 21. Tinphis xpiiiosa RoxB. M. Ind. 763. T. taxifirmis Spkeng. Si/st. iii. 902. Hook, and Aen. ap. Beech.
215.
T.

Epicai-punis jnvatiica Bl.

taxoides
?

Prodi: xvii. 217.

368. T.
ii.

Sei/neaiia

Heyn. Roth. Nnv. PI. Ind. Wall. Cat. n. 4642.

Bl.

The adult stamens are said to be furnished with elongate incurved tilaments (and are so represented in Wight's figure), in the younger state they appear to us shorter and erect (alter

Taxotropliis
78.

Roxbiughii
279.

Mus. Lugd.-Unt.

Thw. Enum. PL
i.

Zetjl.

264. Mm.

Fl.

Ind. -Bat.
' '
'"

p.

ii.

Piodr. xvii. 215.

the manner of the Aitucarpe), a genus hence apparently very near to Cudraiiia.
'
I*

Green.
Spec.
1.

D.

zeiilain'ca

Bur.

Epicarpurus
1,

With

the habit and branches of Cnrdiogijiie.

sei/latiicn
3,
t.

Thw. Hook. Lund.

zeylanicus

Juurn. (1852),
Icon.
t.

Better a section of *rcA/s, notwithstanding

P.
spinosa
Ic.
t.

i.E.
26i
(if

Wight,
ia

196
I'l.

the involucre of the male flower.

(part.).

TaxotropliU zeylanica

Thw. Enum.
t.

'Spec.

1.

hvn..

Epicarpurus
tim'i-

Zei/l.

B.

macrophi/lla

oi this genas??).

spimsm Wight,

1962 (part.). .

" Nov. PL Amer. Gen.

29,

8. L.

Gen. n.

200

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

merous

sepnls free or connate to a greater or less height, at

apex
;

often unequally denticulate.

Stamens

2,

or

more rarely

1,

fila-

ments inflectedly incurved, finally exsilient exserted; anthers introrse subglobose, 2-rimose. Calyx of female flower small, very small (or 0), inserted (perigynously) at mouth of receptacular cavity and
closing
it,

with small aperture at apex.

style

Gerinen (relatively to

perianth quite inferior) inserted at bottom of cavity, sessile or shortly

stipitate, comjiressed
;

under apex
;

lateral,

apex exserted beyond

subulate stigmatose.

aperture of perianth and there 3-fid

lacinise

ing,

Ovule inserted under apex of cell and under base of style, descendmore or less campylotropal mi cropyle extrorsely superior.
;

Fruit drupaceous
fleshy,

finally exserted fi'om folds of receptacle

exocarp

thicker

at

margin, and

at

maturity projecting elastically

;

ledons

beyond the crustaceous free putamen.' Seed exalbuminous cotyof somewhat fleshy embryo subequal, imequally plicate or conduplicate enfolding the incumbent radicle. Small shrubs or oftener perennial herbs; juice milky or opaline; rhizome often tuberous, marked with scars of leaves and thickened stipules, or more rarely with erect stem leaves alternate various stipules lateral,

generally persistent or indurated

receptacle of axillary solitary

pedunculate inflorescence dilated very various in form, either entire

shortly

clavato-ovoid or orbicularly peltate,

sometimes unequally

quadrate, obconical or shortly infundibuliform, or linear and furcate ; branches oftener 2, more rarely 3-5, equal or very unequal (2 being
longer)
;

bracts
1 -

co

unequal,
;

imbricate,

inserted

at

margin

of
;

receptacle,

or oo-seriate

upper surface of receptacle

floriforous

female flowers scattered and inserted in lowest folds of receptacle ; the male more numerous pcrigynous as regards a central female and

glomerulate around mouth of foveole

the peripherical) entirely male.
28.

many glomerules
monoecious,

(especially

[Trop. America, Jsiu and Jfrica?)

Fatoua Gaudich.^
Diet.
ii.

Flowers
517;
III.

4-merous;
iii.

calyx
Si/st.

209. Lamk.
t.

.516;

Suppl.

ii,

Si/st. iii.
iii.

83.

Spach, Suit,
Prodr. xvii.

Biiffon, xi. 61.

Diet. Se. Nat. \t\.t. 2&i.

Endl.

Tukp.

777.

Griseb.

472; Mantiss.
Fl.

316. Spkeno.
W.-Ind.

Brit.

1.53.

Geii.n. 1S60.

MoRic.

Bub.
Mm.
ii.

258.

Soe. Luin. Far. iv.

i.

Sychinium Desvx. 216. Kosaria L. Si/st.

.^r/.-Arab.

Eiium. Fl. Zeyl.

FL Nom: Amer. 90. t. 58. Thw. 264. Mia. Mart. Fl. Bras.

p.

71. FoRSK.

Fl.

164;

Ic.

t-

20.
'

Ufr.

H. Bn. Compt. Rend. Ac.

ix.

Se.

Par. Ixx.

799; Jdansonia,
-

318.
.Spec. ed.
3.
iii.
i.

Urtie. 159. t. 5.5-61. HocusT. Flora (1844), 108. Wight, Icon. vi. n. 1964. Hook. r. Bot. Mag. t. 5908. Welw. Trans. Liini. Soe. xxvii. 70. Schweinf. Bol. Zeit. xxix. 332. Walp. Ami. i. 732. Bot. Mag. t. 5795, 5908.
=
t.

Spec, about 45. L.

i.

Sjjec.

p.

ii.

682. Jaco.

le.

Rar.

18.

176. W. t. 614.
et.

Freyein.

Voy. Bot. 509; Gen.

J'oy. Bonite.

Bot.

84. Endl.

278. Buit. Frudr.

xvii. 255.

Wendi. lim. Arch.

i.

51.

Km.

ScH.

ULMACE^.
4-fid, valvate.

201

Stamens 4
vorj^

filaments inflexed in

bud

finally

erect

anthers introrse rotundate,

tate
;

2-rimose.

Germen very
;

shortly stipi-

style lateral

short, afterwards 2-fid

lobes pilose very

cell)

unequal; one very long filiform; the other (superposed to

short
the

very
base

subulate;
;

ovule in

cell

1,

descending and

inserted

under

apex

raicropyle extrorsely superior.

;

Fruit clothed at
;

putamen chartaceous exocarp laterally and below much thicker and finally free from putamen. Seed descending testa membranous albumen fieshy cotyledons of central embryo flat, curved at base radicle accumbent ascending and subequal to cotyledons. An herb,^ sometimes shrubby at base '
with persistent calyx, drupaceous
;
;

stem simple or branched from base

leaves alternate petiolate
;

branches diffuse or ascending

;

stipules lateral

flowers axillary

inflores;

cence androgynous pedunculate cymose-capitate solitary or 2-nate

female flowers terminal and dichotomous. Oceania?)

29.

{Japan^ trop, and

subtroj).

Bleekrodea Bl.*
aestivation,

Flowers
inserted

4-5-merous; male calyx valvate,

incurved at
anthers introrse,
4-dentate.

moncious (nearly of Fatotia), 4-5-fld, Stamens 4-5; filaments

;

2-dymous.
1-ovulate

under rudiment of gynsecium Female calyx urceolate or tubular,

;

Germen

style lateral

branches

2,

very long

setaceous stigmatose, equal or somewhat unequal.

Fruit drupaceous,

by urceolate calyx exocarp unequal, thick below and laterally hence to style putamen chartaceous. Seed subglobose, sometimes flattened above cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo very unequal one very small squamiform radicle small incumbent.
enclosed
;
;

Unarmed
lateral
;

lactescent shrubs

leaves alternate, very shortly petio-

late, entire or dentate,

sometimes lobed, penninerved veined ; stipules flowers in axillary 1-2-sexual cymes ; the female solitary in
;

dichotomy of ramules

the male numerous.

Binn.''
;

{Borneo.^

Madagascar?)

30. Sloetia Teysm.

Bleekrodea)
'

and male 3-merou8

hairs

Flowers
folia

monoecious (nearly of
Sepals of female calyx
Vers. 103,

calyx valvate.
Miq.
Zo/l.

Habit quite of Urtiac. Pubescence 2-morphous;

Spec.
38.
1.

\06.F.
t.

globulifera

at

base

iilm.

loc. cit.
ii.

coarse.
^
ii.

Mus. Lugd.-Bat.
Spec.
2.

87.

28.

Bur. Prodr.

F. jaiionica

Bl. Mks. LiKjdSat.

t.

F. pilvsa

i)iCH. -F.

siibcoi-data

Gaudich. F. nspcra GauGaudich. F. lenceolata

xvii. 254.
' ^

Bl.

loc. eit.

Ti/dsclir.

Urtica japonica Jap. U. maiiilknnis Walp. Trunk. Parielaria aspera. Lescuen. Fleurya gkchomaDcNE.
Herb.
Fl.

Nat. Ter. (1863),

(1864), 168.
t.

VivKz. ia Joiirn.
13.

Timor.
70.

492.

Linn. Sac.
xvii. 257.

viii.

Bull.

Prodr

202

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Gyneecium of
fleshy
Bleelcrodea
;

4, rlecussately imbricate.

style branches
;

very long
of

filiform.

Fruit of Bleelcrodea, enclosed by calyx

(?)

exalbuminous
thin
;

seed

cotyledons

embryo unequal submem-

branous
tree
;

radicle rather long thick

;

ascending.

A
^
;

lactescent

leaves alternate entire

;

stipules

amplexicaul
;

inflorescence
;

2-sexual

receptacle long amentiform flat linear

one surface naked

the other bearing Ary crowded (minute-flowered) male glomerules

one female here and there in very few glomerules (or 1) central and
exserted.
[Java.-)

31

Trymatococcus Ppp. and Endl.^

Stamens
cells
3, 4,

Flowers
filaments

monoecious

male calyx 3-4-fid.

erect

enclosed

membranous

dilated connate at base, at eeptivation inflexed or

;

sometimes subcalyx

anthers short

small subglobose, Interally or introrsely

Sloetia

rimose.

Gynsecium nearly of
relative
to

(or

Dorsicnia)

germen imbedded within

late

central cavity of obcampanulate or urceo-

receptacle,

glomerules

of male

flowers

inferior.

Fructiferous receptacle crowned at apex with the persistent remains

of the male flowers and covering the fruit below adnate to itself

within, externally slightly hirsute.

Seed descending globose

;

coty-

ledons

of
flat
;

exalbuminous embryo very unequal

one very small

;

nearly

the other very large and thick subglobose

radicle short

superior.

Trees or shrubs;* leaves distichous rugulose, imequal at

;

base, shortly petiolate

stipules lateral small free conuivent, cadu;

cous
or

scar linear transverse

capitules axillary pedunculate, solitary

2-6, ovoid-globose or turbinate-subcamimnulate,

perforated

at
;

apex, scabrid without, enclosing single central female flower within

male flowers inserted in crowded bracteate glomerules around the mouth of the receptacle and finally persistent to top of fructiferoua
receptacle.^

{North. Brasil, irop. west Africa.^)

III.

AETOCAEPE.^.
;

32.

Artocarpus
partite,

L.

Flowers monoecious
Stamen
'

male calyx 2-4-fid or

central
erect
;

sometimes
'

imbricate.
all

filament
hence

After the maimer of nearly

Spec.
1.

Artocarpe.
i.

'

MiQ. Fl.

Iiid.-Bat.

Suppl.

172,

419 (Artocarpus). ' Nor. Gen. et Spec. ii. 30, t. 112. Eniil. Oeii. n. 1863^ Trc. Ami. Sc. Nat. scr. 3, viii.

very near to Dorstenin, single central female flower, whence from stamens sometimes (at
differing

genus

only in

the

least

allied to
'

142. Bur. Prodr. ' " Not milky."

xvii. 278.

American species) scarcely some Arlocarpcte. Spec. 2, of which one is African.

in

inflexed,

H. Bs.

Adansouitr^ xi. 300.

ULMACE^.
anther erect, 2-locular, 2-rimose.
tubular foveoles of receptacle
at top of
;

203

Female flowers imbedded

at apex.

in long

calyx short, inserted (perigynously)

margin of tube, garaophyllous, perforated

sessile
;

Ger-

men
at

inserted at bottom of tube,

or shortly stipitate, free,

style lateral ventral erect,

1-locular (or

more rarely 2-3-locular)

apex enclosed or exserted, apex simple or 2-3-lobed stigmatose. Ovule in cells 1, inserted under the (sometimes free) apex of
placenta,

erect

descending,

anatropous

micropyle

extrorsely

superior,

sometimes closed by short process of placenta.

Syncarp

spherical or oblong, and consisting of the

more

or less increased

fleshy farinose receptacle enclosing true (sometimes abortive) fruit.

Fruit drupaceous very slightly fleshy, finally dry, oftener 1-sper-

mous
trees

coat of descending seed thin

cotyledons of incurved exalshort

entire superior.

buniinous
J

embryo unequal leaves wood soft

;

radicle

Lactifluous
;

alternate,

or

variously incised

stipules 2, lateral connate

in
;

one supra-axillary enfolding the top

;

of the branch deciduous

scar linear annular

flowers on distinct

glomerulate receptucles

receptacle of males spikelike cylindrical or

clavate, bearing externally sessile flowers intermixed

with crowded

bracts and bracteoles, peltate at apex (or 0)

leceptacle of females

and

fruit enfolding carpels in tubular radiating foveoles, externally

rugulose with projecting calyces perforated at apex.

(Trop.

Asia

and Oceania.)
33
?

See p. 151.

Acanthinophyllum Allem.'

Flowers

dioecious,

male

naked, 1 -an drous; stamens intermixed with peltate bracts.

calyx urceolate, perforated at apex.
1-locular;
style thick enclosed, at
1,

Female
2-

Gormen

in early

age superior,

apex stigmatose divaricately

fruits

lobed; ovule

descending anatropous, micropyle extrorsely superior,

Syncarp composed of enclosed fleshy semi-inferior

perianths.

and persistent
leaves alter;

Seeds exalbuminous
;

cotyledons of straight fleshy embryo

tinck equal

radicle short superior."

;

lactifluous tree

nate spinosely dentate

and other characters of Artocarpus of the female receptacles of male flowers amentifonu cylindrical {Brasil.*) (glonieruliferous ?J and fruit spherical.^
stipules
;
'.ta

Brasil.

i.

368,

c.

io.

(1858). Bi:r.

Piodr. xvii. 281. " Berries of a bright reddish golden colour,

'^

carpus, also, notwithstanding the form of the female receptacle, to Psejfrfosoj-uccff and/S'ff/(iryy(i.

The
*

place in the order of this race, Spec.

tie

unknown

to

slightly puberulous, united in a syncarp

em-

us hitherto, doubtful,
1.

bryo milky
*

greeru'sh azure."
it

(Allem).

A. strepitans AiA.i}i. loe.C'.t.{v\g.

genus, hence,

appears, allied to Arlo-

Baiiilia

Espadn).

204

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

34.

Parartoearpus H.
;

Bn.^

Flowers

dioecious (nearly of Arto;

carpus)

male inflorescence axillary globose pedunculate

bracts

few, inserted at top of peduncle, unequal short and forming a small

involucre under the base of the receptacle.

Flowers crowded naked,

;

1-audrous, intermixed with bracts thickened at apex

erect
;

filament short
. .

anther sub-basifixed, 2-locular.

;

Female flower.

A tree
'
;

leaves alternate petiolate

stipules 2, lateral, very caducous

{Borneo.'^)

other

characters of Artocarpus?
35,

Treculia Dcne.*
1- or

Flowers

polygamo-dicious,'* capitate

in

globose

sometimes 2-sexual receptacles.

or

phyllous, tubular
treculia
"')

obconico-eampanulate.

Male calyx gamoStamens 2 {Pseudoanthers in-

or 3, 4

filaments erect, sometimes dilate {PseudotrecuUa),

;

inserted around small (or 0) rudiment of gynascium

trorse or cxtrursc.^

Female calyx 2-4-phyllous, sometimes small (or branches 0); germen imbedded in foveoles of receptacle, 1-ovulate of erect 2 -fid style stigmatose thick subulate recurved. Syncarp globose (sometimes wide) enclosing numerous carpels; embryo of exalbuminous seed fleshy thick; cotyledons unequal; one much larger
; ;

incurved enfolding the other smaller straight

ascending.^

radicle superior short

Trees

alteruale leaves and other characters of ArtO'

solitary or 2-nate
;

carpus

capitules axillary,

flowers as in Jtropeltate

caipus

inserted and

intermixed with bracts apically

{Trop. west. Africa.^^)
;

or

glandular-fimbriate.

36? Bagassa Aubl.'i Flowers dicious

calyx subcylindrical
;

male...?

Female
style

sepals 4, thickly fleshy, valvate and counivent

in tube, obtuse at apex.

lateral, afterwax'ds 2-fid;

Germen
laciuise

substipitate (of Artocarpus)

subequal or unequal linear-subulate

;

erect enclosed.

Ovule descending anatropous

^~

micropyle extrorsely
;

superior.
'

Fruit

shortly stipitate obovately oblong drupaceous

'
*

pulp

Adaiisoiiia, xi. 294.

'

Scars certainly not annular.

H. Bn. Adansonia, xi. 292. In T. acuminata H. Bn. (Ine.

;

cit.),

laterally

genus of uncertain place, from its female flower being unknown, certainly very near J ;tocarpus, but quite distinct by its defect of male perianth and involucre. * Spec. 1. P. Bercarianiis H. Bn. loc. cit. ' Tkc. Ann. Sc, Nat. ser. 3, viii. 108, t. 3, Bur. /'rw/r. xvii. 28.5. Mcyropcltis fig. 86-99. Welw. Herb. (Hook.). ' Improperly said to be moncious by DeCAI6NE {loc. cit. not.) because some sterile male flowers were intermixed with the germeno in the female syncarp and imperfectly dissected by him.
'

or oftener extrorsely, and above subintrorsely

rimose

in

the male capitules of T. africana.

introrse, in the (sterile) anthers of the female

syncarp extrorse and

'

much

shorter.

incumbent." (Dcne). We have seen the radicle not at all incumbent. '"Spec. 2 (imperfectly known). Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5986. H. Bn. Adanionia, he. cit.
" Cotyledons

n. 136.

"
'*

Cfnian.

ii.

Suppl.

1.5,

t.

376.

Bob. Prodr,

xvii. 285.

" Aurantii forma." (Aukl.).

ULMAOEJE.
scanty
;

205

putamen thin fragile. Seed descending albumen scanty cotyledons of curved embryo oblong-elliptical subfoliaceous radicle
;

accurabent descending.
stipules 2
axillary.^

Lofty trees;

leaves opposite wide, 3-lobed

on each
(

side, interpetiolate,

deciduous

syncarps globose

Guiana.'^)

37.
cate.

Cudrania
Stamens

Trc.^

Flowers
;

dicious

sepals 4, free, imbri-

4, opposite,

sometimes at base coherent with sepals,

inserted around acute rudiment of gyntecium.

Germen and
;

other

characters of Artocarpus short denticuliform

stigmatose.
;

style branches 2, very unequal

one very

the other slender elongate, at apex filiform

globose,

Syncarp

composed of

crustaceous, ovately
;

lenticular, 2-valvate capsules,

with persistent stipate sepals

;

testa of

amphitropous seeds thin

albumen fleshy cotyledons of plicate embryo rather thick eontortuplicate subequal radicle superior long.
;
;

Spinous shrubs, oftener climbing

connate
at

leaves alternate entire petiolate,

;

oblong or obovate, acuminate or mucronate

base,

stipules
;

axillary,

deciduous

flowers
axillary,

capitate
2-nate.

capitules

globose
Asia,

(gloraeruliferous) pedunculate

{South

east.

Malaya, Australia, Neio Caledonia.*)

38. Helianthostylis H. Bn.* Flowers dicious (or monoecious ?) male calyx obconical membranous, imbricate, 4-fid. Stamens 4,

opposite lobes of calyx

exserted,
at
;

filaments

short erect, finally

elongately

base

connate
short,

with each other and with stipes of

extrorsely

gyncium
oi'bicular.'^

anthers

rimose

connective
to a style

sub-

Germen

sterile effete,

produced upwards

very

long exserted accrescent and very slender somewhat hispid.

flower ... ?

Female

Fruit globose

pericarp thin fragile, externally scabrid ?

;

testa of siibglobose seed thin

cotyledons of straight exalbuminous

3,

embryo
superior

2,

plano-convex or sometimes

equi-angular fleshy
alternate

very short.
;

radicle
?)
;

tree

(?)

leaves
;

(2-stichous

petiolate

stipules

small

connivent

flowers

axillary

capitate

capitules globose, shortly pedunculate, involucrate with few bracts

at base.
'

{North. Brazil.'^)
{Madura),
Plant.
Zeijl.

genus of somewhat uncertain place from

290

[Cudranus),

the male flowers and stamens being unknown, but much resembling Madura.
-

Bat.
5,

ii.

262 (Cudranus). Bl. Mua. Lugd.Bur. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 83 (Madura).

Spec.

1. V.

2 (Bur.).

xi.

377 (Cudranus).

Benth.

Thw.

Enum.

Fl. Jitstral. vi.

85.

Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, viii. 122, t. 3, fig. 76Bur. Prodr. xyii. 286. Cudranus Rumph.
v. 22,
t.

178.
' '

Adansnnia,

xi. 299.

Etrb. Ainbuin.

15, 16.
iy.

Spec.

5,

6.

W.
;

Spec.

735 (Trophis).
p.

Dark
Spec.

coloured.

'

Scars transverse, not confluent.

1.

RoxB.
I.

Cat. Wall. (n/is). Miq. PI. Junfih. 44

ii.

*
'

H.
t.

Spriieei

H. Bn.

loc. cit.

Vers.

90

Ft.

Ind.-Bat.

i.

ii.

280

Frodr. 129,

28

Ft. Per.

257. Endl. Gen.

206

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Olmedia
R.

39.

and Pav."
;

Flowers

dioecious

male calyx more

Stamens same in number opposite filaments central or inserted around minute rudiment of gynteciura, free, straight or incurved at apex
or less deeply 4-fid

lobes

valvate or slightly imbricate.

;

anthers

incumbent, finally
imbricate

introrse,

:2-locuIar,
;

3-rimose.

Female

flower in polyphyllous involucre solitary free

bracts of involucre

unequal,

in

many

series.

Calyx conical gamophyllous,

Gerraen

prolonged upwards to a tubular neck, 4-dentate at apex.

free
sessile unequal,
;

prolonged at apex to a narrow slender style,

afterwards 2-fid
late apex.

lacini linear elongate recurved, papillose at subu;

Fruit dry, indhiscent, covered with fleshy perianth

trees
;

seed

Lactescent
co
go,

leaves

alternate

petiolate,

entire

or
;

remotely dentate or sinuate, sometimes somewhat rough or pubescent

stipules 2, amplexicaul oblong imbricate sericeous
;

flowers axillary
;

the males

on a small
involucre.

flat

or slightly

convex receptacle
;

bracts of

involucre
in their

pluriseriate at margin, imbricate

the females solitary

own

{Trop, America})

40.

Antiaris
^
;

Lesch.^

Flowers

moncious; male
to sepals

calyx

4-

phyllous
cate.

folioles subspathulate,

dUate at apex, decussately imbri;

Stamens equal in nvimber and opposite

;

filaments

short erect free

anthers erect oblong, extrorsely 2-rimose.

;

Female

flower destitute of proper calyx

germen

1 -locular

ovule inserted

under apex descending

accrete receptacle

style branches 2, equal subulate recurved,

stigmatose at attenuate apex.

;

Fruit drupaceous, adnate within to

;

embryo of descending seed exalbuminous

;

cotytrees

ledons thick plano-convex

or shrubs; leaves

radicle short superior.

Lactescent
not

alternate, 2-stichous, penninerved, oftener serrate

lateral

petiolate

stipules
;

subaxillary,

free,

amplexicaul

flowers

axillary

receptacle

of males 2-nate or

disciform

stipitate,

glomeruliferous

above

more orbicularand involucrate with

;

crowded
n.

short

marginally imbricate bracts

Benn.),

of

females

oftener

1863. Trc. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, viii. 127 t. 2, fig. 69, 72-75. Payee, Fam. Nat. 172. Bur. Piodr. xvii. 285. Pers. Enchirid. ii. 612. Spreng. Sijst. iii. 903. Ppp. et Endl. Nov. Gen. et Spec. ii. 30, Kl. Linna, xx. 523. Miq. t. 143, 144, 140.
(part.),
'

Mart. Fl. Bras.

-

Urtic. 113 (part.).

Ann. Mns.
;

xvi.

470,
ii.

t.

22.
t.

R.
;

Br. Gen.

i. 78. Benn. Hoi-sf. PL Jav. Bar. 13. Spach, Suit, Biiffon, xi. 64. Bt,. liiimphia, i. 56, 172, t. 22, 23, 54. -Endl. Gen. n. 1862. Trc. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, viii. 142, 158-168. Payer, Fani. Nat. 173. t. 6, fig. Bur. Piodr. xvii. 286. Lepurandra Nimm. Gra'i. Cat. Bomb. PL 193. " Male flower sometimes rarely 3-merous.

(cd.

52,

t.

Bern. 70

F/ind. roi/.

602,

MUc. Worki

ULMACEM.
solitary subsessile piriform, adnate to
cavity,

207

middle of germen in central

and

finally covering fruit, externally

above

tlie

middle sur-

rounded by alternate imbricate

41.

bracts. {Tropical Asia

and Oceania})
or

Pseudolmedia
co

Trc-

Flowers
receptacle
;

moncious
filaments

dicious

males comjjosed of
rather

stamens inserted in an orbicular discoid or

free
;

concave

involucrato

anthers

oblong, sometimes penicillate at apex, subsagittate at base.

flowers solitary central in polyphyllous involucre
ovoid, perforated only at
;

Female

calyx tubular or

apex and there entire or shortly denticulate. Germen in part inferior and adnate to a greater or less height to the calyx, free at conical apex style lateral erect enclosed or passing through the mouth of the calyx, entire or bifid legs stigmatose. Ovule 1, inserted under apex of cell, descending, anatropous micropyle extrorsely superior or more rarely inserted micropyle superior.^ Fruit enclosed by laterally to linear hilum
;

calyx,

indhiscent
;

seed

descending or long adnate laterally to

;

pericarp

cotyledons of fleshy embryo very unequal

one very

small

radicle short superior. Trees or

;

shrubs, often pubescent or

distichous
;

hirsute

leaves petiolate or subsessile

stipules lateral

conniveutly

imbricate

amplexicaul

scar
;

linear

transverse;

in-

florescence axillary, solitary or fasciculate

CO,

bracts of male involucre

imbricate,

subspathulate unequal

the
bracts

interior

longer and

narrower;
central

stamens

intermixed with

sometimes setaceous
[Trojj.

hirsute; bracts of female involucre same in form or shorter.

and south America.*)

42. Castilloa Cervant.'^

Flowers monoecious (nearly of Pseudol;

media). collected in distinct subplane or induplicate reniform receptacles, involucrate

with crowded imbricate bracts

the males consistflowers closely

ing of

GO

stamens, destitute of perianth.

The female
calyx

glomerulate

on

common
;

receptacle

4-phyllous.

Germen
;

semi-inferior, 1-ovulate
'

style thin cylindrical, 2-fid at

ii.

apex

legs

Spec. 5,

{Ipo).

Wight, Icon.
90, n. 3
;

Hook.
Fl.

6.

Edmph. Herb. Amhoin.

to

87

'

Comp.
t.

Bot.

1958.
i.

Mag. i. 310, t. 17. Miq. Zoll. Verz. p. ii.

p.
ii.

ovule and seed

<

In P. Inrsuta H. Bn. the umbilicus of the is observed to be vertically very

5,
6.

linear-elongate after the

hid.-Bat.

291
Fl.

Suppl.
Vit.

i.

Spec.
ii.

Ppp.

et

manner o Pourouma. Endl. Nov. Gen. et

Bra.'!.

173.

423. Thw. Enum.

PI.

Zeijl.
;

263,

427.
262,

Spec.
Urlic.

31

{Olmedia). Mia. Mart. Fl.

Fl.

tiEE}. Bonplaiidia, ix.

t.

259;

x. 3

116. Gkiseb.

Brit. W.-Iiid.

152.

72. Benth.
'

Fl. Austral, vi. 179.

Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, viii. 128, t. 5, fig. 149Payer, Fam. Nat. 173. Bur Frodr. 157.

xvii. 286.

H. Bn. Adansonia, xi. 295. ' Supplem. la Gaz. de Literal. Mexico, 2 Jul. 1794 Trec. Ann. Sc. iVrt<. sr. 3, viii. 136, t. 5, fig. 139-148.- Bur. Prodr. xvii. 286.

208

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

compressed, somewhat spirally twisted, stigmatoso.
;

linear subulate

Fruit drupaceous, iinally sub-dry, sometimes adnate with calyx

seed exalbuminous

cotyledons of siibglobose embryo thick sub-

equal

radicle short superior.

Lactescent
;

trees generally pubescent

in

leaves distichous, unequal at base

axillary oblong-acute
;

stipules connate

one supra-

inflorescences axillary stipitate, fasciculate or

rarely few or solitary, 1-sexual.

{Central America, Cuba})

Castilloa)
;

43

Helicostylis Trc.^
receptacle.
;

Flowers dioecious (nearly of

;

the males crowded in polyphyllous involucre sessile

the females cc

on common

Male

calyx

4-phyllous.

Stamens
to

4,

oppositipetalous

anthers

extrorse.

Female

calyx

4-phyllous.
foveoles of

Germen

relative to calyx inferior

;

and hence adnate

receptacle

ovule, etc., of Castilloa; style branches 2, linear subulate,

compressed,

much

twisted spirally.

lofty tree; leaves distichous;

;

stipules 2, axillary acuminate subamplexicaul

Castilloa
cate.
;

inflorescences, etc., of

folioles of involucre

close deltoid, in

many

places imbri-

(^Guiana, north. Brazil.*)

?

44

Noyera

Trc.^

Flowers
co
;

dioecious

(nearly

of

Castilloa)

males...?
imbedded
iipex,

Female flowers

(15-80), collected on a

common

subplane receptacle involucrate with imbricate pluriseriate bracts,

in its foveoles

calyx urceolate, with small perforation at

Germen
cell,

semi-inferior, 1-locular; ovule inserted a little

below
style

apex of
branches

descending

micropyle

extrorsely

superior
;

2, filiform

subulate.

Fruit, etc., of Castilloa

;

coat of de-

scending seed membi'anous (fuscate)

superior.

cotyledons of subglobose exal;

buminous embryo thick hemispherical subequal

radicle very short

;

ferruginous tomentose tree

;

leaves distichous
;

stipules

axillary opposite amplesicaul

scars annular

female inflorescences

axillary solitary subsessile.''

{French Guiana.'')
dioecious (nearly of
ii.

45.
'

Naucleopsis Miq.^
1

Flowers
*
'''

Castilloa)
Niniiencl.

Spec.
t. 2.

(v. 2

'().

Coll. Rep. on

Caoiitch. 11,

Spec.

32,

t.

145.

0. ajii/is
sr. 3,

Steuh.
viii.

12,
2

3 (vid. p. 176, note 2).

Ami.

Se.

Nat.

135. Bur.

Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, viii. 134, t. 6, fig. 132 BuE, Prodr. xvii. 287. ' A genus certainly very near Castillo the spiral twisting of the style being much more
-135.

Prnih: xvii. 286.

genus somewhat uncertain from the male flower not being known, but certainly very near
Custilloa.

decided.
*

Spec.

1.

H. Pppigiana Tro.

loc.

cit.

et

Olmedia Ppfngiana Mart. Herb.

629.

Mm.

in Mart.

PL

Bras. Urtic. 118,

t.

35,

iii. iv.

Spec. 1. N. Guiniieiisis Tri'c. Mart. PI. Bran. Urtie. 119. Mart. PI. Bras. Urtic. 120,
'

Inc. cit.

MiQ.
I.

t.

35, flg.

PI. Bras. n.

Bull. Prodr. xvii. 282.

0. tomrntnsa Ppp. et JSndl. Nov.

Gen,

UL3TA0E.E.
males ...
seriately
?

20!)

Female

flo\yers

crowded ou convex receptacle

the

pluri-

Calyx outermost impoverished. 45- or more rarely tubularlj^ urceolate thickly coriaceous, at mouth teeth rcflcxed. Germeu quite inferior completely imO-dentate
imbricate at
base,
;

bedded in and

in

every part adnato to foveolcs of receptacle

2,

stig;

matose branches of enclosed style

ovule inserted near apex of
extrorsely superior.
stipules
axillary,
cell
.

filiform

elongate exserted
;

descending anatropous

micropyle
;

Fruit
2-nate,

A
;

tree

leaves distichous costate

receptacles

caducous

female

axillary

solitary subsessile."

[North. Brazil?)

46.

Maquira
;

Aubi^.*
;

Flowers

dicious (nearly

of

Castllloa)

male calyx 4-ph.yllous

opposite

folioles

decussately imbricate.
;

Stamens

4,

filaments free,

erect before anthesis

anthers introrse,

Female flowers crowded, placed (not imbedded) on germen inferior relatively to gamophyllous Other cha4-lobed calyx lobes of thick style short stigmatose. racters of Castllloa. Fruit composed of free capitate drupes attenuate
2-rimose.

common

receptacle
;

at

base

seed ...

moderate
base,

sized

tree

leaves

distichous

coriaceous,

unequal at

shortly petiolate
;

stipules

minute,

3-angular

receptacles axillary

males disciform, slightly depressed

;

above, involucrate with crowded pluriseriate imbricate bracts

fructiferous capitate.

the

[Guiana.^)

47.

Perebea Aubl."

Flowers
;

dicious (nearly

of

3Iaquira);

receptacle suborbicular,

at first slightly concave,

afterwards plane

and reflexed, convex above bracts of involucre oo, inserted at margin of receptacle and imbricate in mauy places. Calyx tubular, Gynoecium at base sometimes compressed and 4-dentate at apex. free; germen (as regards gamophyllous calyx superior) 1-ovulate;
lobes of style 2, short and other characters of Maqidra.

Trees

leaves distichous

flowers of both sexes on broad patulous receptacle

not imbedded.
'

[Central America., GuianaJ)

'
*

" Dense, subcoherent at base, very rigidly

Is Ocgodeia

Spec.

1.

subligneously bracteate." (Mia.).

2

Gnian. Suppl. 36.

Spec.

N. mucrophylla Mia. l"c. cit. t. 389. Buk. Prudr.

xvii.

B0R. (Prodr. 282),

Naiie/enpsis

286.
'

glabra Spruce (Herb.), n. 2793, a north Brazilian race described as

:

1.

M.
5,

gninncnsis

female flowers naked,

;

Perebea laurifnlin Trc.

viii.

Aubl. loc. Ann. Sc. Nut.

cit.

sr. 3.

germen

inferior, style thick stigmata 2, linear rather thick, the terminal half rough with un-

133,

t.

fig.

136-138.

Bras.
Trf.c.
*

XJrtic. 117, n. 2.
loc. cit.
ii.

Mia.
Gen.

Mart.

PI.

Olmedia

? graiidifolia

equal tubercles

(whence

the

generic name),

128 (Bur.).
9.52,
t.

and

numerous abortive

flowers

reduced

to

&('.

3(51.

J.

Wl. Enjil.
viii

ovoid-pyramidal perianth, fertile flowers being interposed and covering the receptacle; a section of this genua.

Trrc. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr 3, 132 (part). Bur. Prodr. vii. 286. ' Spec. 2, of which 1 is Panaman (Bur.).
Gen. n. 1874.

VOL. VI.

14

210

NATURAL HTSTOUY OF PLANTS.

48.

Lanessania

II.

Bx.'

Flowers

monoecious collected on uu;

oqually obpyrainidal angular receptacle

rulcs on the

males crowded in glome-

nearly
;

flower

central
;

receptacle

style

afterwards 2-fid

Female flat upper base of tlie receptacle. germen inferior, adnate within to centre of apical within central vertical canal erect and free, in subulate lacinise exserted beyond male flowers
;
;

ovule
Fruit
free
.

1
.

subapical in cell descending

.

micropyle extrorsely superior.

;

tree

(?)

leaves alternate petiolate

inflorescence

stipules lateral

unequally
oo,

3-angular;

axillary

pedunculate.

Bracts

unequal, imbricate around upper orbicular base of recepcases as an involucre

;

tacle in

many

fewer inserted around apex of

receptacle below

a few interposed remotely alternate very unequal

and inserted

hei-e

and there on the slightly prominent longitudinal

{North. Brazil?')
Bn.^

walls of the receptacle.

49.

Scyphosyce H.

Flowers
1,

monoecious,

crowded in
,

androgynous inflorescences; female

receptacle, sub-1-seriate

central;

males oo

perigy-

nously inserted in throat of regAilarly obcampanulate poculiform

;

lobes of involucre few (4-5) broad obtuse

membranous, imbricate,

Male calyx long obeonically tubular, at base long attenuated and shortly stipitate, above finally subentire truncate. Stamen 1 filament central, inserted at bottom of calyx, erect and exserted anthers basifixed oblong, 2-rimose.* Female calyx (?) 2-phyllous ^ folioles
finally (calyx-like) expanded.
; ; ;

sessile, imbricate.

Germen
;

inserted at bottom of receptacle sessile,

oblong-conieal,

1-locular

ovule

1,

inserted
;

under apex of
Fruit
at
?

cell

descending

micropyle
;

extrorsely superior

style terminal erect,

.
.

2-fid at ajex

lobes subulate recurved stigmatose.

;

glabrous shrub (?)

leaves alternate (2-stichous

?),

base long-

narrow, shortly petiolate, oblong-subspathulate acuminate crenate

penninerved, unequal at base
petiole) acute, imbricate
ucst.
; ;

stipules (equal to

or longer than

inflorescence axillary pedunculate.

{Trop,

jifrica.^)

50.

Bosqueia Dup.-Th.^

Flowers
*
*

monoecious

receptacles ob-

liquely obconical ; males crowded, inserted on oblique upper base ; stamens intermixed with unequal imbricate bracts the exterior
;
'

Adaiisoiiia,

xi.

298

JJull.

Soc.

Liiw. Pur.

Nigrescent.

40.
-

.Spec. 1.

i.

Uirbinata

H. Bn.

lue. cit.

Bio-

Gyncium
Spec.
1.

bracteate at base

*
'

S.

Maimiana H. Bn.

he.
t.

cit.

simiim turbitiatum .Spkvce, Herb.

^

Adamoiiia,

xi.

293.

Kx. H. Bn. Adansonia, iii. 335, 72, t. 4. Bun. Prodr. xvii. 288.

10

viii.

ULMACE^.
\vicler

211

involucrate
inferior

;^

filaments

free;

anthers

introrse,

2-rimose.
;

Germen
erect,

subcentral,
dilated
;

entirely

adnate to receptacle

style

somewliat

at
1,

base,

2-fid

above

branches linear,
externally

stigmatose within

ovule

inserted under apex of cell, descending;

micropyle

extrorsely

superior.

Fruit

inferior,

sur-

remains of bracteoles and stamens

;

rounded by adnate urceolate receptacle, at apex crowned with albumen of descending seed copiously fleshy embryo subapical very small (?). Trees or
;

shrubs

leaves alternate petiolate, oftener entire coriaceous penni-

nerved

glabrous

stipules

intra axillaiy

amplexicaul,

caducous

inflorescences

axillary

solitary pedunculate,
less lateral, finally

in early age budlike

and

perulate,

more or

subterminal.

[Trop. cast,

littoral

and

insular Africa.")

51.

Piratinera Aubl.^
covering

Flowers

moncious
;

males
1

crowded
(or very

entirely

common

globose receptacle

female

rarely 2) adnate within to top of receptacle.

of calyx, intermixed with peltate bracts
;

Stamens

co,

destitute
;

filaments filiform erect

anthers dorsifixed to thick connective

peltate

cells

2, lateral, rimose, or

and dehiscent

all

round an annular

cleft.
;

Germen
stigmatose

partly

inferior,

more

or less adnate to foveole of receptacle

;

ovule descendapex.

ing campy iotropous

style terminal,

2-lobed at

Fruit "baccate," finally sub-siccate, clothed with receptacle covered

with peltate scales

testa

of descending seed thin

;

cotyledons of

exalbiminous embryo thick unequal

Lactifluent trees or shrubs
entire
; ;

radicle superior incumbent.

leaves distichous petiolate, generally

;

stipules axillary, 2-nate, semiamplexicaul, deciduous

inflo-

rescences axillary,

oftener

2-nate or

in

racemes sometimes very

compound.
52.
'

{Trop, central and south. America.'^)

T.^

Ficus

Flowers

1-sexual, enclosed in utriculose oftener

Tec. Ann. Se. Nat. sr. 3, viii, Bur. Prodr. xvii. 288. Galactodendron H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. vii. 163
Geii.

Bracts interior to stamens, sometimes reSpec,

Giiian.

n. 1861.
6, fig.

present epigynous female calyx.

"

known
ii.

3,

of which 2 are Madagas-

138,

t.

163-181.

carene.
3

888,

t.

310 (1775).

Ferolia

Spec.

7, 8,

Tuss. Joimt. de Sot.

i.

202,

t.

Abul. Giiian. Suppl. 8, t. 372. Lamk. Diet. ii. 452. DC. Prodr. xvii. 293. Alicastrum P. Br. /. (1756), 372. (Aublet's names have priority,
but generically are not to be adhered to). Prosimtm Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. (1799), 17, t. 1, fig. 1 (on no ground to be preferred to Aublet's name). Spach, Suit, Biiffon, xi. 62. Endl.

Md. Ant. t. 9 (Brosimum). SPBENG. Syst. 22 iv. 403 [Prosimum). Kl. Limitea, xx. i. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3723, 522 {Brosimum). 3724 [Galactodendron). Miq. Mart. Fl. Bras.
Fl.
;

Utric.
Jiid.
'

108,

t.

32,

33. Griseb.
Ficux.

Fl.

Brit.

TF.-

152 [Brosimum).
Inst.

662,

t.

420. L.

Upsal (1786)

142

212

XATUnAL I/TSTOnY OF PLAXTS.

globose or pear-shaped receptacle, more or less open at apex and

there
bracteate,

androgynous or female

males and females glo-

mi

rate,

intermixed on the

Calyx 2-6-phyllous, often incrassate or fleshy.

sfigma^),

same receptacle or oftencr separate. Stamens 1 (Urooppositisepalous

;

2 [Phai-macost/cea"), or 4-6,
;

filaments
sessile

free or connate at base

anthers introrse, 2-riniose.

^
;

Germen

or stipitate, oftener 1-locular

late, obtuse,

style lateral, at

apex simple, subu-

capitate, infundibuliform or 2- fid stigmatose, enclosed

;

within receptacle

ovule descending, auatropous or campylotropous

micropyle extrorsely superior.

lacle not fissus nor

Fruit drupaceous enclosed in reccp;

expanded

stipes with thicker fleshy angles

last

mesoearp at both surfaces thin membranous, gcnerallj^ at

escent;
;

evan-

putamen crustaceous or fragile, 1-spermous. Seed descending testa membranous albumen fleshy cotyledons of incurved embryo rather flat, sometimes unequal radicle superior incumbent.
;
;

Trees, sometimes lofty, or shrubs, sometimes climbing, lactescent

leaves generally alternate, sometimes

lobate,

more rarely

opposite, entire or

persistent or deciduous

stipules large convolute enclosing

;

terminal bud

of branchlet,

deciduous or more rarely persistent

receptacle oftener bi-acteatc at base
;

inflorescences axillary, solitary or fasciculate, sometimes

in a spike or terminal

more rarely
;

raceme

male glomerules superior in androgynous receptacle

or pedicillate, bracteate or ebracteate.
Geii.n.

flowers sessile
fenzp.

(All trop,

and
;

regions})
t.

J.

Gen.

lies. Adans. Fain, ties PL ii. 377. 400. G.HRTN. nut. ii. 66, t. 91.
;

>

Hook.
90,

Gasp. Nov. Gen. 7 Ric. 81, Juiii-n. vi. 225 Mart. Fl.
;

7. Miq.
Urtic.

Bra-i.

Lamk. Diet. ii. 489; Suppl. ii. 648 III. t. 861. TuKP. met. Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 285. Spach, Suit, Buffun. xi. 64. Endl. Gen. n. 1859. Gaspakk. Nov. Gen. qit sitp.nonnull. Fici .\;>er.

t.

27-31.
t.

Cystngijne GksiY. Nov.

I'iniaiiia

Gen.

9;

Gasp. Nov. Gen. 9 (not DV.).Macrop),t;ialma Gasp. Rie. S3tH. Miq. Hook. Journ. vi. 225. Galnglychia Gasp. Nor.
Rie. 84,
8.

...(1844)

Hie.
s.

s. iiat.

d.

Fieo ed. Cnprifeo (184.5)

d.

Gen. 10
-

Ric. 84 [Syeoearpa MiQ.).

vii.

Nov.
fieo.

rie.

ale. punt...doetr.

Fieo

de C'a/iri-

Tkc,

Miq. Hook. Loud. Journ.

t.

C4

Mart. Fl.

An)i.

Sc.

Nat. sr.
;

3, viii.

137.

Bras. U/rie. 83,

'

25, 26.

Payeu, Organog. 285, t. 61 Fain. Nat. 170. BuK. Prodi: xvii. 287 (incl. ISo.i.ieheyia de Vkiese et Tey.sm. (Buu.). Caiiea Mia. (a p.art of which is Cuprifieus (xasp. Nov. Gen. 6 liie. 79, t. 1-3. Sidijinophora Mia. Eriosyeca Miq. Kissosycea Miq. Leiosycea MiQ. Nematosi/eta Miq. Podosyeen Miq. Tnmatosycea Miq.).--

Sometimes very rarely 2, 3-locular. Spec, about 600 (Bun.). Thunh. Fien.^ Gen. tipsal (1786). K. Fnum. Fie. Hort. Berol. (184G), Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, vii. 231. Miq. Prodr. Mon. Fie. Hook. London Journ. (1847,
<

1818); Jonrn. Bot. Neerl.

i.

230;

Zoll.

Verz.ii.
i.

Gasp. Nov. Gen. 10; Ric. 85, t. 8, fig. 36-42 {Syeomorphe MiQ. .Ann. Se. Nat. sr. 3, 1,
Covellia 35).

90; Plant. Jmigh. 46; 393; Suppl. i. 173, 424

Fl.
;

Ind.-Bat.

p.

ii.

Eroxma Both.

Cat.

113.

Erythrogyne

Vis. Gasp. Rie- 86.

Plagiostigma Zucc. Abh.

Ak. Miineh. iv. 64 {Tenorta Gasper.). Prgonotrophe MiQ. Hook. Joui-n. vii. 72. Sycomonis
Gasp.
109.

Aiw. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. iii. 261, 285, 297. Thw. Eimm. PI. Zeyl. 266. A. Rich. R. S. Cuba, xi. 220. Guisei!. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 150. Seem. Ft. Vit. 247. Benth. Fl. Hmigk. 326; Fl. Austral, vi. 160. Gren. et GonK. /'/. de Fr. iii. 103. Walp. Ann. i. 706
;

Miq. Hook. Loud. Journ. vii. Synxeia Miq. Huok. Land. Journ. vii. 469.
liic.

78.

iii.

417.

VLMACEJE.
53.

213

Sparattosyce

V>\:r}

Flowers dkcfious (of

;

Ficns) sepals of

male calyx 3-6, auriculate at base, imbricate.

persistent calyx drupaceous
flesh scanty
;

Fruit stipate with

descending

putameu osseous. Seed cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo broad conduplicateStamens

cells

involute and corrugate.

in

male flower 3-6, opposite sepals;

Sepals

anthers short extrorse

subglobose extrorsely rimose.

of female flower 6-10, imbricate.

Gerineu

sessile

ovule, etc., of

Ficus; styles exserted in mouth at top of female receptacle. Trees ; leaves alternate entire; stipules amplexicaul closely covering the

terminal bud, deciduous

inflorescences of Ficus

receptacles of both

sexes finally laterally divided and expanded.

54.

(Nc/v Caledonia.-)
;

Sorocea A.

S.

n.^

Flowers
4,

dicious

4-partite,

imbricate.

Stamens

opposite;

filaments

male calyx 4-fid or sometimes

linear

anthers ovate, extrorsely 2-rimose.

;

superior perigynous, tubular or conical

Calyx of female flower mouth narrow subentire.

apex
;

Germen

inferior l-ovulate

style short thick, 2-lobed at

lobes

stigmatose short divaricate exserted.

sonu^times muricate, 1-spermous
;

Fruit baccate with receptacle

cotyledons of exalbuminous em-

bryo 2

one large conduplicate enfolding the other very small and

short
radicle.

superior

Trees
;

or

shrubs

leaves distichous, sub;

entire, serrate or spinoso-dentate

stipules axillary, 2-nate

flowers

in axillary

(spurious*) racemes, intermixed with peltate remotely

;

scattered bracts

females inserted in hollowed apices of branches

mature
tacle.

fruit sustained

by swollen ramule
H.

(lobe) of

ramiform recep-

[Brazil.^)
?

55
cate.

Pseudosorocea
;

BxN."
;

Flowers

dioecious

(nearly

of

Sorocea)

male calyx 4-partite

lobes concave, decussately imbri-

Stamens equal in number and opposite to sepals; filaments very short inserted around vacant centre of receptacle, connate at base and there oftener dilated sometimes broadly subpetaloid
;

anthers
2-rimose.
1

short,

oftener

subovate,

adnate extrorse, longitudinally

;

Female calyx semisuperior urceolate

5,

style branches 2,

A>vi. Sc. Nat. sr.

xi.

379,

t.

I'rndr.

subfasciate not regularly racemose.

'

xvii. 282.
2 '

Spec.

3,

4,

Gaudich.

Voy. SouHe, Bot.

i.

t.

Spec. 2ofnliichonei3impubli3lierl(BuR.)

71-74. H.

Bn.

Adanscnia,

212,

t.

6.

A.

S.

H. Mm.
fig.

J/ks. vii.

473 (1821). Endl.

3. viii.

Wawba.
Mori.
i.

Pr. Maxim.

Eryebn. Bo(. 130. Mic.

t.

Gen. n. 1864. Tkc. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr.

14,
t. 6,

Fl. Bras. Urlic. 112.

34. Walp. Aim.

183-188. BuK. Prodr.

xvii. 288.

667.

Surcodiscus JIakt. Herb. (Mia.) Receptacle unequally ramose

'

H. Bn. Ad.msonia,
or
rathe

xi. I'JS.

2U

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

of Sorocea.

etc.,

Shrubs or
;

trees (?)

habit and leaves of Sorocea

;^

limb entire, widely or coarsely spinoso-dentate, penninerved venose

costa and primary nerves anastomose at margin and

somewhat pro-

minent beneath but flowers of both sexes inserted singly at amentiform margins of elongated receptacle and there glomerate sessile
;

both faces naked

56
?

sulciforni.

Trop, and suhtrop. South America.-)

dioecious
;

Sahagunia

Liebm.^

Flowers
cells
. . .

males

densely

congregated on spikelike branched receptacle (naked along longitudinal furrow), destitute of perianth and consisting of very crowded

stamens, intermixed with cuneate cucullate- capitate bracts subulate

rimose.
;

filaments

anthers

subbasifixed

sub-2-dymous subopposite,
?

Female flower and

male

fruit

moderate- sized
;

tree

leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, oblong penninerved convolute, deciduous

;

stipules 2,

infloi'escences

racemose or fasciculate on

naked or more rarely

57.

foliate branchlet.*

[3Iexico,^ Brazil ?)
;

Pourouma
or

Aubl.^

Flowers dioecious
less
;
;

male calyx 4-merous

folioles free

more or
4,

highly connate, sometimes almost to

filaments free or connate at

apex.

Stamens

oppositisepalous

base, straight or slightly incurved

anthers short, introrsely rimose.

Calyx of female flower gamophyllous, ovoidly or conically tubular, thickened at base to a more or less prominent cupule, entire at apex

and perforated at very small mouth. Germen sessile free, 1-locular, conical and attenuate above to style with more or less stigmatose
apex, sometimes very discoidly peltate, entire or unequally lobed,

very papillose.
parietal

Ovule in cell 1, sessile, inserted laterally to linear hilum hemitropous chalaza inferior, sub-contiguous to base
;

of cell

micropyle free extrorsely superior.

Fruit enclosed by fleshy

c ilyx, ligneo-crustaceous, finally 2-valved.

Seed sometimes laterally

adnate to pericarp by linear hilum, ovoid; testa membranous; cotyOf which perhaps hetter a section ? A genus hitherto admitted as a mean between Sorocea and Soaresia (whose male amenta bear naked stamens and the female pedicellate
'

opposite surfaces floriferous,

i.e.

bearing numer-

eus stamens without perianth. In other respects all these genera allied to Sorocea should be
carefully revised from better specimens than

flowers.)
^ '

hitherto supplied (as

4, 5,

Spec.

H. Bn.

he.

cit.

n. 141-144.
ser.
5.
ii.

his

demanded by Bureau in monograph of the Order). Here perhaps

also to he referred CYdcwirt R. et Pav. (see

Videiisk. Sels!cs/cr. Kjob.

(1851),

(?) is

316. BuK. Prodr. xrii. 288. * Of this genus seems to be

(Allem.
Book. Journ.
(1853),

p. 218,

note

2).

Soaresia nitida

"

Spec.

1 (S.
ii.

mexicana Liebm.),
t.

270;

Revista

ffMiSM.
v.

891,

341.

v. 2. (?)

J.

Gra.
n.

406. PoiR.
52-60.

^ra:!;fi)-o,i.210(Oct.l857),c.ic.),aBraziliantree

Diet.

606. Endl. Gen.

JS'at.

1864'. Trc.
t. 2, fig.

with flowers and fruit nearly of Sorocea; male flowers pedicillate as in Sorocea male amenta 2
;

Bur. Prodr.

Ann.

Sc.

sr.

3, viii.

100

xvii. 284.

ULMACEJi.
leclons of straight exalburainous

215

embryo thick

radicle short superior.

Lactifluous
stipules
;

trees

branches marked with linear scars of fallen

leaves alternate, entire, lobed or digitately divided, glabrous

;

indumentum, costulately venose and venulate scars linearly stipules connate in one clothing the top of the ramule annular flowers collected in compound or decompound cymes on
or clothed with various
; ;

peduncle oftener 2-nate

58.

males small.

{Trop. South America})

;

male calyx tubular or turbinate, 4-dentatc or -i-fid or more rarely unequally or subequally Stamens 4, or very 2-partite, valvate or at apex slightly imbricate.
rarely 2, oppositisepalous
;

Conocephalus Bl.^

Flowers dioecious

filaments erect in bud, subequal to calyx,

complanate,

centrally
;

inserted

around rudiment of

gyncium

anthers short exserted

cells oftener free at base, introrsely, laterally

or extrorscly promiscuously rimose.

Female calyx tubular,

capitate,

4-fid.

German

free
;

style

terminal,

apex

or

laterally

oblong
;

stigmatose

ovule basilar erect orthotropous or suborthotropous

Fruit enclosed

micropyle superior.
taceous,

by

persistent calyx, dry char;

longitudinally 2-valved.
;
;

Seed ovoid

hilum basilar or
shrubs;

sublateral

testa membranous embryo fleshy plano-convex;

cotyledons of straight exalburainous

radicle superior.
;

Climbing

leaves alternate, entire, long-petiulate

stipules axillary connate in one

;

semiamplexicaul, deciduous
capitule (glomeruliferous)

scars annular; flowers axillary capitate

;

compound cymose females

oftener solitary.

[Trap, south. Asia and Oceania^)

59.

Coussapoa Aubl.*
;

Flowers

dioecious

(nearly

of

Conoce-

phalus)
bricate

male calyx garaophyllous, subcylindrical or turbinate, im-

mouth
;

2-3-fid or dentate,

sometimes

partite.

Stamens

2, central
;

filaments free or connate in erect filiform or complanate

column anthers free, extrorse, 2-rimose or connate in one 4-locular and terminal ; cells longitudinally rimose. Female flower, etc., of

Endl. Nov. Gen. et 141. Kl. Linna, xx. 526. MiQ. Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtic. 121, t. 36-41. Walp. Ann. i. 656. 2 Bijdr. 483. Endl. Gen. n. 1869. Tbc.
1

Spec, about 20. Pcepp. et

ii.

1203.
PI.
i.

Gaudich.
i'i; Ft.

Vuij.

Bonite Bot.

t.

96. Mia.

Spec.

29,

t.

Jimgh.
171,

Ind.-Bat. i.^.\\.28Z\^wp-p\.
et

416,

417. Teysm.
955,
t.

Binn. in Xat.
i.

Tijdschr. xxvii. 26.

*

Walp. Ann.
362,

654.

Ann. See. Nat. Buu. Prodr.

>

sr. 3, viii. 87,

x\-ii.

t.

2,

fig.

41-51.

284.

Spec.

7,

8 (about 10, Bir.).

t.

Benn. Sorrf.
But.

363. J. Gen. 406. Lamk. Diet. ii. 160. Benn. Sorsf. PI. Juv. Bar. 49. E.NnL. Gen. n. 1866. Trc. Ann. Sr. Net. sr. 3, viii. 92, t. 1, fig. 23-40. Bur. Prodi:
Guian.
ii.

PI. Jap.

Par. 47,

12. Lindi,.

Reg.

t.

xvii. 284.

216

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

Conocephuliis

perianth tubular, cylindrical, ovoid or urceolate, some-

times obovoid, membranous or rather thick fleshy, apex either entire

and sometimes perforated with a very small aperture, or more rarely

1-3-dentate.
or

Germen
enclosed

free

ovule either quite basilar or orthotropous,

;

somewhat

laterally

inserted

micropyle always apical.

Fruit

drupaceous,

packed or adnate at base.

or

somewhat

lateral

and enlarged calyx, closely Seed erect or ascending hilum basilar cotyledons of straight exalbuminous embryo

by

persistent

plano-convex snbequal
ovate
or

radicle superior

short.

Trees

or shrubs,

sometimes climbing, lactescent; leaves alternate simple (of Pozrrowma),

cordate
or

obovate,

glabrous

or

pubescent,

petiolate

stipules axillary connate in one obliquely amplexicaul,

caducous;
;

inflorescences axillary capitate

capitules glomeruliferous
;

peduncles

oftener

2-nate,

simple

or

2-chotomous

branches capituliferous.

{Trop. South Jmerica.^)

CO.

Cecropia Lfl."
;

Flowers
;

dicious (nearly of
;

Coussapoa
or

or

Conocephalus)

males

2-androus

calyx

tubular

narrow

conical, at

apex svibentire or shortly 2-dentate, sometimes more

;

deeply

anthers introrse, Stamens short filaments erect 2-rimose. Female calyx tubular entire or subentire, subiucrassate at apex and there perforated. Germen free, enclosed by calyx
2-fid.
;

ovule inserted under apex of cell descending, micropyle extrorsely

superior
;

style

terminal or slightly lateral short, apex stigmatose

simple variously capitate-penicillate.

Fruit dry, enclosed by calyx,

hence subdrupaceous
juice milky
;

seeds, etc.,

o Coussapoa.

Trees

or shrubs;
;

branches terete, fistulous between the nodes

petiole often
callose

medulla
stipules
;

hollow, here and there septate; leaves alternate, more or less peltate,

palmatilobed or digitate

at base

connate in

one

wide

snathelike

amplexicaul,

deciduous
1,

scars

annular;

flowers axillary crowded;

;

peduncles

2-nate, at

subumbellately 2-co -rimose

enclosed

umbels (spurious)
bract
;

single, the

apex younger

by

spathiform

caducous
[Both

branches (receptacles)

amentiform subcylindrical glomeruliferous;

slender than the females.
'

males generally more

trap. Jmericas.^)
Spach, Suit, Buffo, xi. 108. Endl. 1865.^Trc. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, viii. 78, t. 1, fig. 9-22. Bur. Prodr. xvii. 283. F. Darwin, on the glandular bodies of Cecropia
t.

Spec, about 20.

Ppp.

et

Endl. Nov. Gen.

800.

Sper\ ii. 33, t. 147. Kl. Linnaa, xx. 527. MiQ. Mart. Fl. Brai. Urtic. 131, t. 42-45.
el

Gen. n.

Walp. Ann.
' It.

i.

655. 402.
///.

212. !.. fli/st. n. 1099. J. Gen. Lamk. Diet. ii. 143; .Suppl. ii. 374;

prltata {J. Lin. Sue. xv. 398).

^

Spec. 30-40.

Sloane, Hist.

i.

138,

t.

88

CL MACERE.
Gl.

217

Musanga

R.

Bu.i

Flowers

dieious

calyx tubular longer

;

apex and there truncate in males mouth orbicular, iu females perforated by very small aperture. Stamen 1, inserted at bottom of calyx; filament erect; anther cells 2, longitudinally rimose. Germen terminal, facing outward
or shorter obconical,
entire at
;

erect enclosed free, 1-locular

ovule

1,

basilar erect

orthotropous

micropyle
Fruit

superior,

at

apex

stigmatose

scarcely

incrassate.

covered
;

with persistent
erect
;

calyx
. . .

rather

ovoidly compressed
;'

subligneous
stipules

seed

embryo

tree

leaves digitate

wide foliaceous coriaceous, covering top of younger ramule,

;

deciduous

male flowers in very compound capituliferous racemes

ivest.
;

capitules globular small, intermixed with bracts peltate at apex

females glomerulate on thick oblong receptacle. {Trop,

62.

Africa?)
4-

Myrianthus
anthers

P.-Beatjv.'*

Flowers
;

dioecious

males

merous, -i-androus (of Conocephalus)

connate;
sanga or
2-locular,
;

filaments sometimes variously

2-rimose.
free

Female
;

flowers

of 3Iu-

Conocephalus

germen
to

1-locular

ovule basilar erect

orthotropous;^ style clavate

or ellipsoid wide

stigmatose
co

apex.
;

Syncarp ovoid
seed exalbumi;

and covering

(dry ?) fruits

nous.

Other characters of Conocephalus.

;

A
;

moderate-sized tree

leaves alternate petiolate digitate

leaflets (to 6) lanceolate

unequal,
;

white beneath
inflorescence
63.

stipules
oo

glomerules of flowers
;

wide (of Cccropia) scar obliquely linear males congregated along axes of ramose
{Trop. west. Africa?)
Mijri-

females on subglobose capitule.^

Dicranostachys Tec.^
Br.
12,
t.

Flowers dioecious (nearly of

5c.

(Yarumii).V-LXSYi:s,
{Ficus).

P.
ii.

Almag. 146, t. 242, fig. 5 Jam. Ill [Coilotapalus).^

;

Nat. ser.

3,

viii.

86. Bur.

Prodr. xvii. 281

(not Nutt.).

jAca. Obs.
iv.

46

Stirp.
ii.

262, fig. 66.

651.

XX.
JR.

530.
S.

Syst. iii. 809. Kl. Linncca, Garcke, Linnmn, xxii. 70. A. Rich. Cuba, xi. 222. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W.-

SiniEXG.

AcBL.

Am.

Pict. 126,

t.

Guian.

894.

W.

Spec.

Coat 2-plicate. In the axil of single leaves flowers are observed with superior conical foliaceous bud and 2 female inferior stipitate inflorescences, girt on

both

Ind.

152.

LiEBM.
317.
c.

Kjoben.

(1851),
8,

(Jan. 1860),
Urtic. 139,
^

ic.

Allem. Mia. Mart.

Walp. Ann.
i.

Vidensk.

Sdsk.
Itevist.

Ski ift.
Uriizil.

sides with scars of stipules. All the female flowers are not always on the surface of the receptacle, but some glomerules pene-

Fl. Bras.

trate

within
fruit;

the

cavity

of

the

receptacle.

t.

46-50.

650.
;

Hence
of the

later the receptacle deeply covers

some

App. to Tuck Nar. {IHli,), iai {Congo, H) Misc. Works (ed. Benn.), i. 138, 153. Bexn. Morsf. PI. Jan. Ear. 48. Tbc. Ann. Sc. Nat.
ser. 3, viii. 146.
'

whence

it

seems, Pal.-Beau-

vais, in his incorrect figure, took pains to de-

Habit and leaves of

Spec.
i.

Cecropia.

1.

M.
et

Smithii E. Br. Herb.

Walp.

Ann.

667.

Fl.

Owar.

Ben.

i.

16,

Congo, 449.

Endl. Gen.

n.

t. 11, 12. R. Br. 1867.- Thc. Ann.

BuK. Prodr.

berry within the being very similarly considered as the pericarp of the simple fruit. ' Spec. 1. M. arboreus P.-Beauv. loe. cil. Benn. Hors/. Fl. Jav. Rar. 50. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, viii. 85, t. 1, fig. 1-8.
;

pict a single seed-bearing

flesh of the receptacle

xvii. 283.

018

NATURAL HISTUllY OF PLANTS.

male calyx 3-4-fid, imbricate.
connate at base;
sm.all
;

anthus);

short, erect,

calyx thickly urceolate,

3IijriantJnis
(or

Stamens 3,4; filaments Female anthers extrorse, 2-rimose. Germen, etc., of aperture at apex.
style terminal exscrted,

Conocephaliis)

clavate

to

?) apex, here laterally sulcate and stigmatose. ; ? Trees leaves alternate, simple or digitate (of Mijrianseed
. .
.

Fruit (small

capitate

thus)

leaflets

oftener serrate, whitish beneath,

;

at base

generally
il/yn'aw-

more

or less unequilateral

male inflorescences ramose (of

thus); female flowers congregated in spurious capitules; capitules few-flowered, contiguous only at base and stellately divaricate above.^

{Trop. west. Africa.-)

IV.
G4.

CANNABINE^.
dioecious
;
;

Cannabis
5,
;

T.

Flowers

male sepals

5,

imbricate.

Stamens
centre
rimose.

opposite sepals, pendent

filaments thin inserted round

anthers oblong

subintrorse, finally

marginate or extrorsely

Female calyx gamophyllous membranous cupular enfolding the germen and persistent. Germen free, 1-locular ovule 1, descend;

ing campylotropous

branches of terminal style

2, linear-elongate,

sometimes
'

equal,

everywhere

papilloso-stigmatose.

Fruit

dry,

genus differing from Myiianthus only in

its

the nature of
=

female inflorescence, in other

respects closely allied.

Spec.

1,

(3,

exBuR.). Walp./^!.

i.

653.

Of the types imperfectly known,

fully, to
,

and, doubt-

2. C'larisia (E. et Pav. Prodi: 128, t. 28), a very doubtful genus, sometimes made a subgenus of Mijrlca (Endl. Gen. n. 18.39 a), sometimes enumerated aa an independent genus among the Myricace (Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 256;

be referred to this series (or to the preceding ?) a few words may be permitted respecting the 2 following 1. Steuocliasma (MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii 292), enumerated among the Ai-tocarpete, has
:

C. D(J. Prodr. xvi. sect.

ii.

what rude

figure of the

male

155), from a someinflorescence, it

dicious flowers.
to be dense

Males.

...

Females said
pedunculate

on axillary 2-nate

globose receptacle, subpedicUlate. Perigonium utriculose, perforated at incrassate fleshy axUe Germen 1-ovuapex, membranous at base.
late

agreeing

ovule inserted above the middle (whence neither with the Urtice nor with the Conocephakce). Style enclosed very short stigma semiglobose depressed puberulous, sub;

seems rather to belong to this order and perhaps to the series Artocarpe ; staminal filaments very similar not incurved in bud. From description, male amentum filiform, marked with a spiral furrow, covered with oblong imbricate scales, 1-florous. Perianth 0, unless the scales may be called such. Corolla 0. Staminal filaments 2, each inserted within a scale short erect filiform. Anthers smaU sub-t-angular. Female flowers in racemes 2-nate. Perianth proper (?) inferior very small squamose scales 4-6, orbi;

cular-subpeltate, affixed to pedicel

by a

disk,

exsei-ted.

Achene (dark coloured) somewhat

;

crenate at margin. Styles

simjjle.
2,

ovoidly compressed, enclosed in subbaccate 4, 5angled obpyramidal perigonium seed inserted

CoroUa 0. Germen ovate, subulate and patent stigmas acute

; ;

Drupe ovate
(r)

seed subrotund.

Spe-

near apex
equal

cotyledons of (immature) embryo

cies 2 arborescent (char, ex R.

and Pav.

Affi-

elliptical

plano-convex

radicle

very

nity perhaps

with Pseudosorocea, Sahagimia.

short. (Mia.).

aud

tiaurcsin.).

ULMAGE^.
clotlied
;

219

with calyx, indhiscent, 1-spermoiis; seed descending cotyledons of exalbuminous curved embryo rather thick, dorsally convex
;

radicle siibequal

scabrous pilose annual herb

incumbent ascending. An juice aqueous

; ;

erect (strong smelling)

;

leaves opposite and

;

alternate pahnatinerved, 5-9-sect.

stipules free, persistent

;

flowers

terminal and axillary to upper leaves

racemose loosely cymiferous

foliaceous,
stipuliferous,

female flowers condensed in

male inflorescence compound bracts linear the uppermost often compound cymes bracts in cymule
;
;

2-flowcred

bracteoles

of single

flowers

ovately lanceolate, with velvety glands

externally (consisting of

connate stipules, persistent around and

fruit).

finally longer

than enclosed

[Tenijj. Jsia.)

See

p. 162.

65.

Humulus
5
;

L.

Flowers
;

dicious (nearly of Cannahis); sta-

mens

filaments short

anthers erect.
etc., of

Female calyx gamophylinduviate;

lous persistent.

Germen,

Cannahis; style branches elongately

subulate

papuliferous

equal.

Fruit dry

embryo of

descending exalbuminous seed circinately involute.

rous) herbs
;

Perennial (odo;

branches herbaceous volubile scabrous

;

leaves opposite

petiolate, entire or oftener lobate

stipules interpetiolate wide, free

;

or conuate in pairs

male iuflorescences loose with lanceolate bracts

female condensed with cone-like bracts and large distinct stipules,

2-flowered
less
;

bracteoles closely surrounding single flowers,

;

more or

produced above, ovate or lanceolate

nearly

all

parts of the in-

florescence

glandules.

and flowers more or less sprinkled with yellow resinous [Temp. Europe and Asia.) See p. 165.

LI.

CASTANEACE^.
I.

BIECH SERIES.
it

It

is

not witli the Chestnuts, from which

since, that

received

its

name

more than a ceutury

Bttula pwnila.

we

shall

commence

the study of this

inasmuch as they represent a type with ovary and complicated by the presence of an involucre quite peculiar, but with the Birches^ (fig. 146-157), of which the gynsefamily,
inferior

superior and the flowers regular apeand monoecious. The males are often tetramerous, and the calyx may then, as in B. pumila- (fig. 146-150), be formed of four sepals. They are rarely equal in that case ; much more frequently the anterior is more developed than the three others, which are themselves unequal. These latter may even
is

cium

talous

disappear in great part or completely, as in

neighbouring species.
presented

The andrcium
cleft.^

is

re-

by

four elongate extrorse cells de-

hiscing by a longitudinal

According to
unilocular

certain authors, there are as

many

anthers

according to others (and this opinion

to be adopted) there

ought probably

are only

Fij . 146. Foliaccons

and

floriferous branch.

two anthers primarily superposed to two of the sepals, the anterior and posterior, the are quite separate, because cells of which these cells is supported by one of each of
Piodr. xvi. sect.
ii.

Bctula T. Inst. 588, t. 360. L. Gen. n. 1070. J. Gen. 409. G^ertn. Fruct. ii. 54, t. 90, fif,'. 2. Lamk. Diet. i. 452; Supp). i. 686; III. t. 760. TuKP. Diet. &c. Nat. Atl. t. 301. SrACH, Revis. Betulac. Ann. Se. Hat. sr. 2,

161.

H.
t. 11,

B.\.

liecheiehes

Oiganogniques

sit7-

les

Am-entoces [Oompt. Rend.

Assnc. FraiK;.. (1875), 756,

!)

12; Adans.

xii.

Biiffon, xi. 145. Nees, Geii. lasc. 4, t. 18. Endl. Gen. n. 1840 Suppl. iv. p. ii. 19. Payek, Hull. Sec. Hot. de Fr. v. 151 Fain. Xat. 161. Regel, Moiioffr. Betul. 9 DC.
XV. 182
;

Suit,

124. Reg. Prodi: 173. is flat, ellipsoid, somewhat triangular, with three small pores and large halos. (H. MoHL, Ami. Sc. .Nat. er. 2, iii. 312).
-

L. Miiiitiss.

The

pollen

CA8TANEACEM.
tlie

221

two branches of a filament which, simple

the letter

at its base, bifurcates

at a variable height like

Y^

The female

flowers

are

and composed only of a free gj'na>cium with a bilocular ovary,^ and surmounted by a style almost immediately divided into two long subulate branches, covered Avith sligmatic
destitute of perianth
ISctuhi pumila.

Fin

147. Triflorou3
scale (f).

male

Fis?. 148. Lonir. sect, of

triflorous

male

scale.

Fig. 149. Male flower.

Fig.

1.50.

Fruit

(f).

papilUe.

In each of the ovarian

is,

cells

(which

are, like

the styles,

anterior and posterior), there

in the

internal angle, a placenta

supporting a single^ descending anatropous ovule, with the micropyle

directed

upwards and outwards.* The fruit, flat and edged with two membranous wings perceptible on the ovary and rendering it samaroid, is dry ^ and indhiscent, interlocular and raonospermous by abortion of one of its seeds," whilst the other is fertile and encloses
under
its coats a fleshy embryo, straight and destitute of albumen, with superior radicle and cotyledons fleshy and nearly
flat.

Betula alba.

Fig. 152. Male catkins.

male

The

Birches are trees and shrubs

growing

in the cold

and temperate regions of both

worlds,'''

They

'

Admitting four stamens they have, in con-

vortical fascicle, itself surrounded cellular tissue,

by a disunited

sequence, been described as diadelphous.

' In reality unilocular and possessing primarily two parietal placenta; which unite near

forming part of the partition,

very thick below, of the pericarp. ^ Frequently there are two, but in that case

the centre of the cavity, one of them generally

one or the other

'

is

often sterile.
in general, except one

becoming more or less completely abortive. Very rarely two ovules correspond to one cell, only one of which is perfectly developed.
*
'

As

are the
of

BeUd

species

It

has a simple coat.

centre, the ovary
is

At the

traversed by a

which inhabits southern Those which, in much smaller Africa. (Reg.) number, are observed in tropical Asia and America, grow on high mountains.
AInus

222

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

have alternate simple leaves, dentate or entire, not persistent, with petioles accompanied at the base by two lateral caducous stipules. Young, they are plicate and equitant in the interior of a scaly bud.

The
Bttula alba.

flowers are generally monoe-

/Silts

'^
Fig. 154. Malo florifrrous
srale without flowers.
Fier.

and collected in unisexual catkins, which are solitary, or more rarely in clusters, to the number of two or four as in the
cious
^

Asiatic species constituting the

genus Betulastei\~
there

In the axil

of each scale of the male catkin,

is

a cyme, formed generally

of three flowers, a

two
153.

lateral,

Male

flowers.

lant

scale

median and rising from the axiland accompanied by

scales,

two secondary supported and

each
side.^
is

similarly

interior,

one on
cat-

In the female

kins, there
scale,
Fig. 156. Triflorous fe-

in the axil of each

accompanied also by four

male

cvine.

secondary scales, a biparous cyme

three- or more-flowered, often re-

duced

to

two

flowers.*

In the

fructiferous catkin, the principal

accrescent scales accompanied

by

the

secondary scales

embodied

with thera,^ are detached early

or persist for a longer or shorter
Fig. 151.

Young

foli-

aceous branch.

Fig. 157. Long. sect, of female flower \.

period on the axis of the catkin,

all

with the samara, which they completely conceal in

the Birches

'

Often, as in B. fruHcosa, the

a.\is

of a fe-

pules of the principal bract or scale.

to their late displacement they appear,
situation, to represent

Previous

male

thickens and its lower portion persists and ultim.ately developes into a branch which, the following year, bears leaves and flowers, the female catkins of which will likecatkin

from the
lateral

two

lateral bracteoles, the

axil of

which woiild be occupied by the

flowers of the inflorescence.

*

wise have a persistent base.

From

abortion of the terminal flower, not

Spach, Ann. Se. Nat. sr. 2, xv. 182, 198. Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. 20. ' They have often been considered as sti'

unfrequent in this genus.

So that the whole then appears a rigid

bract, trilobed above.

CASTAXEAGE.IS.
proper,! whilst they are shorter than the fruit in Bctidastcr.thirty species are admitted in the genns^ thiis limited.

as

Some

The Alders*

(Fig. 158-1()7) differ but little from the Birches with

which they were formerly united.

The flowers are

also monoecious

folia. Alinis cordi

Fig. 162. Biflorous female

floriferous scale.

Fia;.

15S. Foliaceous

branch

Fis

164.

Long.

sect,

of fruit.

and disposed
rarely,

in

catkins.

catkin, there are generally three flowers forming a

a single flower

In the axil of the scales of the male cyme, or, more and the secondary scales, rising with the
little developed, is formed and the stamens, equal in

flowers from the principal scale, are generally four in number, two

on each

side.

The perianth, sometimes but

of four folioles, free or united at the base,

'

2 '

Sect. Enhctula Reg. Prodr. Reg. Prodr. 179 (sect. 2).

162, sect.

I.

Don,
Vol/.

Prodr. Fl. Sep. 58

t.

Pot.

158.

SiEB.
3,

L. Spec. ed.
Spec.
iv.

2,

W.
39,

462.

Pall.

ii.

1193; Mantiss. 124.

Fl. Ross.
i.

Baier.

Ah.

iv.
ii.

Abth.
136.

Spach, Jacqium. Zucc. Abh. d. Keen. 228. MiQ. Ann. Mus.

et

60,

t.

Lugd.-Bat.
iii.

Gren.

et

Godr.

Fl. de Fr.

40. Ledbb.

Fl. JRoss.

iii.

649. MicHX.

Fl.

146.

Bor.-Amer.
2,

180. ii. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. 760.Trautv. et Mey. Middend. Pels. Fl. Oeh. 81. ScHRASK, Fl. Btiical. i. 421.Fk. Sumyn. Vej. Scand. i. 212. Bge. Fl. Alt. Stippl. Mm. Acad. Plersb. (1835), 506. Cham. Limia,
V.

330.

T. Inst. 587, t. 359. Lamk. Diet. i. Endl. Gen. n. Nees, Gen. iv. t. 19. Suppl. iv. p. ii. 20. Spach, Ann. Sc. 1841 Suit, Buffon, xi. 246. Nat. sr. 2, xv. 124, 203
>

Ahms
;

-Beg.
sect.
ii.

3tnn(iyr.

Betul.

73

DC. Prodr.

xvi.

537,

t.

6. W.tLL.

PI.

As. Enr.

ii.

7, t.

109.

180.

2U

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Earely the flower is 10-l.v!merous and 10-1 2-androus.^
^^
^j^g feoialc

number, are superposed to them.

Ai>,u8cordif,iia.

catldu, ordi-

narily shorter, naore rigid

than in the Birches, and

erect, there are

only two
the

flowers in the axil of each

of
.

the

thick

scales,

middle one being abortive.

lUO. Triflorous
tloriferous scale.

male

Fig. 161. Male fioviferoua scale, flowers removed.

The gynsecium

is

similar

and the fruit, dry and luonospermous, is wingless or surrounded by a membranous wing. The axillant scales there become woody. The Alders are trees and shrubs of the Ainiis giuthiosa. temperate and cold regions of both
to that of the Birches,

^j^T"^.

worlds in the northern hemisphere,

rare in South

America and south-

ern Africa.
Fig.
16.5.

Their organs of vege-

tation are analogous to those of the

Side riew of

male

floriferous scale.

Birches.

The

leaves are accom-

panied by lateral stipules.

flowei's are

The

sometimes develojDed at

the same time as the leaves, but more frequently earlier, and in this
Fig. 1G6. Male flower.

Fi

ir>7.

Compound

fruit.

case the females maj", as in the

species

constituting

the

genus

Jinaster,"

catkins are solitary,

emerge from buds bearing one or more leaves. Often the more rarely they are collected in clusters.
Alder are enumerated.*
Don,
with

About
'

fifteen species of
nitida.

In A.

Endl. and

iwpnloisis

membranous

wing.

4.

GymnotJn/ysu^

of which has been made the genus Clethiojisis (Sp.^ch, ^H. Sc. Nat. sr. 2, xv. 183, 201).

(Spach). Flowers precocious. Scales 3-florous.

Floral buds leafless.

Fruit wingless or with

Sfach, Aioi. Bnfun, xi. 244.

-

Sc. Nat. sr. 2, xv.

200

Suit.

coriaceous wing.
1

L. Spec. 1314 [Bctuh). GrM-RTS. Fruct.

t.

ii.

(.In

these

grounds

Regel

divides

the

54,

genus into 4 sections: 1. Clethropsis {Spach). Flowers developed at same time as leaves. Male scales uniflorous. Female flower 10-12Flowers pre2. Alnaster (Endl.). merous. Male catkins coming from 1-3-phylcocious. Scales 3-florou8. Fruit with lous buds.

Ait.

90 (.Brfwfc). Lamk. Diet.

Hurt.

i.

454 {Betula).

Kcw.

iii.

139

{Bcttila).

Ehrk.
xiv. 464,

Bcitr. 72 [Bitula).
t.

MiRB. Mm.

Mm.

membranous wing.
Flowers developed
Scales 3-florous.

334. H. B. K. Nov. Ge. et Spec. ii. 16. DC. Fl. Franc, iii. 304. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.', 58. Bono. Mm. Ptir.ib. sr 6, ii. 162. Nl'tt. Sijlv. Amer. Suppl.
Spec. iv.
i.

22. W.

3.

rhyllothyrsus (Spach).
leaves.

34,

t.
t.

10.

Tun. Fl. Nap. Prodr. 54

Sc.

Ico.

ii.

same time as Floral buds aphyllous.

at

340,

Fruit

SiEU. et Zucc.

99. DcNE. Ann.

Nat.

sr. 2, iv. 348.

iv.

Abh. Akad.

Miiiicli.

Abth.

CASTANEAOE^.
IL
amentaceous and

225

HAZEL
are

SEEIES.
i

lu most of the Ilasels or Nut-trees

(fig.

1G8-174), the flowers,

monoecious,

apetalous

and

regular.

The

Corylus AvcUana.

Fig. 171. Female

flower.

Fig. 168.

Male and

fe-

Fis

69.

Two-flowered
scale.

Fig. 170. Female flower

male

inflorescences.

female

surrounded by young
involucre.

numerous alternate scales, and within these are nearly always found two lateral scales supported with them.^ Near the point of union of these
male catkins, similar
to those

of the Birches^ bear

various appendages stamens are inserted,

most frequently

to

the

number of eioht,' formed each

3,

of a filament and a unilocular,* extrorse^

- They are notably wanting in Ostnjopsis They have been considered as lateral stipules

230. Tausch, J?for (1834), 520. PtEpp. ExDL. Nov. Gen. et Spec. t. 198, fig. Mia, Ann. Mas. Lugd.-Bal. ii. 137. A. Gray, Mail. ed. 5, 460. Bektol. Fl. Ital. x. 163. Leiieb. Fl. Ross. iii. 657. Eupr. Bull. Acad. Ptersb. (1857), 658. Gren. et Godk. Fl. de Ft:
et

with others they take tlie principal bracts the place of leaves (Dcell, Rhcin. Fl. 273 ; Zur
of
;

Erkl. Laubkii. Anient. 19,

'

flg. 6).

There are rarely more, often

flowers

less,

especially

iii.
1

148.
Cort/lus

in the

T. Inst. 581,
des.

t.

730. Adans. Fam.

410.
t.

PI.
;

ii.

347. L. Gen. n. 375. J. Geii.

iv.

These

may
;

near the top of the catkin. Deeven be only 2-androus.

-Lamk.

Diet. iv. 495

Suppl.

101

III.

CAisNE inadvertently describes Ostryopsis as 4-androus they often have as many stamens as
other species of Corylus.
*

780. GyERTN. Fntct. ii. 52, t. 89. Schkuhr, Haiidb. t. 305. TuRP. Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 302, 303. Nees, Gen. ii. 22. Spach, Suit. Biiffon,
xi.

thers
*

"Rather (theoretically) 4 stamens, the anand filaments being sometimes divided."

205.
t.

E.NDL. Gen. n. 1844.

;

441,

Der Baiim,

t.

163. A, DC.
Ass. Franc.
i.

Prodi: xvi.

Schacht, Lehrb. Payer, Fam. Nat. sect. ii. 129.- H. Bn.

4.
;

They

are extrorse, not with respect to the

axis of the inflorescence (for relatively to that the lower and interior are introrse), but with

Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Ixxvii. 61

(1872), 496,
t.

Compt. Rend.
:'Li.t.6.

respect to the centre of the flower.

9; Adnnsouiii,

VOL. VI.

15

2i6

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

by a longitudinal
cleft.^

anther, dehiscing

The female
(fig.

flowers are

disposed in a very short bud-like catkin

172), with alternate

and imbricate

bracts,

few in number.

In the axil of each of these

are found the flowers, arranged in pairs and surrounded each

Cori/lus Arellnna,

by an

involucre covered with hairs,

formed by the
deeply
cut

lateral second-

ary bract, here more or less

and

finally

sur-

rounding the

floral receptacle.

6/

The

latter

has the form of a

cavity the ad-

sac with narrow opening, en-

closing in

its

nate ovary surmounted

by a
very
sur-

small
short,

annular

calyx,

epigynous

and

rounding the base of a style

soon divided into two large subulate stigmatifcrous branches,
Fig. 172. Female inflorescence (f).

Fis

173. Young fruit, long. sect. ( j).

coloured red.^ In the inferior

ovary,^ there were originally

two two

parietal placentte uniting along the axis of the cavity to

cells,

form

each of which miglit bear two ovules

but ordinarily in

the adult flower, each cell contains only one descending anatropous
ovule,* with micropyle directed

upwards and outwards.^

is

The

fruit,

around which the secondary bract, forming the involucre, has taken
the form of a long green sac,

an achene the pericarp of which,

is

dry and indhiscent, unilocular and monosi)ermous,

of the hardened walls of the rcceptacular pouch
;

formed partly

it is

crowned with

the scars of the style and calyx.

The descending
under
its

seed, surrounded

by a
'

soft disconnected''' tissue, encloses

is

coats a large fleshy

According to H. Mohl. the pollen

similar

cell.

Very rarely the two persistent ovules are

to that of the Bduleie.

Its spherical granules

open by three pores (Hass. Ann. and Marj. Nnt.

Hist. ix. 6.56).
^

It is the only portion of the female flower

which exists at the pei-iod of floration. Not formed till much later, near the middle
''

foimd inserted on different placenta; and yet correspond to one and the same cell. * They have only one envelope. * It is often dispermous but one of the seeds is sometimes reduced to small dimensions. 7 This tissue, originally white and firm, but
;

of spring.
''

Strictly there

may

he four ovules, two on

which becomes thin and brown in the ripe fruit, traversed by a central vertical fascicle,
not developed in the cavity of the cell of it occupies the upper part, it is a hypertrophiate layer of the pericarp itself, i.e. of the
is

arrested in their development.

each placenta, two of which are sooner or later The two ovules
;

which

which remain may belong to the same placenta but more frequently they are inserted on separate placentiB, and correspond each to a different

floral receptacle.

CA8TANEA0EM.
rectilineal

227

embryo, with thick and oily plano-convex cotyledons and

a short superior radicle.

foliaceous involucre
is

There

are

some

Ilasels

in

which the
;

much elongated in a tube beyond the fruit they have been named Tuho-Aocllana } and others in which the
is

edges of the large involucre

divided into ramified spinous teeth

;

resembling
chlamys."^

the

prickles of
C.

the Chestnuts

these

form Acantho-

Others again, as

Davidiana

(fig.

174), a species

from the
bract,

north-east of Asia, have a small fruit, surroTinded, besides the sacci-

form membranous involucre,

accrescent and cleft within
;

by a rather large
the

exterior
^

of these the genus Ostrijopsis

has been
eight

formed.

Thus

constituted,

genus

Corylus

comprises

species,^ natives of the

temperate northern regions of both worlds.

or

They
lateral

are

small trees

shrubs having alternate,

its

penninerved,"
base with two

dentate

leaves,

with a petiole accompanied at

caducous stipules.
of the branches

The male catkins

are
Corylui Davidiana.

solitary, pendent, or disposed in ckisters

on the
cat-

wood
kins,

where they are developed

in winter before the leaves.

The female

much

shorter,

appear somewhat later on

Fig. 174. Tetrandrous male
floriferous scale (^).
,

the branches of the preceding year, but likewise , ! n betore the leaves, and are at first nearly sessile.

in,,,
which

I.

Their very short support

of the fruit,
is

is

a branch which, during the maturation

lengthened and finally presents, under the achenes

it,

tei'minate

generally few in

number

often in pairs, several

alternate leaves similar to those of the other branches.

Beside Corylus are placed the Hornbeams^'' the flowers of which

'

Spach, Ann. Spach,

Sc.

Nat.

sr.

2, xvi.

106, sect.

Cult.
I).

Pfl. Deutsclil. 217,

iv.

2. A. DC.
= '

Prodi: 133,
loc. cit.

} 2.

Obslkunde,
iii.

29.

t. 15-17. Dochmahl, Gren. et Gode. Fl. de

108. A. DC. Prodi:

Avellana (Bauh.

129.

Fr.
'

119.

DcNE.

Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr. xx. 155. r

'

Spach).

In the bud they are folded longitudinally,

nervure, and
conse-

following the principal

CoKYLVS J
sect. 4.
I

Tnho- Avellana (Spach).

Ostryopsis (Dcne.).

quently look sidewise to the branch bearing them.

? Carpinus T. Inst. 582, t. 348. L. Gen. n. 1073. J. Gen. 409. G^-ERTN. Fruct. ii. 52, t. 89. Lamk. Diet. i. 707 Suppl. ii. 202 III. t. 780. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 304. Spach, Suit, Biiffun, xi. 219; Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 2, xvi. 248. Nees, Gen. ii. 20. Endl. Gen. n. 1843. Dll, Zur Erlclaer. Laubkn. Anient. 15, fig. 13, 14. ScHACHT, Lehrb. ii. 440; DerBaum,t.i, Payer, Fam. Nat. 164. fig. 1-9. A. DC,
; ;

t
*

'

Acanthochlamijs (Spach).
i.

270 [Avellana). Cixs. Mist. 11 [Ai:ellana].~L. Eort. Cliff. 448; Spec.

J.

Bauh. Hid.

1417.

Ait. Rort. Kew.

iii.

364.

Duham. Arh:
Carol.

d Nouv. iv. 20. Walt. PI. MiCHX. Fl. Bor.-Amer. ii. 201.

236. Tkautv. Ic.

Reichb.
77,
t.

Ross.

i.

10,

t.

4. Fisch.

Flora (1834), Beibl. 24.

636-638. Wall. PL Ass. Par. i. Vegi. Amur. 489. Benth. PI. Uartweg. n. 1960. A. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 456. Chapm. Ft. S. Unit. St. 425. Haut. Forst.
Ic.

87. Reo.

Prodr. xvi. sect.

ii.

125.

152

228

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

nearly the

are

same,

equally

monoecious,
to

prccocioiis,

and amen-

taceous.

The stamens number from three

(fig.

twenty in the axil of

cell,

the bracts of the male catkin

175) and are formed of a free

slender filament, bifurcate as T, and an extrorse anther and

surmounting each of the branches, longitudinally dehiscent.^

Carpinus Beiiilus.

In

Fig. 17G.

Female flowering Lranch.

Fig. 179. Fructiferous branch.

the female catkin long and slender

bracts correspond to two flowers

(fig.

170), the alternate caducous

(fig.

177, 178)

which occupy each

the axil of a lateral bract.

This, unlike that of the Hazels., persisting

and growing beside the fruit, does not completely envelope it and remains foliaccous, rigid, trilobed" (fig. 179, 180). The ovary,

surmounted by a small dentate calj'x and a the Nuts, has the same organization and is cells by two placent at first parietal, each
The summit is ordinarily surmounted by a The pollen is similar to that of
Mohl).
is

style similar to that of

finally divided into

two

also bearing

one or two

'

(SiEii. et

Zucc. F/.

.Tap.

tuft of hairs.
Conjlus, (H.
"^

A. DC. Piodr.

127),

Fam. Nat. ii. 102. and which appears

t.

to us

The same

the case in C. japnnica Bl. cori.

data Bl. laxiflora Bl. {Mus. Lngd. Bat.

of which has hccTi

308),

ought to form only a section (with s\iblobate fruit) of the genus Carpinus. A kind of small roundish ligule is seen within the secondary
bracts.

made

the genus Disteffnearpus

CASTANEACE.H.
ovules similar to those of Corijlus.
in

'^^11

The

fruit is the

same, though
salient

general

smaller

and

less
'

hard,

traversed

by

vertical

nervures.
Ostrija""

In Carpinus

Ostrija

and

virginiana^"- of

which the genus

has been formed, the lateral bract, foliaceous like that of the Hornbeams proper, surrounds the ovary, then the fruit, with a
sort of

membranous
which
all

conical sac, closed, finally covered with very

easily penetrate the skin.

fine rigid hairs

these species,
heams,

In this respect, which are those of the Ilornthe other characters of

us,

and which, with

will

constitute only a

section of this genus, serve as intermediaries between

Corylus and other

species

of

Carpinus.

There are

Caiphtus Bctnhis.

I'ig. 177.

Female

flori-

Fig. ISO. Fruit.

Fig. 175. Male floriferous

ecale (f).

ferous scale.

Fig. 17S. Female flower (L2).

about ten species* of Hornbeams inhabiting the temperate regions of both worlds. They are trees or shrubs, with alternate, pcnninerved,

doubly serrate leaves, folded in the bud according to the secondary nervures,^ accompanied at the base with two lateral caducous
stipules.*'

The male
(fig.

catkins are lateral

and the female terminal.

At the period
and racemiform
'

of fructification, these latter are elongate, pendent

176).
European
plants).

L. Spec. 1417 (as regards

Mas. Lugd.-Bat.

'^

Lamk.

Lict.

i.

700, n. i.

457. Chap.m.

MicHELi, Gen. 223, t. 104. Nees Gai. i. t. Spach, Suit, Buffun, xi. 215 Ann. Sc. A'at. sr. 2, xvi. 243. Endl. Gen. n. 1842
'

13.

Man. ed. 5, 425. Grex. et GoDR. Fl. de Fi: iii. 120. Walp. Ann. iii. 379. * With some authors (A. DC. Prodi: 124) a
i.

121.

A. Gray,
St.

Fl.

S.

Unit.

Suppl.
124.
<

iv. p.

ii.

22. A. DC.

Frodr. xvi. p.

2,

character of a tribe of Carpine of the family of on the prefoliation see Zucc. Char. Coryluccic
;

Hoizi/etv.

t.

2.

Henry,

Act. Nat. Cur. xxii. p.

L. Spec. 1416. Ledeb. F/. Eoss.

iii.

580.

). t.

29.

Walt.

Fl. Carol. 236. Lindl. Wall. PI. A". Ear. ii. 4, t. 106. Reichb. 2e. t. 633-635. Scop. Fl. Carniol. (ed. 1772), n. 1190, t. 60.
t.

6 On the supernumerary germination of Carpinus Bitnlus, see Viaud-Graxdmauais, Bull

Sic. Bol. de Fr. vii. 839.

W.vrs. Bendi:

143

(Ostri/a),

157. Mia. Ann.

2M0

NATURAL IHSTORY OF PLANTS.

111.

OAK
(fig.

SEEIES.

181-188) are monoecious and arranged in spikes. Those bearing male flowers (fig. 181, 183) have a slender axis, often pendent, and alternate bracts, in the axil of

The

flotv^ers

of the

Oaks'^

Querciis Kobur.

Fig. 188. Seed.

Fjo;. 181.

Floriferous branch.

Fig. 186. Long. sect, of female flower.

which are the flowers, solitary or collected in glomerules. They are often pentamerous but the calyx may have a smaller number of divisions, generally united below, or a greater number,^ and they The andrcium is often are imbricate or valvate in prefloration. formed of stamens equal in number and superposed to the sepals ; but an equal number, or less, of alternate stamens. Finally, the number of pieces of the andrcium may descend to three or four or
;

Quercus T. Inst. 582, t. 349. L. Gen. (ed. 726. J. Gen. 410, 452. G.ertn. Fruct. i. t. 37. Lamk. Bid. i. 715 Suppl. ii. 209 III. t. 779. ScHKUHR, Handb.t. 301,302. NEES,Ge. 23. Spach, tSuit. Btiffon, xi. 145. Endl. ii.
1

Nat. 164. A.

DC.

Seem. Journ. Bot. (1863), 182

1),

Ann.
ii.

Sc.

Nat.

sr. 4, xviii.
t.

49

Frodr. xvi. sect,

Inst.

2. Ilex

T. Inst. 583,

350, Swier T.
;

Syndris Lindl. Introd. (ed. 2), 441. Zitkocarpus Bh. Bijdr. 526 Fl. Jav. fasc. 13, 34,
584.
t.

Gen. n. 1845
Meitr.
i.

Suppl.
3
;

iv. p.
t.

ii.

24. Schacht,
Paeb,
lim.

20. Endl.
-

Gen. n. 1846.

36,

t.

Der Baiim,

3.

To a

dozen.

OASTANEACEJS.
rise to fifteen.

2.T1

All are formed of a free slender filament, inserted in

the centre of a floral receptacle, rarely under a rudimentary gyna3-

cium,

and of an exserted, bilocular, extrorse anther, dehiscing by

two longitudinal clefts. ^ The female catkin (fig. 184) is ordinarily They thicker, more rigid and bearing a smaller number of flowers." a neck more or less elongate, and have a gourd-like receptacle, with
the cavity of which entirely shelters the inferior ovary
Qucrciis Eobur.

(fig.

185, 18G),

Fis;. lS-1.

Female

inflorescence.

Fig. 183.

Male

inflorescence.

187. Fruit.

whilst

its

superior opening bears a calyx often having six

series,

divisions

more rarely a lower or higher number.* imbricate in two The ovary is surmounted by a style with three branches of variable form,^ often thickened, dilated and obtuse at their stigmatiferous It encloses three ^ cells, more or extremity, entire or slightly lobed. less incomplete, either above or below, containing each two collateral, descending ovules, more or less completely anatropous, with micropyle exterior and superior.''' The ovary is, at its base, surrounded to a variable height by a cupule entirely covered externally
with bractlike prominences of very variable dimensions (fig. 185, 186), not unfrequently nearly smooth or traversed by folds or wrinkles
nearly horizontal or oblique.*

This cupule persists thickening and

hardening around the fruit

(fig.

187) which

it

may even

completely

'

The

pollen

is

" round

threefold

in water
Sc.

three linear hands" (H.

sr. 2,
'
iii.

Mohl, Ann.

Nat.

one or more sterile or fertile stamens, either within or without the perianth
*

312).

Rarely linear, erect

(see p. 233).

Not unfrequently two

or even a single one.

' ^

Sometimes two or

four.

'

From

four to nine.

Here and there are abnormal flowers with

With douhle coat. The morphological

signification

of this

23-2

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

is

an achene, the acorn, inserted by a large, scarlike surface at the bottom of its cupule, from which finally it generally separates,^ and surmounted by the remains of the superior calyx
envelope,^ and which
=^

and
seed

styles.
(fig.

Ordinarily

it

encloses only a single fertile descending

188), accompanied, at a very variable point of its height,* by five other seeds, small and sterile, and containing under its coats
a large fleshy embryo, destitute of albumen, with thick plano-convex

cotyledons, sometimes smooth and sometimes

more

or less wrinkled

or ruminated externally, and a short superior radicle, partly or entirely concealed

by the prolonged base of the cotyledons.

northern hemisphere, both old and

There are

Oalcs in all parts of the

new

world, and some inhabit tropical regions.

They

are trees, i-arely

of low elevation, witli alternate leaves persistent or falling in winter,

accompanied by two
prefloration,

lateral

caducous stipules.

The limb ^

is

penni-

nerved, entire or more or less deeply cut, longitudinally plicate in

and at first enveloped in buds with imbricate scales, formed by the stipules'' (fig. 182). The inflorescences, ordinarily unisexual, sometimes have female flowers at the base and males in The male catkins, their upper portion, -which are early detached.
pendent or
erect, rise

from the axil of the

inferior leaves of the

at this level,
cat-

young brandies

or of the bracts

which replace them

oftener from lateral aphyllous or few-leaved buds.

The female

cupule, formerly considered as formed of tracts

united together to a variable height, has been

a character noted by Michaux, in his Jffi^toire des Chnes, in 1801, and which has served to
distinguish certain species.

much

discussed.

It is

now

pretty weJl agreed

The

biennial

ma-

body of the cupule itsolf, which Sciiacht calls a disk and Payer a We may, however, hesifold of the peduncle. tate as to the natui'e of the prominences it bears and which often, by their form and anatomic
as to the axile nature of the
structure,
closely

turing
''

is,

perhaps, owing to defect of fecunda-

tion in the first year.

Sometimes near the base, as in Q. Mobur, sometimes between the base and the middle, as in Q. fiubcr, more frequently near the summit,
{A.

appro.ximate

to

foliaceous

DC.

JSil/liolk.

Univ. Gen. (Oct. 1862); Ann.

organs, but which,

by the same characters (the vahie of which is insignificant), and also by their tardy appearance on the body itself of

&'. Nat. sr. 4, xviii. 49.).

^ When young, like many other parts, it is covered with stellate or fasciculate hairs, with some solitary, or ordinarily caducous, or eou-

the cupulc,
jirickles.
'

may

appear equally comparable

in

to

tracted in iidult age

A DC.)
.

There are species

which

it

divides supe-

Dll, Zur
;

Erklaer.
ii.

d.

Lanhhi. Anient.

riorly at maturity.
-

(1848)
its

Fl.

Bad.
t.

(on the morphological chaYli.'sv.\,Nin\Act.Nat.Cur.

To which
The

it

sometimes adheres in

lower

racterof thecupulo).
xxii. p.
i.

part.

337,

22.

H. Mhl [Morphol. UnterC'assel, in-4)

matured sometimes in the year a long repose, in the following ye.ar. (J. Gay, Bitll. Hoc. Bot.de Fr. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 4, vi. 223) (1857), 445, 501
'

fruit is

xitch. ueb. d.

Eiche (1862),
in

has es-

and sometimes,

after

tablishcd the disposition of the bracts of the

bud and the leaves

our indigenous species, the

etc.

nervation of the leaves,

CASTANEACE^E.
kins terminated by a flower or by a small

233

number

of

abortive

flowers, sjiring from the axils of the superior leaves or terminal buds.

In

this genus, for

more than an

age, a

number

of sjsecies have been

it

described, doubtless too large, viz.,^

more than four hundred f

may

be reduced by about one-third.

The Oaks can

nuts'^
(fig.

scarcely be distinguished generically from the Chest-

189-198), trees of the same countries, the monoecious

flowers of which are collected in slender and elongate catkins.

catkins
^

The

which

sj)ring
it

from the axils of the lower leaves are composed

into six sections
iv.
:

M. A. Candolle divides
;

Walt.
396.

Fl. Carol.

234. W.
Kew.
Cliiit.
iii.

in Act.

Berol.

iii.

1.

Lepidobalanus (Endl. Gen. Suppl.

p.

ii.

Ait. Hort.

24

Mvbttr^ Cerroides^ Erythrhnlanos^ Galiifera,

Mini. Hist. Nat.

Secondt, (1785). MicHx. Eist.

356.

Sober, Coccifcrn

Esculus, Ilex J.

Spach, Suit, Biiffon, xi. 1-48 Gay). Cupule open, superior,

;

Nat.
Jiner.

Clin.
ii.

Amer.

(1801).

MicHX.

p.
ii.

Arbr.
319.

Bosc.

Journ.

Hist. Nat.

covered with imbricate scales.

JIale

flowers

Ten.

Cat.

without rudimentary gyncium, with hairs internally. Catkins slender. Male calyx often ir2. Androgyne (A. DC. Not. Nouv. Car. 9; Prodr. 81; Lepidobalanus Endl. (part.). Cupule and male fl. as in preced. sect. Gyncium rud. 0. Divisions of style (3-6) linear, Female flower spikes axillary basidivergent. Matular, with caducous male flowers at top. ration biennial (Q. densijlnra HooK. and Arn.). Ann. Mm. 3. Pusiinia (MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. 480

^qiein. 24,

Hort. Nap. 1819), 65. H. B. Plant, t. 75-96. Bl. Bijdr. 618 Fl. Jav.
;

faso. 13, 14(ft(/;///.),t.

regular.

Mm.

Lugd.-Bat

i.

296.

I. l<,20 {Lithocarpus); Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal.

113
;

57. EoxB.Zfori;. Beng.

Lour.
Fl. Cochinch.

Fl. Ind.

(ed. 1790),

iii. 634. 571. S.m. Pees

;

Cyclop, n. 20, 23.

Icon. t.380,

Hook. Fl. Bor.-Amer. ii. 159 403. Grss. Fl. Sic. ii. 604. Brexd.
52.

4
;

Lugd.-Bat.

Benth. PI. Endl. (part.) Bone/k. 320). Cupule as in preced. sect. Gyncium rud. globular in male flower. Male caly.x regular. Andrcecium diplostemonous. Catkins erect three bracts under flower or glomerules.
;

Lepidobalanus

i.

108

A. DC. Not. Nouv. Car.

Liebm. Fgesl. 12. Bonplauet Gal. Bull. Brux. x. Cham, et Schltl, L-.nna (1830), 78. n. 3. Benth. PI. Hartweg. 55, 90, 348 Fl. Hongk.
Trees of Illin. 20.
iii.

dia,

38,

Mart,

4.

Ci/clobalantis

(Endl.
i.

loe. cit.

Gyrolecana
super.,

Bl.

Mm.

Lngd.-Bat.

299.

Cupule open

covered externally with circular wrinkles, concentric or subspiral, or with folds entire or dentilate.

Gyncium

rud, in

male fl. 5. Chlamyp.

i.

dobalantis

(Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. Castaneopsis Bl Mus. Lugd.-Bat.

ii.

28

Don);
loping

228 (not

Enclei.iocarpon MiQ.).

Cupule enve-

all the glands, often unequally divided, covered with saUent verticillate and concentric Gynaicium rud. in diplostemonous male folds.
fl.

Hook, and Arn. Beech. Vog. Bot. 394. Wangenh. Amer. 78. ToRR. Sitgrave. Exp. Zuni, 173, t. 19. A. Gray, Bot. Mm. 406; Man. ed. 6, 450. Chapm. Fl. S. Unit. St. 420. A. Rich. Fl. Cub. t. 73. Nees, Kn. et Sim.i Anil. Bot. ii. 100. Kellog, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 36. C. Gay, Fl. C/iil. v. 396. Seem. Voy. Herald. Bot. 251, 333. KoRTH. Ver/i. Nat.' Gesch. Bot. 208. Miq. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 844. Hance, Hook. Journ. (1849), 176 Anv. Sc. Nat. Bge, Ennm. 61. Jaub. et ser. 4, xviii. 229. Spach, III. PI. Or. i. 108, t. 54-58. Fisch. et Mey. Hohen. Entim. Talyscli. 29. C. A. Mey. Kotschy, Elch. Europ. Verz. Pfl. Cauc. 44.
321.

iind

Or.

(1858-62). Stev.
i.

Verz.

307.

C. Koch, Liuna,xxu. 319, 328.

59,
t.

Tour. Halb.

Lindl.

Spikes unisexual or androgynous with female

Paxt. Fl. Gard.

flower inferior.
Fl.

6.

Litkocarpus (Bl. Bijdr. 526

t.

Jav.

Ciipul.

34,

20

Miq. Ann.

Mm.

i. 106, 108; A. DC. Prodr. 104, Cupule thick coriaceous with external oblique not numerous wrinkles or folds, infe-

Lugd.-Bat.
sect. 6.

37. Piech, Enum. PL Cypr. 12. -Webb, It. Hisp. 10. Santi, Viag. Carruth. Journ. Linn. Soe. Tusc. i. 156, t. 3. vi. 32. Gren. et Godr. Fl.deFr. iii. 115.
3

Castanea T. Inst.
i.

584,

t.

352.

G.ertn.

riorly united within to the gland, which, to a

smaller extent,

is

free above.

Fruit osseous.
as in sects. 4

Male flower and

and
-

inflorescence,

6.

37. Lamk. i)irf. i. 708; Suppl. ii. 203 111. t. 782, fig. 1. Turp. Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 304, 305. Nees, Gen. ii. 25. Spach, Suit, Biiffon, xi, 186. Endl. Gen. n. 1848; Suppl. iv. p. ii 29. A. DC. Pr^dr. xvi. sect. ii.
Fruct.
181,
t.
;

h.

Spcr.

1412.

TuiNE.

Fl.

J.ip.

175.

113.

234

NATURAL inSTORY OF PLANTS.

;

only of male flowers

those from the upper axils arc androgynous, with female flowers in the axil of their inferior bracts, and higher
'

Castanea l'ulgar.

Fig. 189. rioriferous branch.

Fig. 197. Lateral achene.

Fig. 198. Long. sect, of achene.

than the males, often arrested in their development. The flowers of the two sexes are united in glomerules, sometimes reduced to one
flower.
sepals,

In the male flower, very analogous to that of the Oaks, the generally six in number, imbricate in two series, surround a

diplostemonous or triplostemonous andrcium.

The stamens have

flowers.

'

These bracts are ordinarily larger and thicker than those of the male

CASTANEACE^.
free exserted filament

235

aud a small bilocular extrorse anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. In the female glomerules, surrounded by a common involucre, covered with bracts and prickles,* there are
at adult

age one, or oftener three

fertile flowers,'^

the receptacle of

Castanea vulgaris.

Fig. 193.

Female flower

(1).

Fig. 191. Androgynous

inflorescence.

Fig. 194. Long. sect, of

female flower.

which has the form of an elongated gourd. Its cavity is filled by the ovary, whilst its margins support six biscriate and imbricate sepals and a variable number^ of sterile epigynous stamens.* The ovary is surmounted by six simple stylary branches, stigmatiferous above and within, corresponding to an equal number of incomplete

aud biovulate

cells.^

The
is

collateral ovules'

arc descending.

more
somemore

or less completely anatropous, with micropyle superior and exterior.'^

The

fruit (fig.

195-198)

an achene crowned with a

example, three large and
interior.

scar,

' The bracts are those of the inflorescence in a biparous cyme and are displaced at adult age. The prickles are of the same nature as the

three small

scales
;

on the upper portion of the cupule of the Oaks and it is absolutely necessary to distinguish these two kinds of organs one from the
other.
- D.

< Here and there they become fertile. When even they are destitute of pollen, the filament and anther are ordinarily distinct at adult age. * The elements of the gynsecium appear also

to belong to
C.

two

dififorent verticil.?,

and there

vulgaris (vesca), there

to

are

at

first

are often three interior carpels, rather smaller

seven flowers belonging

generations
;

three successive

but those of the third generation early become abortive. They are sometimes developed just at the end and may then be males.
3

than the exterior with which they alternate. 8 Their appearance is late, as in the Betule,
the Cnrylirc and the Oaks.
7

Their coat
t.

is

double

(J.G.

Ac. Theor.

They may

equal the sepals in

number and
there arc, for

Syst. Plant,

13, fig. 10, 11).

in that case belong to

two

series

230

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

times with the romains of the perianth and styles, aud inserted, to
the

number

of one to three,

by

a large basilar surface, in the interior

of a closed globular accrescent involucre, covered externally with

bracts,

which are seen

in the female inflorescence, and, besides,

with

rigid prickles, simple or ramified at the summit,^ primarily disposed

, ,
.

over
areas,

four

equidistant
at
first

having

nearly

the form of
triangle

an

isosceles

with

superior apex and sepa-

rated from each other, at

by groups of bracts which finally conceal them at maturity.

their bases,

At
Fig. 192. Female

maturity, the involu-

Fig. 195.

CompoimJ

fruit.

cre opens above in four

glomerule

(f).

panuels

and allows the

achenes to escape.

Each

of these contains one fertile seed,^ the

embryo

(fig.

198) of which, destitute of albumen, has thick farina-

ceous cotyledons, externally waved or ruminant, sometimes deejly,

and a superior radicle concealing the base of the cotyledons. The There are Chestnuts proper arc trees of the northern hemisphere. probably only two species,^ one American, the other, with numerous forms and variations, spread over the temperate regions of North
America, Asia,
principal
Africa,

and Europe.

The

leaves,

caducous,

are

alternate,* penninerved, dentate, plicate in vernation according to the

and

lateral nervures,^

accompanied at the base of the petiole

by two

lateral stipules

which

fall early.

But

it

appears impossible

The lower division, longer than the others, has been considered as representing a modified
leaf (A.

Wangenh. Nordam. Holz. t. 47. Catebb. Carol. 1, t. 9. Ell. A Sketch, ii. 614. Nutt. Gen. ii.
217. A. Gray,
Ma>i. d.
5,

DC. Prodr. 114) in the axil of which should he placed the others shorter and variable
in
2

&. Uni'. St. 424.

-BoE Ennm.
i.

454. Chapm. Fl. n. 347, 349.

number. Accompanied near the summit by from two to twelve other seeds sterile and rudimentary, of which one or two here and there may become fertile.
3

Bl. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.

^7.

285.

SiEB.

et

Jap. Fam. n. 189,

319.

Mia.
et

710. Benth.

Fl.
i.

Zucc. Hongk.

Gken.

Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. GoDB. Fl. de Fr. iii. 115.

121.

L.

.S>(!c.

1416

(_Ffl(7!(.s).

Thune.
2,

Fl. Jap.
iii.

* Disposed according to the fraction |, or sometimes distichous (liLL, Fl. Bad. ii. 542). 5

195 {Fagiis).D\-HKHi. Arhr. d.

66,

t.

Henuy,

19. Loi'D. Arbr. 912, f. 1707, 1708. Rafin. MicHX. Arbr. Amer. i. 166, t. 7. A'. Hijlv. 82.

DcELL,
fig. 21.

N. Act. Nat. Cur. xxii. p.

d.

i.

t.

28.

Zur Frklmr.

Laubkn. Anient. 25,

CASTANEAOE^.
to

237

sopnrate from this genus, otherwise than as a section, C. cliryspecies,

and a certain number of species of tropical and subtropical Asia, such as C. indica^ javanica^ and about ten others,'- of which the genus Castanopsis^ has been made, and
sophylla,^ a Californian

which, intimately connecting the Oalcs and the true Chestnuts^ differ only from the latter in the number of cells in their ovary, reduced

Sometimes the involucre of the fruit, dehiscent or indhiscent, is covered with numerous crowded prickles, inserted appareutl}', and somein the adult stage, over the entire extent of its surface
to three.
;

times, as in C. smnatrana, type of a genus Callocarpus,'^ the prickles

are conical and spread regularly over three prominent surfaces or

form horizontal or oblique series. In these species the leaves are sometimes entire and sometimes dentate. Thus constituted,^ the
genus Castanea comprises seventeen or eighteen species.^ The Beeches'' (fig. 199-206) were formerly included in the same

The genus as the Chestnuts. They have their monoecious flowers.* males are formed of a gamosepalous subcampanulate calyx, divided above into a number of lobes varying from four to nine, and of an
equally variable

number

(six to eight) of stamens, with a free slender

exserted filament in the centre of the flower, and a bilocular extrorse

anther dehiscing by two longitudinal

clefts.^

The female

flowers, in

number from one

to thi-ee, are enclosed in a

common

four-lobed

involucre covered externally with projections of very variable form,

sometimes foliaceous, sometimes representing superposed layers more

or less deeply cut, or again, as in our

common

beech, having the

tlie

appearance of long and slightly rigid prickles, at least in

'

upper

Hook. Jotim. of
t.

Bot.

(1843),

496

Bot.

Mni).
-

4953.
sect.
ii.

Forming the
sect.

Eucastanopsis

A. DC.

(PiWc. xvi.
3

109).

Don, Prodr.

Bl.).

Spach,
;

Ft. Nepal. 56 {Quercus sect, not

Suit, Buffun, xi. 185.

;

A. DC.
Inc. cit.
i.

Seem. Jour, of Bot. (1863), 128

*

Prodr.

MiQ.

PI. Jungh.

i.

13

FI. Ind.-Bnt.
i.

868.

III. t. 782. G.ertn. Fnict. i. 182, t. 37. Nees, Ge. ii. 24. Mikb. Mm. Mus. xiv. t. 23-26. Spach, Suit, Buffon, xi. 194. Endl. Gen. n. 1847; Suppl. iv. p. ii. 29. Pater, Fam. Kat. 165. A. DC. Prodr. xvi. sect. ii. Calusparassiis HoMBR. et. Jacouin. Voy. 117. au Pole Slid. Bot. Phanr. t. 6 2, 7 F, 8 V. Calucechinus HoMBR. et Jacquin. loc. cit. t. 6 0,

49

(part.)

Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.

'

118. A. DC.

7 Z, 8 n.Not!wfctffus

Bh. Mm. Ltiffd.-Bat.

i.

306.

Prodr. 112.
*

Encastanea.
C'asianopsis

Ca.taxea
sect. 3.
s

(.

"

(Don).

Lnphozonia Turcz. Bull. Mosc. (1858), i. s Here and there they are hermaphrodite, with some epigynous stamens, sterile or fertile
(Schinzl.
^
.Boil.

Caltecocarpus {JiliQ.).

2ii<. (1850), t. 745, t. 8, fig. 1).

n.

See p. 233, note 3. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 643. Bl. i?i/'rfr. 52.5 Fl. lav. i2,t. 22. " Fagui T. Inst. 584, t. 351. L. Gen. (ed. 1),
;

According to H.
iii.

Mohl
is

{Ann. Sc. Nat. ser.

2,

312),

the pollen

"spherical; three

728

(part.).

Lamk.

Diet.

iii.

125

Suppl.

iii.

narrow bands, with large umhilica surrounded by a narrow halo. Fagus sykatica."

238

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

dorsal portion and the margins of the lobes of the involucre, for

towards the base

flower
is

we

find

more

or less foliaceous

bracts.^

Each
cells

composed of an

inferior, triangular ovary,

with three

Farjus stjlvatica.

Fig. 200. Male flower [\)

Fig. U)9. Male floriferous branch.

Fig. 201. Long. sect, of male flower.

Fig. 202.

Female

flower.

204. Young fruit in involucre.

Fig. 203. Long. sect, of female flower.

separated by thick partitions,^ from the internal angle of which ^ de-

scend two collateral anatropous ovules, with

micropyle

directed

upwards and outwards/

into three

The

style is divided, nearly from its base,

simple

elongate

slender

(fig.

20.2,

203),

or

oftener

short and thick"

(fig.

205, 206) branches,* covered within and above

'

tain abnormal involucres of the

-

Transforaied even into small leaves on cercommon Beech.

Their transverse section has the form of an with apex interior. When this thickened angle separates, at a certain age, from the rest of the partitions, the placenta appears almost centrally free.
isosceles triangle
''

With double envelope. In those of the species of the sect. Evfagus (A. DC. Trodr. 118 ,Fagus^-L. Mm. Lugd.-Bat.
'
i.

306)

which inhabit the northern hemisphere

notably in our
'

common

Beech.

In the species of the same section which belong to the southern hemisphere.

OASTANEACEM.
with stigmatic
the
fruit.

a39

papillae.

It is surroiinded

biseriate, imbricate folioles,

ordinarily

by a superior calyx of six persistent to the summit of

Fitffus hetuloides.

The

latter

is

dry,

tri-

angular, with the angles often pro-

duced

to

narrow rigid

vertical wings.

It is enclosed either alone or with

two
with

or tliree others, in an accrescent,

woody
form

involucre, covered externally

projections

variable

in

size,

and consistence, and

its

finally

opening in

upper part by four

vertical clefts.

In each achene is found one seed the embryo of which,

'

destitute of albumen, has a superior

radicle, partly covered

by the base

Fig. 20.j. Female flower (;).

Fig. 206. Long. sect, of female

flower.

of

the cotyledons,'^ mostly fleshy, often

folded back upon
themselves.

The Beeches

are trees or shrubs

growing

in the temperate or nearly cold regions of both hemispheres.*

Some attain great dimensions and resemble, in this respect, our common Beech whilst those which in great number inhabit the
;

cold regions of the western coast of the most southern parts of South

America are often, in all their parts, reduced to the humblest dimensions. The leaves are alternate, caducous^ or persistent, penninerved, generally dentate, convex in the bud and often plicate along the lateral nervures,'' and accompanied by two lateral caducous stipules. The flowers are precocious, generally axillary, sometimes solitary and sometimes grouped at the summit of a common peduncle, in a Some fifteen species have been sort of capitule or short spike.
described.^
'

Accompanied by abortive seeds. Epigeous, foliacoous, in germination.

DuHAM. Arbr.
Arb>. Amer.
303.
ii.

ed. 74,

2,

ii.

80,

t.

24.

Michx.
t.

ii.

t. 9.

Schki'HR, Handb.

'

They

are probably flat in

many

small-leaved
(J.

Loud. Encjcl.
t.

907.

species rf the northern hemisphere.

Ft. Antarct.
*
ii.

Hook.

147; Icon.

630,

Hook. Journ. But. 631. Wangenh. NordnGerm.

t.

123).

mer.
639.
5).

Hok.

80, fig. 6.5. Reichb. Ic. Ft.

'

Except in Africa. In sect. Enfagns (page 238, note

In
sect. Nothnffigus (A.

SiEB. Bat.
et
ii.

r//.
ii.

xii.

Nov. Got.
121).

Spec.

68,
t.

25. Ppp. et Endl. t. 195-198. Hook. p.

;

DC. Prodr.

Fl. Antarct.

346.
i.

123, 124

Fl. Tasm.

i.

HENiiY, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xxii. p. i. t. 29. The lateral nervures terminate in the hollows between the teeth of the limb or even at the
teeth themselves.
ke. cU.),
*

Benth. Fl. Austral,

V. 387.

348;

F'..

N.-Ztl.

229; Man. N.-Zeal. Fl.1\^.

v.

209. C. Gay,
t.

jP;. C/iil.

Phil. Linna, xxix.

et
;

4.5.

A. Gray,

[A.

DC. Mem.
ix.

Geiii>e (1864),

Mail. ed. 5,

FoiisT.

Conim.

Gmftiiiff.

4.5

[Betiila).

Gren.
Jim.
i.

455.- Chapm. Fl. S. Unit. St. 424. GoDR. Fl. de Fr. in. 114. Walp.
vii.

636

639 Lophozonin).

240

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

IV.?

BALANOPS
is

SERIES.

In this genus, the place of which

somewhat doubtful, the flowers

Balannjjs Vieillardi.

Fig. 208. Male catkin.

Fig. 207. Fructiferous branch.

Fig. 213. Long. sect, of fruit.

are regular and dicious.

The males

are

naked and disposed in

CASTANEACEX.
slender catkins
(fig.

208), on wticli they are alternate, nearly sessile, or on a short pedicel, frequently bearing their small axillant bract

(fig. 209j.

Each represents

a small bundle of stamens, the

Vieillarf^i.

number

Bidauops

f^

Fig.

20!).

Male flower

(})

Fig. 210.

Female flower

(f).

Fig. 211. Long. sect, of female flower

(j).

Fig. 212. GynoBcium.

of which varies from two to a dozen, each having a very short erect
filament,

dinal clefts.

and a bilocular introrse anther dehiscing by two longituIn the female flower (fig. 210), sessile on the trunk

and branches, there are a great many unequal, imbricate, rigid folioles, covered with hairs, which are the parts, either of a calyx, or of an involucre, and, internally, a free gynajcium (fig. 212), the
hard conical ovary of which contracts abruptly at the base to a portion with soft coat, and at the summit is produced into two stylary branches, themselves soon bifurcated in two long linear
lobes,

subulate,

exserted,

sinuous

and covered

internally

with

VOL. VI.

16

242

NAT URAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The cavity
of the ovary
is

stigraatic papillas.

divided by narrow

parietal partitions into

two very incomplete

cells, to

each of which

correspond two ascending anatropous ovules, inserted near the base

and supported by a funicle of very variable length/ the dilated summit of which forms an obturator to the exterior and inferior micropyle (fig. 211). The fruit (fig. 207, 213), above which
persist the withered baselar folioles,'

forming a sort of cupule similar

'),

to that of the

Oak (whence the name Balanops

is

an ovoid berry,

with thin coat, membranous endocarp, often not very distinct, the

two

cells of

which, more or less complete, enclose each one or two

nearly erect seeds.

The

latter,

under their integuments, contain an

erect embryo, with short inferior radicle, thick cotyledons, nearly

elliptical,

greenish, and surrounded

by a

thin,

often

membranous,

layer of fleshy albumen.

Balanops

consists of trees or shrubs, the

simple or oftcner

little

ramified stems of which bear above leaves

almost

sessile,

simple,

penninerved, coriaceous, entire or

slightly

dentilate, alternate

and sometimes collected

at the end, presenting

the appearance of pairs or verticils.

the female flowers proceed from a scaly

interval of the leaves.
all

Six or

The male inflorescences and bud borne by the axes in the seven species of this genus are known,

natives of

New Caledonia.
V.
?

LEITNERIA SERIES.
number
of alternate bracts, at
first

Leitneria*

(fig.

214

216) has amentaceous and dicious flowers.

imbricate. of the male catkins are found stamens,

The

catkins bear a large

In the

axil of each bract

varying in number from two or three to ten,^ the free and erect filaments of which support eacli a bilocular introrse anther, dehiscing by
at the base

two longitudinal clefts. The stamens are quite naked or surrounded by some unequal bracts, sometimes united so as to form The same may be the case in the female a sort of small perianth. catkins, where these bracts (?) ordinarily attain even a greater
'

In the same
little

cell

shorter,

straight,

there are ordinarily one and another much longer,

'
i

H. Bn. Adansonia,
sect.
ii.

x. 117, 337.

Cjiapm. Fl. S. Unit. St.

426. C. DC. Prodr.

f.

often a
2

sinuous.

xvi.
t.

Ic4. Hook.

/cm.

n. sr.

i.

33,

'Which gives it an external resemblance to an acorn, though here the fruit is superior. It is crowned with the remains of the style its
;

1044.
*

Very often there

are half a dozen.

It is

ordinarily in the flowers at the

summit that the

three.

colour

is

ordinarily that of a dried jujube.

number may be reduced

to

two or

CASTANEACE^.
development.'

243

The gyngecium
is is

is

formed of a single carpel, the

its

ventral suture of which

unilocular ovary

opposite the axis of the catkin, and

style, papillons

surmounted by a long
Lcitm'riajijyidanea,

and

stig-

Fig. 216. Long. sect, of fruit

(f).

Fig. 215. Long. sect, of female

Fig. 214.

Male flower

inflorescence
(f).

(}).

matic on
wards."

its

entire internal surface, whilst its

summit turns

out-

In the internal angle of

a
single

the ovary, a parietal placenta

supports

descending

ovule,

incompletely

anatropous,'

with
is

micropyle

directed

upwards

and

outwards.
is

The

fruit

an oblong drupe, the exocarp of which

of

little

thickness,

coriaceous,

and

its

hard putamen encloses a descending seed, with

thin albumen, covering a straight

embryo with

short superior radicle

and greenish
the only
'

fleshy plano-convex cotyledons.

L. floridana Chapm.,

known

species of this genus, inhabits the marshes of the

thick margins of which are reflexed and papillous.
'

or
-

Here and there are female flowers with one more fertile stamens within this false calj-x.
It
is

trayersed

hy a

Tertical furrow, the

"

Amphitropous."

(Chapm.)

162

241.

NATUnAL ni.STOnY OF PLANTS.

It is a

soutliern Uuited States.

shrub the leaves of which remind

us

of those

of the

petiolate, accomjDanied

Willows and Chestnuts; they are alternate, by lateral stipules oblong, pointed, penni;

ncrvcd, entire, tomentose

flowers develop before them, on the wood of the brauches where the catkins occupy the
axil of

beneath.

The

the fallen leaves.

The stamens

are

somewhat raised with

the contracted base of the axillant bracts.^

VI.

MYRICA

SERIES.
(fig.

The

flowers are equally amentaceous in the Myrec'^

;

217

225), and are likewise destitute of a true perianth

Mijrica Gule.

most generally,

Fig. 219. Female catkin (f).

Fig. 217.

Youn

ale floriferous

branch.

Fig. 221. Long. sect. of female flower.

Fig. 220. Female flower (9.

as in the indigenous species,

Myrica Gale L.

(fig.

217223), they

are dicious and borne on simple catkins.

Here perhaps will be placed tbe genua Didymcles Dup.-Th. doubtfully referred by us to the Zanthox ijletB [Hist, des Plant, iv. 392,
'

In this species, in the

grouped in pairs face to face, are organized like those of Ldtiieiia, hut its stamens are also in pairs on the common axis of the catkin facing
each other. " Myrica
Gen. 409,
I..

note

1),

and which with

xvii.

C.

{Frodr.

292),

as

with

De Candolle Meissner {Geii.

Its carpels,

Gen. ed.

1,

n.

746
i.

(part.). J.
190,
t.

Comm.

256)

is

perhaps a Mi/rica.

463. G;ertn.

Fruet.

39.

CASTANEACEJE.
axil of each, scale of the male catkin, are found

245

stameus, varying

218) one posterior, and two lateral. The filaments are free except quite at the base, where they are monadelphous, and the anthers are bilocular, iutrorse, and dehiscent by two longitudinal In the female catkin (fig. 219), the axil of each scale is clefts.^
(fig.
;

from two

to five in

number

but most frequently there are

four, one anterior,

Mi/rica Gale.

occupied by a sessile flower, accompanied by

two
is

lateral bracts."

Otherwise the gyncium

naked, and composed of a unilocular ovary, surmounted by a style almost immediately

divided into two long subulate branches, pri-

marily anterior

and
is

posterior,^
papillfe.

and covered

with red stigmatic

Fis- 21S
.5-androu3
flower.

In the interior

male

of the ovarian cell

ovule,

inserted at the base an

erect,

which appears
is

and

is

ortho-

tropous, that

is to

say

its

micropyle

superior.*

When

this

ovary

becomes a drupaceous
epicarp
lateral

fruit,

with mesocarp slightly fleshy, and

were, two
contains

covered with glandular and resinous projections, the two

bracteoles,

in this species persistent, form, as

(fig.

it

thick marginal wings

222, 223).

The

seed,

erect,

under

radicle

a fleshy embryo, destitute of albumen, with superior and thick plano-convex cotyledons. If. (?/<?, of which a distinct genus has been made,'' is a small odorous shrub, living socially in the marshes of temperate Europe and North America. Its leaves are alternate, simple, serrulate, penninerved, without
its coat,

stipules.

The

catkins occupy the axils of the leaves of the preceding

year

(fig.

217), and the flowers bloom in the spring before the leaves

of the year have attained their full development.

In M. asflenifolia (fig. 224, 225), of which the genus GomptoniaP has been made, the leaves are pinnatifld, accompanied by stipules,
(wanting in other species of the genus), and in the axil of the lateral

Lajik. Diet.

ii.

.592

ScHKUHU,
Atl.
Suit,
t.

Suppl.
t.

ii.

696

III. t.

809.

with large haloes."

sr. 2,
iii.

(H.

Mohl, Ann.

Se.

Nat.
or

Miiiidb.

322.

Tukp.
E.ndl.

DM. Sc. Nat.

tab. Spach,
Gen. n.

312.).

298.-NEE9,
Buffon,
xi.

Gai. fasc. 3, 260.

They may he transformed

to stamens

1839
:

(part.). C.

Cmptoiiia Banks,

DC. Pndr. xvi. sect. ii. 147 (incl. Fmja Wehb, Gnlc J. Bauh.
is
;

hear a stamen in their axil. ^ Later they become lateral. There is only one ovular envelope.
''

Nagein GjUkt.v.).

Gafe J.BArK.ifisC.ii.

223. SpACH,focc//.28.
ii.

The pollen what triangular

1

"flattened, ellipsoid, some-

'

Banks,
264.

Gecrtn. Fruct.

08,

t.

90.

Spacu,

three small pores at the angles,

lue. e:t.

246

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

is

bracts there

a rudimentary flower very imperfectly developed, and

sometimes described as a gland or bud. In many American and Cape species, the female flower is surrounded by three or four
bracteoles, sometimes resembling a small calyx.

These appendages

may

also be observed

around the

Myriea [Camptonin) aspUnifulia.

base of the stamens, as in

nagi,^ a Japanese plant,

M.

and in many Mexican and Columbian species. In some others from the same countries, and in M.
thiojjiea,

the

flowers

are

and those of the two sexes are found united in the same catkin. In such case, ^g.oos. Long. sect. rig. 224. Female flower with bracts ). of female flower. the males, in goodly number, occupy the lower portion of the axis of the inflorescence and The latter, its ramifications, and the females the summit. in M. Faya, however, is simple whilst in the Asiatic species, and a plant of the Canaries, Madeira, the Azores, and the Spanish
monoecious,
;

which it has also been proposed to establish a distinct genus," the male catkins are compound, and represent each one of the divisions, sometimes pretty numerous, of a ramified cluster. The male flowers are not, as in many other sections of the The genus Mijrlca includes genus, accompanied by bracteoles. about thirty-five species,^ and inhabits all parts of the world, chiefly
peninsula,
for

the temperate regions.

This family,
assigned to
it,

still

perhaps heterogeneous with the limits here

more so till recently. It was established by Adanson, in 17G3, under the family name of Gastane.* With him it comprised only three sections, of which the first only corresponds was
still

Type
t.

of the g. Nageia (G.eetn. Fruct.

Fhi/t. Canar.

i.

ii.

166,

t.

156 {Comptonia).A. Kick. Tent. Fl.

191,
2 3

39, fig. 8).

iii.

Abi/ss. u. 217.

Cham,
Ic. Fl.

et

Schltl. Liniia,y\.
xi.
t.

Faya Webb,
L.
S])ec.

372.
;

336.
Maiitiss.

Reichb.
Akad.
d.

Germ.

620.

TAti.scn,
d.

1418 {Liquidambar), 1453

Fl. Jap. 76; Fl.
Spec.

in Flora (1831),
ISaier.

671. Sieb.

et

Zucc. Abh.

298. Thunb. 153, 158. W.

dp.

(ed. Sch.),
t.

Wiiseiisch. iv. 3, 230.

BucH. in
;

746. JACa.

Ic. liai:

625

Fragm. ii. t. 1, fig. 4. Dhham. Arbr. ed. 2, t. 55, '56. I-I. B. K. Nov. Gen. ct Spec. ii. 17, t. 98. MiRB. Mem. Mus. xiv. t. 27, 28. Michx. Fl, Bur.-Amer. ii. 620. Bl. Bijdi: 517 FL Jav. Myric.AiT. EoH. KeU\ iii. 396. RoxB. Fl.

89. Benth. Fl. Bartweg. 251, Uongh. 322. Gklseb. I'l. Wright. 177 Fl. Brit. JF.-Iiid. 177. Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. 872 Mus. Ludg.-Bat. iii. 129. A. Gray, Man. Chapm. Fl. S. ed. 5, 457, 458 (Comptoiiia).
Flora
(1845),

206

Fl.

Unit.

St.

426,

427
iii.
ii.

{Complonia).GiiEf!.

et

Ltd. (ed. 1832),

59,
t.

iii.

765. Wall.
Icon.
t.

45.

Wight,

764.

FL Nepal. Wats. Deiidiol.

Tent.

GoDR. Fl. de Fr. Fam. des PL

''

151.-^Walf. Ann.
366 [Castanea).

i.

73S.

CASTANEACE^E.
to the
i

217

group under consideration. A. L. de Jussieu did not sensibly modify its extent and it is not known why he changed the name
;

to meiitace.

In 1808, L. C. Richard ^ subdivided

it

into Mijricc,^

B. Mirbel, in 1815," distlien into Betulin* and G iipulifer.^ To the older genera, eight in tinguished tlie Family Gorylacece.

number, constituting the three

secondary groups,

viz.,

Betula,

Alnus, Conjius, Carpinus, Quercus, Castaiiea, Fagiis, and Myrica,

and, in were added, in 1806, Didijmeles, of Dupet^t-Thouars 1860, Leitneria, discovered by Chapman.' In 1871 we published" Balanops, bringing the total number of genera in this family up
''

to eleven, distributed in six series characterized as follows

I.

Betule.e.

Flowers

with male perianth, incomplete or

little

developed.
in each cell

Gyntecium superior, naked.

solitary,'" descending.

Ovary

bilocular.

Ovule

Fruit dry.

Trees or shrubs,

with alternate leaves,

lateral stipules.

Flowers in unisexual catkins.

2 genera.
Gynaecium without male perianth. surmounted by a short superior calyx. Ovary bilocular. Ovule in each cell solitary, descending. Fruit dry, with membranous sacciform or expanded induvium. Leaves alternate, with Flowers iu unisexual catkins ; the females budlateral stipules.
II.

CoEYLEiE. "^Flowers

inferior,

like.

2 genera.
QuERCiNEiE.'^
so.

III.

Flowers
inferior,

with

male

perianth

complete or

nearly

Gynascium

suruiounted by a superior calyx.

cell.

Ovary

2-10-locular.^^

Ovules geminate, descending in each

Fruit dry.
in form,

Involucre hard, covered with excrescences very variable

alternate,

aud surrounding one or more fruits. Leaves generally with lateral stipules. Flowers in simple or mixed catkins,

or in cymes.^
1

3 genera.
4.
" ' ' '
'

Gen. (1789), 407, Ord.

Elm. de Phijs. Tig.

Fl. S. Unit. Ht. 427.

de Bot.

ii.

90.

' 3

Anal, du Fruit, 193.

Gen. Nov. Madar;. 89.

Endl.
Vcff.

Myrice. A. Eicii. Bartl. Ord. Nat. 96. Gen. 271, Ord. 37. i/yncKce Lindl.
Kingd.
(1846),
ii.

256,

Ord.

71. C.

DC.

Adansonia, x. 117. Rarely two are observed in each

cell,

one

I'rodr. xvi. sect.

147.

Betuline L. C. Rich, ex A. Rich.

EUm.
272, 161,

{(.i),5(,2.letuliicea:

Bartl. Ord. Nat. 9d.

generally imperfect.. " Payer, Fam. Nut. 163, Fam. 73. '^ 3. Diet. Se. Nat. Suppl. ii. 12 (1816),

LiNDL. Introd. ed.

Ord.

Geii. 2, 171. Endl. 88. Reg. DC. Prodr. xfi. sect. ii.

Payer,
194.
'^

foe. fi<.

164,

Fam. 74. C>J!<'i/<T(S Rich.

ii.

(part.). A.

DC.

Frodr. xvi. sect.

1,

Ord.
3 in

Ord. 19.5. 5 Rich. ^a?.A(fi!7, 32, 92(1808). Bartl. Ord. Nat. 99. 'LiNnL. Introd. ed. 2, 170. Endl. Gen. 273, Ord. 89.

The most ordinary numbers being

Quercus and 6 in Castanea.

248

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

IV
?

BALANOPSEiE.

Male

flowers

naked.
folioles

Gynfeciiim superior,
(calyx
?).

surrounded by numerous imbricate

Ovary with

two incomplete cells. Ovules geminate, ascending. Fruit fleshy. Seed with albumen of little thickness. Leaves alternate or subMale flowers in catkins; female vertioillate, without stipules.

flowers sessile on the branches.

V?

Leitneeie^.

Male

1 genus.

flowers

naked.
(?).

Gyna?cium

superior,

surrounded or not by a rudimentary calyx

geminate, unilocular.
descending.
ness or
nil.

Ovaries solitary or

Ovule

solitary, inserted in the internal angle,

Fruit drupaceous.

Seed with albumen of

2 genera.

little

thick-

Leaves

alternate, with or without stipules.

Flowers

compound catkins. Male flowers naked or furnished with a rudimentary calyx ('?). Gynrecium superior, generally naked. Ovary uniin simple or

VI

Myrice^.

loculai-.

Ovule

solitary, erect, orthotropous,

with superior micropyle.

Fruit drupaceous.

Seed with

little

or no albumen.

with

lateral stipules.

Flowers in

1- or 2-sexual catkins.

Leaves alternate genus.

1 series, dis-

Such

are the characters the value of which sutflces to distinguish

the series one from another.

Those which, in the same

tinguish the genera, are more considerable.

They

are

the degree of
or of anther-

development of the perianth, the number of stamens

cells,

and of the ovarian

cells

the form, style, consistence,

and
it

mode

of dehiscence of the involucre, the

number

of female flowers
flat

contains, the

mode
it

in

which

it
;

envelops the fruit or remains

or

open below

or at its side

the configuration of the cotyledons,

their situation epigaeous or hypogaous in germination. racters constant in the entire group are,

The cha:

consequently

diclinous,
;

apetalous flowers, inflorescence in catkins or spikes very analogous the

woody

consistence of the stems

the definite

number

of ovules,
;

solitary or geminate, the

outward direction of the micropyle the great development of the cotyledons, which arc always thick and

fleshy.

The

affinities

'

of

this

group are easily derived from

the
Jiiglaiidece

this

colthe

' As it is still, with scries so diS'trent one from another in their organization, this family

(perhaps) to

tlu; Tirebiiithacecc,

Garryac('(c to the Corucic

and Jlamamelide^ the

remains, in our view, a collection of degenerate, diminished types which are to the MalvoUUrc

Laeistemi to the liixace, the Mi/osuraiidn, and the Datisce to the Cunonic, the Silicinetc
(perhaps)
to

and
.n

Viticoideic,

by the

U/macirc, Artocarpea,
Conibrttiice,

the

Ttimarisciiiece,
\'d,

&c.

J.

G.

BctuUnc, axiiio ihe

Samame-

Agakdh

[Theor. Syst.

162,

174) considers

Vtde<e, I'lntiintft, by the Qiui'cine and Corylcic, what the Antidcsmc are to the JEuphorhiacecc,

the Cori/lc as reprcsmiting perhaps a reduced form of the Diptcrocarjtuc, thu Mi/rubtilaiau: as

CA8TANEAGEM.
lection of characters.
It is scarcely separable

249

from the Ulmacece to Only normally which, as we have seen, Adanson had united it. among the Gadaneaceiv, there are not the polygamous flowers of the
Elms, nor the
stipules characteristic of the Artocarpece,

nor the

peculiar disposition of the staminal filaments of the More, nor the

opaline or milky latex of the two latter groups.

Moreover, at adult

age, the greater part of the Gastaneacece preserve in the ovary

more

than one ovuliferous

Ulmacece.

cell,

On

the other hand,

which is the case with no one of the by the Betule, the family before us

borders on the amentaceous groups of the Enphorhiacece, such as the

Sccpe and Antidesmem and by the Cori/Ie, to the series of Sa.vifragacc which comprise the Platane, and HammneUde. In fact, as
;

we have

elsewhere
is

said,' it is

not simply a resemblance of foliage and

of habit that

found between the Alders and certain Fothergilla or

;

Parrofia, or between Corijlojjsis and Corijlus

for these latter,

with

their inferior ovary and descending ovules, perfectly definite in number,

in cells at

first

incomplete, seem to be only amentaceous and apc-

talous representatives of Gorylopsls and neighbouring Hamamelidece,

Hence an analogy between the Qitercinece and GorijJe and the Guriiace, which themselves have so many points of agreement with Take away the involucre and all those accessory the Ilamavielidece. organs of tardy growth, which form the cupules and spinous sacs of
the Goryle and Quercine, and the flower with inferior ovary of
the Oaks, Chestnuts, &c.,
is

altogether, in construction, that of the

apetalous Gomhretace,

notably of Terininalia, which often also

have apetalous, diclinous flowers in spikes, or amentiform capitules {Anogeissus, Bamatuella, Gonocarpus], and the plaeentse of which, parietal at first, like those of Queirus or Gastanea, but remaining
so to the end, bear in like

manner ovules

definite in

number, de-

scending, with micropyle exterior and superior.

Finally,

by the
'

Myricea', this family approaches the Juglandece, the unilocular ovary

which likewise encloses a single orthotropous and erect ovule but the independence of the gynajcium in Myriea sufiices to disof
;

tinguish

it

immediately from them;'

and
to the

collateral to the superior Cupnliftrce

Aijuilariiie,

considers J/^yr/f as intermediate between vimw;taceie

'

pointing out also, in the same

and

Vrticeic.

work, their affinity with the Beiiilc. 1 See Adioisonia, x. 137.

-

Leitneria seems to unite the Ameidaee to

Bcilniiops

M. Clakke

(>!. Nat.

Hist. (1858),

100)

has a fruit and habit it represents perhaps an apetalous and amentaceous I'orui of it.
the Willows.

resembling the 5nyjo/(v

250

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The
total

number

of species in this family

is

estimated at about

four hundred and tweuty-five.

three hundred and fifteen.
BetulecB, twenty-eight
;

The series Q.uercine itself comprises The Goryle are twenty in number the
;

the Mijricece, thirty-five.

to

All the genera

composing these groups are common

hand, Leltiieria
is

both worlds.

On

the other

confined to a very limited portion of America, and

Dldymeles

to

Madagascar.

Balanops has been observed only in

New Caledonia. In the south of South America, as also in Australia and New Zealand, the family is represented by those curious species
of

Beech which belong

to

the

section Nothofagus^ or

by Fagus

antardica, which grows as far as Cape Horn.

In Nortb America

F. ferrugiiiea inhabits nearly the same regions as F. sijlvatica in

Europe, the latter ascending in Norway as far as the 60th degree.

The common Chestnut extends over

replaced by Gastanea fumila.

a vast area of the Mediterranean

;

region and central Asia, from Portugal to Japan

in

America

it

is

hemisphere, and between the tropics.

The Oaks grow in all the northern The Hornbeams ascend in

to
; ;

Newfoundland and Canada and C. Americana, to Canada, and in Asia to the river Amour. In Europe the Birches are found as far as Ireland, and Cape North, in Lat. 71 whilst in Norway the Beech scarcely exceeds 60, 3, the Oak 60, 5, and the Blackthorn 65,3.' In the submarine forests on many European shores. Oaks, Blackthorns, and Birches - are observed in great number. The most cosmopolitan genus of this family is, doubtless, Myrica, since it is seen in Europe from Lapland to Portugal; in Africa from the Azores and Canaries to the Cape of Good Hope ; and, in the East, in Abyssinia and Madagascar ; whilst it is equally represented in America, from Labrador to Mexico, in Columbia and Peru in Japan, in India, in Java and New Caledonia.
Europe
to

Sweden, and in America

Corylus Avellana, in

Norway

as far as 05

Uses.
prized
;

It

is
it is

for

their wood'^

chiefly that

the

Castaneace are

and

unnecessary to

insist

upon the

qualities of that of

'

A.

DC.

Geofft: Bot. Rnis. 270, 305, 311, 328,

Ctirpinites,
cile.i.

Fogilcs,Figomum,
it is

Qnerciiiitim, Qiierii.

473, 530, 616, 807, 1064.

-

(See Enul. Geii. Suppl. iv. p.

that

30).

Among the fossil genera, abundant in recent

{Ciikr. PrutiJt/.),

Generally

strata, are especially cited those established

UsGEtt

by under the names of

studied histologically,

whieh has been most and it is that which has

often served as typo for the general descriptions

CASTANEACE^.
the Oak, Chestnut, Beech, Hazel, Blackthorn, Elm, and Birch.

251

The

bark of the Oak is, besides, employed for its astringent properties. Dried and reduced to powder, it forms tan, used i>rincipally in From it is extracted tannin, much used in medicine dressing skins.
as a tonic, febrifuge, &c.
is

With
181

us the bark used for these purposes

particularly the variety with
is

that of Q. rohur'^

(fig.

18S),
^
;

female flowers and sessile fruit

often designated

and that which

pedunculate,^
are rich

by the name

of

White Oak.*

The acorns

in fecula, but are so unpalatable that they cannot be used as food

for

man without

a preparation too costly to admit of this sweet

fecula being brought into

common

use.

They

serve only to feed

animals, especially pigs.

There are many other species of Qaercus,

In Europe, Q. Ilex,^ Ballota,^ the fruit of which is sweet and edible. and even the Cork-oaks are mentioned. The latter are two in number, Q. Saber'' and Q. occidentalis,^ distinguished one from the other chiefly by the time reqiiircd for maturing the fruit ^ but both
;

presenting this peculiarity, that their suberose layer, at a certain

age, takes an enormous development."

At

first it

consists only of a

of the

anatomy

of the stems of the Dicolyhdoim

Schm.

op. cit. t. viii.

a (Q. Robur).

Q. rucemosa
n.

Mm. sur I'Organis. des U(Qmrcu^). MiRB. Mm. Mus.

(see KiES.

31 {Fagw).
sr. 1,
t.

G.

FI. (1814),

t.

Lamk.
*

Bict.

i.

715.

xiv. (1818),
Se.

C. femelle, Gravelin.
Jj.

de Busareig. Ann.
(Quercii-s).

XXX.

t.

7-9

Lixk, !em. (1837)

i.

Nat.

'

Spec.

1412. A. DC. Prodr.

Gramuntia L.
217.

t.

73. Q.
ii.

Q. ealicinaForR. Bict. Suppl.

Dv!:s.ocu,L' BiscHOFF, Lerhb.

[Faffw:).

4; Icon.

i-\ {Betula). Tretir. Fhys. Gew. (1835), i. t. iii. 34-36

fasc.
Vi.

An. BU.

Suber angustifolium non serrutum

2 {Teuse, Quesne).
;

Duham.

Arbr.ii. 291,
'
ii.

Institut. n. 192 (Querciix).

t.

(Qmrcus).

C.

H.

Desf. Act. Acad. Far. (1790), c. ic. Fl. Atl. 350. Q. Castellana Poir. Bict. Suppl. ii.

ScHULZ, Nov.
ii. t.

Ad.

33 {Betula).B..
{Fugiis,

Nat. Cur. (1841), xviii, Suppl. Mohl, Bot. Zcit. (1855),

Bot. Zeit. (1859)
d.

De Candolle {Frodr.

226 (?) Q. rotundifoUa Lamk. (var. hy M. A. 39) of the Q. Ilex)'. It has

Si/n. Fl. Biop/ior.

880

&<;). Hartig,

heen thought (Rosenth.

94, 97 {Fagns).

Hoffmann,.?. Kenntn.
369.HoOK.
F.

186)

Eich-

that the acorn of this species was used to

make

enholt:. Flora {lSi9),

i.

300,

t.

107

[Fugiis).
),

Schacht,

Fl.Antarct.

the racahout of the Arabs.

2, 1413. DfHAM. rbr. ed. 45. Nees, Fl. Off. Suppl. Hane, Arzn. Gew. 12, t. 43. A. DC Prodr. n. 75
/

Der Bauni

L. Spec. ed.
t.

(trans. E.

Morren

425, 426 (char, of the

wood

2,

7,

and hark). ' Qmrcus Mabur L.

Frodr. xvi.
ed. 6,
V. 585.
2
ii.

sect.

i.

4, n.

Spec. 1414. A. DC. 1. Guib. Drag. Simpl.

{Alcornogue, Snrier, Rusqne, Leuge).

8

J.

Gay,

Bull.

Se. Bot. de Fr.

4, vi.

iv.

286. M r.

et
cit.

Del. Diet. Mat. Med.

185.

Ann.
^

Sc.

Nat. sr.

445.

RosENTH, op.
sessxliflura

A. DC. Prodr. n.
t.

445

in

81.- Q. Suh-r KoTSCH.

Ft.
iii.

ic/i.

33.

Q.

Martyn.

S.M. Brit.

It is biennial in the latter,

and maturation

Gren. et Godr. Fl. de Fr. iii. 116. KosENTH. op. cit. 184, Berg et Schm. Burst. Off. Gew. t. vii. f. (Chine grappes, C. rouge,
1026.
C. mle, Roure,
' Q.

takes place the same year in the true Q. Suber. '" On the production of Cork, see H. Mohl,
Ueb. d.

Entwickel. des Eorkes (1836;

bet

Veb.

d.

Rouve, Roble).

Wieder-ersa'z des Korkes

Q. Suber {Bot.

Zeit.

pedunculata Eur. Arbr. 77.

Berg.

et

(1848),

361]. Uanst.

Unters. iiber d. Btiu

und

252

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

cells in radiating series

few layers of uncoloured

of

under

tlie

epidermis
witli

the

steins.
is

More

internally,

the

parenchjnna,

filled

chlorophyl,

In the course of the second or third year, these

cells

mingled with a mass of larger and uncoloured cellules. latter become more

compact, and their coat increases in thickness, whilst the interposed

become dry and dark coloured. The suberose layer thickening still more during the fourth and fifth year, the epidermis bursts, and the mass of cork thenceforth increases in thickness, a new layer being formed each year. The annual zones are separated by interposed
layers of periderm, of a deeper colour.

At

the age of from ten to

fifteen years, vertical rectangular plates of this cork, called male, are
cut,

under which are found the

Outside of

liber

and deep portions of the

cortical

parenchyma.

this, layers of
;

cork arc produced and cut

every seven or eight years

is

the quality of this cork, called female^

is carried on principally in the southEurope (particularly France), and in the north-west of Africa. west of Another Mediterranean species, Q. coccifera,^ nourishes the Kerms, formerly celebrated in industry as a dye, and in medicine forming The gall-nuts of the the base of the famed Alkermes confection. employed in therapeutics and the arts, are developed Levant, the best after the puncture of a hymonopterous insect, DipIoJcpis gall tlndori the female of which pierces the scarcely formed buds of

very superior.

This work

Q.

litsitaniea,"^

a Mediterranean species, to deposit her eggs in the of a

interior.

The bud becomes hypertrophic by the accumulation

on which the young
pierces the gall
feeds, until
it

large

quantity of tannin and fecula,

insect,

and comes Many other Oaks, especially the Green forth in a perfect state. rohar, and, in the south-west of France, the Tauzin Oak,^ Oak, Q.
emerging from the egg,

d.

De

Baumrinde. Berlin (1853). C. DC. et Art. du Ligc {Mtm. Duohtre, lm. 157. Soc. Gen. xvi.).

Entw.
la

d.

Md.
t.

v.

581. Berg,
i.

production Nat.

xxix.

Q..

CunariensisVi .

975.

'

L. Spec.
289.

1413. Webb,
n.

It. Hlspnii.

15.

Q, lUrheclcH

riijida C.

Scum. Dant. Off. Gew. Eimm. Mort. Berol, Koch, Linna, xix. 15. Q.
et

Dun.

A. DC. Prodr.
6,
ii.

104.

Guib. Lrog. Simpl. ed.

t.

carpa Kotsch.
geri
^
t.

Hayne, Arz. Gew,

44.

cocciferaD-EHY.FI.Atl.M.Zi^.
578,
t.

Boiss.

Q. pseiido-

Kotsch.

Q.

Q.
Fr.

lier.

Bot.

ii.

426. Q.

Cijpri

Kotsoh.

braehij-

Q,.

Pjffin-

Gall turcica

off.
ii.

Vog.Esp.

Q. Toza Bosc, Joiirn. d' Hist. Nat.

16.5,

165. Q. Mesto Boiss. op. cit. t. 166. Q. Auzandri Ores, et OoDR. Fl. de Fr. iu. 116. -LAMK.D(f(.i. 719(1783). "Webb, O^B'i;). 11. A. DC. Frodr. n. 19. Q. Infectorin Oliv.
Voij.
i.

32, fig.

3. A. DC.
de
iii.

Frodr. n.
117.

4. Gren.

et

Gudr.

Fl.

Q.

PyreiiaicdW.

-Vc iv. 451. Lamk. 111. t. I'i^.Q. Nigra Thohe, Land. 381 (not L.). Q. Tauzin Pers.
Eiichirid.

262,

t.

14,

15.

Gum.
et

Drug. Simpl. ed.

6,

ii.

282,

fig.

418.

Mku.

Del. Diet. Mat.

ii.

571.

Q,.

utolmifera Lap. Abr. 582.

15.

Q..

broasa Bosc.

Mem.

CASTANEAGEM.
boar on their diffcreut organs

253

duced

in a similar
;

buds, leaves, and fruit galls promanner, but very different in form, colour, and
inferior in

consistence

and generally very

quality to those

first

mentioned.'

All serve equally for the production of tannin, and the

preparation of numerous medicaments, ink, dyes, &c.

The

species

used for dyeing and dressing skins,

all

rich in tannin, are also very

numerous in both worlds. The most celebrated are the Yellow Oak of North America, the Eed,^ White,* Cinder,^ and Bi-coloured " Oaks in the Levant, of the same country in France, the Burgundy Oak the Velane Oak ^ not to mention all the species of secondary interest possessing the same properties, and of which industry employs
''

cither the wood, or the bark, or the acorns.^

little distinct

The Chestnuts,

so

generically from the Oaks, have also their astringent

properties.

In our

common

Chestnut'"

(fig.

189-198), as well as in

which has always been considered a different species, and named Castanea pumila,^^ the liber has been employed as an the bark is anti-dysenteric the involucre of the fruit as a dye
that of America,
;

'

Especially mentioned are the galls produced

Q. Cerris L. humilis

"

For example

Q.

montann

W.

{Prinos montilijrata

ty

Lamk.

JEffilops L. taiiri-

eola

MicHx.), oliviformis MicHX.

Walt.

cola

KoTSCH.

Vallonia Kotsch.

Q. .'Egilops and

eoccifera furnish also

a sweet substance called

Prinus L. Esculus L. Castanea W. falcata Mieux. virens Ait. macrocarpa MicHX. lobata Ne, fulcata

Oak manna.
d. coccinea AVANGENn. Anpfl. Nordam. Holz. (1777), 44, fig. 9. MicH-K. Chen. t. 31, 32.
2
ii. 116, t. 23. A. DC. 119. Q. nibra L. Spec. 1413. y. MicHx. r. loc. tiiictoria MicHX. Chii. t. 24, 25. cit. t. 22. Hayne, Arzii. Gno. 12, t. 46. Q. velutiiia Lamk. Diet. ii. 721. Q. discolor W.

MicYiTi. V.

Arbr. Amer.

Pmdr.

n.

MicHX. Catcsbi MicHX. palustris Du Roi, and other interesting species from North America, the greater part introduced to European culture, where they excite in to a high degree the interest of botanists the old world, Q. Farnetto Ten. humilis Lamk. ttlnifolia PoECH, macrolepis KoTSCH. Q. pseudoaqnatica Wai.t.
;

Spec. iv.
'

444

skSo-Sant. {Q.castanetefoliaCoss.), -whichis also said to yield cork, Q. Libani Oliv. castaneafolia
C. A.

Q. rubra L. Spec. 1413 (part.).

Wangenh.
A. DC.
u..

Mey. incana Roxn.

und
Or.

&c. (See Kotsch.

op. cit.

loc. cit. t.

7. Mieux,

op. cit.

t.

35, 36.

Fich. Fur.

1858-62. Rosenth.
Diet.
i.

rrodr. n. 116.

184-188.)

Q. alba L. Spec. 1414.

t.

Mieux,

op. cit.
t.

13.

1.Emeus.
n. 26.

Tr.

Massach. 127,
14.

1. A.
A.

1" C. vulffaris Lamk. DO. Prodr. 114. C.

saliva
3.

DC. Prodr.
'

vesca
t.

GiEHTN. Fruct.

t.

70S (1783). A. Mill. Dict.C. Reichb. /c. Fl. Germ,

Q. cinerca

MiCHX. Chn.

DC.

t.

Prodr. n. 145.
^

640. TuRP. Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 304, 305. Mlr. et Del. Diet. Mat. Md. ii. 133. Gum.
op. cit.
ii.

Q. bicolor

W.

Nov. Act. Berol.

t.

iii.

396, Spec.

284.

Rosenth.
ii.

op. cit.

iv.

440. Emees.
Q.

op. cit. 135,

4. A. DC.
Amer.

Prodr.
215.

japonica Bl.

C.

liungeana Bl.
56,

188

C.

C. vesca C.

ameri-

n. 23.
'

Q. MicbaKxii'NvrT. Gen. Cerris L.

ii.

eana MicHX. Arbr.

t. 6.

americana

Spec.

1415.
et
n.

Hayne, Arzn.
fl. de

Rafin. N.
416.

Sijlc.

82.

Faffus Castanea L. Spec.

xii. t. 48. Gben. 118. A. DC. Prodr.

Gew.

Godr.
79

Fr.

iii.

TnuKii. Fl. Jap. 195.

86.
(ipec.

{Soucier,

Gland

elitiii).
8

" Mill. Diet. n. 2. Wangenh. Nordam. Eolz. t. 47. Michx. Arbr. ii. 166, t. 1.C.
alnij'olia NtiTT. C. nana Muehlb. Cat. Ell. Sketch, ii 6li. Fagus pumila L. 1416 [Chincapiii).

Q.

JEgilops L. Spec.
t.

1414 (not Scop.).

41.

TfHiHATcn. As. Min.

(

Q. Valani Oliv.

Velaude, Velcmida, Avelaitde.)

254

NATURAL
to tau skins

[IISTORY OF PLANTS.
Tlie

used
of

and make
soils.

ink.

wood
^

of the Cliestmits

is

one
in

tlie

most useful known;

tliey are valuable trees wliicli

grow

The fruit is well known to be edible, and is used for making many alimentary preparations. The Beech is not less useful, particularly the common Beech ^ (fig. 199 204) the wood of which is used for a multitude of pui'poses, and its bark and fruit are valued for tanning and dyeing. The charcoal and soot
the poorest silicious
2

making powder, and an esteemed bistre a sort of bread, and the embryo is In America, rich in oil, useful both for the table and for lighting. Fagus ferruginea * is applied to the same uses, industrial and ecoextracted from
it

are used for

colour.

The

fruit serves to

make

nomic.

In Chili, F. obliqua,^ according to travellers, furnishes a

as valuable as that of the

wood almost
America.

Oak.

The Alders and

and North
has an astringent

Birches are also valuable trees, especially in Europe

The common

Alder''

(fig.

165

167)

bark, employed in the treatment of fevers and angina.

are considered poisonous
;

The

leaves

they were applied to tumours, and the

property of arresting the secretion of milk has been attributed to

them.

In America, Ahius serrulata

'

is

used in the treatment of

cutaneous, scrofulous, and syphilitic affections.

Many other

Alders^

have analogous properties. The most useful of the Birches is the White Birch" (fig. 151 157), a tree of the cold and temperate

'

Corives, Garjnauiea,

Marrons de Lyon.

In Java, India, and other countries, many species (referred to the genus Cnstanopsis) have edible seeds, notably C.javanica Bl. Tunyurrut
2

Mikb. {Cot/hue, Coigiie), is said to be used, of the tark of which boats are made, and in Australia
the

wood

of F.

Cumiiiighnmi Hook. [Myrtle

Tree).
6

Bl. aryentea Bl.

the small fruit of

iiidica

Roxn.

In California

Alnus glutinosa
ii. t.

W.

Spec. iv. 334.

G;eetn.
iii.

C.

chrysophylla

Hook.

(Bot.

Frvct.
149.
cit.

90.

Geen.

et

Godr.

Ft. de Fr.

Mag.
'

t.

4953)

is .said

to be eaten.

Fayus sylvatica L. Spec.

1416

(part).

SuHKLHR, Eaiidb. t. 303. Di'HAM. Arbr. ed. 2, 80, t. 24. Reichb. Ic. Ft. Germ.t. 639. Hart. Forstl. t. 20, 25, fig. 56, 103. MR. et Del. Diet. Mat. Md. iii. 210. Guib. Drog. Siiiipl. ed. 6, ii. 283. A. DC. P/ofl'c. xvi. sect. ii. 118. Gren. et GoDR. Fl. de Fr. iii. 115. Rosenth.

jj,.

Reg. Prmlr. xvi. sect. ii. 1S6. GuiB. op. 282. Rosenth. op. cit. 182, 110.5. H. ii. TJid. Eiicycl. Sc. Med. vii. 254.^. harbata

c. A.

Mey. Finim.

PI. Cattcas.

43. -4.

oblongata

ViEO.A.nitens C.TS.ocu.~ A. Morisiciiia Beet. A. suaveolens Bert. A. denticulata C. A. Mey. Betula Alnus glutinosa

W. A. elliptica

I,.
7
t.

Spec. 1394 {Beryue, Vergne, Verne).

op.

cit.

188 (Fayard, Fayau, Fau,

362.

Fan, Faou,

W.

Spec. iv.

Fonteim, Favinier).

4, fig. 1.
s

Ait. Hurt. Few.

n.
1.
t.

118,
ii.

170,

Fncycl. fig.

A. DC. Prodr, Michx. Arbr. Am. 8. F. sylvatica amiricana Loud. 1695. F, Alba Eafin. F. nigra
iii.

336. MiCHX. A. DC. Prodr.

Arbr.

iii.

321,

n. 13.

F. sylvestris

^_ inca'a W. is astringent, tinctorial. A. Ten. (fig. 158-164), rubra Bong, incana'W.joriillensis K. have the same properties
cordifolia

aa our
9

common

Elder.

Eafin.
'

MiRD. Mm. Mus.

xiv. 465,

t.

23. C. Gay,

Fl. Chil. v. 388 [Roble, Pellin,

Coyan, JBualle).

ly. Spec. ii. 1393. Gren. et Godr. Fl. de Fr. iii. 147. Reo. Prodr. 162, n. 1. H. Bn. Diet. Encycl.Sc. Md. x. 314.

Betula alba

In the same country the wood of F. Dombeyi

CASTANE ACEJE.
regions of our liemisphere.
Its sap, extracted in spring, is

255

sweet

been prescribed for many maladies i gout, Sugar and vinegar are extracted from rheumatism, skin diseases. it; a sort of sparkling wine may also be prepared from it, considered, as also the sap itself, as a diuretic and purifier, an antiscorbutic and

and acidulous.

It lias

antipsoric, a

vermifuge and lithontriptic.

The bark and

leaves have
dropsies.

been prescribed for scrofulous swellings, tumours, pains,

The bark has been

fuge.
It

extolled as antipsoric, antiscorbutic, and febri-

furnishes
fine

by

distillation
is

pyrogenous

oil,

having the

odour of
it.

Russia leather, and

is

said to be used in preparing

and leaves of Mijrica, notably The Black Birch - and Dwarf Bh-chs have the of those of ilf. Gale. from the sap a kind of fermented beer is prepared. same properties Nearly all the species of the genus have a flexible bark, easily

The same

said of the bark

''

detached, and used for making certain useful objects.^

are prized for their wood, their febrifuge
leaves,

The Hazels
tinctorial

and tonic bark,

and especially
is

for

their

alimentary seed, from which

an

In Europe it is chiefly the common nuf' numerous varieties and cultivated and Colurna ;' in the United States, forms,' and Gorylus tubulosa G. americana '" and G. rostrata " found also in the north of eastern They have the same properties and the same alimentary Asia.*^ embryo. The Hornbeams, or Yoke Elms, have a very useful wood,
edible oil
(fig.

extracted.

168

173), or filbert, with its

and a bark used

for

Hornbeam
1

^^ (fig.

dyeing in some parts of Europe. The common 175 1-80) forms the hedges of our parks. Garpinus

" Birch water is the hope, the happiness, and

filberts,
'

the striated Corford nut, &c.

Spec. iv. 470.

the panacea of rich and poor, great and small,

lords
-

W.

Dochm.

Olislk. iv. 38.

and serfs." (Percy).

. nigra
t.

W.
t.

Spec. iv.

464.

Belli/. 60,

12; Prodi:
3.

n. 16.

B.rnbra'&liCHX.
Lapp. 266,
t.

Eeg. Monogr.

A. DC. Prodr. 132, n. 5. ' L. S]>ec. 1417 (part). DocHM. op. cit. iv. 52 A. DC. Prndr. n. 4. C. bizaiitina Ctus.
Hist.
11.

Arhr.
^

ii.

143,

Avellaiia byzantina J.

Bauh. [N. of
/mmilis

B. nana L. Spec. 1394

Fl.

6,

Constaiitinople).

fig.
'*

4. Reg.

Pro*-, n.

7.

'"Walt.
Baiimz.
108.
t.

Fl.
C.

Carol.

236. C.

W.

Likewise B. cnrpinifolia, popuUfolia,papij~

americana hninilisV^A'SG'E^U.
Eciv.

racea Ait. Bhojpaltra

^

Wall.

Jib. 88,
133, n.

29, fig. 63.

iii.

On

the bark of e<!(/, see Bktoff, Bull.

" Ait. Hort.

7.
'^

364.

K.TiC.

Proelr.

Mosc.
^

xiii. 75.

Coryhts Avellana L. Spec. 1417.

i'/.

Sanelb.t.SO.
Jc. Fl.
6,
ii.

Dietr. ^or. 842. Eeichb. Germ. 636. Guib. Drag. Simpl.

t.

Schkvhr,
ed.

q^

mandic/iurica

Maxin.
Is.

exs.

"
t.

Carpiiius Betulus
2),
ii.

iS^fc.

1416.
Ic.

Duh.\m.

t.

Arbr. (ed.
632.
Fl. de Fr.

t.

58. Reiche.

FL Germ.
et

283. Eosenth.

op.

cit.

184,

1105. C.

Hart.
iii.

DC.
'

Pioelr. 130, u. 3.

Foist, t. 21. Gken. 120. A. DC. Prodr.

Godk.
1

126, n.

Notably the Hazel with large fruit (C. Avellana Macrocaipa Reichb. Ic. t. 638), or N. of Piedmont, of Barcelona the red and white
;

{C'/ianiie blanc,

Chaipre, Charpenne).

C. caroli-

niana

Walt, has

the same uses in America,

25G

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

i

Ostrya

is

more rarely cultivated

;

for the

same purpose, and

virginiana,^

its

bark

and wood are also useful

likewise
trees

C.

utilized

by

American industry.
peculiarity presented
fleshy substance,

The

Wax

derive their

name from the

by their pericarp, of developing within its and on its surface, a substance resembling the wax of the bee. Myrica cerifera ^ is the best known in this respect ; but the same property exists also in M. fensylvanica * and carolinensis," in M. cordifolia,^ quercifolia,'^ species from the Cape, and

M.

(vthiojnca,^ of Abyssinia.

subjected to boiling water,

to the surface.

The fruit of these plants is generally when the wax, liquefied by the heat, rises
all

The Myricas

have an astringent bark, especially

'"

M. sapkla
species,

"

in India,

and our M. Gale

(fig.

217223),

marshy

with odorous leaves," substituted for the hop in Sweden, and

for tobacco in

scqyida

Norway. It yields a yellow dye. The fruit of M. and of M. esculenta^^ is eaten in India and in the western

isles of Africa.

Many Wax

trees are cultivated

among

us, as are

also a great

many

species belonging to other genera of the family

Oaks, Beeches, Birches, Alders, Hornbeams, and Hazels

particularly

those forms and varieties with fastigiate or recumbent stems, pendent

branches, laciniate or coloured leaves,

See p. 229, note 1. See p. 229, note 2. ' L. Spec. 1453. MicHx. Fl. Bnr.-Amer. ii. 227. BiGEL. Med. Bot. t. 43. Mi:E. et Del. Diet. Mat. Md. iv. 531. C. DC. Prodr. xvi.
'

brown
'

or purple.

L. Mantiss. 298. Thunb. Fl. Cap. 153. DC. Frodr. n. 31. Jlf. serrata Lamk. M. nrguta H. B. K. of Columbia is used for dyeing.
C.

Wall.

Tent. Fl. Nepal. 59,

"

L. Spec.

1453.
Ic.

Duham.
Germ.
iv.

t.

45.
2,
t.

Arbr. ed.

sect.
*

ii.

148, n. 5.
ed. 2,
ii.

57. Reichb.
190,
t.

Fl.

t.

620. MK.
op. cit.

et
ii.

Lamk.^Duham. Aih:

55

Del. Diet. Mat. Med.

531.

Gum.

(var.(;-')
^

of preceding spocies).

281.^Gren.
from

et GODii. Fl. de Fr. in. 151.

C.

\V. Spee. iv. 746 (var. scarcely distinct

preceding species).
"

L. Spec.

1453.

Duham. Arbr.
cire).

ii.

193.

DC. Frodr. 147. " They are said to lie used, with the hark of several Alders and Birches, in the preparation
of Russia leather (p. 255).
'-

0. DC. Prodr. n. 2 Buisson de

tentots are said to eat this

The Hotas a sort of

wax

M.

Faija Ait. (Faija fragifcra Web]) has

fruit,

bread.
'

large fleshy
(.')

eaten

in the

Canary and

Var.

of

M.

cordifolia.

It gives a green

Madeira

isles,

candle wax.

GENERA.
I.

BETULE^.
amentaceous
monoecious
;

1.

Betula

T.

Flowers
;

apetalous

one more connate at base, very unequal very small or largely developed; the others smaller squamiform,
calyx d-phyllous
abortive.
folioles

Stamens 2 (or 4
;

?),

central

filaments

(anterior

and

posterior) 2-fid above

cells of

each anther hence widely separate,

extrorsely longitudinally rimose.

free.

Female flower naked

;

gynacium
;

Germen compressed,

2-locular

style nearly 2-partite at base

branches elongate filiform, stigmatose above.

rarely 2),

Ovules

in cells 1 (very

descending anatropous
indhiscent,
style,
;

micropyle

extrorsely

superior.

Fruit dry,

angular or

samaroidly alate at margin,

crowned with
scending
;

generally by abortion 1-spermous.

Seed deflat,

coat thin

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo,

;

rather
;

fleshy, at germination foliaceous

radicle superior.

Trees

or shrubs

leaves alternate, penninerved

stipules lateral, oftener caducous

fi-om aphyllous lateral

and terminal with internal buds, generally precocious scales of catkin peltate, squamule on each side, 3-florous female catkins from lateral 3-5-phyllous buds, solitary or more rarely racemose on common
male catkins solitary or 2-nate,
; ;

peduncle
scales)

scales of catkin subentire or oftener (from adnate lateral

3-lobed,

imbricate,

2-3-florous,

finally

oftener

deciduous

with

fruit;

cone oblong or ovoid.

{Temp, and cold regions of both

p. 220.

worlds in North, hemisphere.)

2.

See

Alnus

T.

Flowers monoecious (nearly of Betula)

;

male calyx

oftener subequally or unequally 4-partite,

more rarely 10-12-phyllous.

anthers 2-locular.
17

Stamens equal in number and opposite sepals

VOL. VI.

ass

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Fruit dry, compressed, wingless,
;

Gynocium, ovules, &c., of Betula.

or surrounded
1 (of Bctiila).

by

membranous wing, indhiscent

or shrubs
;

seed generally

Trees

leaves alternate

vernal floration
;

preceding or simultaneous [PliyUothyrsus, Gletliropsis) with leaves

scales of

male catkins peltate, 5-bracteolate, 1- or oftener 3-florou8

scales of female catkins cuneiform, shortly (from adnate bracteoles)

4-5-lobed, incrassate above, at maturity separating from each other,

not deciduous, lignescent

cones short.

[Temp, and frigid regions

of both voiids, temp. South America, South Africa.)

See

p. 223.

II.
3.

CORYLEtE.
moncious
;

Corylus T.

Flowers amentaceous
2,

males naked

stamens 4-8 (very rarely

filaments short free
;

3),

inserted within scales of catkin

anthers 1-locular (or 2-locular; cells separate),

extrorsely rimose. of catkins

;

Female flowers 2-nate budlike

epigynous
calyx
style

in axils of bracts

receptacle saclike, enclosing inferior adnate germen, with

;

very short annular

(or

branches

2,

linear

Ovules more rarely 2-nate) descending micropyle extrorsely superior. Nuts more or less ligneous, 1-locular walls very thick meduUose cotyledons of thick exalbuSeed generally by abortion 1 below. minous embryo fleshy plano-convex, epigeous at germination Small trees radicle short superior and united to base of cotyledons.
elongate, densely stigraatose papillose.
;

in cells 2 solitary

or

shrubs

leaves alternate dentate

or peuninerved, in vernation

longitudinally plicate as to the central nerve, and hence on one side

facing axis
;

stipules caducous

catkins precocious

bracts of males

cuneiform,

generally covering 2 bracteoles, connate within (some-

times 0)
foliate

female catkins short subsessile, finally stipitate to elongate

;

ramule
at

each fruit surrounded by a sacciform accrescent

bracteole

sometimes open tubular apex dentate, laciniate or

{Northern temperate regions of both hemispheres).

spinescent, very rarely (Ostryopsis) with external accrescent scale,

divided within.

^See
4.

p.

225.

Carpinus T.
go

Flowers nearly of

Gor/jlus

the males consisting

;

of stamens

(3-20) inserted in axil of bracts of catkin

;

filaments

slender 2-fid

anther cells separate, pilose at apex and extrorsely

CAHTANEACEJE.
rimose.

259

Female flowers 2-nate in axils of caducous bracts of catkin gynsecium, &c., of Gonjlm. Nucules crowned with remains of calyx
;

subligneous plurinerved, 1-locular

seed of Corijlus.

Small trees or
lateral,
;

shrubs

leaves alternate penninerved dentate, in vernation concave

towards axis, not longitudinally plicate along costa; stipules

oftener caducous
elongate,
;

catkins precocious lateral

;

males slender

females

ramiform terminal

bracteoles lateral accrescent around

axillary fruit, or leaflike lobate patulous or internally increased at

base

by very small

ligule (Distegocarpus), or

more rarely conicalfruit.

tubular {Ostri/n)j after anthesis developed to a nearly closed cone

covered with stinging hairs and surrounding

sphere of both vwrhls).

(^North. hemi-

See
III.

p. 227.

QUEECINEJE.

5. Quercus T. Flowers moncious or rarely dicious apetalous; male calyx 3-8 -partite or lobate. Stamens same in number or

2-3-times as

many

filaments slender exserted, or central, or

;

more

rarely inserted around rudiment of gynoBcium

2-locular,

anthers extrorse,

2-rimose.

Receptacle of

female flower very concave,

germen and bearing superior 3-8-lobed epigynous calyx inserted at margin germen cells 2-4, oftener 3, complete or generally incomplete above style branches equal to number of cells,
enclosing aduate
;

linear

erect or oftener thick open,

stigmatose above.

Ovules in
;

cells 2-nate,

descending

pyle extrorsely superior.

eupule,

more or less completely anatropous microAchene (acorn) surrounded at base with

Fertile seed 1,
;

marked

at

apex with scar of thin perianth.

surrounded at base or at a greater or less height by 5 abortive seeds

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo plano-convex fleshy, externally

smooth or undulate, more rarely sinuate lobate radicle superior. Trees large or small leaves alternate, sometimes persistent, penni;
;

nerved, longitudinally plicate in vernation

stipules lateral fugacious

buds squamose stiimlate more rarely androgynous

catkins erect or pendulous,

1-sexual, or

female flowers inferior

bracts alternate
;

short, 1-3-florous; female catkins 1- or oftener few-florous

each

flower and fruit surrounded

by eupule externally squamose,

spirally

or annularly zonate, rarely sub-nude, sometimes flnally fissous, free

from acorn or adnate

(North.'
to injy.

to base,

exserted or more rarely enclosed.

regions of both worlds).

See

p.

230.

172

260

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

G
?

Castanea T.

Flowers monoecious (nearly

;

of Qnercus)

male

calyx oftener
2-sei'iate
;

fi-partite

folioles

2-seriate.
;

Stamens G-20, often

;

filaments erect exscrted

anthers extrorse

cells sliort sub;

Female flowers within involucre 1-3 receptacle germ en cells 3 (Cas^^mojisis) or 4-6, more or less complete style branches same in number simple, surrounded at base by lobes of superior calyx generally same in number.
globose rimose.
lageniform, enclosing adnate
;

Ovules in each cell 2 descending and other characters of Q,uercus, Fruit dry, 1-3 enclosed in subglobose involucre, externally cristate
or echinate with sharp scales various in form or sub-conical tubercles,
finally closed or 2-4-partite.

Seed in each

1,

descending

cotyledons

of exalbuminous

embryo fleshy
;

farinaceous, plano-convex or exter-

nally undulately ruminate

radicle superior.
;

Trees
;

leaves alternate,
;

entire or dentate peuninerved

stipules lateral fugacious

male
;

cat-

kins springing from axils oftener inferior, slender caducous

andro-

gynous or female from upper or terminal axils

Quercus.

other characters of

{Temp, and cold regions of both

T.

tvorlds).

See

p.

233.

7.

Fagus

Flowers moncious
;

males solitary or sub-capitate.

Calyx gamophyllous sub-campauulate, 4-8-lobed.

Stamens equal in

number

to lobes of calyx, or twice as

many

filaments inserted at
;

bottom of calyx, slender exserted

connective obtuse or mucrouate
involucre 1-3 2-ovulate
;
;

anthers oblong extrorse, 2 -rimose

at

apex.

Female flowers within

;

receptacle very concave lageniform 3-gonal

cells 3,

style branches 3, short or elongate, glabrous or pilose at

back, surrounded at base with 6 lobes of epigynous calyx.

in cells
2,

Ovules

collaterally

descending

micropylo extrorsely superior.

Fruit enclosed in

common

accrescent

woody

involucre, 4-partite

and

bracteate at base, clothed externally with scales or fimbriate prickles,

dry indhiscent, alately 3-gonal.

panied above by 3-5 very small

Fertile seed 1, descending, accomsterile seeds

;

cotyledons of ex-

albuminous embryo

fleshy rather thick, entire or adpressed plicate,

;

in germination epigeous, expanded, foliaceous

radicle short superior.

Trees or shi'ubs
duous
;

leaves alternate peuninerved, in vernation convex

plicate along nerves or non-plicate [NotJiofagus), persistent or deci-

stipules lateral fugacious

male flowers springing from

237.

axils

of inferior leaves;

females from those of superior sessile stipitate.

worlds).-

{Temp, regions of both

See

p.

CASTANEACEM.

201

lY? BALANOPSEiE.
8.

Balanops H.
;

Bn.

Flowers dioecious
solitary

males naked, consisting

anthers

of stamens oo (generally 3-10), subumbellate on very small convex

recejJtacle

filaments short erect, sometimes connate at base

introrse, .2-rimose.

Female flowers

receptacle short, some-

times subcupular

folioles of perianth (?) co

thick unequal, greater

from exterior to interior, imbricate. Germen free, suddenly attenuate from base, narrowiug at apex to 2-partite style branches linear;

subulate papillose, 2-fid; cells of germen

in each 2-nate,

2,

very incomplete.

Ovules
;

inserted

on
;

placentiform dissepiment, ascending

micropyle extrorsely superior

at

funicles slender unequal erect, dilated

apex

to obturator covering micropyle.

Fruit surrounded at base

;

by persistent and cupuliform calyx (?), ovoid accuminate subbacate mesocarp more or less pulpy endocarp finally subcompletely septate.
;

Seeds in

cells solitary suberect

coat glabrous

cotyledons of slightly
;

albuminous straight embryo ovate, foliaceous or rather thick

short inferior.

radicle

Trees or shrubs

leaves alternate or spuriously ver;

ticillate, coriaceous,

pcnninerved exstipulate

male catkins solitary

bracteolate
(iV.

or few fasciculate springing from

wood

of branches, breaking from

1

perulate bud, slender and loaded with remotely alternate

flowers
donia).
;

female flowers often crowded sessile on wood.

p.

Cale-

See

240.

V? LEITNEEIA.
9.

Leitneria Chapm.

Flowers
;

dicious

amentaceous

males

consisting of stamens 5-10, inserted in axil of scales of catkin and

more

or less connate with its base

filaments free

anthers introrse,

Female flowers in axil of bracts solitary, either naked, by ^a minute unequally 3-4-lobed calyx, laterally germen bracteolate (and sometimes increased by a few stamens) free, 1-locular, attenuate to elongate recurved style stigmatose and and sulcate -within. Ovule 1, inserted in internal angle descending,
2-rimose.
or surrounded
;

incomjjletely

anatropous
;

micropyle extrorsely superior.

scanty
;

Fruit

oblong drupaceous
descending
;

flesh

putamen
small
tree

1-spermous.

Seed
flat

cotyledons of slightly albuminous embryo rather

radicle

and fleshy

superior.

leaves

alternate

262

NATURAL HfSTORY OF PLANTS.

;

petiolate penninerved

stipules lateral;

catkins axillary; floration

p. 242.

developed before leaves.

10(?).

(Florida.)

See
;

Flowers dioecious amentaceous; Didymeles Dtjp.-Th. surrounded by bracteoles or sepals (?) males 2-androus filaments
;

short erect; anthers ovate extrorse, 2-rimose.

Carpels

2,

opposite

free; germ en of each 1-locular, attenuate above to long recurved and revolute style, longitudinally sulcate and densely plumosepapillose

within.

Ovule
2,

1,

descending

micropyle

extrorsely

superior; exostome far produced in tube dilated at apex.

consisting of di-upes
(?)

Fruit
;

sulcate within

seed descending
;

coty-

ledons of exalbuminous embryo thick fleshy plano-convex

superior.

radicle

A
;

tree (?)

leaves alternate petiolate entire penninerved

coriaceous
p.

catkins axillary and (?) terminal.

(Madagascar.)

See

244.

71(?)
11.

MYRICE^.
dicious or more rarely monoecious
sessile in axil of

Myrica
;

L.

Flowers
connate

amentaceous
filaments

males consisting of stamens 2-20,

each bruct or spicate, naked or surrounded

free

by

2-co

bracteoles

or

at

base

anthers

extrorse,

2-rimose.
at base or

Female flowers

sessile in axils of scales of catkin,

naked

surrounded by 2 or a few

sterile or rarely fertile bracteoles

(bearing
style

abortive budlike flower in axil).

Germen
;

free,

1-locular;
;

branches 2 (anteiior and posterior), papillose-j^lumose within

1,

ovule
Fruit
;

basilar or subbasilar orthotropous

;

micropyle

suj^erior.

drupaceous exocarp rugose papillose and secreting a waxy matter putamen more or less hard,'l-spermous. Seed erect; cotyledons of straight exalbuminous or very scantily albuminous embryo thick;
radicle superior.

Small

trees,

shrubs or undershrubs, often odorous

stipulate,

leaves alternate, very

rarely (Comptonia)

penninerved,

entire or dentate or serrate; catkins axillary generally springing

from innovation, simple or compound, either

nous; female flowers superior; males inferior.
regions.)

-sexual, or androgy-

(All temp,

and warm

See

p.

244.

LU. COMBRETACE^.
I.

COIiffiRETUM SERIES.
(fig. 22G-228) are hermaphrodite or In certain species they are pentamerous, notably

The

flowers of Gomhreta^

polygamo-dicious.

Combrctuni {^Polvrea) coccineum.

26.

Flower

(f).

Fi". 227. Diagram.

Fig. 228. Long. sect, of flower.

which the genera Poivrea- and Cacoueia^ have been made. The receptacle has the form of a very deep sac, narrow and elongate,* insensibly attenuated towards the upper part and there
in those of

Cotnbretum

Lfl.
i.
;

Ic. 308.
t.

GiERT>f.
;
;

L.

Ge. n. 475.

Kl.
i.ER

{Pet. Moss. Bot. 101)

is,

according to Moelp.
ii.

Lamk. Diet. i. 734 Suppl. ii. 229 III. t. 282. DC. Prodi: iii. IS Mim. Combrei. t. 5. Turp. Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 221. Spach, Suit, Buffon, iv. 308. Endl. Geii. n. 6087.- Payer, Fain. Nat. 96. Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 4.52. Aetia Adans. Fam. des
Fruct.
176,
36.

n'AuGoviE (DC. Prodr. xv.

700), by-

one of its species {A. Petersii, Kl.) syn. with Vombretum. - CoMMERS. ex Dt'P.-TH. Obs. Plant. Afr. Atistr. 28. DC. Mm. t. 4; Prodr. iii. 17. Gonocarpus Pivrcca CoMMERS. ex J. Gen. 230.

Pl.u. 84.
iv. t. 13.
t.

Forsgardia Velloz. Fl. Flum. 152;

Chrysostachys Pohl, PI. Bras.
Einbryogoiiia
ii.

Ham.
''

Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ. 39.

65,
ii.

143.

Bl. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.

III. Plant.
t.

III. t.
loc.

122.

Sheadeiidron

Bertol.

Mozamb.
Pet.

i. 450. J. Gen. 300. Lamk. 359.DC. Prodr. iii. 23 (part). Spach, cit. 315. Endl. Gen. n. 6088. B. H. Gen.

AuHL. Guian.

Mem. Acad.

Boloyn. (1850) 12,

t.

4. Ex.

Car. Journ. Linn. Soc. iv, 167. Calopyxis TuL. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 4, vi. 86. Bureapa H. Bn. Adaiisonia, i. 71 (ex M.
Moss. Bot. 74,
14.

bergia

Hambergera Scop. Introd. n. 270. UamNeck. Flem. n. 830. Schousba W. Spec. 578 (not ScHUM. et Thonn.).
688.

Often with 4-6 salient angles.

Ahg. DC. Prodr.

.XV. p.

ii.

1258.

Aryyrodendroii

264

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

abruptly dilated to a kind of hemispherical cup, lined to a variable

extent by a glandular bed or numerous hairs, the margin of which

bears the sepals, valvate at adult age.'

In the intervals are inserted

an equal number of petals very variable in size, sometimes large and contorted or more rarely imbricate, in other cases very narrow
;

sometimes they are entirely wanting.''

The stamens

are in

number
Five
a
free

double that of the petals and are arranged in two

the receptacle higher than the alternate ones.

verticils.

arc superposed to the petals and inserted on the internal surface of

All have

first folded back upon itself summit is directed downwards to attach itself to the back of the anther which is introrse, bilocular, dehiscing by two longitu-

subulate elongate exserted filament, at

so that its

dinal clefts.

It

becomes erect

at

the time of anthesis.^

In the

female or hermajArodite flowers, the receptacular cavity, below the

point where
it is
is

dilated to a cup,

is

entirely filled
style, at

ovary which
are found

surmounted by a subulate

by the adnate summit stigma-

tiferous, not swollen, undivided.

In the single cavity of the ovary

at adult age,

two or three parietal placentae, often but slightly distinct from the upper of each of which depend one or two ovules, at first lateral,* attached by a funicle more or less long and slender, anatropous and with micropyle directed upwards and outwards."" The fruit, surmounted by a scar produced by the early
separation of the dilated
coriaceous,

portion

of the

receptacle, is

elongate,

membranous

or almost

spongy, generally indhiscent,''

with four

to six vertical

prominences in form of dihedral angles,

central cavity of the pericarp contains a

soft or pointed,

sometimes dilated to vertical wings, coriaceous or

membranous.
longitudinal

The narrow

jingle descending seed, narrow and elongate, often traversed by

furi'ows, enclosing

under

its

coats a fleshy embryo,

destitute of albumen, with superior radicle,

convex, angular or plicate,

and cotyledons planocontortuplicate, more rarely convolute.

is

In Gacoucia,'^ the receptacular tube

often a little curved or gibbous

Often at

first slightly

imbricate.

appears, in
this is only
'

acliilt

age, to be quite apicular, but

^
3

Especially in Calupijxis and Thilua. In the Comhretece the pollen is generally

an

illusion.

ovoid with three or six folds, and in water spherical with three or six bands, each bearing

Their coat is double. It opens tardily in four pannels in Shcadcn(Iron Bektol., in five in some other African
*

one or several papillos

br. 2,
*

(II. ttluiih.

Ann.

Sc. A'lit.

species.
'

iii.

332).

They have been

distinguished as a genus
fruit,

Their point of attachment to the partition

chiefly

on account of their

which

is

COMBRETACEjE.
on one
side,

265

The andrcium
of stamens a

and the stamens are more decidedly incurved in the bud. is diplostemouous or sometimes formed of a number
little

above ten

a fact occasionally observed in the

Comhreta proper.

On

the other

hand there

is

impoverishment of

Quisqualis hidica.

Fig. 230. Flower

(f).

Fii;.

229. Floriferoas branch.

Fig. 231. Long,

sect, of flower.

the andrcium in TlidJoa,^ the apetalous and tetramerous flower of

which sometimes has eight stamens four of them may be wanting or remain sterile. All these plants, however, appear tous inseparable from the genus Combretnm, which, thus constituted, comprises about a hundred and thirty species," generally shrubby, not unfrequently sarmentose and climbing, with opposite leaves, rarely verticillate or
;

described as fleshy.
quite dry

However, it is finally and 5-angular, like that of so many other Comlirete, and it also presents incomplete
line of dehiscence.

'

EiCHL. Regensb. Flora (186G), n. 10; Mart.

t.

Fl. Bras. Comhrct. 103,

=

27.
;

H. B. PL JEquin. t. 132 U. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec.

Adans.

vii.

.xi. 379. 138. A. S. II.

266

NATURAL IlIHTURY OF PLANTS.

and flowers disposed in simple or more or very variable in form and length,^ and furnished
;

alternate, petiolate, entire

less ramified spikes,

with bracts more or

Quisqualis

less

developed.

They belong

to

the

warm

regions of Asia, Africa, and South America.

(fig.

229-234), climbing shrubs of tropical Asia and Africa, have all the characters of the Gombreta,

QtiUqtmlis indicu.

except

that the reeeptacular pouch,

after enveloping the ovary,
is

prolonged upwards in a

long tube traversed by the

style adhering to one side

of

it

after

lated to

which it is dia cup which bears

fila-

ten stamens with short

ments erect
Fig. 232. Fruit. Fig. 231. Seed. Fig. 233. Long, sect, of fruit.

at adult age,
five valvate

and higher up
sepals

and

five

imbricate

or contorted petals.
fruit is

The

fleshy cotyledons,

dry and encloses a single seed, the embryo of which has two The pretty round or channelled externally.

flowers of

QidnquaUs are

collected in short capituliform spikes

more

rarely in axillary and terminal clusters.

In Lumnitzera, trees and shrubs with alternate and coriaceous leaves, growing on the shores of all the tropical seas of the old world, the flowers are hermaphrodite and very analogous to those of

Comhretmn.

The long

receptacle, enveloping the ovary,

is

dilated

above the latter in a campanulate cup, the margin of

five slightly imbricate persistent sepals

which bears

and

five contorted or imbri-

cate petals.

Its interior surface

is

covered with a glandular disk

with ten indentations in the upper part, at the bottom of which are inserted the stamens with filaments slightly incurved at the summit, and cordate introrse anthers. The ovules, of which the number
varies from
Fl. Bins. Mcr.
t.

two
246,
t.

to five, are

suspended by a long fuuiclc

Icon.

and the
ii.

ii.

t.

129,

130. Hook.

{ComliretHm).'L/LV,'s. Fl. Trop. Afr.

419, 433

592

ot.

Mag.
i. t.

291-4. GuiLLEM. et Perk.

1

(CacoHc/o). EicHL.

Fl. Sen. Tent.

60, fig.

{Poirrea), 67,

Benth. Niger, 337

i.

{Poivrea).

Hahv. Thes. Cap.

508, 512 (Poivrea).

68.

Mart. Fl. Bras. Combret. 106, 120 (Camncia), t. 27-32, Zi.Bot. Reg. t.
V.

429, 1105,
cia)
' ;

74,

75. SoND. FL
Sc.

Cap.

ii.

662

1031. Walp. Rep. ii. 66, 68 (CflCOfAnn. i. 290 ii. 525 iv. 673.
; ; ;

TuL. Anil.

Nat.

scr. 4, vi.

76 {Ptcvrea), 83

Those of Cacoucta arc very long.

COMBBETJCEJE.

2G7

woody

elongate fruit bearing at

its

margin the traces of the two

cotyle-

lateral bracteoles of the flower,

borne on the sides of the receptacle,

like Luraiiifzera,

contains one linear seed the

dons.

embryo of which has convolute

Lagnncularia racemosa, a shrub inhabiting,

the brackish waters of the shore alike in western Africa and tropical

America, has opposite leaves and spikes of polygamous flowers, the

inferior

and obconical ovary of which

also bears

upon

its

margin the
of ten

lateral bracteoles raised nearly to the height of the persistent calyx,

and

five imbricate petals.

The stamens are

also to the

number

with short filaments and cordate anthers, and are inserted at the level of an epigynous disk which crowns the ovary and surrounds the
base of a short style stigmatiferous and bilobed at summit.
ovarian cavity
is

In the

found a placenta nearly apical from which depend

two
also

sessile ovules.

The

fruit,

dry and coriaceous, obpyraraidal and

Macropteranthes,
Australian shrubs,

inwardly compressed, encloses a single seed the embryo of which has

convolute cotyledons.

owe their name to the presence, on the sides of their ovary and fruit, of two lai'ge lateral bracteoles, raised and flattened inwardly, in the form of wings. The flower is in other respects that of Lagxmcularia,
except that the receptacle contracts

much

less

above the ovary, and

that the latter contains from ten to sixteen ovules suspended

by

slender funicles of very unequal length.

fasciculate,

The leaves

are opposite or

and the flowers geminate on axillary peduncles.

Ouiera and Galycopteris, shrubs with opposite and downy leaves,

the one from tropical Africa, the other from India, have pentamerous
flowers, in construction very near those of

Combreium.

In the former
they

they are collected in a sort of capitule surrounded by four large

foliaceous decussate bracts forming

an involucre.

In the

latter

are disposed in large ramified clusters.

But Guiera has long ex-

panded petals inserted in the hollows of five sepals persistent but not accrescent to the summit of a lor.g siliquiform curved very villose
pentagonal,
its fruit, short and surmounted by accrescent sepals in five membranous and veined plates. In both these genera the embryo has covolute

fruit

whilst Calycopteris has no petals, and

is

cotyledons.

Terminalia has given

its

name

to a distinct tribe of this family

(Terminalie), the principal characters of which were thought to be,

alternate leaves, apetalous flowers,

and an embryo with convolute

235-240),
it

cotyledons.

Besides Terminalia

(fig.

comprised

many

268

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

m^da't\(i\i\.dix

other genera,

Anogeissus,Buchenavia,Bucida, Chuncoa, Conocarpus, Pentaptera, Bamat/uella, which, we can separate from it only as sub-genera. Terviinalia proper has hermaphrodite, poly-

gamous or dicious

flowers, the

narrow receptacle of which,

after

Termiiialiit mauritlana.

Fig. 236. Flower (J).

Fiff. 235.

FloriforoiLs liranih.

Fig. 237. Lons. sent, of tlowLT.

enveloping the ovary, immediately expands into a cup similar to that

of Comhret'um,

and bears four or

five valvate sepals,

two

series of

stamens inserted around the base of the

Tenninfilia
(.4

stylo, ordinarily

surrounded
or

by a hairy epigynous disk annular

nogeis&Hs) ki"Carpa.

lobed.

In the unilocular ovary are

to

found two or three descending ovules

similar

those

of

Laguncularla.

The

fruit, not, as usual,

is

crowned with
very variable

the caducous calyx,

in appearance, consistence,

and form.

In Badamia, Mijrobalanus, and Fu-

ma,
Fig. 238. Capitule of fruit.
Fig. 239.

it is

ovoid, with a roundish or

Single

fruit (i).

angular putamen.
Anogeissus,
it is

In

Catdirpa and

compressed or dilated

into

two marginal wings

(fig.

238, 239).

In Chuncoa, species whose

leaves arc frequently opposite and furnisbed with two glands at the base of the inferior surface, it is small, coriaceous, and prolonged to

2-5 expanded membranous wings. In Pentaptera, the leaves of which have ordinarily the same characters, the putamen is osseous Eamatuella, from or woody, and the wings are 5-7 in number.

COMBRETACEM.
Venezuela, has a slightly fleshy fruit with three to six thick
wings, entire, sinuous, or lobed at the margin.
arc collected in capitules, that
is,

2G9

vei'tical

Besides, their flowers

the principal axis remains the

shortest as often happens in

the true Terminalia, although the latter frequently have also

flowers in elongate simjile or

TcnnMia

^cooca>-P"^) creota

compound spikes (fig, 235). The flowers of Anogeissus are

also in capitules.

This

is

why

we have not
tinct

retained, as dis-

from Terminalia, Cono(fig.

carpus

240), which has

the same apetalous, pentame-

rous flowers

as

Terminalia,

but the inflorescences of which

become small globular

Conocarpus, the fruit
sistent

capi-

tules collected in clusters.

In

is finally

surrounded externally by perrecurved

close
to

bracts

reFis
2-40.

maining
of cone.

each other
sort
this

Floriferous branch.

so that the

whole forms a

Thus

limited,

genus comprises nearly

to

hundred

species, all tropical,

common

the four quarters of the globe,

principally in the old world.

11.

TUPELOS SERIES.

Tupelos

'

(fig.

the male flower,

calyx with

five

In 241-244) has polygamo-dicious flowers. the summit of the pedicel is dilated to a small or more short teeth, surmounted by a thick

J.

162. L. Gm. n. 1163. t. 851. Poir. Diet. iv. 508; Suppl. iv. 115. G^etn, p. i^cKci. iii. 201, t. 216. SrACH, Suit, Bnffo,,, x. 463. Endl. Geii. n, 2086. Lindl. Vei/. luui/d. 720.
'

X'tjssa

Gkokov.

Virg.

A. DC. Tivdi: xiv. 622.

H. Bn. dansmia,
ii.

v.

Gen.

73. Lamk.

III.

196. B. H. Gen. (ex AD.iNfi. Fmn.

Pluk. (ex Adans.

952, n.
des PI.
loc.

II. Tupelo Catesb.

80).

Cijnoxylon

cit.)

270

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

orbicular glandular disk, with entire or crenulate margin, sometimes

smooth and bare on the upper surface, and sometimes supporting a central and conical rudiment of a gyna^cium. Outside of this are
inserted caducous petals, equal
!/sia
ijiora.

-^^

number and

alternating

with the teeth of the calyx,

and an equal, double,

or quadruple

triple

number

of staverticils

mens, arranged in

and formed each of a

a
short,

free

slender exserted filament, and

bilocular,

introrse

anther dehiscing by two longitudinal

clefts.

In the herma-

phrodite flowers, the perianth

and andrcium are the same

but the receptacle
is

deeply

depressed to an obconical or
Fipr. 241.

Male

fioriferous branch.

tubular cavity which encloses

an
lute style, the internal

inferior

and

unilocular

ovary ,^ surmounted by a simple or rarely bifurcate, curved or rcvo-

margin of which is traversed by a longitudinal furrow with edges covered with stigmatic papillfe. In the female flowers the stamens disappear, or are carried, in small number and
sterile,

above the ovary, by the margin of the receptacle.

is

In the

internal angle of the ovarian cell near the summit

inserted a

descending anatropous ovule, with microjiyle exterior and superior.^ The fruit is an oblong drupe, crowned by a scar, with thick and hard

putamen, compressed or cylindrical, enclosing a seed the membranous coats of which cover a fleshy albumen, which envelopes an embryo
Avith foliaceous cotyledons, nearly equal in size to the

albumen and

surmounted by a short cylindrical

the

radicle.

Tupelos consists of trees

or shrubs, not unfrequently covered with a silky down, growing, to

number

of half a dozen species,^ in the southern part of

North

America, in the temperate mountainous regions of Asia, and in the

and tiieu flowers occur with two carand an ovary with two cells complete or incomplete and uniovulate.
'

Now

pels

3 Mieux. Arhr. For. t. 18-22. A. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 201. Chapm. Fl. S. Unit. St. 168. For the real number of species to be retained

''

With double

envelope.

see p. 279, n. 6.

COMBRETACEjE.

271

Malayan archipelago.

The

leaves are

entire,

widely dentate or

sublobate, alternate, petiolate, without stipules.

The

flowers, at the

summit

of a

common

peduncle, form a sort of capitule or short spike

Nyssa
hijfora.

Fig. 243. Hermailirodite flower (f).

Fig. 242.

Male flower

(|).

Fig. 244. Long. sect, of

hermaphrodite flower.

on which they arc disposed in small groups (probably glomerules), accompanied by lateral bracteoles sometimes forming small involucres.

The

females, less

numerous

at the

summit

of the

common

peduncle,

may even be

solitary."

III?

ALANGIUM
^

SERIES.

The

flowers of J./a)//tm

(fig.

phrodite.

The concave

receptacle, like that of

245-252) are regular and hermaCombretum or Nyssa,

stamens, free on the surface of a globular recepThe female flower, occupying, when
present, not the summit, but the side of the upper portion of the receptacle, is composed of

According to Bentham and Hooker, A^. Hook. f. and Thoms., a Himalayan species, is very analogous to Ceratostachi/s (Bl. Bijdr. G44 ; MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bal. i. p. i. 839), a Javanese plant, itself probably identical with Ayntfiisnnthes (Bl. foe. cit. Mio. loc. cit. 838). Cirmptot/ieca, of Tibet, appears very near the
'

sessilijlora

tacle.

an inferior ovary, with numerous uniovulate cells, surmounted by an epigj'nous caly.x, within which may be found some short str.mens with

preceding

tj'pes, differing chiefly

in

its

valvate

and in its anthers with four cellules pendent from a dilatation of the connective, and opening irregularly on the side of the filament. Here also we provisionally place Davidia, a
corolla (imbricate in Ceratostitchi/s)
'^

The ovules in each cell are solitary and descending, with exterior micropyle. D. iiivolncrnta has alternate leaves and
fertile or sterile anthers.

two large white foliaceous bracts under the

inflorescence.
3 Lamk. i>ii^. i. 174; Suppl.i. 366. Corkea, Ann. Mus. s. 161. DC. Frodr. iii. 203. Spach, Suit, Buffon, xiii. 260. Endl. Gen. n. 6096. H. Bn. Adansonia, v. 193. B. H. Gen. Angolam Adans. Fam. des Fl. ii. 85. 949, n. 1. Angolamia Scop. Introd. u. 280.

beautifid tree of Tibet, the authentic specimens

of which, unfortunately, some time since disappeared fi-om the herbarium of the Jluseum, which has prevented us from giving a figure of
it.

The

flowers are collected in 1- or 2-sexual

;

capitules

the males represented simply by

272

NATURAL in STORY OF PLANTS.

encloses an inferior ovary and is crowned with an epigynous disk, around which are inserted the calyx, the corolla, and the andrcecium.

The

calyx, short and superior, has from four to ten teeth with

which
iu

alternate an equal

reflexed

or

revolute.

number of narrow The epigynous stamens

Alfi}igin})i dt riipetalttm.

elongate valvato petals, finally

are

the

same

Fig. 247. Fruit.

Fig. 245. Flower.

Fig. 248. Transverse sect, of fruit.

Fig. 246. Long, sect, of flower.

number

as the petals,
(fig.

with which they alternate, or double,

;

triple, or

quadruple

245, 246)

they are formed each of a free filament,

set in the cavity of the receptacle

glabrous or hairy, and a bilocular, introrse anther dehiscing by two

longitudinal
clefts.^

The ovary,

Alangiums, and below the summit, a descending anatropous ovule with micropyle primarily superior and exterior, later lateral, The style, rising from the centre of afterwards slightly contorted."

and consequently

inferior, is unilocular iu the true

encloses, inserted a little

the epigynous disk,

is

swollen at

its

stigmatiferous summit, almost

of small lobes.

enth-e or divided into a variable

is

number

The

fruit

a drupe, crowned with the persistent calyx and the putamen, often

of little thickness, encloses a seed

whose coats cover a fleshy albumen,

flat

externally smooth or ruminated, enveloping an axile embryo, with,

superior cylindrical radicle, and wide foliaceous cotyledons,
or

more

or less contortuplicate.
are sometimes nearly marginal.

There are some species of Alangium

-

They

It

has a double envelope.

COMBRETACEM.

273

which, with a unilocular ovary, have a nuiuber of stameus double

tliat

of the petals

we have named them

Dqjlalaugiwm,
is

;'

and others

where, with an isostemonous andrcium, there

cell
;

likewise a single

these

are

our Marleopsls," that

(fig.

approach Marlea^

which closely 249-252), of which a distinct genus has

is

species

Almujiiiin {Mir'tui) hajoiiifulium.

Fi"-.

251. Fruit.

Fig.

21.9.

Flower

(i).

Fig. 252. Transverse

sect, of fruit.

Fig. 250. Long, sect, of flower.

hitherto been made, but of which

we

shall

make only

a section of the

genus Almujiiim.
but the ovary

The andrcium

is

there constantly isostemonous,

two in number. The consequence is that, in the drupaceous fruit, the putamen is hollowed with two cells. One of them is ordinarily narrow and sterile. The seed contained in the other has constantly albumen externally smooth and flat cotyledons. Thus conceived,* this genus comprises some fifteen species^ iuhabitnig They are trees the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Oceania.
cells are

'

Adansoiiia, v. 195.
It is often the

same

in Rhijtidandia (A.
t.

1.

Amjolam (Adans.).
Diplalam/ ium (H. Bx.).
Marleupsis (H. Bn.).
Pit ijtidandra (A.

Gkay,
3

Unit. St. Expl. Exp. Bot. i.'303,

ii.

28

2.

Pseudalangium F. Muell. Fragm.

Alan'gium
3.

84).

EoxB.

PL

Coromaiid.

iii.

79,

t.

Prodi: iv. 267 (note). Endl. Gen.

283. DC. n. 6097.

sect. 5.
4. 5.
*

Grat).
Lindl. Pot.
Bot.
i.

JIarlea (Ro.'JE.).

n. 2.

Puiftsauvia
VOL.

H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 341. B. H. Gen. 949, Stj/lidium Lour. P/. Cuchinch. (ed. 1790), 220 (not iiv,\).Sti/lis PoiR. Bid. Suppl. v. 2G0.
J. Diet. Sc. Nat.
li.

Wight and Arn.

t.

Prodr.i. 325.

Reg. (1838),
III.
t.

61 (if>-fca). Wight, /ra.t. 194;

Jacqtiem.

96. DcNE.

Voy.
i.

t.

83

158.

(Marlett).Mvi. Fl. Ind.-Bat.

pp.

773, 774

VL

18

274

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Their leaves are alternate, potiolate,
th.o

or shrubs sometimes spinous.

without stipules, regular or more or less unsymmetrical at the base,

entire, dentate or lobed,

penninerved or digitincrved at

base.

The flowers^ are disposed in cymes or glomerules more or less compound in the axil of the leaves, and each is ordinarily articulated at the summit of its pedicel.

This family was established by R.

genera referred to
carjnis,
it

Brown ^

in 1810.

Of the

at the present time, some,

such as Nijssa, Cono-

by

A. L. DE JussiEU to his Order Elagnace,^

Bucida, Terminalia, Chuncoa, and Pamca, were attributed and others, such as

Cacoucia, Comhretum, and Gniera, to that of Onagracecefi

figures at the

Alangium

head of the same author's following Order Myrtace.

Alangieiv,^

De Candolle, in 1828, made a separate Order, which Ltndley'' retained, adding to it Tujjelos, for which Eecently, JussiEu''' had, in 1825, founded a family, Nijssace. Nyssa on the one hand and Alangiuin and Marlea on the other, have been ranged, by Bentiiam and Hooker,^ in the family Cornacece, with which their aiiinities are incontestable.'^ At the same time,
Of
the latter,
since in this family the ovules

have the micropyle turned inwards,

exterior,
is

Nyssa, in which
belong to
in
it
;

we have determined^" it to be and if, as we believe, its direction

lateral

at

would not first the same

Alanglum, and becomes

only by

subsequent torsion,

Alanglum and Nyssa are not so near to Cornus as to the Araliacc and Comhretacece. To the latter rather than to the former we provisionally refer them, on account of the characters of their andrcecium,

of their inflorescence, of their style, and of their fruit.

period,

At one

among

the ComhretacccB were

,

known

only plants with ovules

inserted near the

summit of the ovary. Later it was seen that their placenta was parietal and centripetal, and that the ovules were, in reality, inserted right and left of the upper portion of the placenta.
(Marlea)

Suppl.

138

Fl. Austral,

Sc. Nat. sr. 4,

183 {Marlea).
iv.

341. Benth. Fl. Sonffk. 386 (Mnrka) .TvL. Ann. vi. 105. H. Bn. Aclan.wnia, x. Walp. Ann. i. 974 {Marlea)
i.

^ ^

Op.

cit.

320.
iii.

iii.

Prodr.

203, Ord. 77.

Viy. Kingd. (1846) 719, Ord. 275 {Alnni/iDiet. Sc. Nat. xxxv.

accie).
'

819 {Shijtidandra). ' Generally whitish.

Prodr. Fl. N.-Bol.
;

267. Endl.

Gen. 328

{Gen. Santalaceis Affm.).

i.

'

351

Flind.
i.

Voy.

ii.

c>,_ 949^

952.
v. 196.

548
'

Misc. JVoris (ed. Benn.),

1.

19.

H. Bn. Adansonia,
Adansonia,
loc. cit.

Gen. (1789) 74, Ord.

'

198.

COMBRETACEJE.
Let the
cells,

275

latter

advance farther and we shall have an ovary with two

with
dicarpellar

iucomj)lete or complete, sometimes observed in Nyssa, and, in

the

Alangie,

gynecium,

an ovary with

complete cavities, each enclosing one ovule.

true Comhretacece
this family, to

Under

this

two view the

would not be the most perfect representatives of which they alone have hitherto been admitted. Hence

the division into three series which, as a

I.

new

order,

we

propose

CoMBRETE.E.^ Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, with or

Ovules equal

without corolla, with unilocular pauciovulate ovary.

or double in

number

that of the very imperfect parietal placentae,

and

inserted near the summit, ordinarily attached

by a long

funicle,^

with exterior micropyle.

II.

Nyssk^.

Flowers

Seeds without albumen.

polygamo-dicecious,

8 genera.

with

polypetalous

Ovary with one or more cells, generally complete, uniovulate. Ovule descending, attached by a short funicle,
corolla,

rarely absent.

with exterior micropyle.

III.

Seeds albuminous.

-3

genera.

Alangiej!;.
petals.

Flowers

hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous,

or

with 4-10

Ovary with one

lateral.

two uuiovulate

cells.

Ovule

descending, inserted at top of internal angle by a short funicle, with

micropyle finally

Seeds albuminous.

genus.

The

affinities of these three

groups are manifold.

We have spoken
besides the
their isoste-

of those of the Alangie with the Cornacc, which,

characters derived from the ovule, are distinguished

by

monous andrcecium.
see, that

The Araliace,

like the Comhretacece,

have the

ovular micropyle turned outwards.

It is admitted, as
latter, in

we

shall also

they are distinct from the

which, as in them, the

theii*

mode of inflorescence, their distinct stylary divisions and their embryo reduced to small dimensions all characters of very small value. The Onagrariece, which present many analogies to the JVi/ssca', have an indefinite number of ovules or, if the number is definite, the descending
ovarian partitions are complete, by their habit,
;
;

ovules have an interior micropyle, as in the

Cornacece,

and the

ascending ovules an exterior.

hretace;
'

In the Bhizojjhoracece, on the contrary,

the descending ovules have the micropyle outward, as in the Com-

but the former are distinguished by their habit, their

Comhretacece E. Br. Terminaliace J. S. H. Exp. Fam.Nat. i.llS. MijrolalaneS. Dict.Sc.

order, the Gi/rocarpe

by us with the
485.
'

nthe Illigere, described Latirace {Hist, of PI. ii. 484,

in the g. Xa^(rZa;-i,

Nat. xxxi. (1824) i5S.Termiiialiece

iii.

9.

LiNDLEY, and

later

DC. Prod,: Benth AM and Hooker

Except always
is

where

{Gen. 689) have joined to the family, as a sub-

the funicle

very short.

182

276

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

the organisation of their corolla and stamens, their style,

stipules,

analogous to that of the Cornace, except in nisoj^hylla, which

all the characters of the Comhrete, hut whose singular and embryo with macropod radicle are very distinct. The closest affinities of the Combrete appear, as we have secn,^ to be those which ally them to the Quercine. The female flower of a Chestnut, with its inferior ovary and the receptacular dilatation wliich surmounts it, with its epigynous stamens and descending ovules

has nearly
leaves

with exterior micropyle, appears to us altogether that of a Termiiialia

whose placentary partitions, always incomplete, are somewhat more advanced towards the axis of an ovary primarily unilocular in both
cases.
is

The exceptional cupule

of the (2uercine, so characteristic,

not found in the whole family of the Castaneace, depending only upon a modification in the form of certain organs of vegetation, and not upon the organisation of the flower itself. The true place of the Combretacece appears to us then to be between the Quercine, the AraMacece, the Onagrariace^ and the Cornace.

The Comhrete. and Alangie

latter are confined to

are plants of tropical countries.

The

Asia, Africa,

and Oceania

the former are

common
genera,

to

both worlds.

Quisqualis,

Macr opter anthes, Guiera, and

;

Cali/copferis,

belong only to the old world

Teniiinalia,
are

but the two principal

distributed,

Comhretum and

unequally

indeed, between Asia, Africa, and America.

laria,

Lumnifzera, Laguncu-

and Conocarpus ," are among those curious littoral plants which, like the Mangroves, develope themselves in the brackish waters of widely distant tropical shores. The first has been observed only in Asia, Africa, and Oceania, but the two latter are met with, likewise, in South America and tropical Africa. The Nijsse, on the other hand, are trees of temperate regions. In North America Nijssa inhabits the most southern parts, Mexico and the United States. In India and Java it grows in small numbers on the mountains.
Camptotheca and Daindia belong
to eastern Tibet.

Uses.

Like the Quercine, to which we

-

have several times comfruit.

pared them, these plants have generally an astringent bark and

'

Sec page 219.

Vulg. Mamjlitrs Jlibustiers.

COMBRETACE.'E.

277

Those of Terminalia, formerly very celebrated in therapeutics as and astringents and still used as such in their native countries, "where they are also employed especially for tanning skins and dyeing stuffs, were known under the name of Mijrohalaus,^ applied also to other fruits borne by plants of very different families.^ Especially distinguished among them were Myrohalan citrine ^ attributed to
tonics

Terminalia citrina
Bellerica.^

and fevers, sometimes sweet, as that of Acacia arabica, sometimes astringent, burning with a flame. Terminalia presents still another point of
analogy
tanning.
to the

M. Sellerie to T. The bark of these trees, prescribed for inflammations like that of some species of Gombretmn, yields a gum,
;*

M. Ghebulic

to T.

Ghebula

Oaks

in that their various organs,

of insect puncture, devcloje galls''

under the influence rich in tannin, good for dyeing and

Such especially is T. Ghebula, the galls of which, hornshaped, large, flat, and hollow, give with alum a solid yellow colour, and with ferruginous clay, an excellent black dye. The root of T.
latifolia^

affords

an anti-diarrhtic in the Antilles.

That of T,

Gatapjpa,^ a beautiful Indian species, introduced and cultivated in

tropical America, is also prescribed for flux, diarrha, dysentery,

and bilious fever. They are useful for dyeing black. Its fruit is valued as an article of food and as a medicine. The same is the case with many other species of Terminalia, notably

and

its

bark

for gastric

T. alata,^" in India, is substituted for catechu in the treatment of

angina, ulcers, and scorbutic eruptions;

' Or Myrobolans, Mijrab,lans, by corruption. MR. and Del. Diet. Mat. .Med. iv. 539. Guib.

T. macroptera,^'^ of Senegal,
indian and black
species,

trine, chebulic, as well as

M.

are

the fruits of the traced the

same
of

brought

Uroij. Simpl. ed. 6,

iii.

282.

Eosenth. Synops.

to difl'erent degrees of maturity.

"

Fiant. Diaphor. 901.

has

changes

M.

chcbula,
six,

Colebrook and
each of
the

See vol. V. p. 164, note 5. Divided into yeUow ovoid and angular, greenish and piriform, and brownish and round^

has seen that

Indi.ans."

its fruit

undergoes

which has received a

distinct

name among
212.)

[Journ. de Bot. vi.

Kcenig

ovoid (Guin.).
*

RoxB.
n. 15.

Cat. Sort. Ciilc. 33.

DC. Prodr.
ii.

iii.

12.
t.

M.
Obs. v.

citrina G.iiRTN. Fruct.

90,

has given to T. chebula the name of T. Mi/robalanus citrina. Guibourt, according to the authors cited, considers Indian M. as a green state
of chebulic
'

97.

M.
foe. cit.

52,
14.

31. RoxB. PI. Coromand. ii. t. 197. LiNDL. Ft. Med. 67. DC. Prodr. n. M. Chcbula G^rtn. foe. cit. {Olicier des
Retz.

Guib.

287,
Qcc.

fig.

652.

Nigres, at Martinique).

M.

54, t. 198. DC. Prodr. n. 13. Breyn. Icon. 18, t. 4. G-ertn. Tani Rueed. Hort. Maliib. iv. t. 10. loc. cit. The sources of the principal Myrobalans are indicated in this manner in standard works but on this point there is much uncertainty. According to Mirat and Del. (foe. cit.) ci*

RoxB.

foe. cit.

Belh'rica

747. DC. Prodr. n. 11. ' L. Mantiss. 619. Lamk. III. t. 848, fig. 1. J acq. Ic. Bar. i. t. 197.DC. Prodr. n. 5. Rosexth. op. cit. 900. Jiiylans Catappa Lour. Fl. coclinch. (ed. 1790), 573 (Pois canot, B.
8

g^.

j?;. /(;.

ii.

huile).
'"

Roth Nov.

Banks.
C3.

Rosesth. op.
Fl. Trop.

Spec.

379.
cit.

Pentaptera alata

902.
i.

" GriLL. and Peru.

Laws,

Fl. Sen. Tent.

ii.

27C,

t.

Afr.

416 (Pcbreb).

278

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

T.

which, though astringent, has a root said to be purgative;

mauritiana^

235-237), the seeds of which are edible; T. angustifolia," which, in India, yields a kind of benzoin; T. Bnceras,^ of the Antilles, the astringent bark of which is employed in medi(fig.

cine

T.

erecta*
of

(fig.

240),

the bark of which

syphilitic,

is

useful in the

treatment
affections.^

ophthalmia,

diabetic,

and

many

other

Laguncularia racemosa,'^ of the tropical African and North American shores, is also an astringent plant. Qjdsqualis indka^ (fig. 229-234) has anthelmintic seeds of a sharp and bitter its leaves also, either alone or with mustard, are prescribed taste
;

worms and affections of the lower intestines. Many species of Gomhretum are also useful. G. coccineum^ (fig. 226-228) and
for
G.

argenteiim,

grandiflorum,''

and alternifolium,

have astringent
In Guyana, the

barks.

Several are tinctorial.

The ashes

of G. glutinosiim^" are

used in Senegambia to fix the colours of indigo.

Galibees rubbed
the

muzzle of their dogs with the fruit of T.

Gacoucia to increase their power of scent."

in

De Maetius made known

and

Europe Tenninalia

argentea,^'^ of Brazil, as yielding a drastic

resolutive juice used in his country for the

gutta.

same purposes as gum

countries are
is

Several species

of Terminalia of the same

tinctorial.

In Mozambique an aromatic fatty matter

extracted

from the seeds of 0. hnfyrosuvi,^^ used for preparing food. Alavgivm has aromatic roots. The wood is good and the fruit edible, but often
viscous and nearly tasteless.

A. decapetahim^*

(fig.

245-248) and

1 Lamk. Diet. i. 349; III. t. 848, fig. 2. Catappa mauritima G.hutn. f. 2 jAca. Uort. Vindob. iii. t. 100. r. Heiiznin

' Lamk. i)i'rf. i. 734; III. t. 282, fig. 2. C. pnrpuremn Y auIs. Sot. lUg. t. ii^.Ioivrea Cuccinea DC. Prodr. iii. 18, n. 5. ^

L.
3
iii.

F.

Suppl.C. Benzoin

G^rtn.

f.

[Faux-

Benjoin, Bien-joint).
Buciiia Buceras L. Spec.

DC. Irodr.
556. DC. Prodr.
t.

Boa. dib. A^tw F/iil.Jmini. {lS2i) 346. n. 24. Laws. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 423.

('' Afielii
differ, 337.
'

Don. Poivrea
Fl. Sen. Tent.
i.

(jrandijlora

Benth.

10. ErcHL. Mart.

1.

Fl. Bras. Combrct. 94,

35, fig.

This species, pierced hy insects, also

Teuu.

288,

t.

68.
t.
t.

produces galls rich in tannin [Chne franais of

the Antilles).
*

"

Cacoiicia coccinea AuiiL.

Guian.

179.
32.

Eichl. Mart. Fl. Bras. Combret. 122,

Conocarpvs erectali. Syst.

217. Despouut.
loc. cit.

Sc/iousbcea coccinea

W.

Fl.
*

MM.

Ant.

vi. t.

399. Eichl.

101,

t.

35, fig. 2 {Manglier flibustier,

T. (jlabrala

M. noir). Forst. trorancnrensis Wight,

droit,
loc. cit.

M.

Pamcca DC. crenulata EoTH. (Rosenth.

900-902),
^
iii.

'' Mart, and Zucc. Nov. Gen. et Spec. i. 43. Eichl. Mart. Fl. Bras. Combret. 86, 126, t. 23. '^ Cx-i)..Journ.Linn. Soc.\\.\G1.Sheadtndron lmtyro.tiim Bektol. Mem. Acad. Bologn. (1850)

etc.

12, t. 4.

See

p. 282,

note

"

2.

G. hi.HK. III. t.357. DG. Prodr. 13. Bot. Mar/, t. 2Q33. Bot. Reg. t. 492.
h. Spec.
op. cit. 903.

'" Lamk. and Arn.

i)iW.

i.

174.

Kosenth.
f.

A.acuminatmnWmwt
op.
cit.

903.

Greuiii
i.

salcifolia

EoSENTH.

Angolam Eheed.

L.

Suppl. 409 (ex

Vahl,

Sijmb.

61).

Hurt. Mulub.

iv. t. 17.

COMBHETACEM.
hexapetaluni'^ are said to be purgative
slightly acid drupes, especially

279

241-244), the fruit of which

is

and diuretic. Tupolos has Nyssa capitata ^ and bifl.ora ^ (fig. sometimes substituted for citrons.
is

That of N.
their fibres
valued.''

aquai'tea,'^ villosa,^

sramdens,^

also eaten.

The wood

of these trees splits with difficulty, on account of the intricacy of

it is often used in the United States, but is little These trees are cultivated among us with some difficulty.
;

Plants of the other series are met with only in conservatories, where
certain species of

Gombrektm and Quisqualis produce red flowers

of a

very

fine effect.

Lamk.

loc.

cit.TlO. Prodi:

iii.

203 (Nami-

comprising

]V. rillosn

W.

and

si/hmtica

Maksh.

doii,

Kara-Aiigolam).

Walt.
^

Fl. Carol. 253, n. i.

Fl. Bor.-Amer.ii. 259.

Chapman adds in the south N. aquatica L. and N. capitata Walt. in all, consequently only
;

MiCKX.
L.

N.aquatica

four

American

species,

which, probably, present

see

L.

? * '

(ex MiCHx.).
Si/st. (ed.

1780), iv. 358.

many variations. ^ On the stem

Tkkcul, Ann.

of a Ryssa angitlisans,

MiCHX. op. cit. 258. ' MicHX. ex RosENTH. op. cit. 239. According to A. Gray, there are in the northern United States only two species of Ni/ssa; N. unijlora, comprising iV. tomaitosa, anyulisatis and grandidentuta MicHX. A', niiiltiflora Wang, and

Sc. Nat. ser. 3, xvii. 270.

On the

wood of the Alangieie : Lindl. Veg. Kiiigd. 720. That of the Combretaa in general, and notably those growing in brackish waters, presents numerous peculiarities for study.

!iMO

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

GENERA.
I.

COMBEETEiE.
;

1.

Combretum
;

L.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-dicecious

constricted
to

receptacle

tubular-lageniform,

apex,

then dilated

cujjuliform

sepals 4, 5, valvate, glabrous or pilose within, some-

times glaudularly incrassate at base, deciduous. times small (or very rarely
0).
;

Petals 4, 5, some2-seriate;

Stamens 8-10,

the

oppositipetalous inserted higher

filaments elongate free, inciirved

above; anthers small introrse, 2-dymous, 2-rimose.

within to concavity of receptacle, 1-locular
simple or slightly incrassate stigmatose.
;

Germenadnate
apex

style subulate, at

Ovules 2-6, suspended from

;

apex of

cell

by a rather long

fuoicle, anatropous

micropyle extrorsely

superior.

Fruit coriaceous or sub-spongy, sometinies sub-fleshy, 4-6;

gonal or 4-6-pterous ; wings short thick or often membranous pericarp

indhiscent or finally 4-6-partible.
cate or angular; coat

Seed

1,

descending, elongate, sul-

membranous

or coriaceous; cotyledons of exal-

buminous embryo

fleshy, oftener narrow, plicate contortuplicate or

deeply sulcate, sometimes very rarely convolute.

rarely trees, often climbing, sometimes spinous
;

Shrubs

or

more

leaves opposite or

more rarely

verticillate,

very rarely alternate, petiolate, oftener

;

mem-

branous entire exstipulate

ramose, rarely secund
Africa, America.)
2.
;

flowers in spikes or racemes, sometimes

bracts small or rather large.

p.

{Trop. Asia,

See
L.'

263.
nearly of Gomhretmn

Quisqualis

Flowers

tube of re-

L. Gen. n.

539. J.
43

Gen.
;

357. PoiK.
Endl. Gen.

iJjrf. vi.

Suppl.

78. Lamk. III. t. ir. 640. DC.

447,
t.

105 Fam. Nat. 90. B. Hook. M. hid. ii. ib^.

;

11.

Gen. 689, n.
Bui. Maij.

12.Jack,
155.

phalm>thu.t
to
i.

Prciilr. iii. 22.

Spacii, Suit, Biiffon, iv. 316.

n.

Mai. Misc. ox Hook. Vomp.

6089.

Pavek. Orgaimy.

COMBRETACE/E.
ceptacle far produced
;

281

recurved.

sepals patent or beyond germen attenuate Stamens 10, germen ovules 4, 5, etc. of Comhrettim.

Fruit oblong

coriaceous,
;

acutely 5-gonal,

5-alate

seed

5-gonal.
iiat
;
'

Embryo oxalbuminous
or concave within,

cotyledons 2 (or rarely

convex or sulcate without.

;

3),

thick fleshy,

Climbing shrubs
;

branches sarmentose
in spikes, sometimes

leaves opposite or subopposite entire

flowers

compound, axillary and terminal.

[Trop. Asia

and
3.

Africa.")

Lumnitzera W.^
;

Flowers

(nearly

of

Gombretimi) hermasides,

phrodite

receptacle oblong,

attenuate on

both

externally

increased to middle

by 2 lateral adnate bracteoles, produced somewhat beyond germen and finally dilated. Sepals 5, equal or unequal, Stamens* 10 and Petals 5, oblong patent. imbricate, persistent. gormen oi Gombrcbt.m; ovules 2-6;^ funicle elongate. Fruit oblong, ovoidly attenuate, or subfusiform compressed woody, laterally obtuse angled to remains of bracteoles, crowned with persistent calyx. Seed linear ;"* cotyledons of exulbuminous embryo convolute. Trees and shrubs leaves alternate, inserted at summit of twigs, subsessile,

obovate-cuneate, thick coriaceous enervate, entire or crenate;

in short axillary
tvorhl.^)

flowers'''

and terminal racemes.

(All tropical shores of old

Flowers polygamous (nearly of male flower short) turbinate rather terete not produced beyond germen, laterally increased by 2 small Calyx urceolate, 5-fid, persistent. Petals 5, adnate bracteoles.
4.

Laguncularia
;

Gjhetn.

f."

Lnmnifzera)

receptacle (in

small,

caducous.

Stamens 10; filaments short incurved; anthers

cordate enclosed or slightly exserted.

'

Germen
''

internally adnate to

White
Spec.

or red, changeable.

3, 4,

KuMPH.

Sir//. Aui/miii. v. 71,

t.

trorae.

P.-Beauv. Fl. Ind. t. 28, fig. 2. Ow. et Ben. i. 55, t. 34. Bl. Bijdr. 641. EoxB. Fl. Ind. ii. 420. PiiESL. Epim. 216. Wight and Aen. Prodr. i. 318. Wight, III. t. 92. Hakv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. ii. 512. Laws. Hook. Sot. Mug. Olii\ Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 435.
38.

BuRM.

Anthers in younger hud and at anthesis inFilaments in hud iucurvo-conduplioate. Dissepiments in earliest stage distinct more
Often
sterile

Fl.

or less prominent.

^
;

fruit

hence vacant.
(?)

White

coccineus or

yellow.
Prodr.'i. 316.

Spec. 4,5,

Wight and Akn.

t.

V.

2033. o(. Seg. t. 492. Walp. Ecp. ii. 68 663 Ami. iii. 860. 3 N. fichz. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl. iv. 186. DC. Frodr. iii. 22. Endl. Gen. n. 6084. B. H. Oen. 687, n. 7. Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. iil.Pi/rrant/ius
;
;

Presl. Eel. Snk. ii. 25. Gaudich. Freyciii. Voy. Bot. t. 104, 105 {Lagmic>ilaria).'s.sT:\i.
Fl. Austral,
ii.

503.

Laws.

Fl. Trap. Afr.

i.

ii.

418 Walp.

Rep. 63; Anu.

209,
t.

289;

iv.

672.

Frucl.

iii.

217. DC.

Frodr.

iii.

17.

Jack, Mal. Misc. ex Rook. Comp. i. 156. lonia RoxR. Fl. Ind. ii. 372 (not Sw.).

PetaFiiiikia

Spach, Suit, Bvffon, iv. 304. Endl. Gen. n. 6083. B. H. Gen. 688, n. 9. Sp/ienocarpus L. Koran Adans. Fain. C. Rich. Anal. Fruit. 92.

Dennst. Korl. Malab.

vi.

37 (ex Endl.).

des PI.

ii.

80.

282

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

receptacle and crowned with thick epigynous disk

style short, at

apox stigmatose 2-lobcd,

(or 0).

Ovules 2

funicle subapical very short

Fruit dry coriaceous, indhiscent, elongate-obovoid, some-

times longitudinally cortulate, sericeous, crowned with persistent

calyx.

Seed

1,

descending, conformed to cell

cotyledons of exal;

buminous embryo highly convolute.

petiolate,
elliptical
;

Small trees
entire
ivest.

leaves opposite
coriaceous,
spikes,

or

oblong,
'

obtuse,

thick

2-glandular at base
often 3-s])iked.
5.

flowers

in axillary

and terminal ramose

{Trop.

America and
F.

coast of trop. Africa,")

Macropteranthes
,

Laguncularia) 5-merous.
ciliate.

Muell.^ Flowers hermaphrodite (of Stamens 10, or fewer; anthers sometimes

to cavity of receptacle

Gernien adnate within

laterally

not constricted

winged with 2 adnate bracteoles. Ovules in Fruit cell 10-16, inserted under apex by linear-elongate funicles. (indhiscent ?) crowned with calyx and augmented to middle by 2 ? Small sericeous trees wide foliaceous horizontal wings seeds
at

apex and

leaves opposite or fasciculate small entire

flowers axillary 2-nate

on peduncle.
G.

{Trap. Jti.straliaJ)

Guiera Adans.^
;

Flowers
attenuate

hermai^hrodite

(of

Gombretum),

5-merous
germen.

receptacle

Petals
;

5,

produced beyond Stamens narrow, perceptibly dilated at apex.

on both

sides,

10, exserted

anthers
ovules 4,

small

didymous.

Germen,

disk, etc.,

of

Lumnitzcra

funicles

elongate.

Fruit

coriaceous,

indhiscent, elongate-cylindrical and curved,^ sericeo-villose, crowned

with persistent calyx.

Seed

1,

narrow

elongate embryo convolute.

cotyledons of exalbuminous
;

somewhat tomentose shrub

;

leaves

opposite, petiolate, entire apiculate black-spotted

flowers

'

crowded
involucre

in axillary globose solitary pedunculate capitules; bracts 4, foliaceous

inserted under capitule, valvately connivent in

common

around enclosed flowers,

Africa.^)
'

finally reflexed at anthcsis.

(Trop. west.

Small.
Spec.
1,

Spec.

"

ii.
3-5,

L. racemosa G.ert.v. f. DC. Prmlr. 17. EiOHL. Mart. Fl. Bras. Gombrct. 102, t.
fig.

zero).
*

Benth. Fl.
J.

3,

F. Muell. Fragm.
Anstral.
ii.

ii.

149 {Lumiiit-

504.

Ex

Gm. 320.Lamk.
ii.

3. Laws.
ii.

Fl.

Trop. Afr.

ii.

419.
L.

Diet.

Suppl.

Walp.

Sep.

63.

glahrifolia

Pkesl. iirf. iZienA'. ii. 22. Conocwpus racemosa L. Spec. 251. J ACQ. Amer. 80, t. 53. Schousba commutata Spkeng. S\v. Obs. 79.
Si/st.u.Z'il.

H. B.

Adans.

xi. 378.

Spach, Suit,
6085.
^
'

B.

III. t. 360. PoiK. 8G1. DC. Prodr. iii. 17. Buffun, iv. 305. Endl. Gm. n.

II. Geii.

687, n. 6.

Long

siliquif'orm.

BucidaJiiiceras\ELi.o'i.Fl.Flniii.
iii.

Minute, tlack-spotted.

172;
3

iv.

t.

87 (not L.).
91,

et

Fniijm.

151. B. H. Q^n.

687, n.

8.

Spec. 1, G. scnegalensis Lamk. Guillem. Perr. Fl. Sen. Ttnt. i. 282, t. 66, fig. 2. Laws. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 418 (nat. Gtiierr).
'

COMBEETACEM.
7.

283

Calycopteris Lamk.i

Flowers

liermaphrodite
;

(nearly

of

Gomhretum) apetalous, 5-merous receptacle enclosing inferior germen and not produced beyond. Sepals 5, persistent, accrescent. Stamens 10, enclosed, anthers 2-dymous. Germen
Oiilera or
3 -ovulate (of Com&re^itm).

Fruit (small) ovoid, 5-gomd, o-sulcate,

somewhat villose, crowned with 5 accrescent membranous venose obtuse and patent sepals, indhiscent, 1-spermous cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo convolute. A climbing shrub,^ glabrous or
;

oftener sericeo-villose

leaves

generally opposite

petiolate

entire

acuminate

flowers crowded in axillary simple or terminal and very

(East. India?)
L.*

ramose racemes.
8.

Terminalia

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-dicious

;

(nearly of Gomhretwiii) ajjetalous

cylindrical,

tube of receptacle ovoid or suball

sometimes elongate-lageniform, not at

little

or

scarcely,

sometimes a

beyond germen, dilated above

ferous at margin.

produced campanulate or suburceolate cupule, glabrous or pilose within, sometimes glandular and calyciflirther {Anogeissus''')

(Bamatuella^) or

to a

Sej^als rarely 4, oftenest 5, free or

connate at base,

valvate, generally deciduous or rarely {Bucida'') persistent.

4, 5, or

Stamens

most often 8-10, 2-seriate

;

filaments subulate incurved,

;

finally exserted
tile

the alternisepalous inserted higher

anthers versainferior;
style

or rarely [Buclienavia^) not mobile.

Germen

generally incrassate at base, at apex stigmatose simple and oftener

not dilated.

Ovules in

cell

2,

3 (of

Combretum).
or

Fruit ovoid
ancipiti-

{Myrohalanus^) or ellipsoid
'

or

elongate,'"

angular,

III. t.

357.

Pom. Diet. Suppl.

Gctoiiia Eoxb.
ii.

ii.

Gen. 686, n.
61,
iii.

2.

I'l.

41. B. 11. Coromani.i.

Ptiitnptem Koxe. Ramatuella H. B. K. VUentia

Allem.).
* H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. vii. 254, t. 656. DC. Prodi: iii. 16. Endl. Gen. n. 6080. B. H.

t.

87

210,

t.

428. G^rtn. f. Fruct. 217. DC. Prodi: iii. 15.Endl. Gen.

Fl. Lid.
its

n. 6078.
-

Gin. 686, n. 4.

On

account of

opposite leaves, inflo-

'

Wall.

Ci. n. 4014.

rence and accrescent calyx very like some Verbenaee and MdJpighiace but the flower is
;

B.
7

II.

Gen. 687, n. 5.

HoOK.

Endl.

(?. n.

6082,
450.

Fl. Iiid.

ii.

quite that of Giiiera and allied genera.

^

Spec.

1, 2.

Wight and Arn.

Prudr.

i.

315

L. Gen. n. 541. Lamk. III. t. 356. DC. Prodr. iii. 9. Endl. Gen. u. 6075 (part). Buceras P. Br. Jam. ii. 310.
8

(Getonitt).

ElGHL. Flora (1S6G), 164

t.

Mart. Fl. Bras.

97.

1283. J. Gen. 76. Lamk. Diet. Suppl. i. 557 i. 348 III. t. 848. DC. Prodr. iii. 10. Spach, Suit. Biiffiin,iv. 298. Endl. Gen. n. 6076. Payer, Fam. Nat. 97. Hook. Fl.lnd. ii. 443. Baker, J'i.J/aio-rt. 111. B.H.
>

Mantiss. n.
;

Combret. 95,

25.

a.ERTN. Fruct.

Falra

GMHTti.loc.cit.

Pamea AvBi..Gida

ii.

90,

t.

Badamia
.946,
t.

359

Gen. 685, 1006,

n.

1 (incl.

AnogeUms Wall.

Eichl. Bucida L. A. Kkh. ('r) Chuneoa Pav. CiinscarpusGjiiuiyi.Mijrol/alanus G^ertn.

Buc/ieiiavia

Badamia Gjertn.

Nat. xvi. 206. "> In iJWfrfa it often happens, from the attack of insects, that the leaves of the fruit (as in some plants of the Order) grow out in lonf
J. Bict. Sc.

Cati'ppa GiERTN. Cliicarronia

siliquiform horns (whence the generic name).

284

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

compressed (Gatappa'), 2-7-alate; wings thick, sometimes sinuate

or incised

(Bamatuella) thick coriaceous or widely membranous

;

exocarp thin or more rarely thick, fleshy or coriaceous

coriaceous or osseous, 1-spermous, straight, curved or

putamen
coat thin;
;

much recurved
;

(Gonocarpus^).

Seed ovoid or elongate, terete or angular

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo convolute.

leaves alternate
or

Trees

or shrubs

more rarely opposite and 2-glandular at base (Ghuncoa,* Pentcq^tera^), often collected at summit of twigs, sessile
or oftener petiolate, generally entire, sometimes pellucid or dark-

spotted

flowers

spicate or

more rarely racemose

spikes simple or
;

more or

less ramose, elongate, loose or in short capitules

or some-

times (Anogeissns, Gonocarp'i(,s, RamatueUa) densely capitate.

trop, regions.'')

(All

See

p.

267.

II? NYSSEiE.
9.

Nyssa
.

L.

Flowers
,

polygamo-dicious

receptacle of males
;

shortly cupular or subplane.

Calyx

small, very small or subnil

teeth 5 oo

Petals 5- co

imbricate.

Stamens 5-18, or

co

inserted

with perianth around thick pulvinulate disk entire or crenate or

lobed, glabrous smooth above or produced to a central cone (rudiment

of

gyntccium

?)

filaments

free

anthers

sub-2-dymous
enclosing
0.

cells

laterally or introrsely rimose.

Receptacle of female or hermaphrodite

flower

tubular,
;

urceolate

or

subcampanulate,
Petals
or

adnate

germen
stamens

calyx as in

males.

small

or

Rudimentary

or few anantherous

with

efi'ete
;

anthers.

Germen
or purplish,

inferior, 1-lociilar (or

'

very rarely 2-locular

127
;

dissepiments perfect or
red, pale

217.

AdaiiHiram Rheede, cx Adans. Fam.

445.
Tiinibouca

GiERTN.

Friict.

ii.

206,

t.

iii.

207,

t.

or

more rarely
'

violet

des

sometimes scented.

PL
-

ii.

Aubl. Guian. 448,

^.Tia

1.

178.

Fruit in Conocarpus
ii. ii.

others imbricate in

a dense cone. 3 GiERTN. Frmt.

Wight and Arn. Prodi: 312. Wight, 91 Icon. 172. A. H. Fl. Eras. Her.
i.

Spec. 100. Jacq. St.

Am.

t.

52 [Conocarpus).
lit.
ii.
i.

t.

t.

S.

470,

t.

77

iii.

205,

t.

239. 276,

1. t.

128. Guillem.
63,

et

Peru.

Fl. Sen. Tent.

,

216. Lamk.
Prodr.
iii.

Diet.

16 (p.art).
n.

96; 111. t. 126. DC. Spach, Suit. aUnffon, iv.

64;

278 (Conocarpiis)

279,

t.

65

Rudbccl-ia

303. Endl. Gen.

6081. B. H. Gen. 686, n. 3. Ad.ins. Fam. des PI. ii. 80 (not L.).
ii.

Grlseb.

{Jnor/eissus),

Tui,.

Ann.

Sc. Nut. sr. 4, vi. 90.

Fl. Prit.
ii.

W.-Ind. 276.Hauv. and

Sond. Fl. Cap.

608.

Pay. ex J. Gen. 76. Poir. flto.Suppl.

496. Thw. Fnum.

i.

PI. Zeyl.
t.

Benth. Fl. Austral, ii. 103. Eichl. Mart.

;

258.Endl. Gen. n. 6019.Gimbermtia R. et Pay. Prodr. 138, t. 36. ? Chicarronia A. Rich.

Fl. Cab. 529,
t.

Fl. Bras. Cumbret. 81,

23, 24, 33, 34

;

94,
99,

t.
t.

35,

[Bucida)

95,
;

t.

25 {Buchenaiia)
t.

43.

Vicentia

Allem.

Diss, de

ii.

(Eatnatuella)
Fl.

100,

35,

ii.

{Conocarpus).

iv.

35

.4h.
92,

FkcH^ia a.Kiato Rio Janeiro (1844). Walp. iii. 934. Eichl. Mart. Fl. Bras. Combrett.

Laws.
ii.

Trop. Air.

Anogeissm).
60,

Bot.

ii.

416, 417 (Cooc)7w.s,

t.

Jfa^.
;

3004.
i.

Walp.
;

Eep.
;

33, fig. 15

(fl.

4-merous).

63 {Anogeis.ms)

Ann.

289

ii.

524

Roxi;. Fl. Ind.

ii.

437. Endl.

Gen. n. 6077.

672. Crotun Bemoc L. Mantiss. 297 (DC. Prodr.

iii.

Sm.all or uiodcr.ito-sized, greenish,

whitish

11).

COMBRETACEM.
imperfect)
;

285

style straight or recau'ved or revolute, convexity sulcate,

simple or at stigmatose apex 2-fld, girt at base with thick epigyuous

disk.

Ovule

(or very rarely 2), descending

micropyle extrorscly
at

superior.

Fruit

drupaceous oblong,

areolate

apex
;

putamen
cotyledons

terete or sulcate.

Albumen
;

of descending seed fleshy

of inverted

embryo foliaceous and

equilateral to albumen.

Trees or

shrubs, sometimes sericeous

entii-e

leaves alternate petiolate, exstipulate,

;

or coarsely dentate

or lobate

flowers axillary, inserted at

pedunculum, capitate or shortly racemose (glomerulate ?), female bracts sometimes involucrate bracteate and bracteolate {South. North America, mount. flowers fewer, sometimes solitary.

summit

of

Asia and temp. Malaya.)

10
?

See
Dcne.'

p.

26

9.

Camptotheka

Flowers
;

Nijssu); cal}-x cupular.

Petals 5, imbricate.
cellules

inserted under epigynous disk

conical connective
(in
;

polygamous (nearly of Stamens 10, 2-seriate, of anthers 4, appended to

each introrsely unequally valvicide.^

ovule
.

Germcn
(in

male flower

effete) inferior;

?;

style

2-fid

male

flower very short, buried in disk).

Fruit capitate compressed sub;

samaroid, truncate at apex and

crowned with remains of disk Seed descending elongate testa thin; albumen fleshy embryo (greenish) equal to albumen, cotyledons
mesocarp suberose
thin
;

endocarp thin.
;

radicle superior.
;

tree

leaves alternate, deciduous

flowers

capitate
cellate
;

capitules (glomeruliferous) in terminal raceme

bracts and bracteoles lateral iuvolucrating

and pedicymuks. (East.

males

Tibet?)

11? Davidia H. Bn.*

1-androus
tule,
;

Flowers

polygamo-dicious

stamens co collected in minute enclosed globular capiaround slightly projecting base of filaments; filaments fiee
, ;

subulate, inserted in foveoles of receptacle

anther

cells ovate, free

0, or

on both

sides, sublaterally rimose.

Female flower in capitules

1, laterally

inserted above middle of receptacle, oblique; receptacle

proper of flower subovoid sacciform, enclosing adnate germcn and

bearing
subulate
perianth
;

subepigynous
folioles.

perianth

consisting

of

co

small

unequal

Germen

inferior, 6-LO-locular, attenuate

beyond
to

style conical,

externally rugose,

at

apex divided into

radiating lobes, sulcate and stigmatose within, equal in

cells.
'

number

Ovules in complete

cells solitary, inserted a little

^
*

below apex,
Inc. cit.

Bull. Sue. Jlot. de Fr. xx. 157.

Spec.

1.

C. aeiiminaCa

Dcne.

" Pollen 3-gonal like that of Onagraric."

Aiiuuioiiia, x. 114.

286

NATUBAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

descending

micropyle extrorsely superior.

Hermaphrodite flower
Fruit ...
?

in other respects similar to female

and augmented by short straight

cordato-acumiuate
;

hypogynous

(fertile or sterile)

stamens within the j)crianth.

petiolate,
;'

tree

leaves

alternate,

serrate

penninerved, sub-.3-7-nerved at base

terminal pedunculate
;

flowers precocious

capitules

bracts 2, subopposite, wide foliaceous, con-

formed and equal

finally

to leaves, petaloid coloured (white), involucrate

and

expanded.

{East. Tihd})

III?
13.

ALANGIEJ3.
hermaphrodite or rarely polycamj^auulate, or subcylinat margin, subentire

Alangium Lamk.
;

Flowers

gamous

receptacle concave, turbinate,

drical, enclosing

adnate germen.

Calyx inserted

truncate or 4-10-dentate.
finally reflexed or revolute.

Petals 4-10, lorate or linear, valvate,

Stamens inserted with perianth (epigynous), equal in number and alternating with petals or 2-4 times filaments free or connate at base, inserted under epigynous as many
;

disk

anthers linear-elongate, introrse or laterally rimose.

Germen

inferior, 1-2-locular or

more rarely

3-locular, septa perfect or im-

perfect above

style girt at base with epigynous cupular or pulvinate

disk, at stigmatose

apex clavate or
cell
1,

capitate, oftener

minutely

4-cx)

lobate.

Ovule in each
(?)

inserted under

apex, descending
lateral.

micropyle extrorsely

superior, finally oftener

its

Fruit

drupaceous, crowned with calyx or

fleshy
;

Bear

exocarp thin or thick

putamen more

or less hard,

sometimes crustaceous, 1-2;

spermous.

Seed oblong; integument thin smooth or sometimes sinuate or ruminate

digitinerved at base, or
;

albumen fleshy, externally cotyledons of axile embryo

or slightly corrugate or

foliaceous,

flat,

Trees or shrubs, sometimes contortuplicatc radicle terete superior. unarmed or sometimes spinescent, glabrous or tomentose leaves
;

alternate petiolate exstipulate, entire or angular-lobate, at base equal

or sometimes unequal, penninerved or sometimes digitinerved at base

flowers in axillary

more

or less or

of inflorescence elongate
pedicels

compound ramose cymes branches sometimes more or less contracted;

;

generally

articulate.

(J-sia,

Oceania a/nd

troio.

Africa^

Malacca.)
'

See

p.

271.
-

Tlie

younger sericeous beneath or on both

Spec,

1.

S, involucrata H. Bn.

lue. cit.

sides.

LUT. RIIIZOPHORACE^.
I.

MANGROVE

SERIES.
their long adventitious

The Mangroves

are especially

known by

Bhizophora Mangle.

'^

Fig. 254. Flower

(J).

Fig. 255. Diagram.

Fig. 256. Long. sect, of flower.

Fig. 258. Fruit.

Fig. 257. Dehiscent

Fig. 260. Fruit,

stamen.

with germinating seed.

Fig. 259. Long, sect, of fruit.

'

roots

which descend into the mud, whence the name Bhizophora (fig. 253-260). They have regular and hermaphrodite flowers, the concave
'

L. Gen. n. 692 (part). J. Gen. 213,

Diet. vi.

Lamk.

160;
ii.

III.

Desvx. Journ. Bot.

31,

32 (part). Spach, Suit,

453. 396. Dup.-Th. t. 4. DC. Prodi: iii. Buffon, iv. 332.

t.

Endl. Gen. n. 6098. H. Bn. Fai/er Fam. Nat. 360. B. H. Gen. 678, n. 1. Hook. i?i. Lid. Mangle Plukn. ex Adans. Fam. des ii. 435.
PI.
ii.

445.

288

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

tlie

receptacle of \yluch encloses

inferior portion of the ovary

and

Fig. 253. Floriferous and fructiferous branch.

bears on

its

margin the stamens and

i)eriantli.

'^J'Ik^

latter is double,

RIIIZOPHORACEM.

289

formed of a coriaceous calyx of four thick and valvate persistent sepals, one anterior, another posterior and two lateral (fig. 2-55), and four alternate petals, longer, equally valvate, with a margin often cut
into fine induplicate laciuiie.

The stamens,

eight in number, are

superposed, four to the sepals and four, longer, to the petals.'

is

Each

formed of a filament very short or nil and a basifixed elongate

(fig. 257). The gynajcium is composed of an ovary partly and hollowed into two cells, one anterior, the other posterior; surmounted by a very short style, almost immediately divided

anther with two cells dehiscing longitudinally in quite a peculiar

manner^
inferior
it is

into

two very small stigraatiferous

lobes.

In the internal angle

is

seen a placenta supporting two collateral descending anatropous ovules

with micropylc directed upwards and outwards.^ The fruit, accompanied at its base by the persistent and generally reflexed calyx, is
coriaceous, indhiscent, monospermous.

The

seed

is

remarkable for

the comportment of

its

fleshy embryo, destitute of albumen, but often

surrounded by a

soft

matter which appears to play

its part.
is

The

cotyledons are conferrumiuous, and the superior radicle

considerably
It thus

elongated while the fruit

still

remains attached

to the tree.

takes the form of a long pointed club and perforates the summit of

the pericarp

(fig.

253, 258-2G0) to descend vertically to the

soil into
is

which the

radicle sinks before tlie

upper portion of the embryo

all

disengaged.

Bhizophora consists of trees met with in

I'ises

the tropical

regions of the globe.

Their long adventitious roots support them

the thick stem
entire,

firmly at the bottom of the water, above which

with opposite branches and

decussate pctiolatc,

elliptic,

It not unfrequently hajipens that at adult age no stamen is seen in front of the sepals, but that within each petal are two, one of which is
1

tended the researches of.lAcariN (.S7. ^Hicr. 142) and of K. Brown, who, in his mom. on the
214 Misc. Benn.], i. 369), has established that the membrane of the anther cells is detached at a certain moment to set the pollen at liberty, The lines of dehiscence are but faintly marked
Rnfflcsia (Ticim. Linn. Sue. xiii. p.i.
;

smaller than the other and

may remain

sterile.

Works

[ed.

This arises, as we have shown {Bull. Soc. Linn. Par. 58), from the stamen primarily superposed
to the sepal having,

by a

later displacement,

located itself with the oppositipetalous stamen,

on the

sides of the anthers

and may extend

to

which it has slightly displaced, within the petal te which this latter corresponded. There are
sometimes,
it is

said,

12-androua flowers in this

genus.
- Geii'FITh, who made a study of these plants {On the Fam. of RhiMphorece, ex Tians. of Med. and Phys. Soc. Ciilc; Ann. Sc. Nut. sr. 3, x. Ina. iv. t. 640), h.is confirmed and ex117
;

only a portion of their height. Below the partition extend numerous large cavities, nearly spherical, containing the grains of pollen which are exposed wlien the superficial membrane is
detached,

which

is

tolerably regular manner.

'

sometimes effected in a These anthers have

double.

often been described as "multilocellate."

Their thick coat

is

VOL. VI.

19

2:)0

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

by large
inter-

glabrous, tliick and coriaceous leaves, accompanied

petiolate

and caducous

stipules.

in bi- or triparous, rarely

The flowers' are axillary, collected simple, more generally ramified cymes at
are sessile or pedicellate,

the summit of a
articulate,

common peduncle; they

with two connate bracteoles forming a sort of involucel. Half a dozen species ^ arc admitted in this genus ; but perhaps this

number may be reduced by one half. From the genus Bhizopl,ora have been separated certain species which, with the same organs of vegetation, present notable differences
found on most tropical shores of Asia, Africa, and Oceania, which has 4-()-merous flowers, with a
in their flowers.

Such

is

Ceriopfi,

Hr/'i/ificra gijin)ioi]iiz(t.

):MUij,

Fie;.

2G1. Flownr.

Fig. 2G3. Fetal with the two stiimcns it I'nviilops.

Fig. 202. Long. sect, of flower Q).

valvate

calyx and petals

sloping

to

the

especially in their upper portion, with long stipitate glands.

stamens, in appearance, are superposed in

receives

summit and bordered, The pairs to each petal which

numerous, are
capitule,

them

in its cavity,

and the

inferior ovary contains three flowers, not

incomplete and biovulate

cells.

The

grouped
pedicel,

in contracted

cymes

as a

whole resembling a

and

are geminate in a small involucre at the

llrtuj/ncra (fig.

summit of a short and thick 2G1-263) was also formerly included in

i^i.'Mid. Fl. L,cl.-Bat. -Seem. Fl. VU. 91. GiusEi). Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 274. Wali'.
Fl. Austral,
;

'

White, coriaceous.
\Vu;iiT and AiiN. Pruclr.
i.

Benth.
p.
i.

ii.

310.

Aim. Aim.
108.

i.

5S5
70

fc-uppl.

125, 323.

Nat. Uist. i. 361. Wight, Ivoii. t. 238. Hauv. and SoND. Fl. Caj). i. 513. OLiv.i?i!. Trop. Aft:
ii.

Ittp.

ii.

Ann.

iv.

075.

407. TuL. Ann.

Se. Nut.

scr. 4, vi.

RHIZOPHORACEM.
Rliizofliora.
It has flowers constructed like those of Ceiiojys,

2D1

but

much larger, with from

eight to fifteen narrow and pointed sepals, the

petals,

same number of oblong

the base internally replicate

summit and near upon themselves in such a manner as

sloped at the

much

closely to envelope a pair of stamens

with elongate anthers, appa263).

rently superposed to each of them'

(fig.

The

inferior ovary,
fciur cells,

adnate to the bottom of the receptacle, has two, three, or

more or

less

complete, with two descending ovules in each.

The

fruit is like that of Uliizophora, as

which Bvnguiera

also has the

same organs of vegetation, and the flowers are axillary, solitary or in cymes. They inhabit the same maritime shores as Geriops. liiE((ndeh'a,'wh.ich grows on the coasts of eastern India, the organs
of vegetation, the fiuit, the of Bhizophora
;

mode

of germination, &e., are all those

but the flowers, grouped in small numbers (in cyme) summit of a common peduncle, are of 5 or 6 parts, with I^etals finely and deejdy laciniate at the margin, and an inferior ovary of which the three biovulate cells communicate to a greater or less extent the andrcium is formed of an indefinite number of stamens Avith lono' and slender filaments and small introrse anthers.
at the
;

IL

BARRALDEIA

SEEIES.
ffig.

In the hermaphrodite and regular flowers of Barraldela'-^

whilst

264-269), the cavity of the receptacle contains the inferior ovary,

its

margins, lined with an epigynous disk, forming a double

or triple annular cushion, bear the perianth

and andrcium.

The

former
sepals

is

represented by a valvate calyx of four or five triangular

petals, entire, bilobed,

and a corolla of the same number of

crenelate or laciniate at the margins

and

finally induplicate.

The
PL
ii.

But this is only in appearance, these two stamens belonging to two different verticils and being rarely nearly equal. Oftener one is smaller than the other which primarily corresponded to a sepal but has become displaced as in certain Rhizophora (see p. 289, note 1) and
'

J/n/aJ.iv. 13 (not of others).

Coromaiicl.
iii.

Ciimllia'RoxB.

(1819)

8, t.

211

especially in iJ)^)-.
=

Prodr.

Dup.-Th. ewi.JNW. J/drfff^. (1806) 24. DC. Diatuma Lock. FL Cochinch. (ed. i. 732.
alior.).

1790) 295 (nee

Demi'rfo/fsDEXxsT. Hort.

Hook. PL Lid. ii. 439. R. Br. Congo, 437. DC. Prodr. iii. 33. Endl. Gen. n. 6102. Benth. Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 67, 74. H. Bn. Adansonia, iii. 24, 36 Payer Fam. Nut. 361. B. H. Gen. 680, n. 5. Si/mmetiia Bl. Bijdr. WZO.SarauUia Steud. JVom. Wl.Petaluma DC. Prodr. iii. 294. Catalium Ham. mss. (ex
481.

Fl. I/id. Or.

E.ndl.).

192

292

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

is

aKlrcium

formed of a number of stamens double that of the

petals, disposed in

and alternating with an equal number of lobes of the disk. There is one stamen within each petal which envelopes it more or less in its cavity, and one in each interval
two
verticils
Ilan-aldeia hitiyern'ma.

Fig. 204. Flown- (^).

Fig. 2G0. Long. sect, of flower.

Fig. 208. Heed.

Fig. 265. Diagram.

Fig. 2G7. Fruit ().

Fig. 269. Long, sect, of seed.

between the

Each is formed of a free filament, at first incurved at the summit, and of a short bilocular introrse anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The inferior ovary, the summit of which only is free in some species, is surmounted by a slender style the capitate extremity of which is divided into a number of
petals.'

stigmatiferous lobes equal to that of the

two

to

five,

superposed to the petals

lateral

cells. The when equal

latter

in

vary from number, and

culose each

two

descending ovules, completely or incompletely

anatropous, with micropyle directed upwards and outwards."

fruit, small,

The
calyx,''

coriaceous,

surmounted by the remains of the

contains generally only one fertile reniform seed, the thick coats of
' The latter is generally a the oppositipetalous stamen.

little

smaller than

They have a double coat. As also of the stamens and

stylo.

mnzoPiion.icE.'E.

2!);i

which cover a fleshy albumen, suirouiuling a more or lesa curved embryo, of which the radicle is superior and the cotyledons are flat. Seven or eight species of BarrahJela are known, natives of the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Oceania. They are trees or shrubs
'

with rounded branches, somewhat swollen at the level of the leaves, which are opposite, petiolate, tliick, entire, glabrous, penninerved,
entire or finely dentelate

and accompanied by interpetiolate caducous

stipules ordinarily but slightly developed.

The

flowers ^ are disposed

in the axil of the leaves in bi- or triparous

cymes, generally much

is

ramified.

Close beside Barraldela

like, presenting quite the

is

placed CrossostijUs, which

extremely

same variations as to the absolute number

of stamens, with 4- or 5-merous flowers.

They

differ chiefly iu the

ovary, only partly inferior, in the very variable

less incomplete,
licidal,

number

of

more or

biovulate

cells,

in their fleshy fruit, tardily locu-

embryo.

with seeds furnished with a voluminous axil and a straight It comprises Oceanic shrubs. As in Barraldela the petals

are sometimes entire, sometimes more or less laciniate.

The flower

of Gyrtot roches, a t^hrub of the Indian archipelago, has the same

characters as that of the preceding genera, with four or five sepals and

a diplosteraonous andrcium, and a fleshy fruit

cells of the inferior

but in each of the

ovary there are four descending ovules, disposed

and in the cymes there are no connate bracteoles to form a sort of calicule. In Pellacalyx, native of the same regions, the ovary, entirely inferior, is surmounted by a receptacular tube at the summit
in pairs
;

of

which are inserted from four

(little

to six sepals,

an equal number of
cells

alternate petals

developed or nil) and a double number of

verticils.

stamens arranged in two

The ovarian

enclose

numerous descending

ovules.

III.

MACAEISIA SERIES.
to other families,

Eor a long time referred

271)
'

Macarma^
Ann.
vii.

(fig.

270,

is

the best type of this group to which the names of Lcgnotidece

III. i. t.

WiQHT,

90

Icon.

t.

604, 605 {Ca-

Walp. Av-

n- "1

9J1 {CaroUin).

rallm).ARS. Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 370 [Carallia). Thw. Enun. JPl. Zeyl. 120 {Cnrallia) TuL. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 4, vi. 116 {Cnrallia). Tin^ia. Fl. Bongk. 110; I'l. Aastral.xi. 495 {Carallia). MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bal. i. p. i. 593 Suppl. 126, 326 (Co;aW;). Rheeue, HoH. Malub. v. t. 13.

Small, greenish or whitish, aceompaniod by

lateral bracteoles.

two
^
ii.

Vej. hi. Afr. 49, t. 14. Enul. Gin. 6S90 {Machari>.iit).)i.. Bx. Adan.s,jia, iii.

UM.
t.

15, 19,

2. B. H.

Gen. 246, 6b2, n. 12.

294
tiud Cassipourece

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

have been given. Tlio flowers are regular, with a receptacle in the form of a shallow cup, bearing on its margin five valvate and slightly reduplicate sepals, and five alternate petals,
spoon-shaped at the base, with a limb divided into unequil lobes. ^

The perigynous stamens

are inserted on the receptacle within the

petals
;

tliey are formed

Maenrisia lanccoiafa.

Gacli of a free filament

and an introrse

bilo-

cular anther, dehiscing

by

two longitudinal clefts, mflexed in the

bud. Five are super-

posed to the petals, and

five,

somewhat shorter,
;

alternate

they

are

separated
Fis;. 270.

from

each

Long.
(i).

sent,

of fiowor

Fig. 271. Long, sect, of fruit.

equal other by an number of tongues be-

longing to
restricted at the base,
is

the

disk.

The gynsecium, somewhat bottom of the receptacular cup, but entirely free. It is composed of an ovary with five cells," superposed to the petals, svirmounted by a In the style slightly capitate and stigmatiferous at the summit.
inserted at the internal

angle

of each cell

is

found a placenta supporting two

fruit is a loculicidal capsule finally

collateral, descending,

incompletely anatropous ovules, with micro-

pyle exterior and superior.

The

dividing above into ten pannels and setting free ten (or less) compressed seeds, surmounted by a long vertical

membranous wing, and

Macarisia consists of

enclosing, in the centre of a fleshy albumen, an elongate embryo,

with oblong cotyledons and superior

shrubs from Madagascar.

radicle.

The

leaves are opposite, petiolate, accom-

panied by interpetiolate stipules, with entire or dentelato, penni-

nerved limb.

The

flowei'S, in

the axil of the leaves, are in cumj^ound

cymes, with articulate pedicels accompanied by two lateral bracteoles. Two species ^ are known. Gassipourea (fig. 272-274) comprises plants from tropical America,
the flower of which
'

is

nearlv the same in construction as that of

Imbricate between them.

H. Bn.

loc.

cit.

20.

Walp. Ann.

vii.

'

Somewhat incomplete above

the ovules.

9.52.

RHIZOPHORACE.E.
Macarisia, but a
little

295

more complicated.

The

petals, four or five

in uuraber, are spathulate and deeply laciniate, and the stamens arc In the ovary, constricted at the from fifteen to thii-ly in number.
Ciissipoitnn ilUptica,

Fig. 272. Flower.

Fig. 273. Long. sect, of flower.

base, are found three or four biovulate cells

and the

fruit, spherical

or ovoid, thick and

titions.

more or

less fleshy, finally

opens along the parC'amipourca elliptica.

The albuminous
its

seeds are more or

less

angular but uot winged.

In the old world

Cassijjourca has
scarcely distinct.

analogues in three genera

Thej^are: Dactijlupctalniii,

native of tropical western Africa and

Madatwo or
an

gascar, having pentamerous flowers with ten

or fifteen stamens, and an ovary with

three incomplete cells

Blej)hansicmma,,

Indian shrub, having the tetramerous aud

diplostemonous flower of Gassipoui'ea, Avith an

ovary of three biovulate

Dacti/loj)ctaIiim,

cells

and Weihea,
Fig. 274.

inhabiting Ceylon and the same regions as

Flower with

perianth removed.

having

the

andrcium of

Cassipourea, but an ovary inserted at the bottom of the receptacle

by a wide base, more or less adnate, and flowers, solitary or grouped in cymes more or less compound, accompanied by two connate
bracteoles forming a sort of calicule.

IV.

ANISOPHYLLEA
name
^

SERIES.
by

In this genus, which has been referred to very different families,'

and which owes

'

its

to the singular peculiarity presented

The

Smiiamelidiic, Cwwniece, etc.

H. Bn. Tatjer Tim.

Linn. doc. xxiii.

Aiiisfjphi/lka R. Br. Trans. Hurt. Sue. V. 44G.

^'at. 361. Oliv. Traii". 4GU. B. H. Gen. C8;J, n. lU.

296

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

leaves, the flowers are polj-gamous

its

receptacle

varying

mucli

in

shape

275, 276) and have a according as they include

(fig.
is,

the two sexes or are only males.

That

when they

are her-

maphrodite or female, the ovary

or ovoid pouch, forming its

is

lodged in a tuhular, ohcouieal

receptacular cavity, which disappears

AttisophyUea disticha.

Y'v'. 275.

Floriierous liranch.

Fifj. 276.

Long.

sect, of

male flower [^.

when

there

is

no gynfecium

to envelop.

The epigynous calyx

is

formed of four tolerably thick triangular, valvate

corolla,

sepals, and the same number of alternate petals. The latter are often thick and fleshy, sometimes small and entire, or very slightly

of the

sloped at the summit, bilobed or divided into a variable

number
its

of

unequal lobes.

The andrcium

is

diplostemonous, and

eight

pieces, snperposed, four to the sepals,

and four

to the jjetals, are

disk.

alternate with an equal niimber of lobes of the epigynous

They

are formed each of a free subulate filament, thickened

and

often compressed towards the base, and of an introrse, bilocular

anther, dehiscing

by two longitudinal

clefts,

which may be reduced

to a small sterile mass, of glandular appearance, in the oppositipetalous

AiiisnplniUiim

(not Haw.).

Besth.

Don, ex Sook. Niger

iii.

Fl. 342, 575

Soc.
iii. 7'i.

Journ. Linn.
22,

Gardn. ct Cmami-. Hook. Kew Hook. Fl. liid. ii. 441.

Joiirii,

i.

314.

n. B.v.

Adaiisonia,

ZG. Tetiacri/pta

RinZOPIIORACEM.
stamens, or even disappear altogetlicr.
ovarian
cell,

2^7

In the intornal angle of each

there

is

a descending anatropons ovule with micropyle

superior and exterior.

The

fruit,

scar, is oblong, slightly fleshy or coriaceous,

surmounted by the calyx or its with smooth surflice, or

by longitudinal ribs,' and encloses a descending seed the which cover a fleshy macropodal embryo, with a superior radicle, in the form of a thick club and with a gemmule formed of a AimojihyUea, goodly number of small leaves in two vertical series. of Avhich seven or eight species are known, consists of trees or
traversed
coats of

shrubs mostly from the tropical regions of the old world

they have

been observed in India, Malaya, Madagascar, and tropical western Africa. The leaves are alternate, distichous, without stipides,
alternately small

and reduced

to stipuliform tongues,

and

large, oval

or lanceolate, sometimes oblique at the base (giving

them the form

of a parallelogram or trapezium), entire, coriaceous, in dried speci-

mens
27-3),

often presenting a yellow tinge, penninerved and regularly or

irregularly 3-7-nerved at the base.

The

flowers are axillary (fig.

small and disposed in simple spikes, with or without bracteoles.

The

different

groups united in this small family should have been

placed far from each other, and they have been, in fact,
principles of A. L.

when

the

be Jussieu have been

were,
clearly,

strictly applied.

The

Gassipoureoi

known

plants

evidently

epig3'nous,

had an ovary in great It was R. Beown,^ who, in 1814, gave the name of Bhisophora to a distinct family,' befoi'e him referred to the CaprifoUe. In 1846 Lindley placed the CaHsipoure after the Loganiacarr, although he was not ignorant of their affinities with the Mangroves pointed out by H. Brown. Anisojyhyllea, on the other hand, has been considered
while the true Rlikoplwrc and
C'li'aJlia

part inferior, with pcrigynous or epigynous stamens.

'"

a neighbour of the Saxifragacere.

'

Endlicher," nevertheless, in 1840,

{Tetracrypta)
;

Tn Combrctocarptis MotUtji Hook.

f.

{Gen.

683, n. 17). a small tree of Borneo, these

rilis

are

more prominent and developed into thi-oe or four Tertical wings, at the same time the staminal
filaments are narrower than in Anixop/ii/llea

Walp.
*

I'rop.

Afr.

ii.

412.
ii.

Ennm. Tl. Zeijl. 119. Oliv. Fl. H. Bn. Adansoiiia, xi. 310.

^hh.

530 {Anisoplujllum).
.549;

Fli'iid.

i'oy.

ii.

Congo, 437.

from which Cymbfetocat-pus

rically distinct.
^

is

not perhaps geneJoiirii.

i.

Already in 1796, Saviony [LnmJc. Diet. iv. 69fi) had formed a distinct family under the
<

name
Mi'C.
;

ol Pa//iiV'frs.

Ja.-k,

Mai.

Calc.

iv.

{Ealorngis).

{Aiiisop/ii/llHiii).

Miii. Fl. Ind.-Bat. Tnw. Hook. Jotirn.Y. 37S, t.5

p.
i.

336 590

* '

Vty. Kimjd. 604.

Cnn. IISG {Lcffiwlidtce).

298

NATURAL IHSTORY OF PLANTS.

tlie

restored the Cassipourece to

also to LiNDLEY,
it

Bhizophore

'

according to him as

Forster that oiiglit to be transferred to another family, that of Myrtace. After mnny labours, particularly by Blume, Arnott, Kohthals, and A. Gray, the Cassljyovrece, considered as a tribe of the Eh.i-:ophoracece were, in 1858, the subject of a special memoir by Mr. Bentham,^
Grossostylis of

was only the genus

who reunited

in this

group the nine genera CaralHa,Pellacah/x, Ila-

pJopefnJmn, Gj/notroches, Grossostylis, Ansfnithcria,Blepharisfemma,

DacfylojJctalu.m,

and Gasslpoiirea.

The Bhizophore, on

the other

hand, after the labours of

Wight and

Arnott,^ comprised the four

genera BMzophora, Bruguiera, Geriops, and Kandelia.

to \'arious families, in particular to the to

In 1862 we*

recognized that the genus Macarisia of Dupetit-Thouars, referred

Bhamnacece, to the MeUace,

;

the Linacc,^ was

closer
floral

allied

to

Gassipourea
to

that
that

Aaisophyllea AnstriUheria

presented

analogies

Gar allia

belonged to the old genus Weihea of Spkengel, and that certain

species of Grossostylis
^

did not differ generically from Ilaplopetalwm

At present we do not think it possible to refer Plsiantlia of J. D. Hooker to the genus Pellacalyx as an apetalous type, and we restore to Garallia its primitive name of Barraldeia, which Consequently, we provisionally retain in this dates from 1806.
of A. Gray.

family

only fourteen
:

genera,

distributed

in

four

series

in

the

following manner
I.

Receptacle concave and ovary partly or entirely Style simple. Seed exalbuminous, with macropod embryo, and on the Trees of the sea coast germinating in the with interpetiolate 4 genera. leaves opposite, BARRALDiEiE. Receptacle concave and ovary partly or entirely Seed furnished with albumen surrounding Style simple. Trees and the embryo which does not germinate in the with interpetiolate opposite, generally shrubs leaves 4 genera. Receptacle concave or convex and ovary
RhizophorE^.
inferior.

fruit

tree.

entire,

stipules.

II.

inferior.

fruit.

entire,

stipules.

III. Mac'Arisie.e.''

free

sessile or shortly stipitate.

'

Seed albuminous
iii.

arillate or

winged.
Gii.

PJiizop/ioraci LixDL.
-

Op.

cit.

1184, Ord.

263. DC. Prodi:

op. cit. 726,

31.

Ord. 279.
IlIii:i'plio-

Notably ('. multijlora, Ad. Br. et Caledonian species.

'

new

Hyno^isis oi Ligiiotidirc,aiTbe oi
iii.

Leijtiotidcce

rncscc [Juurii. Linii. Soc.

65).

1186.
Veff.

Aim. Nat. Hist.

i.

359.

Bartl. Ord. Ncit. Endl. Gin. Meissn. Gin, 119. Li.ndl. Eingd. (1840) 604. -J. G. Ac. Thcor. Synt.
Cussipottrca:

Adansonia, iii. 15. Pl. ex B. l\.Gcn. 246.

Plant. 246.

RIIIZOPHOBACEM.
Trees and shrubs
petiolate stij^ules.
;

209

leaves opposite, entire or dcntelate, with inter-

IV.

Anisophylle^;.^

5 genera. Receptacle

concave

and ovary

inferior.

Styles distinct. FloM'ors polygamous. Seed exalbuminous, M'ith macropod embryo. Shrubs with alternate leaves or alternately large and very small. Flowers in spikes or axillary clusters. 1 genus.

These fourteen genera comprise some

old world.
is

fifty species, all

of which,

except one Iihi::op]tora and two or three Gassipoureas, belong to the

All the species of GrossostijUs are Oceanic.

Macarisia
to the

found only in Madagascar, and Bactijlopetalum belongs exclusively

to that island

and western

tropical Africa.

Weihea belongs

same regions except one species which inhabits Ceylon. Blcplnmstemma is Indian, as likewise KandeUa. PcUacahj.r and Gi/notroclics
Anlsophyllea has been observed iu Asia and Madagascar and the west of tropical Africa Barraldeia in Madagascar, Asia, and tropical Oceania. The genera
troincal Oceania, in
;

belong to Malaya.

of the

Mangrove

series are foruied of species all of which, except

grow abundantly on all the tropical maritime They are the most f^ominon and best known among many plants of very different families growing with them and in the same manner on flooded coasts, such as Avicennia, JEglceras,
Bliizopliura Mangle^

shores of the old world.

GonorarjMis, Bu.mnit::era,
their

etc.,

which, sending

down

into the

mud

numerous long adventitious

roots that support

their stems,

constitute aquatic forests,^ often very

dense, affording shelter to

iu

crowds of marine animals, and considered

most tropical countries

as dangerous sources of miasmatic affections.

These plants have manifold

families with free

affinities

on the one hand with certain

gyncium,

as the Macarisi,

and on the other

is

hand with groups,

as BJikophora, in

which the ovary

This
is

inferior

and

adnate to the cavity of the receptacle.

precisely the case

with the BoravtJie, Onagrarice, and Gornace, to which they were formerly referred or compared, but are distinguished the first by
:

their simple perianth

last

and the organization of their gyncium

of traits, but chiefly that their ovules,

the

by

a great

number

when

they are descending and definite iu number, have the micropyle

AnisophijHca: B.

H. Gen.

678.

'

"Kegionem peculiarcm formant." (Endl.)

.300

NATURAr. flL^TOnV OF PLAXTS.

and not exterior like that of the Bhzophoracc. By their opposite leaves and inferior ovary, these last ai'e near neighbours of the Myrtace, from which they are separated by their stipules and by the generally definite number of their stamens and ovules. The latter, moreover, are always descending, with the micropyle exterior.
interior,

This character recurs in the Araliaccce, the flower of which, analogous

to that of the

thick corolla,

Bhizophore in the form of the receptacle, and the often valvate, has an andrciiim nearly always isostedii^k,

monous, inserted below an epigynous

small embryo situate near the

whilst the seeds have a

summit of an abundant albumen, and The genera of Bhizophoracece with free ovary,' whilst the receptacle is more or less concave, approach the Li/thrariacc, of which they often present
the leaves are generally alternate and often compound.

the habit, the inflorescence, the simple style, but have generally
neither interpetiolate stipules, nor punctate leaves, nor independent
disk prominent in
its

upper

part, nor thick

and valvate

petals,

nor

albumen in the
as allied to

The Bhizo])horace have also been considered the Saxifragace, especially to the Hmnamclided',, among
seeds.

which the genus Anisophjllea has been placed, and to the Gunoniece with opposite leaves. But this affinity appears to us distant it can
;

hardly be claimed for genera with parietal placentfe, indpendant

numerous and not voluminous ovules, inserted on a salient To sum up, the or descending and more or less bilobed placenta.
styles,

Bliizopliorace appear to us neighbours of the Myrtace,,

of the

Lythrariacece, and of the Cornaced',

biit it is

always easy to distin-

guish them.

Uses.'-'

These

are

not

numerous.
tannin,

The

plants

are

generally

astringent, tolerably rich in

and consequently sometimes

employed by dyers and tanners. This is the case with BMzophora mangle^ (fig. 253-260). Its bark is used in tropical America to dye It is employed medicinally in the treatment of black and brown.
flux,

hemorrhage, and angina.

fermented wine
know
is

The

fruit is said to
it.

be edible, and a

sort of

prepared from

In Brazil and Columbia,

Jacq. Jmer. 141,
89.
1

'

LlNiiLFA- places, I

not whj-, the CassiVeg. Kiiigd.

L. Spec. 634.
ii. t.

t.

pourerB beside the Loganiace.

=

Catesb. Carol,

53. DC.

Prodr.

iii.

32, n.
fruit

Endi,. Eiichirid.

C34. Lindl.
Si/ii.

{Manylhr

noir,

Faltiivier

iiuir).

Its

is

(184G)
11.37.

727. EuSENTH.

PI. DUijihor. i)Oi,

vuh^nvly cidlu Muiige oi

ifaiigli'.

lUriZOPIIORACEM.
a reddish juice
is

301

obtained from incisions

made

in the trunk which,

dried in the sun, constitutes a kind of false dragon's blood, not

unfrequently brought to Europe as American kino and having the

same astringent
s^jecies
is

qualities as

that of India.'

The

wood'* of this

tolerably hard and durable.

Several Mangroves of the

specifically distinct)

have mucronata? The Brnguieras of India, chiefly B. gymnurhiza* (fig. 201-263) and B. Bheedii, Biimphii, cylindrical parvifiora, have the same uses. Kandelia Bheedii^ is also employed as an astringent medicine. The leaves of several Indian Barrahleias, among others B. cor i/mhusa and
quite analogous properties, particularly R. aplculata and
integcrrimaf'' (fig.

old world

(many of which are scarcely

the mouth and throat.

laurina
^

204-209), are used in the treatment of ulcers in At Sierra Leone, the fruit of Anisophjllea
about the size of a Except Barrakleia, the plants of this group
;

is

sold in the markets in spring

it is

pigeon's egg and edible.

are rarely seen
difficulty

in our

conservatories.
little

Bhlzophura grows with

development.

and ordinarily attains but

'

Gtiin. Siog. Simpl. cJ. 6,

iii.

434.

2 3

Vulg.

Horsi'-Jfcs/i.

Lamk.

Dill. vi. 169; ///.

t.

396, fig. 2.Ji.

i.

caiidelaiia

Wight and Arm.

108.
t.

Piodr.

31U (not
seeds

DC).
Amboiii.

MaH^iinn canddiiriuyn Humph. Herb.

iii.

' See p. 303, note 8. Its bark is febrifuge. Fishermen apply it as a remedy for the bite of certain fishes and other venomous animals. Its fruit is edible, and its wood is used for boatmaking.

71, 72 (ex Bl.).

The

of this species and of some others are not un-

frequently used as a masticatory instead of

catechu powder, and for this purpose are mixed

DC. Prodr. iii. 33. C, Arn. Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 371. C. curijmbosa Arn. foe. cit. 0. sinensis Arn. loc. eit. C. tiinorens'.s Bl. C octopetala F. Muell.
*

Cayallia integerrima

zeijlaiiim

with betel. In India and the Moluccas cords are rubbed with Miingrove leaves to render them

Puota
'

corevpsifolia iliu.

E. Bb. Trans. Hurt. Soc. t.

446. Oi.iv.

Fl.

more durable. Lamk. ///. t. 397. 634. DC. Frod>: n. 10

Trop.
E. gymnorhiza L. Spec.
{Paltuvier des Indes).

Afr.

ii.

413.-

Anisophijlluni

lattriimm

Dox.

Benth.

Niger, 342 (^Monkey Apple).

GENERA.
I.

RHIZOPnORE^E.
obconical.

1.

Rhizophora
4,

L.

Flowers regular; receptacle concave

;

Sepals

inserted

Petals 4, alternate,
(or

margin of receptacle, coriaceous, valvate. Stamens 8, 4 oppositipetalous, longer valvate.

in
tilaraents

more rarely 12)

;

perigynous with perianth, short or

;

subnil

anthers elongate pointed finally 2-valvate

;

furrows of anthers

lateral or subintrorse, sometimes incomplete

cellate.

cells areolate-multilo-

Germen

semi-inferior, 2-locular, at vertex produced to a

cone;

style subulate,

often

short,

at

apex stigmatose 2-dentate.

;

Ovules in
superior.

cells 2-nate, collaterally

descending

micropyle extrorsely

Fruit girt below the middle with reflexed persistent calyx,

coriaceous, indhiscent.

Seed

1,

descending;
;

cotyledons of exal-

buminous embryo conferruminate

radicle perforating the

apex of
Trees

the seed germinating within the fruit while remaining on the tree

and of the pericarp, elongutely clavate and seeking the mud.

and shrubs oftener glabrous

site,

branches thick cicatrized

stipules

leaves oppo-

petiolate,

coriaceous entire glabrous;

interpetiolate,

caducous; flowers in axillary pedunculate, ramosely 2-3-chotomous cymes pedicel girt at base with lateral bracteoles connate in a
;

cupule.
2.

(All trop, shores.) See p. 287.

Ceriops Arn.^

Flowers

nearly of Bhhophora,^ 5-C-merous

petals" inserted at base of fleshy l()~12-lobed disk.

Stamens 10-12

those opposite petals longer;*

filaments slender, alternating with

All. Xat. Hist.

i.

363.
iii.
ii.

Endi.

Geii. n.

6099.

'

Emarginate

lobes setuJose clavate appen-

H.
11.

Bn. Adaiisrmia

33. B. H.
436.

Gen. 679,

diculate.
*

2.
-

Hook.

Ft. Intl.

Petals finally 2-nately opposite

(for

the

Generally

much

smaller.

reason of

wMch

see Hu/l. Soc. Linn. I'm: 58).

RHIZOPHORACE^.
lobes of disk
cells
;

303

anthers oblong.
style at

Germen

semi-inferior, 2-3-locular

2-ovulate;

apex simple subulate.

Fruit,

etc.,

of

lihir.opliora; seed

germinating as in Ehizophora.

Trees;

opposite

leaves and

stipules of

Ehizophora

flowers subcapitate, .2-3-choto-

mously cymoso-glomerulate.
3.

[Trop. Asia, Africa,

and Oceania})
8-14-

Bruguiera Lamk.'

Flowers

nearly

of Bhizopliora,

merous;

petals setiferous, 2-lobed

and each enfolding a pair of stamens.^

petals;
style at
inferior, 2-4-locular

Stamens 16-2S; filaments

finally elastically resilient fi-om

anthers iutrorse linear- oblong.

Germen
;

apex minutely 2-4-fid ; ovules, etc., of Bhizopliora. Fruit turbinate, crowned with accrescent calyx seed germinating as in Bhizopliora. Trees leaves and stipules of Bhizopliora flowers* axillary solitary or cymose few, nutant. [Trop, shores of Asia, Africa, and Oceania.-')

4.

Kandelia Wight and

;

Arn.''

Flowers
;

nearly of Bhizopliora,
;

5-6-merous

stamens
;

oo

filaments
6,

capillary

anthers

oblong.

Germen

sub-1-locular

ovules

inserted 2-nately on columnar plastyle at

centa (in 1-locular ovary), descending

characters 0 Bhizojjhora.
petiolate
stipules

apex

3-fid.

Other

Small

trees; opposite leaves and inter;

of

Bhizopliora

flowers

cymose

pedunculate

axillary few.

(East Indian shores.^)

II.
5.

BARRALDEIEJ3.

Barraldeia Dup.-Th.

Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle very

Petals same
in.

concave.
1

Sepals 4-8, inserted in margin, valvate.

Wight,
590
;

Ind.-Bat.

240. iliQ. F/. 324. Bexth. Ft. Hungk. 120; Fl. Austral, ii. 493. Thw. EHiim. Fl. Zeyl. 120. TvL. Ann. Sc. Xnf. ser. 4, vi. 111.- Olit. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 40S. W.ilp.
Spec.
1, 2.

Icon.

t.

i.

p.

i.

Suppl. 126,

365. Miq. Fl. Jnd.-Bat. i. p. i. 324. TvL. A,w. He. Xat. ser. 4, vi. 113. Be.nth. //. ^sira/. ii. 494. Hakv. and SoxD. F/. Cap. ii. 514. Thw. Finim. Ft. Zeijl. 120. Oliv. Fl. Trup. Afr. ii. 409. Wali'.
Nat. Hist.
i.

585

Suppl. 126,

Rrp.
2

Ann. ii. 527 vii. 950. 696; III. t. 397. Endl. ffc. n. 6101. H. Bs. Payer Fam. Kat. 3C0. B. H. Gen. 679, n. 4. Hook. F/. Ind. ii. 'iZl.KaniUa Bl. Mas. Lugd.-Bat. i. liO.PaUtuveria Dip.Th. (ex ExnL ). ' The alternipetalous stamen generally shorter and in adult flowers only interior to petal. * Rather l;irge or small, articulate.
ii.

70

Rep.

ii.

70

Ann.

ii.

528

vii.

951.
Sisf.i. 36.j.

F)M.

iv.

Exdl. Gtn.n. eUO.K.Bx. Fai/er Fam. \at.

361. B. H. Gen.
237.
"

Prodi:

i.

310. Any. Ann. Nat.

679, n.

3. Hook.

Fl. Lai.

ii.

Petals multifid-lacerate, white, rather largo.

Spec.
1.

K. Rheedii
III.
i. t.

Wight and Akx.

89.
i.

op. cit.

311. 110.
Icon.
t.

Wight,
Miq.

Bexth.
p.
i.

Fl.

Songk.

Fl. Ind.-Bat.

585.

Hook.
Rheeu.

'

Spec.

5, 6.

{Rhiz>phord).
{Rliizophora).
t.

'DC. Prodr. Griff.

Ic.

G-RTX. Fruct.i. 213,

iii.

t.

45, fig. 2
n.
9,

Z^'l.Rhizophora KandtfL. Spec. 634.

iii.

32,

10

DC. Prodr.
Horl. Malab.

Z2.
t.

TsJerou Eandtl

Ic. iT.t. 641.

t.

397,

398. W'ight,

Hook. 7c. 239. Aux. Ann.

ri.

35,

304

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLAXTS.

number, subentire or 2-fid, serrate or lacerate. Stamens double in number, inserted in 2 series under epigynous simple or 2-plicate,
8-lG-lobed disk projecting between
introrsely 2-rimose.
style at stigmatose
tlie

filaments and free

;

anthers

Germen

partly or qiiite interior

cells

3-6

apex variously 3-6-lobed.

extrorse.

Ovules in

cells

2,

descending
calyx,
fleshy
;

micropyle

Fruit generally crowned with

;

globular coriaceous.
radicle of axile

Seed globular or reniform

less

albumen

more or
;

incurved embryo superior.

Glabrous trees or shrubs

or

leaves opposite petiolate glabrous, entire

serrulate;

stipules
;

interpetiolate,

caducous;

flowers

small

in

compound cymes
troi).

pedicels articulate, minutely 2-bracteolate.

p.

{Aaia,

6.

See 291. Crossostylis Foest.' Flowers nearly of Barrahleia

Oceania, Malacca.)
Sepals 4,
5,

receptacle

shortly obconical or obpyramidal. Petals same in

3-augular, valvate.

number

lacerate or

more rarely subentire {Haplopeta,^

lum^).

Stamens 8-10, or oftener 12-a)

;*

alternating with as

many

lobes of disk

anthers introrse.
;

Germen adnate

to receptacle at

base, thence free

style at stigmatose

apex funnel-shaped and there

4-co (very incomplete) 2-nate,

refiexed co -lobed.

Ovules in
central

cells

inserted in pairs on
trorsely superior.
to receptacle
co
,

column^ descending; micropyle ex-

Fruit scarcely or to a less or greater extent adnate

and crowned with calyx, scarcely or tardily septicidal. aril albumen fleshy cotyledons Seeds Small trees or shrubs; of oftener straight embryo" narrowly ovate.
furnished with a fleshy
;

leaves

opposite;

stipules,

etc.,

o Barraldeia;
.

flowers''

axillary

pedunculate, 2-nate or cymose

7.

co

[OceauiaJ)

Gynotroches

Bl."

Flowers nearly oBarndcia, 4-5-merous.

anthers small sub-2style
cells

Stamens 8-10, Germen partly inferior; dymous.

'

inserted at margin of disk;

iS2. I.amk.

4-6;

depressed-

('/().
ii.

Gc. 87,

Uict.

193.

DC. Pvodr.
t.

44.

J. Geii.

iii.

n. 6336.

Benth. Jotmi. Linn.

iii.

lis. Aelansonin,

31,

id

Endl. Gni. iii. 77. H. Payer Fam. Nat. 261.

296.
Soc.

prominent or inconspicuous. ^ Sometimes green.

7 8

Tiiirge or

minute, white.
5. iivii.i.Ei.i.

B.
Kous.
'

H. Gen.

681, n. W.Tumostijlcs

MoM'-

Mm. Acad. Lyon. x. 201. A. Gray, Unit. St. Expl. Exp. Bot. i. 608, t. 76; Stem. Bonpl. (1862) 36. Benth. Jouiii. Linn. Soe. iii. 76. H. B;j. Adansonia, iii. 29.

Jim. Sc. Nat sr. Guay, Ac. cit. 610, t. 77. Seem. Fl. Vit. 428. Bu. et Gu. lUtU. Soc. Hot. Ann. tic. Kat. sr. 5, .\iii. 393. Fr. viii. 376
Spec, about
354.
2,

vii.

A.
; ;

Bijdi: 2YS

Mus. Lityd.-Bat.i. 126,

Linn. Soc.
;

Benth.

Jourii.
iii.

Of which
;

4, 5,

larger, oppositipetalous
to the

the

Jldansonia,

30, 40

Bn. Fayer Fain. Nat. 362.

iii.

76.

H.
ii.
i.

t.

SI.

rest

from the middle of the petal

margin

smaller
<
''

the smallest often oppositipetalous. Often regarded as staminodes.

B. H. Gen. 681, n. 9. Hook. Fl. Ind. Dnjptopdalum Kws. Ann. Nat. HiU. Endl. Gen. n. 6103.

440.
372.

Bearing riuliracnts of septa generally

little

milZOPHORACE.E.
capitate.
CO

305

Ovules iu
;

cells 4, 2-seriate, descending.'

Fruit baccate,
;

-spermous
;

seeds, etc., of

Barmldeia.

Trees
;

or shrubs

leaves

opposite

stijjules interpetiolate,

caducous

flowers- axillary cymose,

articidate, ebracteolate.
8.

{Indian Archijjelago.-')

Pellacalyx Korth.*

Flowers ebracteolate; receptacle tubular

beyond adnate gerinen and lined with
(Pkesiantha^).

or subcampanulate, produced

tubular disk.

Sepals -4-6, inserted at top of tube, small, 3-angular, Petals small, inserted between sepals, at apex

valvate, recurved.

slightly lacerate,^ or sometimes

Stamens twice as

many

as petals, inserted in 2

series

under apex of tube.

co

Germen
apex
seeds co

inferior; cells G-10, complete or incomplete; style erect, at

capitate-disciform.
albuminous.'''

Ovules iu
ti'ees
;

cells

Fruit fleshy

Small

leaves opposite petiolate, oblong entire

;

or serrulate
rulate.

stipules caducous

flowers axillary solitary or glome-

(Indian Archipelago.^)

III.
9.

MACARISIE^.
;

Macarisia Dup.-Th.
Petals

Flowers hermaphrodite
5,

receptacle cu-

pular, lined with disk.

valvate, reflexed.

Sepals

marginally inserted, 3-angular,

;

5, inserted under 10-dentate disk

lobes

unequal involute.
disk
;

Stamens 10,

2-seriate, alternating

with teeth of

anthers iutrorse,

2-rimose.

Germen

inserted at bottom of
cells oppositipetalous,

receptacle, shortly stipitate, free, 5-locular;

incomplete above;

style
;

capitellate

at apex.

Ovules in

cells 2,

collaterally descending
sular, girt at base

micropyle extrorsely superior.

Fruit cap-

with scarcely increased receptacle, oblong-5-angular,

Seeds in
cells 2,

loculicidally 5-valvate or incompletely 10-valvate.

descending

testa

produced above

to a
;

wing

albumen fleshy ; coty-

ledons of elongate embryo oblong

leaves opposite petiolate,

radicle superior.

Small

trees

oblong-lanceolate entire

or denticulate;

'

The upper younger. Small, " greenish yellow," articulate.

Spec.
2.

75. H. Bn.
n.
6.
'

Adansoiiia,
Fl. Iiid.
ii.

iii.

Hooic.
p.

31. B. H. Gm.

680,

440.

M:q.
326
*
;

Wall.

Cat. n.
i.

Fl. Iiid.-Bat.

p.

i.

433S {Microtropis). 592 Suppl. 1-C,

;

Sect. Eiipellacnli/j:

"
?

Hook.

Gen. CSl, n. 8.

Arm. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.

iii.

ii.

67.

Walp. Ann.
Notiit.
iii.

Embryo

elongate, greenish.

vii. 951-

Ned. TIjdichr.
t.

20,

t.

2. Gkipp.

8 Spec. 2. Miq. Fl. Ind.-Bat. Suppl. 126, 32.5; Ami. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 67. Walp. Ann. vii.

iv. 429,

480.

Bexth. Juurn. Linn.

Soc.

251.

VOL. VI.

20

306

NATUBAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

stipules interpetiolate

flowers axillary compound- cymose

pedicels

articulate, 2-bracteolate.

[Madagascar.)

See p.

293.

Cassipourea Aubl.^ Flowers nearly of Macarisia, 4-5merous. Stamens- 15-30, inserted at margin of disk disk, etc., of
10.
;

Macarisia.
2-ovulate.^
late
;

Germen very

shortly stipitate or subsessile

cells

3, 4,

Fruit fleshy or suberose, tardily septicidal.

Seed
;

aril-

embryo albuminous.^
flowers'' axillary

Glabrous

trees
;

or

shrubs

leaves

opposite, entire or crenulate, penninerved

stipules interpetiolate,

caducous;
11.

cymose or

solitary. [Trop. centr. America.'')

Dactylopetalum Benth.^
;

Flowers

nearly of Cassipourea,

5-6-merous
apex.

calyx dentate.

Petals at base long narrow, lacerate at

;

Stamens 10, 2-seriate the oppositipetalous longer; or 15, inserted under the crenatures of the disk lining the receptacle ;
filaments inflexed in

bud
. .

or

2-plicate

anthers introrse versatile.

;"'

Germen more

or less completely 2-3-loculur

ovules in cells 2
;

obturator thick.

Fruit

Small

trees or shrubs
;

leaves oppo-

site entire coriaceous;

stipules small, caducous

flowers" axillary

cymose or glomerulate, sometimes very crowded, articulate.

characters of Gassifourea.
{Trap,
ivest.

Other

Africa, Madagascar.^^)

12? Blepharistemma Wall.

(nearly of Cassipourea), 4-merous

''^

"Flowers
calyx valvate.

polygamo-dicious
Petals 4, lacerate,

and stamens 8 (of Cassipourea). Germen free, contracted at base, ovules in cells 2 and other characters of Gassrponrea. 3-locular
;

shrub

(?)

leaves opposite petiolate sinuately crenate penninerved

;

stipules interpetiolate, caducous

00 -florous."

cymes axillary shortly pedunculate,

{East

India.^'^)

J. Gen. 432. Lamk. i. 529, t. 211. 653. DC. Prodi: iu. 33. Ekdl. Gen- n. 6104. Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 79. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 362. Adaiisonia, iii. 25, 38 B. H. Gen. 682, n. 15. Tita Scop. Introd. n. 967. Legnotis Sw. Prodr. 84 Fl. Ind. Occ. 968,
'

Giiian.

^ Juiirn. Liuii.
iii.

Soc.iu. 79.
Geii.

H.B^.Adansonia,

Sict.i.

21,

35. B. H.
;

G82, n. 14.

Lotes of disk oftenor in pairs interior to or filaments sometimes at base continuous with margins of disk. '" Style sometimes tubular, thicker at apex.
^

smaller stamens

t.

17.
'^

" Whitish.
'^

Exterior to cupular disk.

gpec. about

3.

Tul. Ann.
xi.

*
^
'"

Obturator rather thick above micropyle. Lobes laterally produced to aril.

123, n. 6 {Cassipourea).

Oliv. Fl.
13.

Sc. Nat. sr. 4, vi.

" 7

Sometimes coloured. Small or rather large, white.

Spec.
2,

3.
t.

Pom.

Diet. Suppl.

ii.

131.
W.-Ind.

Hook.
274.

Icon.

280. Griseb.

Fl. Prit.

H. Bv. Aduns. 374. Cat. n. 6320. Benth. Journ. Linn. B. H. Gen. 684, n. Hook. Ind. 441. " Spec. P. conjmbosum, Wall. Bri/ptope411.
''

Trop. Afr.

ii.

Soc.

iii.
ii.

78.

Fl.

1.

talum membranaceuin,

Mm.

oxs.

Hohcn.

n. 713.

RHIZOPHORACES.
13
?

307

Weihea
; ;

Spreng.'

Flowers
Germen
at

nearly

of

Cassipourea.,

4-6*

merous

stamens 15-30.

broad base internally acluate

Seeds
;

to receptacle

cells 3, 4, 2-ovulate.2
etc.,

Fruit tardily septicidal.^

albiiminous, embryo,

of Cassipourea.
;

Trees or shrubs
{Ceylon,

leaves

opposite, entii'e or serrulate

o-<x)
.*

flowers axillary, solitary or cymose

trop,
ivest.

Other characters of Cassipourea.^

Africa, Madagascar."')

IV.
14.

ANISOPHYLLEiE.

Anisophyllea E. Be.

Flowers polygamous
;

receptacle con-

cave tubular.

Calyx epigynous

folioles 4,

valvate, finally erect.

Petals 4, alternate, inserted with sepals, entire or emarginate, oftener

2-lobed or lacerate.
of epigynous disk
;

Stamens

8, 2-seriate

and alternating with glands

;

filaments subulate compressed

anthers often 2-

dymous, 2-rimose within, sometimes in oppositipetalous stamens

glanduliform (or
ovulate;
0).

Germen

4-locular

cells oppositipetalous, 1-

styles 4, distinct, recurved at apex.

Ovule descending;

micropyle extrorsely superior.

seed descending
clavate
;

Fruit oblong, terete, often costate,

di'upaceous or coriaceous, naked or(?) widely 3-4-alate, indhiscent;

;

radicle of

cxalbuminous fleshy embryo maeropod

co
,

folioles of inferior
;

gemmule

decussate.

Trees or shrubs
all

glabrous or sericeous

leaves distichously alternate,

;

equal or

oftener the alternate ones minute stipuliform

the otliers larger, at

(often

base equal
lutescent),

or

unequal, 3-7-plinerved at base, coriaceous

;

exstipitate

flowers

axillary spicate

or

subracemose,

articulate

bracteoles minute or 0.

( Trop. Asia, Malaya, Malacca,

trop, loest. Africa.)

See
Bl.

p.

295.

'

Syst.

ii.

[1825] 559.

H.

Adansonia,

iii.

11. Hook. Fl. Ind. Richiia Dup.-Th. Gen. Nov. Mad. 25. ii. 440. Anstrutheria Garen. Calc. Journ. Nat. Rid. Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 70, vi. 344, t. 4.
27,

38. B. H.

Gen. 681, n.

Flowers (where known) white. genus very likely, together with Dactijlostemoii, better referred to a section of Cassipourea (p).
^
''

Spec, about

78.
^

rea).

Bentu.
So.

0.

DC. Prodr.

iii.

34 (Cassipoti-

Nirjer,

341 (Cassipourea).

TuL.
ii.

Micropyle densely closed. Fleshy valves thick 3, 4.

;

Ann.
rea).

Nat.

sr. 4, vi. 119, n. 1-5, 7 {Cassipu-

<

Ai'illato

radicle of often coloured (green-

Tuw. Enum. PI. Zeyl. 121 {Anstrutheria). Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. 410. Walp. Ann.
ii.

ish)

embryo

superior, subcapitate at apex.

173 {Anstrutheria)

vii,

952 {Cassipourea)

203

Liy.

MYRTACEJ.
SERIES.
'

I.

MYRTLE

The

best

known

plant of the Myrtle genus

is

doubtless the

common
Its

Myrtle

(fig.

277-283), so frequently cultivated in our gardens.

Myrtus communis.

Fig. 279. Diagram.

Fig. 277. Floriferous branch {h).

Fig. 280. Long. sect, of flower

{\).

flowers are hermaphrodite and regular, with a receptacle in the form

of a deep cut in the cavity of which
is

lodged the adnate ovary,

whilst the perianth and

andrcium

are inserted in its margin.

The

1 Myrtus T. Inst. 640, t. 409. L. Gen. n. 617 (part). Ad ANS. Fam. des Fl. u. 88. J. Gen. 321. Lamk. W. t. 419. Pom. Diet. iv. 404 Supp]. iv. 49. DC. Prodr. iii. 238 (part).
;

Spach, Suit, Biiffon, iv. 157. Endl. Gen. n. 6316 (part). Payer, Organog. 459, t. 98. H. 'Q^.Fmjcr Fam. Nat. 303. Berg, Linncea xxvii. 397; xxix. 253; xxx. 710. B. H. Gen. 714, n.

MYRTACEM.
calyx
if3

309

formed of

five

imbricate

sej^als,

the margins of which are

contiguous for only a short distance.

Five sessile petals alternate

with the sepals and are imbricate

in prefloration.

The stamens

are very numerous, epigynous, and at adult age disposed without

any apparent

order,

'

Each

is

formed of a free filament, inflexed in

Myrius commimis.

Fig. 282. Seed

{\).

Fig. 2S1. Fruit

(f),

Fig. 27S. Flower.

Fig. 283. Long, sect, of seed.

the bud, and of a short bilocular introrse anther

longitudinal
clefts.^

dehiscing by two

The

inferior ovary contains

is

two or three

cells

in the internal angle of

nite

which

found a placenta bearing an indefi-

number

of small anatropous ovules.

The

fruit

surmounted by

the remains of the

now

fleshy calyx, is a berry enclosing one or

several reniform seeds,* with a large fleshy hilum, hard coats, covering

a curved fleshy embryo, destitute of albumen.

The summit

of the

cotyledons and that of the radicle are turned towards the umbilicum.

The common Myrtle

stipules,

is

a shrub with simple opposite leaves, without

permeated with reservoirs of an odorous essence.

upper part.
Basifixed, or versatile.
3

The

flowers are ordinarily solitary, and the axillary peduncle bears two
lateral bracteoles in the

49.

^amown'sGRiSEB.

Fl.

Brit\W.-Ind. 240.
;

Blepharocali/x

Berg, Linnan, xxvii. 412 xxix. Macropsidium Bl. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 85. 256. ? Temus MoL. Chil. 153. DC. Prodi: i. 77. C. Gay, II. Chil. i. 60. Phil. Bot. Zeit. (1857), Tetmt Berg, Zimicea, xxx. 710. 392, 393. xxix. 252 ; Mijrteola Berg, Linniea, xxvii. 393 XXX. im. TJgni Turcz. Bull. Mosc. (1848), i. Myrciaiithes Bekg, Linna, xxvii. 315 679. Calycolpus Berg, Lama A. Grat, Pseu(inol. docaryophyllm Berg).

The

pollen, in all the

it

three series, where

Myrtace of our first has been studied, has

appeared " depressed, triangular, the sides often a little reentrant three very slight folds, which
;

unite at the poles on a triangular piece; in water approaching more or less a spherical
form, producing small papiUaa at the angles. Grains small, transparent, not viscous." (H.

MoHL. Ann.

Se.

Nat.
less

sr. 2,

iii.

333).

The bands

may

be more or

wanting

(in certain species

'

The stamens

originate

in

Myrtus, as in
to

Callistemon, Eucalyptus,

by groups superposed

of Psidium), and the angles bear but slightly prominent papiUie (Myrcia).
*

the petals (Payer, Organog. 461), but they remain distinct to the end in Callistemon, whilst in the Myrtles " they are soon confused with

They

are sometimes separated

false partitions, as

by the rudi-

ments of

happens in Myrteola

(Leandria A. Gray).

each other so that they cannot be recognized."

310

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

petals

There are Myrtles which frequently have as many ovarian cells as and which, consequently, would represent the most complete

But at the same time their sepals are often large and foliaceous. These have been distinguished under the name of Galycolpus they are all American. In those which have been named Luma,^ the seminal coats are membranous. Many have
types of the genus.
'

tetramerous flowers

and some

also a

caducous calyx.

Instead of
or

being solitary, the flowers

stituted,^ this

may be

in

cymes 3-7-florous
"

formed of

an indefinite number of flowers, biparous, or triparous/

Thus

con-

genus includes some sixty

species,''

arborescent or

oftener frutescent, glabrous or tomentose, natives of nearly all the

warm

regions of the globe.

Beside this genus are placed a great

it

number of
very be
little

others scarcely difi'ering from

it

separated from

only by characters quite

artificial

and most frequently and mostly of

value.

Among

those which have been proposed,

we

shall

distinguish only the following, the

still

number

of

which might perhaps

further reduced without inconvenience.

EJiudomyrtus, inhabiting Oceania, chiefly the Indian Archipelago,

isolated in a

which the ovules, numerous in each cell, are number of cellules bounded by false partitions formed between them by the hypertrophiate placentoe. Demspermum,
consists of Myrtles in

great

native of the same countries, has also nearly

all

the characters of

Myrtles and ovarian

partitions
;

cells

divided into uniovulate cellules by false

but the latter are vertical, and the ovules, few in number

(two to four) which they separate from each other, are descending. Pimenta is also very near the Myrtles, and the cells, two in number,
likewise enclose a limited

number (one

to three or four) of descending

ovules, inserted very near the summit, and with mieropyle finally
lateral
'

but there are no

false partitions.
^ '

Pimenta

is

from tropical

Bero, Zinna, xxvii. 378.

A. Gray,

B. H. Gen. 713,
i.

Doxible have Ijeen admitted.

n. 47.
2
t.

Unit. St. Expl. Exped. Hot.

535,

p.

H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 129, t. 359. Sibth. Fl. Grc. t. 475. A. S. H. FI. Bras.
ii.

66.

Mijrceugenia Berg, Linna, xxvii. 131;

Mer.
i.

292,

t.

140, 141.

Miq.
t.

Fl. Ind.-IStit.

i.

XXX. 669.
^
*

476. Berg, Mari.

;

Fl. Bras. Mijrt. 210,

t.
;

XATiite or pink.

25 (Mi/rceiKjenia)
411,
t.

351,
;

32
t.

{M yrcionthes)
;

As happens

in Fseudocaryophyllus (Berg,
;

13 {Calyeolpus)
;

413,

44,45

420,

t.

46
Fl. Fl.

Linna, xxvii. 415

^

xxix. 256).
:

[Blepliarocahjx)
lus)
.

429,

t.

47

[Pscudocaryophyl-

Sect. 4 (B. H.)

1.

U<jni (Tuncz.), flowers

;

.law' Fmim.
iii.

PI. Zeyl.

solitary oftener 4-nierou9

2.

Fmnyrtus {Myr;

Austral,
73.

tus Berg), flowers 1-3-nis, oftcnor

3.

Lcaiidria (A.

Gray); 4.

5-merous Zuma (A. Gray),

Br. et Griser. Fl. Brit. TT.-Ind. 237.

Fl. de Fr.
i.

Hook. f. Ge. Ann. Se. Nat.

273.

114. Benth. Unndb. N.-Zenl.

sr. 6,
iii.

212.

GREN.ctGoDR.
iv. 832.

flowers
flat

1-7-nis, oftener

4-merou8; cotyledons

602.

Walf. An,

or sometimes contortuplicate.

MYBTACE2E.

311

America and has numerous flowers in ramified groups of cymes. but M'i/7-cia, American like Pimenta, has all its essential characters
;

the ovules, equally restricted

in

number (two

in each cell), are

ascending instead of descending, and their seeds have large contortuplicate cotyledons.

In Ulwdamnia, comprising shrubs of Asia and but the ovary has

tropical Oceania, the flowers, ordinarily tetramerous, are also those

of the Myrtles, and the ovules are numerous

only one

cell

so that these plants

may

be defined as Myrtles with

two

parietal placentoB.

Fenzlia, Australian shrubs, have also parietal

placentation, but ordinarily only in one cell, as the other generally

and on the placenta there are only two, three, or four superposed ovules which, having become seeds, are isolated each in a cellule formed by the false partitions of the putamen (the fruit being drupaceous). Feijoa, a Erazilian shrub, has also the flowers of a Myrtle, with complete or incomplete and
less abortive,

becomes more or

multiovulate ovarian

cells.

But
is

the staminal filaments, instead of

being at

first

incurved, are straight in the

said to

during anthesis ; the embryo

bud and lengthen rapidly be surrounded by albumen.

its

The genus Marlieria

cells

is

also

American, and

flowers are orgai.e.

nized like those of the Myrtles, with the ovary of Mijrcia,

with

but it is distinguished and by the conformation of by the mode of insertion of the stamens
containing each two ascending ovules
;

the calyx.

The
its

floral

receptacle,

after lodging the

ovary at the

bottom of
inserted

cavity, is

prolonged in a hollow tube on

of the andrcium.
is

which are
perianth,

by

steps

the pieces

The

inserted on the margin of this tube,

formed of petals which may

be wanting and of a gamosepalous calyx quite closed and opening

only by tearing in the true Marlieria, or very shortly lobed and not

completely closed in those

named Eugeniopsis.
have
all

Cahjptra^ithes, trees

or shrubs from tropical America,

the characters of the true

in

Marlieria, and are distinguished only

by the mode

which the

calyx detaches
like a hood.

itself circularly

by

its

base and in a single piece,

Campomanesia has the calyx

lieria, for it tears

of Cahjptranthes or rather of

Maris

deeply from top to bottom, and thus forms from four

to six unequal lobes.

or capitate. surmounted by a style In each cell the ovules are disposed in two or four vertical series. The fruit encloses several seeds the embryo of which is spirally

The ovary has from four to ten at summit stigmatiferous peltate

cells

and

312

NATURAL llTSTOnr OF PLANTS.

It comprises

rolled.

tinguished under the

American trees and slirnbs. One has been disname of Paiva, because its receptacular cup,
is

before bearing the calyx,

dilated outwards into a sort of large

horizontal circular disk.

Psidium pomiferum.

These plants dilFer little from the Guyavas (Psidium), long

known by
is

the form of their calyx

(fig.

284, 285), which

valvate, gamophyllous,

membranoiis, and which

tears

at

the

time

of

an thesis to release the

internal

organs.

The

ovary has from two to

eight cells in which the
ovules, very numerous,

are disposed
series.

in

many

The

fruit is a

berry, the pulp of which

Fig. 284. Bud.

Fig. 285. Long. sect, of fruit.

encloses a variable

num-

ber of seeds, with curved

embryo and short cotyledons. The Guyavas are probably American origin, but several have long since been introduced into the tropical regions of the old world. Psidiopsis has been gonerically distinguished from them, because the summit of its calyx is dilated into five foliaceous layers. MyrrJiinivm, a South American shrub, has the leaves, the flowers, and the fruit of a Myrtle, and is
or spiral
all

of

immediately distinguished by the almost definite number of

stamens.

its

long
;

There are often only

five to eight are not

four, that is

one facing each sepal

but from

unfrequently observed, because, in

in the isostemonous

this case, there

are one or
is

more pairs where

flowers only one stamen

seen.

Eugenia
viz.,

(fig.

286-289), formerly confounded with the Myrtles,

differs

has quite the flower, and

from them only by one character,

that their seeds, ordinarily solitary or few in number, have a

large straight embryo, with a short radicle and thick hemispherical

cotyledons, placed against each other or even united
surface.

by

their plane
;

Two

things

differ

chiefly

in

their

organization

the

MYRTACEM.
inflorescence

313

and the form of the receptacle.

The former

is

a
in

simple or compound cluster, reduced oven to one flower, or

it is

cymes, as in Jamhosa and Spiighim. This latter name is derived from the fact that the petals may be united in a single piece and

detached by the base as a hood

but this character

is far

from being

EiKjenia Jambos.

F\s. 286. Long. sect, of flower.

Fig. 287. Long. sect, of fruit.

constant.

The

floral

receptacle

may be more

or less globular or

turbinate and prolonged above the inferior ovary as in Jamhosa, or

lengthened to a tube, as in Eugenia (Caryophyllus) aromatica

288, 289), or to an obconical horn, as in Clavimyrtns,

(fig.

and

this

horn

may even

be very long {CvjyJuvanthus), smooth without or covered

with thick vertical wings (Pteixnnyrtiis), without the other essential

characters being modified.

Hence

a very large

number

of divisions
species,

in this genus, which, comprising

some

five

hundred

very

abundant in America, but existing

the old world,
is

also in all the tropical regions of

represented by trees and shrubs with leaves almost

always opposite, without stipules, sometimes however opposite or

verticilate

by

threes,

analogous to those of the Myrtles.^

Galycoredes,

The
still

three

genera

Aulacocarpus,

and

Schizocalyx,

Here probaWy ought to be placed two Oceanic species which would be to Eiiffciiia
'

Acicali/ptiis,

has

jilaced

among

been hitherto doubtfully the xerocarpous Myrtace hut

;

what
calyx
hood.

Ciihiptrantlies
is

is

to

Mi/rt/is, that
its

is

its

ils fruit is

unknown, and

it

is

apparently very

detached in one piece at

base like a

One which has

received the

name of

near the other genus Piliocalyx, which has a fruit and seed of Eugenia. As to tlie flower

314

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

imperfectly known, range themselves doubtfully near Eugenia^ from

which perhaps they will not all be definitively separated. The first of these genera is American, likewise the second, remarkable for its
stamens beins; inserted in
Eurjtnia {Carijophyllus) aiuiiiatirn.

numerous
ceptacular
third

series

on the reIn 'the

has

tube.

(which

been

doubtfully referred to the

preceding), has been placed a Brazilian species and also a species from

New

Cale-

Fig. 289. Long. sect, of fruit.

Fia-

2S8. Floriferous brnncli.

donia, the calyx of

which

is

somewhat

different as

regards alter-

native prefloration.

II.

LEPTOSPERM
'

SERIES.
which
fruit,"
lias

In the genus Leptospermum

(fig.

290-293

given

its

name

to quite a

group of Myrtacece. with dry

the flowers are

Acicah/ptui has ovarian cells (complete or incomplete) containing numerous anatropous

Endl.

arranged on vertical placentas and and descending ovules, inserted in each cell on a placenta nearly apical. FoRST. Char. Gen. 71, t. 36. J. Gen. 323.
ovules,
;

Piliocalyx, orthotropous

Gen. n. 6309. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 367. B. H. Gen. 703, n. W. Pabricia GiERTN. Fruct. i. 175, t. 35. Endl. Gen. n. 6310. Hook. Ft. Ind. ii. 464. Ptriealymtm Endl. Gen. n. 6307. ScHACEE, PI. Preiss. i. 120. ffama-

>

lospermum ScHAC. Linna, xvii. 242.

ria Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 128.

GlaphyMncklotlia

G^ERTN. Fruct.i. 17i, t. 35 (part). Lamk. Diet. Suppl. iii. 336; III. t. 423. DC. Prodi: iii. 465 Spach, Suit, liiiffon, iv. 141. iii. 226 (part).
;

KouTH. Ned.
^

Kriiidk. Arch.

i.

196.

Myrtace-xerocarpeiB (Schaueu).

MYRTCEM.
generally hermaphrodite

315

and pentamerous. concave, obconical or nearly and widely open, sepals, primarily imbricate,^' membranous,
'

Their receptacle
Its

is

margin bears

five

and
the

many alternate petals, imbricate in bud. The latter are inserted outside the
as

Zeptospermum Jlavescens.

margin of a glandular disk which lines the The same is the cavity of the receptacle.
case with the stamens formed each of a short
free filament,
^

inflexed in the

bud, and a

short bilocular introrse anther, dehiscing

by

two longitudinal

clefts,

afterwards versatile.

They

are indefinite in number, sometimes

few, and appear, at adult age, disposed in a

single series, though unequal.*

The gynee-

cium is composed of an inferior ovary, imbedded at the bottom of a receptacular cavity united with it to a variable extent, above
^
''

almost

flat

or slightly convex.

five oppositipetalous cells, or

may have less,'' or many

It

more,^ and

surmounted by a style, the stigmatiferous extremity of which is trunIn the internal cate, or capitate, or peltate.
it is

angle of each

cell are

found ovules ordinarily

Fig. 290. Floriferous branch

(J).

very numerous, more rarely indefinite in

number.

The mode
two

of insertion is very variable.

series,

are arranged in

sometimes in a

circle

Sometimes they on a slight placentary projection, and on the margin of a peltate placenta, itself

attached to the internal angle

by a

short horizontal or oblique foot.^

They

are anatropous, rectilinear, or curved.^

is

the base of which

The fruit (fig. 293), imbedded in the receptacular capsule, is a de-

pressed, loculicidal capsule, the seeds of which, linear, cuneiform or

angular, not unfrequently winged or ciliate, enclose a straight fleshy

embryo, with elongate cotyledons.

'

Leptospermum
bears near
its

consists of small
dorsal gland found in

The

gynEBciuin

is

not unfrequently aborted.

it

summit a

character which soon disappears.

many
*

of the neighbouring genera.

'

Its base is often

swollen and articulate as

disk.

It

may

bear glandular processes.

sect.

were
*

to the

margin of the

" ? *

Ordinarily 3 in the

Pericabjmna.

With 30
4, 5,

or 35 stamens, for example, there

To

10 in Fabric: a.

arc often

before each sepal and 1-3 before

On

the small value of these variations, see

coat
is

each petal. With 15, there will be frequently The connective often 2 facing each petal.

r,nU. Sue. Liiin. Par. 56.

'

The ovular

double.

ne,

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

number of about twenty -five species,' The leaves, simple and alternate,

trees or strubs inhabiting, to the

Oceania, and chiefly Australia.

Leptospcrm urn flctvescens.

Fig. 291. Flower (|).

Fig. 293. Fruit

(?).

Fig. 292. Long.

sect,

of flower.

often rigid and linear, punctuate

and odorous, are

or

destitute of ner-

vures or 1-3-nerved,
Bccckea virgata.

glabrous

pubescent.
so,

The

flowers^

are

terminal or nearly

or axillary, solitary or

grouped in small
or pedicellate
bracts.

bi- or triflorous

cymes, sessile

and accompanied by imbricate

If.

which some ten Australian species are known, was formerly confounded with Leptospermum ; it is distinguished by the stamens, often less numerous, and the ascending ovules, two to four in number, inserted on a placenta
Agonis., of
itself

ascending; differential characters which,

are of very little value,

in this group,

and
the

which, doubtless, we should consider too insigniflcant to establish

flo-ft^ers

a distinct genus,

if

of Agonis were not grouped in small

globular capitules, axillary and terminal.^

Bclcea

(fig.

spermum.

294) is also very near LeptoIt has the flower, with an andrcium

isostemonous, diplostemonous or formed of from

eleven to twenty-five stamens.

The ovules

are

one or two in each

Fia 294. Floriferous
liranch.

cell,

oftener indefinite in

number, with

all

the varieties of placeutation

;

observed in Lcptospcrmum

but they are im-

mediately distinguished from the latter by their leaves being opposite

Cav. Icon. t. 330.Vent. Malmais. t. 88, 89. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 260. Hook. Icon. t. 308, 893. Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. t. 30. Benth.
1

3419.
" ^

Sm.

Small white or slightly pink. Themselves formed of glomerules, so that

is

Fl. Aiistrul.

iii.

100. -Bo/.

Mciq.

1810,

2fi9.i,

the inflorescence

mixed.

MYRTACEM.
(fig.

317

294) instead of alternate.

is

They

are also Oceanic shrubs, often

relatively to the radicle

ericoid.

The embryo has small cotyledons

thick and swollen.

which

Eypocahjmna, the ovarian cells of which

enclose from one or two to an indefinite

number

of ovules, has been

generically separated more especially because the stamens were

thought

to

be raonadelphous.

But

if

the greater part of

them

are,

in fact, slightly united

by

the base of the filaments, there are also

Scliolhla has also been dis-

some which are entirely independent.

OTiiles

tinguished as a genus because the placenta bears from two to four

and the receptacle scarcely

rises

above the ovary

we

can

only consider both as sections of the genus Bceclcea.

In Astartea, which perhaps onght no longer to be separated from Bcvckea, all the characters of vegetation and of floration are similar
;

but the stamens are pentadelphous, each group corresponding to the

intervals of the
petals.

In Balaustion, native, like Astartea, of

and flowers (rather large) are equally thuse of BcJcca but the receptacle has the form of a large nrccolate sac at the bottom of which is the ovary, and at the throat are inserted the
Australia, the leaves
;

perianth and pentamerous andrcium.

Melaleuca

(fig.

295, 296) gives

its

name

to a small

group of genera,

Melaleuca fahjcs.

Fig. 295. Flower

(j).

Fig. 296.

Long.

sect, of flower.

numerous

in species, in

which

thie

flowers often have the stamens

united in as

many

exserted groups as the flower has parts, and these

groups are oppositipetalous.

internal angle, in

Melaleuca has the same number of

multiovulate, rarely uniovulate, cells, with the ovules inserted in the

two or more series, arranged on a vertical or peltate placenta, with short, horizontal or more or less oblique supThere are some whose stamens are scarcely united in bundles port.

318

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

and others where they are quite free, and yet we cannot Hence the impossibility we find of retaining as a distinct genus M. palndosa and some neighbouring species separated under the name of CalUstemon. On the
at the base,

separate generically one from the other.

other hand, the stamiual bundles are often united together at the base
in a very short tube.

This

tube

is

exceptionally prolonged in

to tropical

Lamarchca, which we make only a section of Melaleuca. This belongs Asia and Oceania. Beaufortia, all Australian, has the
but the anthers are basifixed instead of being versatile as

flower of Melaleuca, with the stamens united in oppositipetalous

bundles

They open by clefts longitudinal or short in the preceding genera. and near the summit, sometimes reduced to pores. The ovarian cells enclose one or from two to four ovules, of which several may remain
sterile

or disappear altogether.

In Calothamnus, the foliage, the

all

habit, the

mode

of inflorescence are

those of Beaufortia, and the

cells,

anthers are basifixed, oblong or linear, with parallel

internally
cell,

dehiscing

by longitudinal
all

clefts.

The ovules

are

numerous in each

with

the varieties of plaeentation observed in Melaleuca.

Erema, only which have flowers solitary or two or three in artificially separated, number towards the summit of the branches, instead of lateral and sessile, like those of Calothamnus, and short basifixed stamens, with exterior longitudinal clefts. Eunzea may have the inflorescence of Erema, or capitules with flowers more or less numerous. The flower but the receptacular tube, more elongate and is nearly the same lined by a disk of circular border, bears, exterior to the latter, numerous free stamens, like those of CaRidemon, with versatile They form a transition anthers, not basifixed as those of Erema. therefore between this group and the following {Metrosidereiv), of which they often have the fiower. Tristania alone among them has pentadelphous stamens, the
are all from western Australia, as are those of
;

They

bundles being oppositipetalous, sometimes short, sometimes longer

than the
cells

corolla.

The

ovary, totally or only partly inferior, has three

the ovules in which are indefinite in

number

and, as in the

greater part of the preceding genera, the placentae which bear

them

are very variable in form, sometimes consisting of thick vertical cords,

sometimes peltate and supported by a transverse or slightly oblique The foot, with a head the periphery of which bears reflexed ovules.
fruit
is

capsule,

exserted

or

enclosed,

loculicidal,

with seeds

MYRTACEjE.
elongate-cuneiform or dilated on one side to a wing.
Oceania, from Australia to the north of the Indian

319

Natives of
archipelago,

abundant in southern Asia and

nate
or,

New

Caledonia, Tristania has alter-

more

rarely, opposite leaves,

and flowers in axillary more or

less ramified

and compo^^nd cymes.

(fig.

Metrosideros

297, 298) has, like the following genera, free

Metrosidcros lomentosa.

exscrted stamens

in-

serted in the periphery

of

the

receptacular
It has

orifice.

been

observed in the

warm

regions of south-east-

ern Asia and Oceania,

from Malaya
the Cape of

to

New

Zealand and as far as

Good Hope

and in south-western
America.

The placentwo verand

Fig. 297. Flower
(f).

ta consists of

Fig. 298. Long. sect, of flower

tical lobes, thick

elongate, covered with ovules.

It

becomes

salient, in the

form of a

M. stipulacea, of which has been made the Chilian genus Tepualia, where it bears a small number of ascending ovules, and in some Oceanic species, as M. eiliata, jparadoxaj chnjsantha, etc., where the ovules are more numerous and, more frequently still, inserted over the entire surface of a shield-like dilatation of its free extremity. They have served as type of the
short horizontal or ascending club, in

genus Xanthostemon and have, nearly always, alternate leaves, whilst

the Metrosideros proper have generally opposite leaves.
valvate or slightly imbricate,
is

The calyx

ordinarily regular in the true Metro-

sideros, often a little ii-regular in

Xanthostemon.

In a species of which

the genus Pleurocalyptus has been made, the summit separates ii'regularly on one side at the time of
lid.

blooming and rises like a small unequal These plants cannot, in our opinion, form distinct genera, and

we
late

shall consider

will be the case, notwithstanding its

The same cymes contracted to a peduncuhead, with M. glomulifera, distinguished under the generic name
as sections of Metrosideros.

them only

of Syncarpia, whilst

among Eucalyptus, we

species presenting this

shall also find a few same capitular arrangement of flowers and

330

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

fruit.

What
total

is is

more remarkable in
extremely variable,

this

genus
all

is

that the situation

of the ovary

with

the gradations possible

tlie

from a

adherence to an entire independence of

is

gynascium

completely superior, as

the case in certain Australian and

New

Caledonian species of Xanthostemon.

Mooria

is

scarcely distinct

from Metrosideros
petals

it

has five pointed sepals, slightly imbricate, five

and somewhat numerous stamens, shorter than the calyx, with

an ovary semi-superior, the three cells of which enclose interiorly an ascending placenta on which rise ovules indefinite in number, it is
true,

but often inconsiderable.

The

fruit is

loculicidal,

and the

leaves are opposite, penninerved.

It consists of small trees or shrubs

from
wise

New Caledonia and the neighbouring isles. AriUastruvi, likeNew Caledonian, has nearly the flower of Metrosideros, tetracells.

merous, with a very large number of stamens and two multiovulate

ovarian

But the capsular

fruit,

forming with the thickened

and hardened receptacle, a deep obcouical cup, is wide at the summit and sets free a single pea-shaped seed, with thick fleshy embryo, and thick folded cotyledons. The seminal coat is covered with a circle of scales, resembling an aril and corresponding to as many aborted seeds.

The

leaves are opposite, and the flowers axillary solitary or ternate

at the

summit

of a
(fig.

common

peduncle.

(Eucalyptece) constituted

299-303) has given its name to a small sub-series by it and the genus Angophora. The flowers have a concave receptacle the margin of which bears a gamoIn the genus Eucalyptus it is superiorly truncate sepalous calyx. The entire or very rarely divided into four short and distant teeth. name of the genus is derived from the corolla which here forms a
Eucalyptus
to that represented

hood analogous
Acicalyptus,
falls off in
etc.,

by the calyx

of Calyptranthes,

and which, detaching

itself circularly
(it is

by the

base,

a single piece at the time of anthesis

extremely rare
are very

that

it

then divides into several segments).

The stamens

numerous and have versatile anthers, with cells dehiscing longitudiThe capsular fruit, imbedded in the receptacle, opens from nally. The Eucalypts are the summit along the middle line of cells.
odorous trees, nearly
Archipelago.
all

Australian

there are very few in the Indian

The

leaves are frequently variable in form, according

;

to the age of the tree

the lower opposite and the upper often

alternate.

The

flowers are axillary, solitary or in cymes.

In E.
inflo-

Lehmanni, type of a genus SympJ/yoinyrfus, the contracted

MYRTACEM.
rescence resembles a capitule, and
tlie

321

multiple fruit

is

here analogous

Angophora a near neighbour to that of Syncarpia in Metrosideros. of Eiahjptu.s, and, like most of them, Australian, has nearly the
same flower
;

but the petals, membranous and

much

imbricated, are

Eucalyptus Ghbulus,

Fig. 300. Dehiscing bud.

Fig. 299. Habit (of a

young

troe).

Fig. 303. Fruit.

nevertheless very distinct

the

summit

is

sometimes prolonged into

of Eucalyptus,
is

a sort of dorsal point.

teeth.

The calyx presents four or five distinct

are those
;

The

other characters

of which
it is

Angophora has the gyncium solitary and apparently peltate.

abnormal.

where the seed

known,

This series further includes two Australian genera somewhat

One, BackJiousia, has flowers the sepals of which become 21

large and more or less petaloid, with shorter petals, and, in each of
VOL. VI.

322

NATURAL in STORY OF PLANTS.

cells,

an iudefiuite number of pendent or campylotropous and recurved ovules. The otlier, Oshornia, has a perianth
the two ovariiin

more exceptional, since, the corolla being entirely absent, the The cells of sepals, eight in number, are imbricate in two series.
still

Eucalyptus Globulus.

C'^v^j^

Fig. 301. Flower ().

Fis. 302. Long. sect, of flower.

the inferior ovary are also two in number, and often incomplete.

In the lower part of their internal angle is seen a placentary mass In both genera the leaves are covered with anatropous ovules.
opposite

and penninerved.

III.

CHAM^LAUCIUM
(fig.

SEEIES.

Chamcelauciuvi

'

304, .805) bas flowers ordinarily hermaphro-

dite^ and pentameroiis, with a hollow receptacle, very variable in

form, obconical, tubular or urceolate, at the bottom of which

is

im-

bedded the ovary, whilst

small sepals, entire or

its

upper opening bears a calyx of five

often petaloid.

ciliate,

The

five petals, longer

and inserted in the intervals, are rounded, concave, imbricate in the bud and ordinarily very caducous. The andrcium is formed of two verticils of stamens,^ superposed, five to the sepals and five to the petals and formed each of a short filament, inflexed in the bud

Desf. Men. Mus. v. 39, t. 3, fig. B. DC. iii. 209. Spach, Suit, Buffon, iv. 110. Endl. Ann. Wien. Mas. ii. 192; Gen. n. 6280. ScHAUER, Myrt. Xeroc. t. 4 A. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 308. B. H. Gen. 698, n. .Sccalophimn TuRcz. Bull. Muse. (1817), i. 153.
'

the margin of the disk, in a single series

in reality they

Prodr.

but belong to two verticils, and the oppositipetalous are primarily the more elevated. With the stamens alternate an equal
;

number

of tongues, often equal to the staminal

filaments,

and ordinarily,
;

for this reason, de-

'

The gyncium may be sterile. They have been described in

most of those in

scribed as staminodes
this

they are only perhaps

genus,

the lobes of the disk.

as in

this group, as inserted

on

MY RTA CE M.

323

and enlarged at the summit, which supports the two adnate cells of an introrse anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The ovaryis unilocular, surmounted by a subulate style somewhat enlarged at its stigmatiferous summit, which
is

often surrounded

by long
hairs.

unequal and

rigid

From

the lower part of the

cell
rises,

ovarian

some-

times along one of the partitions,^

an eccentric plalength,
to

centa, of variable

bearing from

two

ten

ascending ovules

in

two

Fig. 304.

Bud

(f).

Fig. 305. Long. sect, of bud.

parallel series with micro-

pyle directed downwards and outwards.

a persistent calyx,
seeds.
is

surmounted by few dry, indhiscent and contains one or a

The

fruit,

Chamlaucium comprises shrubs

of south-western Australia,

having ordinarily the aspect of a Heath, with opposite, rarely alternate, leaves, small and entire, without stipules, oftener odorous.
flowers are solitary in the axils of the leaves or of the bracts, which replace them at the summit of the branches in such a manner

The

that the entire inflorescence resembles a spike or terminal capitule.

Each flower, sessile or supported by a short pedicel, is accompanied by two large and sinuous lateral bracteoles, at first enveloping the bud. About ten species have been described.^ Some species of Dancinia (fig. 306-308) differ from Ghamlaucium
the latter being nearly globular, and opening near their organic summit, that is above and without, by two very short longitudinal clefts, or two pores more or less

only in the form of their anthers

flowers are in terminal capitules and situated in the axil of narrow or often wide and coloured bracts, forming a
confluent within.

The

petaloid involucre

(flg.

306).

glandular at the summit.

sepals are mutichous, sometimes These plants, like all of the series, are

The

It would, in thia case, te the anterior.

<,/Z/is).

Meissn.

X/urii.

lin. Soc.

i.

44.
ii.

ScH.tu. P/. jP,ms.

i.

97. F. MuELL.
ii.

ii',a;/(.

Bexth.
134
;

Fl. Austral, iu.

3.5. Walp. Sep.

iv.

62. Ti-Kcz.

Bti//.

Mosc. (1849)

17 (Gene-

v. 729.

212

324

NATURAL HISTORY
Actinodiuni
is

ni'

PLANTS.

Australian.

a Darivinia with tctramerous diploste-

monous

flowers and stamens not accompanied

lias

by

sterile tongues.

Homoranthus, on the contrary,

these tongues in the intervals of

Darivinia [GenetijUis) macrofitcgia.

Figr.

307. Flower

(J).

Fio".

306. Inflorescence.

Fig. 308. Long. sect, of flower.

its

ten fertile stamens, for

it is

its

flower
;

is

pentamerous, and in other

respects
at the

quite that of a

Barwinia

but the sepals are attenuated

summit

to a long subulate point, as

Vfrticorin Bmiiniii.

we

shall find those of

Fig. 309. Flower

(^).

Fig. 310. Long. sect, of flower.

which otherwise would be of the smallest importance, has been thought sufficient here to distinguish
;

Calytkrix arc

and

this character,

this quite artificial genus.

Tn Verticordia

(fig.

309, 310), everything

MYRTACEM.
in the flower
is

325

equally that presented by Chamcelaucium (or Darfive to ten in

number, are cut into long plumose or ciliate strips. The ovary encloses one ovule nearly basilar, or two ovules and upwards, and the two lateral bracteoles which
winia)
;

but the sepals, from

accompany the flower are wide, rounded,

Cahjthrix scahra.

concave and imbricate, in such a manner

as to

form around the bud a complete

;

accessory envelope
tached.

they are early de-

Plleantlma has the flower of

stamens,

Verticordia, with ten sepals not divided

and twenty or more

fertile

There is often one opposite each sepal and a bundle opposite each petal. The anthers
are those of Cliamlaucium, and the
flowers, like those of Verticordia, are at

without tongues interposed.

enveloped by two large concave and imbricate bracteoles. Lhotzlnja has a receptacle in the form of a long gourd surmounted by a narrow neck, dilated above to a cupule on which are inserted five obtuse
first
Fig. 311. Floriferous branch.

Calythrix seabra.

Fipr. 313.

Flower.

Fig. 312.

Bud

(})

Kg-

314. Long. sect, of flower.

sepals,

five

petals

and numerous stamens, unequal and disposed

Cahjthrix
(fig.

in several series, but without glands interposed.

311-314)

differs

only in the form of

its

sepals,

prolonged at the

2(;

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

into long acuminate points
it
;

summit
ranthus

it is,

consequently, to Lhotzhya
artificially)

(from which
is to

can be separated only very

what Homo-

Barwlnia.

Thrijijtomcne has flowers

tation strongly recalling certain species of Belcea

and organs of vegeand Leijt.osperinum,

and thereby approach genera of the preceding series. The sepals, five in number, are persistent, as likewise are the five alternate petals,
most frequently connivent.
posed.
It has five alternipetalous stamens, or

ten stamens disposed in two verticils, without sterile tongues inter-

eccentric, or rising

two

to

The unilocular ovary contains a placenta nearly basilar, but more or less on the partition and supporting from ten ascending ovules. The leaves are opposite, like those of

Bchea.
like those

From

it

have been distinguished Ilomalocahjx, having a

caducous perianth, stamens indefinite in number, and alternate leaves,

and Micromijrtus, having persistent sepals, open petals, ten stamens, or only five facing petals, with an ovary the single cell of which is traversed from the base to the summit by a filiform and pauciovulate placenta.
of Leptospermum^

IV.

BARRINGTONIA
regular
flowers
(fig.

SERIES.
pentamerous, nearly
case, the

Barringtonia

'

has

rarely

always tetramerous
receptacle, in the
filled

315, 316).

In the latter

concave
is

form of an obconical horn, rarely urceolate,

its

nearly

by the imbedded ovary and bears on

mai-gin a valvate or

imbricate-decussate calyx and four petals, imbricate in the bud.

The

stamens are indefinite in number, inserted perigynously like the

perianth.
also

The

filaments are united below in a short ring which

may

adhere with the base of the petals, free throughout their remaining extent, twisted or corrugate in the bud, straightened and
exserted at the time of anthesis, and surmounted
cular
introrse
^

by a small
cells

bilo-

anther,

dehiscing

by two longitudinal and

often

versatile clefts.

The

inferior

ovary has two or four

Huttam Adans. Fam. J. Gen. 326. DC.
Iloutte Fl.
Serr. vii.
(ed.

superposed
88.

1 FoRST. Char. Qen. 75, t. 28. (iMV.T!i.Fruct. U.96, tlOl.T)C. Frodi: Hi. 2SS.SFAcn, Suit.

des

PL

ii.

Stravadium
V.

J3i<Jf'oii,

iv. IS6.

Endl. G(. 11.6325. H. Bn.

Frodr.
24.

iii.

289. Bl.

Fam. Nut. 368. B. H. Oai. 720, 1006, n. Bakek, Fl. Maurit. 119. Hook. Ft. hid. Butoiiica J. Gen. 326. Lamk. Diet. i. ii. 506. Commenona Sonner. Voy. t. 521; iW. t. 590. Miiraria Gmel. Si/xt. 799 (ex Endi..). 8. 9.
Fatjcr
61.

Cuchinch.
Syiiops.
92,
ii.

Mcteorus JjOVU. Fl. Stravadia Peus. 1790) 410.

SU. Meitichea Sonneu. Voy. 138, t. 93 (ex Endl.). liotryoropis Presl, Epiitul.

220.
'

Sometimes, however, they are

sterile.

MYRTACE.E.
to the petals.
Its

327

flat, is surmounted by a long style with an obtuse or slightly enlarged stigmatiferous extremity, and its

summit, nearly

base

is

surrounded by a circular

collar,

springing from the epigyuous

Bai-ringtonia [Stravndiiim) racemom.

Fig 315. Lon"-.

sect, of flower.

Fig. 316.

Gyncium, with ovary open

(}).

ind

more or

less

prominent

disk.

The

placenta,

which occupies the

internal angle of each cell, supports

two

parallel series of transverse

or obliquely descending ovules with their raphes facing each other.

and besides a descending is often found below, on the middle line, with micropyle superior and interior.' The fruit, fleshy and more or less fibrous,
There are from one
to four in each series,

ovule

indhiscent, oblong or pyramidal,

usually contains only one seed, embryo, thick and undivided.- i^arrmj/f omo. comprises fine trees of the tropical regions of the old world. They have alternate leaves,

surmounted by a persistent calyx, without albumen, with a fleshy

summit of the branches, simple, entire or dentelate, penninerved, without stipules and without glandular punctuations. The flowers ^ are in spikes or clusters, often elongate and pendent,
collected near the

terminal or lateral.

score of species have been distinguished.*

' They have a double envelope, and their exostome gives passage to a long cylindrical

Bl.
Prodr.

loc. cit.
i.

23, t.

654.

Wight and Arn.

process.
2

On

the structure of the seeds, see Thoms.

ii.

Joiirn. Liiiti. Soc.

47.

The embryo,

fleshy at

t. 152, 547. A. Exp. Bot. i. 508. Benth. Fl. Austral, iii. 287. Oliv. Fl. Trap. Afr. ii. 438. Thw. ii. PI. ZeyL 119. Harv. and

333.

-Wight,

Icon.

Gray,

Unit. St. Expl.

the centre,
^

is

at the periphery cortical ligneous.

SoND. Fl. Cap.

i.

i.

White, piivk or red. Bl. liijdr. 1096. Wight and Akn. rrudr. 333. Gauuicu. Voy. Fn-yciii. Bot. 4S3, t. 107.

485.
;

641

iv.

ii. 523. Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat.i. Walp. Rep. ii. 192 v. 156 Ann. 850. lIoOK. Fl. Ind. ii. 580.
;

p.
ii.

328

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Close beside Barringtonia are

Gareya and Planchonia which onght not, perhaps, to bo generically separated, and all which belong to the warmest regions of Asia and the Indian Archipelago.
ranged

The former have the

exterior stamens longer, and with the interior,

embryo of Barringtonia. The latter has the interior staminodes fertile and shorter than the stamens. The embryo has foliaceous and folded cotyledons, and a
destitute of anthers, with the undivided

very long spirally-rolled radicle.

Petersa africana, a large tree of

all

Angola,
tonia^

is

also said to
its

have nearly
flower
;

the characters of a Barring-

and especially
floral

but the alternate leaves are punctuate,

fruit in the

and

its

receptacle bears, in the interval of the sepals, four

large wings which only

grow round the membranes, semi-orbicular and veined.'

form of vertical

The

flowers of Ckistavia present a great resemblance to those of

Barringtonia.

The

inferior ovary is also lodged in the cavity of a

turbinate receptacle the margin of which bears a calyx entire, or

lobed, or 4-6-fid,

and from

five to eight imbricate petals.

The stamens,

very numerous, inserted round the margin of a circular epigynous

disk, are free

and

all fertile,

with a basifixed, elongate anther having

two

linear cells opening near the

summit by a pore

or short cleft.

The

inferior ovary is divided into four, five or six pluriovulate cells,

and the indhiscent, fibrous fruit, encloses a small number of seeds, similar to those of Eugenia. It comprises fine trees or shrubs of tropical America the leaves are alternate.
;

In Gustavia, the stamens form, above and around the ovary, a

crown quite regular. Let these same stamens unite at the base and form a sort of tube, but unequal, because those on one side are longer than those on the other, and we have Cariniana, consisting of
fine trees of tropical
trilocular,

America, the inferior ovary of which, often

fruit.

becomes, besides, quite a peculiar

place here the two genera
{Gen. 724, 784), the one

It is a sort of

'

With doubt we

leaves, has the habit of the li/iizaphorece.

flowers, 3-8-merous,

The

Fntulla and Soiineratia, recently referred by

have a convex receptacle,

its

Bentham and Hookes

to

anomalous

iI/(/)tff<;e,

the other to

ii'</('rit'tf!.

The

with an ovary aduate only in cells are nu'jerous and

lower part,

raultiovulate.

Ftidia, native of the eastern isles of tropical

Africa, has

35-merous

apetalous flowers, with

inferior

numerous stamens inserted above an

ovary, with alternisepalous
nal angle of the latter
placenta.
cells.

In the inter-

is found a pluriovulate dry and woody, and the leaves are alternate without stipules. Sonneratia, with opposite entire coriaceous and exstipulate

The

fruit is

There is also a very large number of stamens, and the sepals are valvate coriaceous persistent, The corolla is wanting or reduced to long narrow tongues. The fruit is in great part free, finally coriaceous, indhiscent and polyspermous. Tliese maritime plants are found on
nearly
all

the tropical shores of the old world,

M YRTA CEM.
pyxis nearly cylindrical and traversed in the direction of
a thick triangular columella surmounted

329
its axis by woody operculum.

by

The latter separates circularly from the rest of the winged seeds, with contortuplicate embryo, formed
Cunroninta f/uimiensis.

fruit to liberate

of a large radicle

Fig 317. Flower.

Fia;. 318.

Flower seen from above.

Fig. 320. Gyncecium.

Fig. 319. Long. sect, of

flower.

Fig. 321. Long. sect, of gynseciiun.

and wide foliaccous cotyledons replicate upon themselves. All the stamens, more developed on one side of the flower than on the other,
are fertile, and
it

is

on this account chiefly that they have been

separated from Gouratari.

unilateral ligule, or are
sterile

The latter have,

at the

summit of a large

stamens, the anthers of which disappear

(fig. 317-321), from the same countries, has the same organs of vegetation as Gustavia and Cariniana but the andrcium is still more irregular.
;

reduced

to small dimensions.

Couroupita

n.'io

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

stamens,
;

The

all fertile,

form at

first

a complete crown witliin the

itself,

perianth

then the

common support

straightens

in the

form of

a thick fleshy tongue, on one side of the flower, having the appearLecijthis hmceolata.

Fig. 322. Flower.

Fig.

32.3

Long.

sect, of flower.

ance of a sort of hood with

its

cavity over the

summit

of the

gyncium, and

bears, after a tolerably long

smooth surface, nume-

rous fertile stamens, similar to those at the base.

The

fruit

of

Gouroupita
LiCythis Ollaria.

is

globular or nearly

so, coria-

ceous and crowned with a sort of operculi-

form cap, but which does not separate at

maturity, as in Goiratm-i.

The
last.

seeds have

the same embryo as the

A'^^^Vriffe'
(fig.

In Lecythis

322-326),
Lccytlds Zabiicaijo,

the pyxide fruit

is

often large

and

very thick and woody coats;

:/

with

it

opens by a

lid
Fig. 325. Seed.
Fig. 32G. Long. sect, of seed.

like that of
Fig. 3-1. LMLL.uig fruit
(i).

Couit

ratavi, but

ap-

proaches in form
(fig.

324) that of Courouinta.

;

The flower

also

bears

strong

resemblance to that of the latter

are inserted on the upper

but those of the stamens which

fertile,

part of the great cuculliform ligule, are

like

reduced to papilliform staminodes, instead of being

those of Couroupita.

The

seeds enclose

fleshy

and undivided

embryo.

MYUTACE.E.
In the preceding genera, the
distinct
sepals, often six

331

in

number, are
the contrary,

and more or

less imbricate in

young

age.

On

in JJcrthoIIetia, a fine tree of

tropical America, the calyx is

HcrthoUetia exceh(J,

primarily a globular valvate

gamophyllous

sac,

enveloping

the rest of the flower and, at

the time of anthesis, dividing

from top to bottom ordinarily

two segments. The andrcium is that of Lecythis, and the fruit opens at the summit by a small opercuinto

lum.
(fig.

The

triangular

seeds
it

327, 328), which

con-

Fig. 327. Seed.

Fig. 328. Long sect. of seed.

tains in small

number, enclose,
resisting, rugose coats, a

under their
embryo.

thick fleshy and undivided

Y.

NAPOLEONA

SERIES.

Napoleona^ (fig. 329-333) has regular and hermaphrodite flowers, with concave receptacle. Its margin bears a calyx of five sepals,^ valvate in the bud, and a gamopetalous corolla with five lobes
alternating with the sepals, folded in a peculiar

manner in the bud. It is lined with two concentric petaloid collarettes, which have been compared to the disks of Pasnifl-ora, adherent at the base to the The exterior is formed of more slender corolla and falling with it. coloured filaments the interior, of flattened and petaloid tongues, at The andrcinm is also united at the base with the first incurved.
;

corolla
sepals.

it is

formed of

five

bundles of stamens, superposed

to the

Each bundle generally contains four stamens, the two exterior

fertile,

alone being
'

formed of a filament surmounted by a unilocular

Benn.)
i.

Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl.

ix.
t.

Pal.-Beauv. Fl. Oicar. ii. 29, t. 78. Tuup. t. 66. Spach, Suit, Buffon, 427. A. Juss. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, ii. 227,

388.

bear, on each margin, a ses.sile gland resembling that of certain Eupliorbiaeece.

They

4. Endl. 71. H. Bn.

Gen. n.

4263. B. H. Gen.
;

723, n.

They

are traversed

by longitudinal

ridges

Fayei- Fain. Nat. 370

Bull. Soc.

which touch in the bud but afterwards separate

"without ceasing to be parallel, in consequence

Linn. Par. 58.

492.

M. Mast.
xiii.

Journ, Linn. Soc. x.

2, 1, t. 1, 2,

MlElts,

Trans. Linn. Soc. ser.

3 A.
Bii.

Belvisia Desvx. Journ. Bot. iy. 130.

R.

the development of membranous furrows interposed between them.

of

Trans. Linn. Sue.

222

Misc. Works (ed.

332

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

by
a single longitudinal cleft.

introrse anther dehiscing

ments are petaloid and incurved in the bud in such a carry the anthers under the projection of the style, where they
Napolcoiia imperialis.

The filamanner as to

Fir. 329. Floriferous branch.

Fig. 330. Buil.

Fig. 333. Long. sect, of andrceciuni

Fig. 331.

and gyniecium

(f )

Bud with calyx removed.

Fig. 332. Long. sect, of flower.

some time.^ Within the andrcium is a circular The latter is imbedded glandular disk which surrounds the ovary. in the cavity of the receptacle, and hollowed into five oppositipetalous cells, surmounted by a short and thick style, soon dilated to a
remain fixed
for
'

There

is

here a sort of hollow in the style

disengaged

hy

cutting the head of the style

to receive the anther in the liud.

This

is

easily

transversely.

MYRTACEM.
flat

333

pentagonal stigmatiferous liead, with salient

oi^positipetaloiis

lobes.

In the internal angle of each

cell is a

placenta supporting

two

vertical series of ovules finallj' descending,' with mieropyle in

this case directed

upwards and inwards. The fruit is fleshy,^ nearly globular, and surmounted by the remaius or the scar of the calyx it encloses, imbedded in its pulp, a variable number of seeds, the coats of which cover a thick reniform embryo, with fleshy planoconvex cotyledons and short radicle lodged in the hiluni. NapoJeona comprises trees from tropical western Africa, with alternate glabrous penninerved leaves, without punctuations and without stipules,^ and
;

axillary flowers,* solitary or in few-flowered glomerules, nearly sessile,

surrounded by short alternate imbricate bracts, glanduliferous like Six or seven species have the sepals, the shorter the lower they are.

been distinguished

there

is

perhaps only one.^

differs in its
;

Asterantlws brasiliensis,^ a tree of Para and Guyana, with alternate

leaves, has nearly all the characters of Naj^oleona;
it

expanded gamosepalous calyx, dentelate at the margin a much longer style, with stigmatiferous head much less dilated elongate Within the ovules, much more numerous, in a semi-inferior ovary. with it, are a great number of stamens, corolla and united inferiorly with slender filaments and introrse bilocular anthers.
;

YI?
'^

POMEGRANATE

SEEIES.

In this genus, which has served as a type for a distinct family, the flowers (fig. 334-338) are regixlar, hermaphrodite, with concave
receptacle, obconical or nearly so, the

bottom of which

is filled

with
latter

the adnate ovary, whilst the margin bears the perianth.

'

The

Or

at first slightly ascending, with

interior.

the

4262.

raphe superior and

-

Gen. 724, n.
i.

Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 80. B. H. 72. Mieks, Traits. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,

Corticate and coriaceous on the surface.

' *

With margins sometimes

glanduliferous.

vii.

Yellow and purplish or (?) bluish. N. imperialisT'.-JiE&w. loc.cit. DG.Frodr. 550. Hot. Mag.t. i387.Oi.iv. Fl. Trop.

Afr.
this

ii.

439. iV.
A'.

Voffelli

Hook.

Niffcr, 360; t.
loo. cit.

t. 3 B. Walp. Rep. ii. 722 Asterantfius). Punka T. Inst. 636, t. 401. L. Gen. n. 618. Adans. Fam. des Fl. ii. 88. J. Gen. 325. Gyertn. Fruct. i. 183, t. 38. Lamk. Dict.Yn. 30; LU. t. 415. Scukuhe, Sandd. t. 31. Nees, Nov. Act. Kat. Cur. xi. 410, t. Ii. DC.

17,
"

49, 50.

Heiidoletii

A. Juss.

It is

which M. Dcaisse (Kev. Sort. [1853] 301, t. 16) distinguishes under the name of N. Whitfieldii. Miees also multiplies the
species
species of
5

Endl.

Prodr.

3. Spach, Suit, Bxiffon, iv. 288. Gen. n. 6340. Lindl. Veg. Kiiigd. 735. Payee, Organcg. 465, t. 99. H. Ex. Payer Fam. Nat. 371. Berg. Mart. Fl. Bras.
iii.

tiiis

genus.
vi. 9,
t.

Myrt. 514,

t.

8,
ii.

9. B. H.
580.

Gen. 784, n. 27.

Desf. Ann. Mns.

3. ExnL.

Gen. n.

Hook.

Fl. Ind.

334
is

NATURAL HISTURY OF PLANTS.

formed of from four to eight sepals, coloured like tlie receptacle,' and like it coriaceous, thick, valvate, persistent, and of the same

number

of alternate petals, inserted in the intervals of the sepals,

membranous, corrugate, imbricate in the bud.

The stamens

are very

Fig. 335. Ijong. sect, of flower.

Fig. 334. Floriferous branch

(-).

Fig. 336. Fruit (i).

numerous and inserted at various levels on the internal surface of Each is formed the tube formed by the receptacle above the ovary. slender filament, at first incurved, and of a small bilocular of a The introrse versatile anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts." surmounted by a style which, at first flexuose, inferior ovary is
enlarged to a cone at the base, terminates in a head covered with
stigmatic papillae.
'

In the ovary are two series of superposed

two

cells

^
;

Red or pale yellow. The pollen is " ovoid, approaching the sphere; threefold with papillce " (H. Mohl,
2

verticils have at first the same direction, corresponding to that of the placentae originally in their internal angle. If they hecome exte-

Ann.
'
l(,c.

be. Nat. sr. 2, iii. 332). Organic investigation has revealed (Paver, cil. 467) that the carpels belonging to the

carpels of the upper verticil, it is because the ovary has been reversed on the style (the .stigmati ferons portion of which is aborted)
rior in the

M YRTACE M.
those of the upper
sei-ies, five

335

in number,'

in those of the lower series, three or

is

have their placenta parietal; more rarely five in number, it

The ovules on each placenta are numerous, The fruit is a coriaceous corticate berry, surmounted by the persistent calyx and divided by membranous partitions into a variable number of irregular and polyspermous cells. The seeds, sessile or supported by a soft fnnicle, is distributed among them; this deforms^ the outer coat which is thick, fleshy, pvilpy,
in the internal angle.

multiseriate, anatropous.^

and the only portion edible. Interior to this is a very hard coat. The embryo, destitute of albumen, has a short radicle and two foliaceous cotyledons, auriculate at the base, rolled spirally round each other, like that of a great many Gomhretace. The Pomegranates, of which several species have been described, but of which there is
probably only one,* are shrubs of northern Africa and, as said, of

western Asia, introduced into the

nearly the whole world.

warm and temperate

regions of

Their branches, sometimes spinous, are

clothed with alternate or nearly opposite leaves or fasciculate at the

nodal levels, obovate-oblong, entire, penninerved, without stipules.

The

flowers are axillary, solitary, or grouped in few-flowered cymes,

with short pedicels. This family one of those which the older botanists suspected, so

is

to speak, before
it

even

it

was well

defined.

B. de Jussietj

designated

in 1759, under the name of Myrtus. Adanson,^ in 1763, distinguished a family of Myrtles, very natural and admitted by A. L. de JussiEu' under the same name. R. Brown, ^ in 1814, gave it the

name Myrtace, soon followed by De Candolle,^ who included in this family forty-seven genera, among which Crossostylis, Petalotoma.
(Barraldeia),

Goupoui

(?),

belong to

other

families.

In

1841,

Schauer

'"

published a monograph, which has become a standard,

;

by a swing movement summit of this ovary is

than
'

so that the

organic

finally placed lower

its

base.

" L- Malum punicum Lob. Mahis punica Bauh. ' Ex. A. L. de Juss. Gen. Ixx.
'
'

Ic.

ii.

130.

= 3
i

They are superposed to the sepals. They have a double coat. Whence the facets of their surface (fig.

Fam.
Op.

des

PL

ii.

86,

Fam.

14.
;

cit.

322, Ord.

viii.

Mi/rti (1789)

Diet.

r. Graiiatum L. Spec. 676. PoiT. and TuRP. Arbr. Fr. 22. Don. Fdinb. New Fhil. /om. i. 134. Wight and Arm. Prorf)-. i. 327. Sims, Bot. Mug. t. 634, 1832.Anhe. Bot.
Repos,
t.

337).

Sc.
'
i.

Nat. xxxiv. 94 {Myrteai).

Flind.

Voy. 14

Mise. Works (ed. Benn.),

18, 311.
^

T/ioi.

Fln. {Myrtine)

Prod): in. 207,

Ord. 79 {Myrtace).
'"

9r. Wight,
i.

III.

t.

97. Gken.

et

Linna, xvii. 235

Suppl.
ii.

Nov. Act. Nat. Cur.

OoDK.

Ft. de Fr.

.575.

P. sylvestris T.

P.

xi.x.

336

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

and some supplementary memoirs,' in which he divided the Myrta, according to the consistence of their fruit, into Xerocarpicce and
Chymocarpic.

Ltndley^ similarly divided them

into Lcptospermece

and Myrtece, and relegated

one family the
five

to distinct orders the Cliariuelauciece^

and

the LecTjthidece* {Barringtonie).

sub-orders
of

In 1840, Endlicher" reunited in

Ghamcelauciece, Leptospermece,
it

Granate as allied to Myrtacece, that is to say, besides the types which have been excluded from the family, a total of sixty-seven genera (of which about a dozen are duplicates). In 1865, Bentham and Hookee^ described or indicated seventy-eight genera of Myrtacece, some of which had just been established in France,' in America,- and in Australia," but especially in Germany, by O. Berg,' the author who, Bentham and Hookee in our day, has most studied this family.
Myrtc, Barringtonie, and Lecythide, adding to
have, besides, considered as doubtful genera of Myrtace, Ftidia,

Catostemma and Fropiera, and reunited to the Lythrariace the genera Punica and Sonneratia. By attaching to other generic types, previously established, Astartea, Eunzea, Lamarchea, Begelia, Phymatocarpus, Syncarpia, Tepualia, Xanthostemon, Calycolpus, and Cuphanthus, which they retained as distinct, and by restoring to this family (not without some doubt) the two genera Sonneratia and
Fttdia,

we

reduce the number of genera

:

'^

it

includes to sixty-foui-

distributed in the six following series

I.

Mybte^.'^
2-00
,1^

Fruit fleshy
genera.

(or

very rarely drupaceous).

Ovarian

cells

disposed regularly around the axis.

Leaves opposite,
Ovarian
monosper;

punctuate.
II.

19

Leptospeeme^.'*

cells 2-co disposed regularly around the axis.

III. CHAMJiLATJCiEiE.i^
'

Fruit Fruit

dry,

generally

capsular.

18 genera.

indhiscent,
'"

generally

' "
5
''

Nov. Act. Nat. Cm: xxi. p. i. Veg. Kingd. (1846) 734, Ord. 282. Op. cit. Til, Ord. 276.
Op.
cit.

Linnaia, xxvii. xxix. xxx. xxxi.

Mart. Fl.
Jp/iaim180)
is

Bras. fasc. 18 (1857, 1858).

" Including about 1800

mgrtiis (Miq.

Bpeoies.
i.

739, Ord. 283.

Fl. Iml.-Bat.

p.

i.

Gen. 1223, Ord. 269.

Gen. 690, 1006, Ord. 67.

Especially
little

doubtful genus (B. H. Gen. 096). '- DC. Prodr. iii. 230. Chimucarpic ScHAU.

by A. Bhongniart and A. Guis,

studied
&v. 6,

Inc. cit.
'^

for the

New

Caledonian

tyjjes

Sometimes only one in Fcndin.

loc.
cit.

n.lii; iii. 210), and previously by P. Montkouzier {Mm. Acad. Lyon, X.), for plants of the same country.
{Ann. Sc. Nat.

''

''DC.

2(l%.Xcroci!rplc, trib.

2,

LepiuspermecB Schau.

" DC.
Schau.

Ice. cit.

By A. Gray (Acica/t/ptus). By F. Mueller {Lysicarpus,

xi. (1826).

Osbornia, Fhy-

Chamailauciacece

208; Diet. C/a<s. d'Eist. Nat. Xrrocarpic, trib. 1, Chamlaucic

Lindl.

Vcg.

Kingd.

matocarpiis, Jlomalocab/x, etc.).

(184G) 721.

MYRTACM.
mous.'

337

Ovariau

cell

single,

ordinarily ericoid, punctiaate.

IV. Baheingtonie^."
coriaceous or fibrous.

Fruit

11 genera.

more

or

less

excontric.

Leaves

indhiscent or pyxid, often woody,

Andrcium

regular or irregular {Lecythe^).

Leaves alternate, generally non-punctuate.*

V. Napoleone^.5
1, 2-locular.

Fruit

13 genera.
Calyx valvate.
regular.

fleshy, cortical, inferior.

Corolla gamopetalous, valvate-folded.

Andrcium

Anthers

Leaves alternate, non-punctuate.

2 genera.
Seeds exterCorolla

VI.

Ptjnicej;.''

Fruit cortical,

coriaceous, inferior.

nally fleshy.

Cotyledons spirally rolled.

folded.

Calyx valvate.
pluriseriate.

polypetalous

Andrcium

regular,

Ovarian

cells 2-seriate, multiovulate.

Leaves alternate, non-punctuate.

The Myrtace
in

are plants from

warm

countries.

There are some

New

Zealand, in Chili, and in the Mediterranean region, but the

In the south of Europe we find only one Myrtle and the Pomegranate, and the latter has doubtless been introduced, as have also several species from temperate America and Australia, which are cultivated in the open air in the Mediterranean region. All the Chamlaueie are Australian, and
greater part belong to tropical regions.
also the greater part of the

genera belonging to the Leptospermcoi.

Among

the latter are several genera belonging to other parts of

:

Oceania, and especially to the Indian Ai'chipelago

leuca, Tristania,

such are Mela;

Leptospermum, Ba3ckea, Metrosideros

and in
Chili.

the last

is

found in India,
all

at the Cape,

The

Eucalipts are almost

Australian

but the genus

is also

represented in a very restricted

Acicalyptus, Philiocalyx, and
isles

manner

in the Indian Archipelago.

Spermolcpis have as yet been observed only in the Viti

and in
varied

New

Caledonia.

There

is

only one American Leptosperm, TepuaUa

{Metrosideros).

The

distribution of Myrtese is
all

much more

and extended

thus there are Myrtles in

288.

parts of the world, and

More rarely diapermous. DC. Diet. Class, xi. Prodr.

;

iii.

Endl.

Gen. 1233.

Lecijthidaaai Lindl.

Veg. Kiugd.

739, Ord. 2SS.Leci/thidi<e B.

H.

Geit. 695, trib.

cit.

* Endl. Gen. 745 (1839). H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 371, sect. T.Belvise E. Br. Trans. Linn. Misc. Works (eJ. Benn.) i. 388, Soc. xiii. 222 notSelvisiacece Lindl. Veg/. Kinyd. 728, Ord.
;

4 (part '&^i>i..).Barriiigtvniam(e Lindl. up.

754.
'

280. J. G. Aa.
tlie

Tlieor. Syst. PI. 132.

Asteran-

Desf.
GraiiateT)o-s,Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. (1826)

lecythiie Rich, ex Poit.

1234,
1.

141.Endu. Gen.
*

Sutord.

Man. Mus. xiii. 5. Mierb,

Trans, linn. Hue. XXX.

They

are so,

it is said,

in Fctersia.

134. Endl. Gen. 1236. H. Bn. Payer Fain. Lythrariaccarum yen. Nat. 371, Fam. IGl. anom. B. H. Gen. 775, 784.

VOL. VI.

2o

338

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Eugenia in four. The genera Decaspermum, BJwdomyrtus, BJiodamnia and FenzUa alone are limited to the tropical regions of Asia and Oceania. A 11 the other genera of this series are exclusively American
;

but

many

of them, as Psidiuvi and Pimenta, are cultivated in

To the latter belong the Barringtonieai with regular andrcium, except Gustavia and Orias which, like the Lecythe with irregular andrcium, are from tropical America. Of the two
the old world.

Napoleone known, belonging each American and the other African.

nineteen are exclusively American
old and
;

to a

monotypal

(?)

genus, one

is

Finally,

of sixty-four genera,

three only are

common

to the

new

world, viz.

Myrtus, Eugenia, and Metrosideros}

Affinities.

The

Myrtace have very numerous

affinities,

very

close especially

with the Bhizophorace, chiefly with those of which

chiefly
is

the ovary

is inferior. is

and ovules,

The number, ordinarily reduced, what distinguishes the flowers

by
its

of the stamens of the latter,

whilst the fruit

characterized
seed.
;

structure and the

mode

of

germination of

its

The organs

of vegetation are often the

same in both

families

but the Myrtace have not the iuterpetiolate

stipules of the Ehlzophore. The Comhretace with opposite leaves have sometimes the flower of the Myrtace; but the unilocular ovary and the placentae scarcely salient in its cavity easily distinguish them.

The embryo

is

often constructed like that of the Pomegranates, the

flower of which

is quite different and has petals not without reason compared with those of the Lythrariace.. These latter have ordinarily a receptacular tube of special organization, and the calyx is most frequently valvate, like that of the Pomegranates but we shall
;

find that the ovary

is

generally free at the bottom of the receptacular

tube,

whilst in the Pomegranates, which have

nearly the
fruit,

same

perianth, the ovary is completely " adherent."

The

the seed

and the embryo are equally difi'erent, and the opposite-leaved Myrtace, have ordinarily punctuate leaves. The Melastomace are
distinguished from the Myrtace., either by the nervation of their
leaves, or

by the organization of

their anthers, or

position of the ovary in the receptacular cavity,

by the relative or by all these

characters united.
'

The Melastomace have

besides almost always an

Not

less

to speak of Punica, which has douhtbeen introduced into America, nor of the

American Schizocalyx of Beug, a genua not adopted by all (B. II. Gen. 720, n. 59).

MYRTACE^.
indefinite

339

number of stamens.
fiimilies

Ordinarily, the Myrtacece are compared

;

only with

with an inferior ovary

this is

because

it is

not

generally known that certain of them have an ovary almost completely superior, as is the case in several species of Tristania and

Metrosideros of the section Xanthostemon.

Then let

the cells of this

and the stamens united in fascicles ; it will be difficult to decide if the plants in which these characters are united belong to the Mijrtace or to the Hyjmricacece. The latter then may be defined,
ovary be more or
less incomplete,
let

the leaves also be opposite and punctuate, and

as

we

shall see, as Mijrtace

with a superior ovary, and the same,

is

consequently,

may

almost be said of the Glusiacece, which, as

known,

it is

very

difficult to separate

absolutely from the Hypericace.

We therefore

place the Myrtacece at nearly an equal distance from

the BhizopJiorace, the Comhretace^ the LytJirariace, the Melasto-

mace, and the Hypericace.

Uses.'

These

are very numerous, the Myrtacece, being generally

odorous plants, rich in stimulating, sometimes irritant essences, collected in

numerous punctiform reservoirs scattered throughout the

fi-uit.

bark, the leaves and even certain parts of the flower and

They

are moreover tonic

in their bark, fruit, etc.

and astringent from the tannic matter contained Compared with this the wood is often inert
;

and without medicinal properties not that it is always inodorous. That of the American Gustavla is reported to have a cadaverous The odour, and in Ftidia" the smell is said to be intolerable. wood of Melaleuca of the Indian Archipelago is often very hard and

much employed

in building.

The

first

place

is

given to that of M.
for all buildings

Leucadendron^ and of M. Gajeputi.*

very abundant in

In ^ew Caledonia, the former,

the

fertile lands, furnishes

wood

and

for

a certain

number

of domestic pui'poses.

The Australian
In the

Tristania, chiefly T, neriifolia,^ has also excellent wood.

island of Banca, that of T. obovata is

Endl. Enchirid. 652. Lindl. Veg. Kingd. Fl. Med. 73. Guib. Drag. Simpl. ed. 6, RosENTH. Sg?i. PI. Dinphor. 919, 1131. iii. 268. 2 Especially in I", mauritimia Commers. Lamk. Diet. ii. 457 III. t. 419. DC. Prodr.
'

employed for making char-

^
*

736

See p. 345, note 8. Protably formed of one and the same polyspecies (see p. 346, note 1).
2,

morphous
*

R. Br. Ait. Kurt. Kew. ed.

iv. 417.

iii.

295 [Buis puant).

report, has, besides, ail the

This wood, according to economic qualities

Benth., Fl. Austral, iii. 262.-7. salicifolia A. Cunn. Bat. Reg. sub n. 1839. Melaleuca iieriifolia Sims, Bot.

Mag.
t.

t.

1058.

M.

salicifolia

of Walnut.

Andk.

Hot. Eepos.

485.

222

310
ooal.i

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Callistemon salignus also furnishes the Australians with an

That of Metrosideros vera is one of the it is highly resistant and said to be imperishable. In the South Sea islands the natives employ that of M. pohjmorpha Gaubich. for making charcoal and that of a New Zealand species, M. huxifoUa,^ has received the name of Lignum vitce.
excellent
for building.

wood

Iron woods of the Moluccas

M.

stipularis,^ a Chilian species, has also a

very useful wood.

In

New

Caledonia, several species of Metrosideros of the section

Xan-

thostemon are renowned for the hardness of their flexible wood,

suitable for cartwright work, particularly

M. rubra * and puhescens.^

;

That of M. pleurocalyptus ^ is dense, red veined with black that of M. 2)ancheri, of a dark red colour, has a fine and hard grain. Two of the most beautiful Myrtace of this country, remarkable for the
qualities of their juice,

have also an excellent wood.

The
is

first is

Arillastrum gummiferum,^ the fibrous bark of which

easily re-

moved in large pieces, excellent for making huts and roofs. The wood is reddish, hard, fibrous, imperishable in water, esteemed for
carpentry.

In

its fissures is

sometimes deposited the dark and brittle

gum which

this tree pi-oduces naturally.

The

other

is

Schizoealyx

rubiyinosa,^ the milky and sticky juice of

into a sort of
colour,

which hardens in the air

gum, and the wood, which is of a beautiful violet-red works very well. The trees of the Leptosperme^, most

remarkable in this respect,

is

are, without doubt, the Eucalypts. Nearly all are Australian, and nearly all useful for their wood, which

often excellent for building, sometimes very hard, imperishable, and valuable for its rapid growth. Some species may be particularly mentioned as uniting most of these conditions. The best known, to
1

From New Caledonia we derive

a great part
capitcllata
;

387.
'

of the red woods, hard

Panch. et Si:s. Notice Bois Kouv.-Cald. 249: Nouepou of the natives) and of y. Gidllaini [Tristaniopsis Guillaiiii ViEiLL. Panch. op. cit. 250).
;

and close, of T. {Tristaniopsis capitcllata Br. et Gb.

Panch. op. cit. 253. Panch. ex Bb. et Gr. Ann.

;

Sc. Nat. ser. 5,

ii.

136

xiii.

376

Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. x. 574.

M. scandais Banks (ex Hook.

'

A. C'uNN.

Hook.

f.

Man.

N.-Zeal. Fl. 70.

f.).

et Gr. he. cit. Panch. op. cit. 251 (Clincgomme). ' Br. et Gr. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 5, xiii. 380. Spermolepis rubiginosa Br. et Gr. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. x. 574 Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, ii. 136. Per-

Spermolepis gummifera Br.

Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. ii. 75. Mijrtus stipttlaris Hook, and Arn. Bot. Misc. iii. 316. Tepuatia stipularis Griseb. PJt. Phil, und Lechl. Abh. K. Ges. Wiss. Gtt. vi. " Fremya rubra Br. et Gr. Ann, Sc. Nat. ser. Panch. op. cit. 252. 5, ii. 131.
' *

haps (see p. 359, note 10) this plant does not helong to the American Schizoealyx. Panch. Eugenia ovigera op. cit. 257 (vidg. Gommier).

F. ptibescens Br. et Gr.

8

loc. cit.

133.

Br. et Gr. (Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 6, iii. 216, n. 5) appears to belong to the same genus as the preceding. Its hard wood, with red sap and black heart, is excellent also for cartwright

Pliurocahjplus Deplanchel Bh. et Gr. Nouv.

iv.
t.
;

work (Panch.

op. cit. 258).

Arch. Mus.

Ann.

Sc.

Nat.

ser. 5, xiii.

MYRTACEM.
wliicli
is

341

we

shall return

when we speak
(fig.

of the properties of its leaves,

certainly B. Globulus
it

299-303) or Blue
mention,

Gum

of Australia,

but beside or above

con'acea,

we may

among

others, B. stellulata^

amijgdalina,

obliqua, Icucoxylon, odorata, albens, sidero-

jyhloia, robusta, viminalis, rostrata, resinifera, diversicolor, calopkylla,

most remarkable species, and which will be hereafter referred to as suitable for other uses.^ There ai'e many Myrtece with useful wood, and first the common Myrtle, Mijrtu.s communis (fig, 277-283), the aged stems of which are used for making small household objects it is also employed in turnery. In tropical Asia that of Eugenia malaccensis is esteemed for making domestic articles, as also that of E. lineata and linearis, used in cabinet-work that of E. aromatica, designated in Java under the name of Copper wood, and especially of the Clove (fig. 288, 289), which unfortunately does not attain large dimensions, but is useful for making small articles and boxes to preserve delicate objects. In South America a great many species of Eugenia are employed for
citriodora, eximia, marginata, etc., all

many

of

their

wood

E.

Lnma and

E. Temu, Chilian species

E. Pitra, a

species from the southern parts of the

same country,

etc.

In

New
>S'.

Caledonia, are noted as plants with useful wood, several species of

Eugenia, lately described under the name of Syzygium,^ chiefly

lateriflorum, multijjetalum,

nitidmn,

Pancheri,

wagapense, and a

pterocarpus.

Eugenia [Pteromyrtus) designated by the name of Garyophyllus E. ovigera,^ of the same country, has a very hard wood with dark heart. E. littoralis has a remarkable wood for turnery and

toy making.

That of E. Heckelii

is

reddish, with a close grain

that of E. Bracl.-rnridgci A.

Gkat

has also good qualities for joinery

*

and cabinet-work.

In

this respect the colony

offers

many

useful

products, not to speak of the xerocarpous Myrtacese mentioned above,

Barringtonia often has a soft and yielding wood.

That of B.
;

alba,

however,

is

used in the Moluccas for cabinet-work

is

but that of

Lecythis and the neighbouring genera

often of good

quality and renders great service to industry and domestic

in the tropical regions of South America.
(fig.

and fine economy

used
for

Thus

that of L. Ollaria

324), the trunk of which

is
;

said

to be colossal, is

building in Venezuela and Brazil

^

likewise, in
^

Guyana, that of L.
of Schizocalyx,
Boi-i N>i<v,-Cald.

See p. 346, note 5. Br. et Gr. Ann. Sc. Naf.

385.

Oongener

(?)

sr. ,

iii.

221

*
;

See Panch. et See. Njtice

xiii.

254-2-59 [see p. 340, note 8).

342

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

(fig.

amara, grandiflora. Zahucayo

Gouratoiori
is

325, 326), Idatimon, and, in

Brazil, that of L. Pisonis, grandifolia,

and parvifoUa. The Brazilian

;

is useful for civil and naval construction the wood hard and resisting, particularly that of C. estrcUcnsis, Tanari,

domestica, and legalls.

At Cayenne use

is

made

for the

same puris

poses of G. guianensis, of Goicroupita guianensis

of some neighbouring species.
also esteemed for building.

(fig.

317-321), and

The wood

of Bertholletia excelsa

That of the Pomegranates is not much however beautiful, easily polished, and pretty articles for the toUet and of fine cabinet-work are made of it. The greater part of the Myrtace mentioned above have many other uses. A large number owe it to an essence with which most of their organs are charged, especially the leaves and bark, and which renders them odorous, aromatic, stimulant. By distilling the leaves and flowers of the common Myrtle ^ (fig. 277-283), a cosmetic called Eau d'ange was formerly prepared. The fruit and leaves were then employed as tonics and stimulants. In Tuscany the seeds were used as pepper. All these parts were at the same time considered as slightly astringent, and in the south of Italy the leaves were even used for tanning.^ Many Myrtles, from the abundance of their pungent essence, are employed as spices and condiments. One of the most noted in this respect is the Allspice (Pimenta communis ^) of the Antilles, the very odorous fruit of which is exciting, aromatic, with
used
;

it

is

a peppery flavour.

From
;

the leaves, an essence

is

also extracted,

which

is

used for the same purposes as the pericarp, and has been
P. acris
^

substituted for the Clove

medicine.*
'

employed in perfumery and has analogous properties and uses. Its bark
it

is

also

FrtKt.

Myrtus communis L. Spec. 673. G/ERTN. i. 184,t. 38. Lamk./. t. 410. DuHAM. Arbr. ed. 2, i. t. 43. DC. Ft. Fr. iv. 426 Prodr. iii. 239, n. 5. Gren. etGoDR. Fl. de Fr.
;

i.

602.

GuiB.

Brog. Simpl, d.

0,

iii.

271.

LaIndl. F/. Med. 75.

Eosen'th. Sgn. PI. Dia-

Pimenta L. Sp. 676. Sw. Ois. 202. Sims, t. 1236. GuiB. ojd. cit. iii. 275, fig. &i2. Eugenia Pimenta DC. Prodr. iii. 285, n. 187.- Lindl. FI. Med. 76 [Orand Piment, Bois d'Inde, Piment couronn, P. des Anglais, de la Jamaque, Jamaica pepper, Tele de clou. Pimento,
tus

Bot. Mag.

phor. 934 (Meurthe, Herbe du lagui).

Bayierrij tree of the English).

This species with its numerous varieties (DC. loc. cit.), is noted as an ornamental and emblematic plant. The trimnphers at Rome and Ihe victors in the Isthmian games, were crowned with Myrtle. The fruit is tinctorial.
*

been named Carpobalsamnm. acris Berg, Linna, xxvii. 416. Rosenth. op. cit. 935. Myrcia acris DC. Prodr. iii. 243. Bot. Mag. t. 3153. Myrtus acris Sw. Fl. Lid. Occ. ii. 909. Guib. op. cit. iii. 277, fig.
*

It has

Amomis

In the south, hedges, arbours, baskets,

etc.,

are

made
'

of Myrtle.
Bot. sub n. 19. Bero, Limitca, Rosenth. op. cit. 936.^P. vulgaris and Arn. P. aromatica KosT. P MyrColl.

643. M. caryophyllata jAca. Wight and Arn. Prodr. i. 331.

76.

Eugenia

acris

-Lindl. Fl. Mid.

{Poivre de

Lindl.

Caryophyllus raccmosus Mill.

xxvii. 422.

Wight

Thevet,

Nux

caryophyllata

off.)

MYRTACEM.
is tonic,

343
it is employed Cinnamon and Clove. The
;
'

stomachic, digestive, and slightly astringent

for

as a condiment and often substituted

latter is the product of

Eugenia aromatica (fig. 288, 289), a native of the Moluccas, but now introduced and cultivated in the tropical regions of both worlds. The Clove, the part most used as spice and as medicine, it is the bud gathered before the expansion of the
corolla.

Its agreeable stimulating

odour

is
;

very remarkable. an
oil

It is
is

used as a digestive, masticatory, odontalgic

tained

of cloves

ob-

by

distillation.

The
is

floral

peduncles are also employed in

fruit is

perfumery.

The

fleshy

and odorous

used for the same

purposes, and a preserve

made

of

it

with sugar and with wine.^

^

The buds
number

of Mijrtus pseuclocarijopliyllm

are employed for the same

purposes in Mexico, but their properties are less energetic.

of other Myrtles have

A large
less

an odorous j)ungent bark, more or

astringent.

We

may mention
;

Calyptranthes aromatica,^ of Brazil, a

substitute for cloves

G. paniculata,^ serving the

same purposes in

Peru

G. obscitra/' the fruit of

;

which

is

sold in Rio Janeiro as aro-

matic and astringent

G. Schlechtendaliana

and Schiedeana,'' which

plays the same part in domestic economy in Mexico ; Myrcia coriacea,^

of the Antilles, the leaves of which, with the odour of citron, are
astringent,

and employed as a hemostatic,

antidiarrhcetic, while the

;

used for dyeing brown and black Mt/rtus camphorata,^ of which yields by distillation an etherial essence, employed for Eugenia Gheken,^" used in Chili in the same pui-poses as Cajeput the treatment of diarrhtic, rheumatic, and ophthalmic affections E. ajigiistifoUa,^'^ of the Antilles and Venezuela, the root and aromatic

bark

is

Chili,

seeds of which are prescribed in the treatment of stomatites, and

'

E. cm-yophyllata

Thunb.
ii.

Myrtus

caryo-

da terra),
* ^

phyllus yruENG.

^i/s^

485.

Caryophyllm
338. 262,

R. et

Pa v. ex Rosenth.
Prodi:
iii.

op. cit. 924.

aromaticus L. Spec. 736.

Hook.
n.
1.

Sot.

Mag.
op. cit.

t.

Blackw. fferb. t. 2749. DC. Prodr. iii.

272, fig. 641.

DC.

257 (not Mart.).

Bbeg.
Myrcia
coriacea

GuiB.
925.

Mart. Fl. Bras. Miirtac. 62, n. 35 {Pilanga de

Cachorro).
'

iii.

op. cit.

Berg,

et

Schm.

Off.

Gew.

Rosenth. t. iii. d

Berg, ex Rosenth.

p. cit. 924.

{Bois de clous, Bois de Qirojle),

Clous-matrices, Mres de Girofle. Gomez, Mem. Acad. Lisb. iii. 92. M. caryophyllataYEZ.hoz. M. Okaster Mart. Eugenia
'

aromatica Schlechtl (part).

' DC. Prodr. ui. 243, n. i. Myrtus Vaul, Symb. ii. 59. M. acris 3 Sw.

(not of

others).
*

Pscudocaryopkyllus
riceus
fig. iro, *
ii.

DC.

Pseudocaryophyilus se-

Myrccugenia camphoraia Berg.

Rosenth.

Bekg. Mart. Fl. Bnis. Myrtac. 429, t. 6, Rosenth. op. cit. 935 [Crave135, t. 47 a.

op. cit. 929.

'n

Cravo da terra).

C.
1.

Hook, and Arn, Beech. Voy. Bot. iii. 66. Gay, Fl. CHI. ii. 390. Cheken Peuill. Obs.
45,
t.

A. S.-H. PI.

Us. Bras.

14

Fl. Bras. Mer.

iii.

32.
iii.

268.- DC. Prodr. iii. 258. Rosenth. op. eit. 92S. Berg. Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrtac. 38 {Cravo

i'

n.

Lamk. Diet. iii. 203. DC. Prodr. 18. Myrtus angustifolia Spreng.

265,

34,4

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

is

the bark of wMcli

employed in the treatment of pains produced by

;

E. fragrans,'^ of Jamaica, the aromatic leaves of which are recommended for pains and contvisions E. disticha,^ the fruit and perfumed leaves of which bear the name of wild
;

the rough evening winds

coflPee

in the Antilles

E. glabrata,'^ which, in the same islands, has

;

a certain reputation as aromatic and acidulous

E.

variabilis,''' re-

puted in Brazil as salutary in cases of diarrha, flux, and vesical

catarrh
;

E. Velloziv' and Arrabid,^ which have a bark esteemed in

;

the same country as aromatic and astringent

E. dumetorum,'^ having

the same uses

to

among

the Cochinchinese

E. canjophyllcea,^ reported

produce the bark introduced into Europe under the name of

;

Cassia caryophyllata
rheumatic,

E. zeylanica,^ renowned as a stimulant, anti;

and

antisyphilitic

E.

guineensls

having a similar reputation in Senegal and at

(fig.

and terebinthacea, the Cape; E. Jambos^"

286, 287), the bark of which

;

is

reputed in the Indian Archipe-

lago as a good astringent

for

E. lineata and linearis, employed in Java

making gargles

for the throat;

E.

malac-ceiisis,^^

having
'^

all

the
;^^

properties of E. Jambos, as likewise E. densi flora

and aquea

most of the Guyavas, which, in tropical America, have commonly the same uses Deraspermum rubrum,^'^ in Molucca applied to gum affections Myrtus ugni,^^ an aromatic and stimulant species which
;
;

the Chilians esteem in the form of tea, and M. nummularia and

microphylla, also employed
'

by them

for the

same purpose

M. picro17 {Jamero-

W.

Spec.

ii.

964.

DC.

Frodi-. n. 15J.

Ro1^1.

Schamliu Eheed. Hort. Malab.

rose).

i. t.

SENTH. op.
3

cit.

927. ^Mt/rtus fra<rrans

Sw.

sier^Jambosierdomedique^Jamberosade^Fomnmr-

Ind, Occ. 914.

DC. Prodi:

n.

96. JW. dUticha Sw.

t.

Fl. Lid.
Coll.

" L. Spec. 672. Lamk.

Ann.

Diet.

Occ. 894.
t.

Sims, Bot. Mot),

horizoiitalu
n.

867.

Linpl.

Mm.

ix.

292,

t.

25,

fig.

19.
3

M.

DC. Prodr.

Vent. Malm. t. 60. %1. Myrtus glairata Sw.

Fl.

Lid. Occ. 903 (not Bl.).

1

DC. Prodr. n. 6. t. 4408. J. nigra Eumph. fferi. Ami. i. t. 37, Nati-Schambu Eheed. Sort. Malab. 38, fig. 1
Malnccoisis
i.

196. Corr. Jamhosa Hook. Hot. 3Iag.

iii.

2.

Mart. exEosENTH. op. eft. 928 (Guabiroba). Berg, Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrtac. 255, n. 110.
E. campcstris Velloz. Bero, ex RoSENTH. op.
cit.

t.

18.
Bi,.

'2

? *

Prodr.
928.

iii.

Bydr. \0S7.Jambosa densiflora DC. Eosenth. op. cit. 932 287, n. 13.
Calc. 37.
2.

E.crenata

[Jambon).
'' EoxB. Cat. Sort. Amb. i. 126, t. 38, fig.

Velloz.

Myrtus dumetorum DC. Prodr. n. 184. PoiR. M. tiinervia LouE. (not S.M.). Nelitris
Spreno. Syst. ii. 488. Syzygium (?) caryophyHum G^ERTN. Frodr. n. 14. Eosenth. op. cit. 930.
trwervitt
'

DC. Frodr. Cerocarpus aqueus Hassk. ^ rubra Bl. Caryophyllaster

Nelitris

Eumph. Serb.
n. 17.

ruber

DC.

EuMPH.

S. alba Bl. and polygama Spreng.

Syzijgium zeylaiiicmn
Belluta

16. ,S.
^0
11.

DC. Frodr. iii. 260, n. DC. Frodr. n. 26 ? Myrtus zey-

lanica L. Spec. 675.

Spec. 672.

Calc. 38.

F. Jamboo 'Ro-KB. Myrtus Jambosa H. B. K.

Cat. Sort.

have analogous properties. " Mol. C/iil. (d. fr.) 133. DC. P;/;-. iii. 239, n. 9. C. Gay, Fl. Chil. ii. 379. Fui/ciiia Ugid Hook, and Arn. Bot. Misc. iii, 318. Bot. Mag. t. 4620 {Uni, Murtello). The fruit is
called Murlu.

vulgaris

DC.

Prodr.

iii.

286, n.

1.

Jambosa Malacca-

MYRTACE^.

345

carpa and amara, of southern Brazil and La Plata, having aromaticbitter properties
;

M. depauperata,
the Antilles,

a Brazilian species, the bark of

;

which

is

used in the treatment of flux

of

pi-mentoidi's,
officinalis
;

substitutes

M. Pimenta, oblongata, and for Pimenta acris and

aprica,
obversa,

Gampomanesia
species,^

cyanea,

aurea,

and
other

numerous other
infusions

which, in South America, are used for preastringent,

anticatarrhal,

paring stimulant,
;

digestive,

and

G. triflora,'^ in Para, often prescribed in the treatment

of head affections, etc. etc.

Several xerocarpous Myrtaceae have also medicinal properties, and

nearly

all

are aromatic.

Lej)tospermum

is

rich in odorous essence.

One
its

species, L. flavescens^ (fig.

290-293), on that account and for

uses in Australia, has received the

name

of L. Thea.*

In

New

Zealand, from L. scoparium,^ Cook, in his celebrated voyage, pre-

pared a theiform infusion for his crew, which preserved them from scurvy. Bceckea frutescens,^ a native of south-eastern Asia, has

numerous uses. I ts branches and leaves placed upon clothes preserve them from the attacks of insects it is also reputed a diuretic and
;

abortive.

Melaleuca
oil

is

also

very odorous
latter is

the oldest

known

is

M.

minor,'' the principal of those which, in

Java and the Moluccas, proan essence, generally green,

duce the
taste,

of Cajeput.

The

with a somewhat agreeable and very penetrating odour and acrid employed from time immemorial, in Chinese India, internally and externally, for pains, rheumatism, nervous affections, malignant fevers, and cholera it is an energetic stimulant, and also, it is said,
;

a powerful analgesic.

Numerous

species sometimes distinguished

it

from M. Lcucadendron ,^ sometimes united with

'

as forms or varieties,

See EosENTH.

op. cit. 937.

'

Britoa triflora Berg.

Rosenth.
iii.

Rosenth.
op. cit.

937
Fl.

EUiMPH.

{Ibobivaia).
3

cit. 920 [Cnjuputi, CnJii-KUa: Amboin. ii. 74, t. 17, fii,'. 1 Balhug of the natives). Protably a variety of

op.

Herli.

Sm. Trans. Linn. Sic.

iii.

202.

Benth.

the following species.

' L. il/ff<m. 105. Lamk./. t. 641, fig. 4. DC. Prodr. n. 1. Hayne, Arzii. Gtu: 10, t. 9. Mr. et Del. Diet. Mat. Md. iv. 283. Lindl.

Austral,

10-1.

L. polygalifolium

Salism.

Prodr. 350.
*
6

W.

Spec.

ii.

949.

FoRsT. Gen. 36. Hook. f. Man. N.-Zcal. Fl. 69. i. squarrosum G^RTN.

Fl.

ci<.

L. Spec. 514. OsB. It. 251, iii.260. DO.i'corf>'.iii.229,n.

cit.

t.

1. Sm. toe. 1. Rosenth.

i.

op.
t.

923. if.

chinensis G.ERTN. Frtict.

157,

Med. 73 TVy. Kiiiffd. 737 Endl. Enchirid. 654. GuiB. Drng. Simpl d. 6, iii. 278, fig. 644. F. Muell. Frat/m. iv. 55. Benth. Fl. Austral.. 142. H.\nb. et Flueck. Phttrmacoijr. 247. if. saligiiaBh. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 66.
;

31.
'

Mijrtns Leticadendron L. pil. Suppl. 342.

J!.

M.

Smith, is C/c
212, n.

V. 23, n.

2. DC.

/"(w//-.

saligna
coriacea

GnEU Metroiideros
Sihesg. Arbor
nlba

albida

Siee. M.

iii.

t. iii.

2. Bero et Schm. Burst. Off. G.to. e.M. CujuptitiUoxp. Crit. Sort. Calc. 69.

Rumph.

346

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

'

such as M. viridifiora
pelago.

or Niaouli of
isles,

New
it

Caledonia, abound in this

country and the neighbouring

as far north as the Indian Archi-

An

essence

is

extracted from
oil,

having

all

the properties of

Cajeput.

Melaleuca, besides
isles
is

bark, and leaves, furnishes the

population of these
fibre,

with building timber and textile cortical

and, in utility,

to this country

what Eucalyptus

is

to

Aus-

^ and Tasmania. Ai first the properties of only E. Globulus (fig. 299-303), or Blue Gum of Tasmania, were known in Europe;' it grows also in the province of Victoria in Australia, and is one of

tralia

the largest trees known, attaining a height of more than 230

feet.

Although its growth is rapid, from 12 to 20 feet in a year, its Its leaves are rich in essence and also in hard and imperishable. tannin. The essence, which is a sort of camphor, called eucalyptol, as also the powder, the alcoholic extract, and the distilled juice of
is

wood

the leaves, have a multitude of therapeutic uses, in the treatment of

chronic affections of the bladder,
digestive organs, of the joints, etc.,
it

of the bronchial tubes, of the

and especially in fevers.

From

are prepared pectoral

;

pectoral sweetmeats

and digestive infusions, lotions, sirrups, and The uses the leaves are smoked like tobacco.
trees, so useful for

of this* and of some other species,^ already numerous, will probably

be multiplied, when these

siderable
'

improving the salubrity

of low and marshy countries, are introduced and planted in con-

numbers
i.

in the south of
t.

Europe and north of Africa, where

n.

G.;rtn. Fnict.

173,

35. DC.

Piodr. n.

3.

[No

distinct specific character separates this

;

Poli,

395. Debray, Thh.

Ec. Pliarm. Par. (1872).

fiulV Eucahjplo.

Intra

(187i).

F.
et

plant from the preceding but Bkongni.ikt and Gris have retained it {^Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 5, ii.
139).]

Mubll. N.

Qiorn. Ital. v. 171.

Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Ixxi.

De Hartzen, 1248. Pl. ev. des

149.

Deux Mondes,

vii.

(1875)

Hanb.

And these plants would douhtlcss still have heen unknown in our country but for the cner'

getic

and patient
it

initiative of P.

Ramel, from

has been vainly sought to take away the merit of having propagated and brought under cultivation E. Glolulus and many other

whom

Flueck. Pharmacogr. 249. ' The most remarkable is doubtless E. eolossea, the wood of which is excellent, and which M. Ramel attains a height of 400 or 500 feet. cultivates it already with great success in Algeria.

E. ami/gdaliiia, ralophylla, cornuta,

corlacea,
etc.,

species.
^
ii.

LeucoxyloH, siderophlda,
;

Sideroxi/lori, etc.

Labill. Voy. i. 163, t. 13 121. DC. Prodr.ni. 220.

i.

Hook.
ii.

Pi. Nouv.-Boll.
f.

are also most useful plants.

E. resinifera S.

Fl.

Tsw!.

133.
t.

F. MuELL.
Benth.

i^rai/)!.

68

PI. Vict.
iii.

Suppl.
(Plite
*
iSc.

16,

Fl.

Austual.

225

one of the red gum trees of Australia, yields a sort of kino and a saccharine product named Manna of New Holland. . dmnosa A. Giinn.
iii'i

Gum).

maimifera

Mud.

give a similar substance.

On eueali/ptol, seeCLOEZ {Compt. Send. Acad. 28 mars 1870). Among other works on this
its
et

plant,

uses and

its

products, sec Ramel, Rev.

Gl'bleii. JS;(W. Thrap.

Marit.

Col. (1870).

(aot 1871).
(1872) n.

Bouillon,

This. Fac.

Mid. Far.

324. Campion,

Tks. Fac. Md. Par.

Lhb. Gwinii Hook, rohusta Sm. gigantia Hook. f. piperita Sm. are mentioned as having either an active essence, or a gummy or saccharine secretion, or a good wood. The wood of some species owes its soUdity chiefly to deposits of calcareous and other salts in its tissue.
IS. obliqua

MYRTACEM.
they

ni?

same development as in their native country. The Australian Angophora has nearly the same properties as Eucalyptus. Metrosideros vera^ is reputed in the Moluccas to have
attain the

may

analogous virtues.
used, and

Besides a kind of iron-wood, a gum-resin

it

little

an esteemed vegetable charcoal,

(fig.

furnishes

bitter

astringent bark, prescribed for catarrh and diarrha.

The PomeThis

granate^
property

334-338),

is

also

a very astringent plant.

marked in the pericarp,^ which is used to tan skins and morocco leather, and which, with the salts of iron, produces an ink of good quality. It is also used for dyeing yellow. The bark of the stem is astringent, as likewise the buds and the flowers, Its formerly much employed in human and veterinary medicine. for half root especially is in repute as a cure for tapeworm, and has Its a century recovered the ancient renown it had for a time lost. bark is the most active part and is employed almost exclusively as an authelmiuthic. The red sweet and acidulous part of the pomegranate which is eaten, and from which refreshing drinks are prepared, represents the exterior hypertrophiate and pulpy coat of the seed. In Napoleona imperialist (fig. 329-333), there is likewise, under the bark of the fruit, a soft pulp enveloping the seeds, ^ which is eaten as refreshing in tropical western Africa. There are manj^ sarcocarpous Mi/rface with edible fruit, and the cultivation among us of some Chilian species as fruit trees has been proposed. In Brazil are
is

especially

eaten the berries of Eugenia inocarpa, Uvalha, Vauthieriana, Nhanica,

dulcis, Guabiju, itacolumensis, pisiformis, Mijrobalana, supra-axillaris, obovata, piriformis,

variabilis,

Vellosiana, Arrahid,^ edulis,

forraosa, stricta, Lustclmatiana,'' dasyblasta, sulcata, Pitanga, ligustrina, Michelii, brasiliensis,pseudo-Psidium, dysenterica
;

in Guyana,

the fruit of E. stuposa, pumilo, Gatinga,^ etc.

in Chili that of E.

Barwinii, apiculata, Luma,

Temu;

in

the Antilles, that of E.

etc.

Plumieri, cuneata, disticha, fragrans, lineata,

Many

species in

Australia, India, Cochinchina, tropical Africa, and in the Polynesian

'

'Rv-av^. Serb.

Amboin.m..
iii.

16,

t.

7.
1.

Lindi,.

Collect, t.

18. DC. Prodr.

t.

Val. ^st. hid. 229,

Metrosideros

Nuni 35 (ex Rumph.). P Opa

224, n.

LouE. Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790) 309. Nania vera Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 399. Rosenth. op. cit. 922 {Cy Boung Tng des
Cochinch.).
'
fig.

See

p. 335,

note

4.

645. Hayne,

Arsii.

Guib. op. cit. iii. 280, Gew. x. 35. Beug ct

Schm. Darst. Off. Gew. t. iii. a,b. Hanb. et Flueck. Pharmaeogr. 257. ' Malicorium off. See p. 333, note 4. Rosenth. op. cit. 1137. ' It appears to depend upon the pericarp. " See Rosenth. op. cit. 926, 927. 7 Rosenth. 928 {Phyllocalij.i). * Catinga moschata Aubl. Guian. t. 203.

348

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

have likewise edible
It is to

isles,

berries.

species of the Brazilian Myrcia, particularly of

Jaboticaha,^ etc.

The same M.

is

true of certain

trimciflora, edulis,

the genus Eugenia that

is

wo have

referred

Jamhosa, the fruit of which

as /. vulgaris^
(fig.

so esteemed for its

aroma, such

286, 287), domestica, aromatica, lineata, purpu-

rascens, etc.
for

;^

Sijzygium, the berries of several of which are esteemed,

example, S.

zeylanicum,^ Jamholana,^ guineense,^ and

many

others;'' Jossinia,

which, chiefly

J,

lucida^ and iiespiloides,^ are eaten

MarUeria tomentnsa and ghnnerata, BraBut the most known of the zilian species, have also edible berries. in this respect, are the Guyava trees, chiefly Psldkim Myrtaeece, pomiferum '" (fig. 284, 285) and piriferum,^^ pumilum, coriaceum, alhidum, and a host of others,'^ often cultivated as fruit trees in most tropical regions. The Guyavas are sweet and refreshing they are eaten raw or candied, and some of their varieties are highly
in the Mascarene isles.
;

esteemed in
nesia,^^ etc.,

warm

countries.

Several species of Myrtus,

GampomaIt is for

also produce alimentary fruits.

Among

the Barring-

toni, the edible portion is

more generally the embryo.

that that the seeds of Careya arhorea^* and of some species o{ Lecythis are sought.

especially of the Lecythe, are extremely diverse,

In other respects, the properties of the Barringtonie, and cannot be

'

Mi/rlus Jahoticaba Velloz. Fl. Flum.

62.

RoBENTH.
RosENTii.

op.

cit.

924 {Mi/rcia).

Bekg,

v. t.

piriformis

Ga:RTN.

Frttct.

i.

t.

38

{G. Uanc,

Poirier des Indes).

Fl. Ant. ii. t. 72. \Q.Bot. Reg. t. 1079. This species and the preceding have been united by Raddi [Mem. (1821) 2], under the name of P. Ouai/ava (Berg, Mart. Fl. Bras. Mp-t. 396, n. P. Araqa Raddi (ex Berg, 34, t. 5, fig. 114). loc. cit. n. 35, fig. 113) is very near to it and has
Spec.

Mart. Fl. Bras. Mi/rtac. 361. - See p. 344, note 10.

3 ^

" L.

672. Descourt.
iii.

DC.

Frodr.

233, n.

op. cit. 931.

iii.

930.

DC. Frodr.
?

260, n. 15.

S.

Belluta
Belluta
(p.

Spec. 675.
lab. V. t.
'

Rosenth. op. cit. BC.Mi/rtns zeylaiiica L. Kanudli Rheed. Eort. Ma-

20

344, note 9).

n. 7.

DC. Frodr.

S. caryophyUifolium

Rosenth. op. cit. 930. DC. Frodr. n. 9 (ex Berg).

the same uses.

P. Qiwjabita A. Rich, from Cuba (Gunjabita Pinar) and P. densicomtmi Mart, ciiiereum Mart, cuneatum Cambess. (Araa), iiicanescens
'2

Fur/eniaJambolalla^ jAtiK.
7i

Jambolifera peduiicu-

del

W.
'

Calijptrantlies Jambolana (ex DC.) Jambolana RuMPH. Herb. Amboin. i. t. 42. DC. Frodr. n. 1. Calyptranthes guineeiisis

HouTT.

W.
'

Spec.

ii.

974.

Mart, grandifalimn Mart. Laruotteanum Cambess. microcarpum Cambess. rufum Mart, radicans Bero {TJvaca do campo), and moiitannm Sw.
from Jamaica
{Citronnelle,

Particularly S. terebinthnceum Coop, of

Ma-

Alnandron). P. Catt1.

dagascar and pscndo-3 ambolana MiQ. of Java. 8 DC. Frodr. iii. 237, n. 2. Fugenia lucida

leyaiium (Sabine, Trans. Sort. Soc. iv. 316,

Llndl.

11;

Collect,

t.

16),

valued for
P.

its

edible

Lamk. Diet. iii. 203 ' DC. Frodr. n. 1.

[Bois de clous).

fruit, is P. variabile

Bero and
937.

littorale

Raddi

Myrtus
'"

Fngenia mespiloides Lamk.

Sfh. {Bois de Pche marron,
Fl. Ant.

{Arara de Fraya).

viespiloidcs

" Rosenth.
'^

o;j. ci.

B. de Nijle grandes feuilles). L. Spec.

iii.

672. Tuss.
234.

DC. Prodr.

P.

vnlgare Rick.

Gmi/nra

ii.

t.

22.

RoxB. PI. Cnrom. iii. 14, G38. Rosenth. op. cit. 939.

t.

218

Fl. Tnd.

ii.

M YRTA CE M.
stated in a general manner.
fruit reputed to be icteric.

319

Giistavia speciosa,^ of Columbia, has a

same country, and G. fastuosa,^ from Guyana, are employed topically for liver complaints. G. brasiliana^ has a bitter and aromatic root, prescribed
G.
siqyerha,"^

from

tlie

for liver complaints

and

as a curative of abscesses.

Lecythis has,
(fig.

not unfrequently, alimentary seeds: those of L. Ollaria^

furnish a useful

and bands
of L.

for

The liber is tying up various objects,

oil.

324) used for making a sort of paper

especially cigars.

The

seeds

lanceolata,^ a native of Brazil, and transported thence to Madagascar and the Mascarene isles, has seeds rich in a fatty matter, used for preparing emulsions and in the treatment of affections of

the urinary glands

AuBL.'^
(fig.

they are narcotic.

The

seeds of L. grandifiora
L. Zahucayo^

and Pisonis Camb.^ have similar

qualities.

325, 326), a species from Guyana, has a textile bark serviceable L. amara, Idatimon, and for making many articles of domestic use.

]^iarviflora Atjbl.,

from the same country, have bitter seeds; only apes eat them. L.parvifolia '" and grandifolia,^^ of Brazil, have the Couroupita guianensis '^ (fig. 317-321) same uses as L. Ollaria.
attains great dimensions;

but the wood

is

of little value, being

wanting in solidity. The fruit is well known under the name of Cannon hall fruit \^^ the negroes eat the refreshing pulp and the In Jamaica the fruit of seeds, vulgarly called Andos almonds.
1

DC. Prodi:

iii.

289. Lindl.
Children

Fl.

Med. 79.
et

Veeloz. Fl. Flum. 222

7

v.

t.

85 (not Jacq.).

Firigara speciosaH. B. K. Nov. Gen.

Spec. vii.

200 (C/iupo, Chiipa).

who

eat its fruit

are said to acquire a yellow tinge, lasting only

one or two days. - Berg, ex Eosenth.

283-285. DC. Prodr. n. 7 {Canari-Macarjue, Marmite de singe). s A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. 272. Mart. Mat. Med. 17. Berg, Mart. Fl. Bras. Mgrt.
Giiiaii.

712,

t.

op. cit. 939.

G. augusta

480,
T.
t.

t.

62. .

Ollaria Velloz. Fl. Flum. 222

DC. Prodi:
3

n.

1.

Piriyara

superba

H. B. K.

^Membrico, Baco of the Columhians)

Zabucayo Piso, Bras.

9
tele',

88 (not L.)

Zapucaya Marcgr. Bras. 128.

(ed. 1) 65.

817. DC. Piodr. n. 5. Berg, Mart. PI. Bras. Mijrt. iTS.G. hexapetala Sm. Bees Ci/clop. n. 2. G. pterocarpa PoiT. Mem. Mm. xiii. t. 6, 7. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5239 (ex
Spec.
iii.

W.

Aubl. Gaian. 719, t. 284, 285 (part), 288. DC. Prodr. n. 15. Eosexth. op. cit. 940 {QuaZabucayo).
1

Bebo).
t.

Pirignra hexapetala Aubl. Guiaii.

loc. cit.

Berg, Mart.

Fl. Bras. Myrt. 496, n.

27.
iii.

i.

490,

Fschtceilera parvifolia

Mart.

DC.
t.

Prodr.

193.
"

293, n.
72.

1 (excl. sj-n.).
loc. cit.

Beeo,
s

DC. Prodr. n. 6. Mart. Mat. Med. Bras.

472,
i.

" Berg,

494, n. 21,

73, fig.

1.

t.

7, fig.
ii.

160.

Janiparan-

Esclnveilera gramlifolia

diha Pis. Bras.

121;

172 lyjapoarandiba,

Jandiparana).

734. DC. Pro*-, iii. 291, u. 1 (excl. Eosenth. op. cit. 940. PLfl. It. 159 {Marmite de singe, Quatel). * Pom. Vict. vi. 37. Mart. Mat. Med. Bras. 18. DC. Prodr. n. 3. Berg, Mart. Fl. Bras.
L.
Siiec.

syn.).

Mart. DC loc. cit. n. 2. '- Aubl. Guian. 708, t. 282. DC. Prodr. iii. 294, n. 1. Tuss. Fl. Ant.u.i5, t.lO, 11. TuRr. Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 227-229. Descourt. Fl. Ant. V. 340. PoiT. Mem. Mus, xiii. 162, t. 7.

Eosenth.
1^

op. cit. 941.-

Lecytlds bracteata

W.

Pehea Couroupita J.

Ape

apricotf CalebassC' colin.

Mijrt. 482, n. 2,

t.

7,

fig.

156

58.

L.

minor

350

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

is

Grias caidifiora,' or Anchovrj pear,

preserved with
oil

gathered before

it is

ripe

and

and with

salt.

Bertholletia excelsa'^ produces the

(fig.

Brazil nut^ of commerce.

These seeds

327, 328) are in shape

a sweet oil

that of a quarter of an apple, with hard rugose striated envelope,

covering a large undivided edible

embryo, rich
bark
is

in

which soon turns

products.

rancid.

The
of

fibrous

useful,

sometimes
seeds

supplying the place of tow.

B.
speciosa*

Several
tropical

Barrlngtonias yield useful

Asia,

has

oleaginous

and fruits^ which are eaten green as vegetables. The Indians throw them into the rivers to intoxicate the fish. B. racemosa (fig. 315, 31 G), an Asiatic and tropical oceanic species, has bitter aromatic
astringent seeds, used in the treatment of afi'ections of the skin, of

the digestive organs, and of the liver.

scribed for intermittent fevers.

The
^

bitter root
is

is

also pre-

B. rubra

a large Indian tree,

the seeds and leaves,

the fruit of which has astringent qualities

macerated in

warm

water, are likewise used in a similar manner.

is

B. coccinea,^ of India, Cochinchina, and the Moluccas,

edible

the

young

leaves are eaten cooked and in salad.

The bark of this The The number of ornamental Myrtacece is considerable. common Myrtle and the Pomegranate were long the only species of
likewise eaten raw.
this family cultivated for decorative purposes.

Those of B. alba ^ are species is used for dyeing black.

Later were introduced

i**

into our

warm

conservatories, specimens of Eugenia,

(chiefly of the

section

Jambosa),

JVapoleona, with rich foliage

1

Pimenta, then Barringtonia,^^ Gustavia,^^ and and brilliant flowers and in our cool
;

L. Spec. 732. DC. Frodr.

t.

iii.

296. Hook.

GTI.Anchovij Pear Sloan. Mist. Jam. ii. 122, t. 217. P. Bk. Jam. 245. Lun. Mort. Jam. i. 19.
Bot. Mag.

Vulg. Bonnets carrs. Bl. ex DC. Prodr. n. 2; V. Boutt. Fl. des

Eiie/enia

Serr. ra. 23, tab.

racemosa L. Spec.

673.

H.

B. Fl. ^quin.
148,
t.

i.

122,

t.

36. PoiT. Mem.

Prodr.
t. 3,
iii.

jl/s. xiii.

4,

8.

DC
i.

293.

Samstravadi Eheed. Mort. Matab. iv. t. 6. 1 B. acutangula GyEKTN. Fruct. ii. 97, t. HI. Eosenth. op. cit. 11.58. Eugenia acutangula,

ScHOMB. Pioc. Mort.

lieiie, iii. 1
iii.

Soc.

71,

4.

Mart.
6,

130, n. 11.

GuiB. Mrog. Simpl. d.

L. Spec. 673. Stravadia rubra Pers. Stravadium riibrum DC. Prodr. iii. 289, n. 2 {liosairo
hrava).
s

271. Mr. et Del. Diet. Mat. Md. i. 579. II. Bn. Dut. Encgcl. Se. Md. ix. 182. Berg. Lii,na:a, xxvii. 460 Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt. 478, t. 60, 61 {Yuvia, Nha, Nia, Tuca, Touka). " Amandes d' Amriijue, du Para, du liio-Negro, du Rio-Grande, Caslanos de Maranh&o. L. FiL. Suppl. 312. DC. Prodr. iii. 288, n. 1. KosENTn. op. cit. 938. Butonica speciosa Lamk. Dicl.i. 621. Mitraria Commersuni Gmel. Commersona Sonner. Voy. Gain. i. 14, t. 8, 9. Butonica Rumth. Merb. Amboin. iii. t. 114.
;
"

jj

excelsa Bl. Bijdr.

1097 (ex 'DC.). Stra-

vadium excelsum DO. Prodr. n. 5. ' Stravadium album DC. Prodr. n. 1. StraSeemann [Fl. Vit. 82) describes vadia alba Pers. S. edulis as a species employed under the name of Vutu Kana. " See Bot. Mag. t. 473, 4408, 4526, 4558,

4626, 5040, etc.

" V. Houtt.
'^

Fl. des Serres, vii. 21.

Bot. Maj.

t.

5069, 5239, 6151.

MYRTACEM.
'

351

and temperate houses, several Myrtles and Metrosideros,^ the Guyavas, Tristama and Eacahjptus;^ then a series of charming Australian plants, with foliage generally persistent, often ericoid,
such as Darwinia,'' Verticordia,^ Galythrix, Thryptomene, Bckea, Leptospermum, Kimsea, Gallistemon, Melaleuca, Beaitfortia, BacJcCalothamnus, Begelia. They were highly prized at the liOiisia, beginning of the century and cultivated in considerable number, as they are still in England, Germany, and Holland the greater part
:

are very suitable for the decoration of winter gardens

difficult

but

many are

to

preserve.

Eucalyptus, which, in our conservatories,

attains but little development, ornaments gardens

and promenades in

the south.
Bot.

>

Mag.
t.

t.

250, 4558, 4809, etc.

Sei-res, xxi. 69.

'

2 Bill. t. 260,
3

4471, 4488, 4515.

Ibid.

4^33, 4637.

V. HouTT.

Bot.
Ibid.

Mag.
t.

t.

4858, 4860, 5468.

Fl. des

'

5286.

352

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

GENERA.
I.

MYRTEiE.
regular
;

1.

Myrtus

T.

Flowers hermaphrodite
or subcampanulate,

receptacle con-

cave, turbinate

scarcely or slightly produced

beyond germen adnate within. Sepals 4, 5, marginally inserted, sometimes broadly foliaceous, somewhat imbricate or not contiguous and open. Petals 4, 5, alternate, imbricate, patent. Stamens co
inserted with perianth, oo -seriate
;

filaments linear-filiflorm, some-

times complanate at base

basifixed or versatile.

anthers short, introrse, 2-rimose, either

Gei'men inferior; style filiform simple, at

;

stigmatose apex not incrassate or more rarely capitellate

cells in cells oo

germen
centa,

2-5, complete or incomplete at apex.

Ovules in

oo -seriately inserted in internal angle of simple or 2-lamellate pla-

small, anatropous.

Fruit baccate, crowned with persistent

calyx or its scar, 1-co -spermous.

Seeds subreniform

testa

membra-

nous or osseous; radicle of hippocrepiform or somewhat involute embryo terete very long ; cotyledons shorter or very small. Trees

or oftener shrubs, odorous, glabrous or pubescent

leaves opposite

exstipulate peuninerved, pellucid-punctulate, small or rather large,

submembranous or coriaceous flowers axillary pedunculate, solitary or cymose 3-7, more rarely co the lateral oftener longer-pedicellate bractcoles under the flower small or very small, more rarely broad {South of Etirope, vesteru Asia, Oceania, south-ivcd. and foliaceous.
; ;
;

extra trop. America.)

2.

See
co

p. 308.
Jfv/ri'Ms
;

Rhodomyrtus

DC Flowers of
ovules
(a sect, of

cells of

germen 2-4,
;

generally divided into 2 cellules

cellule

divided between
33
Prodr.
iii.

by spurious vertical septa each by transverse septules ~ springing

Iiid.
'
ii.

Mem. Myrtac.

JUi/rtus).

Salisb. ex DC. he.

n.

240

cit.

Enul.

469.
fruit,

Gen.
Fl.

ILirdcncd in

n.

0316,*. B. H. Got. 713,

48. Hook.

MYBTACE^.
from the placenta.

353

Fruit baccate or subdrupaceous, divided into co

;

1-spermous (sometimes pyreniform) cellules

snbhorizontal suborbicular or reniform
;

seeds in cells solitary,

etc.,

embryo,

of

My rt us,
,

Trees or shrubs, villose or tomentose

or S-plinerved
;

leaves opposite, penuinerved.

flowers' axillary, solitary or 2, o-nate, sometimes co

in rather long cymiferous raceme.^

{Trop, south,

and

cast.

Asia,

Indian Archip.^)
3.

Decaspermum
or polygamous,

Foest.'*

Flowers nearly of Mi/

;

rt us,

hermaphroFruit
;

dite

4-5-merous

cells 4,

5,

divided into 2 1- or
cellules 1-spermous

pauciovulate cellules by spurious vertical centripetal septa.

baccate,

crowned with calyx, rad lately septate

seeds, etc., of Myrtus.

Small trees or shrubs

{Trop. Asia

leaves opposite penui;

nerved

flowers axillary spuriously ramose

cymes sometimes

in

ramose
4.

foliate raceme.^

and

Oceania.^)
;

Pimenta

Lindl.^

Flowers

nearly of Myrtus, 4-5-merous

germen 2, 3-celled. Ovules in cells few (2-4) or solitary, inserted under apex descending micropyle superior lateral. Berry, etc., of Myrtus embryo spirally involute, 1-2-cyclical. Highly fragrant trees leaves opposite coriaceous flowers * in very compound ramose and many-flowered cymes axillary to uppermost leaves. [Trop.
;
;

America.^)
5.

Myrcia
3,

DC" Flowers
4-merous
;

of

more rarely
2-ovulate.

cells

Pimenta (or Myrtus), 5-merous or of germen 2, 3 (or more rarely 4, 5),

Fruit baccate, oftencr

Ovules collaterally ascending.

crowned with persistent calyx and other characters of Myrtus; coty'

'

Rather large, showy, oftener pink. genus scarcely distinct from Myrtus, with
of

{Nclilris).

Seem.
i.

I'L Vit. 80 {Xeliirif^).

i.

Fl. Ind.-Bat.

p.

470 {Nelitris).

cells

germen transversely and

5.

vertically

Austral,

locellate.
3

623;
i.

iv.

iii. 279 {Nelitris). 830 {Kelitris).

Walp.

Miq. Be.vth. Fl.

Ann.
ii.

Spec. 4,

Ind.-ISat.
t.

p.

i.

Wight, Icon. t. 522. Mia. 477. F.Muell. F:agm. ii.

Fl. 86,

Collect,

sub n.

19.

422. B. H.
loc. cit.
* 9

Gen. 717, n.

Bero, Linntca, xxvii. 56.Amomis Bebg,

13 (Myrfu.i).'Do^, Gen. Syst. ii. 829 {Neli<rj). Benth. Fl. Hongh. 120; Fl. Austral, iii.

416.
;

Small
Spec.

often in 3-parous cymes.

272. Sims,
*

Bot.

Mag.
t.

t.

2-50

{Myrtus).
Gj:ut!J.
iii.

2.

L. Spec. 676 {Myrs).

;

Sw.

Ois.

Char. Gen. 73,

37 (1772). J. Gen. 324,

202 {Myrtus)

Fl. Ind. Occ.

ii.

909 (Myrtus).

453. PoxB.
Fruct.

Suppl.
t.

ii.

i59. Nelitris

DC. Frodr.

iii.

243, u. 3 {Myrcia), 285, n. 181

Endl.
^

i.

134,

27 (1788).- DC. Prodr.

231.

Hook.

Gen. n.
Fl. Ind.

6313. B. H. Gen.
ii.

716, n. 52.

{Hgfnia).Bot. Mag. t. 1236, 3153. ' Bict. CI. d' Hist. Kat. xi. Prodr.
;

iii.

242.
iv.

469.

Endi,. Qcn. n.
163.

6317. Spach,

Suit,

Bnffun,

The name Forsterianum is certainly incorrect (since the numher of seeds is very diflerent),
but having priority and in the absence of proof it must be retained.
"*

B. H.

Gen. 716, n. 53.

Cerquieria

Bero,

Gomidezia Berg, op. cit. 6; .Linna, xxvii. 5. Calyptromyrcia Berg, iwwa, xxvii. xxix. 207.

Spec.

A. Gray,

4, 5.

Wight,

Icon.

t.

521

{Nelitris).
i.

xxx. 654.

Zi. Auhmiyrcia Berg, op. ci*. 35 xxix. 216; Calycampe Bekg, op. cit. xxvii. 129.
;

Unit. St. Expl.

Exp. Bot.

547,

t.

60

VOL. VI.

23

354

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

ledons of rather large embryo contortiiplicate.

leaves opposite
;

Trees

or shrubs;

flowers' cymose,

cymose

braeteoles few, caducous or

few or oftener densely compoundmore rarely rather large folia-

ceous, persistent.
6.

[Trop, and subtroj). America.")

Jack.'
,

Rhodamnia
od

Flowers of Myrtus, 4-merous; germcn

,

1-

Ovules inserted on 2 parietal placenta?. Fruit baccate, crowned with calyx. Seeds co often few cotyledons of hippocrepiform embryo short. Other characters of Mijrtus. Small trees or
locular.
;

shrubs

leaves opposite ovato-lanceolate, 3 -nerved or 3-plinerved,

;

sometimes white beneath

solitary; braeteoles

flowers

axillary fasciculate or

more rarely

2, small,

caducous, inserted at top of pedicel.

{Trop, south-east. Asia, trop. east. Oceania.^)

7.

Fenzlia

Endl.*^

Flowers nearly of Mijrtus

;

receptacle ovoid,
;

not produced beyond germen.

anthers versatile.
horizontally superposed

Petals and stamens of Myrtus

cells 2, 3,

Geriuen 1-2-locular; ovules in

style slender,

sub-

apex small stigmatose. Fruit subglobular or ovoid, drupaceous, sparsely fleshy, crowned with openSeeds
1, 2,

reflexed calyx.
testa thin
tellose
;
;

enclosed singly in osseous eudocarp;

spirally rolled.
;

embryo very long

Shrubs
flowers
"^

cano-tomenaxillary soli-

leaves opposite obtuse penninerved

tary pedunculate ;

braeteoles 2, linear-subulate inserted at top of

peduncle.

(Aitstralia.^)

8. Feijoa Berg.' Flowers nearly of ilf//if?<.s sepals 5, imbricate. Stamens qo oo -seriate filaments free short unequal, straight or
;
,

some

slightly incurved or inflexed in the bud, finally

;

by anthesis

elongate and far exserted, thickly subulate

anthers ovate introrse.

;

Germen completely
Generally small.
Spec, about 360.

or incompletely 4-locular

placenta3 2-lamellate,

sometimes free within.

'

Ovules
15.

oo

2-seriate.

Other characters of
DC.
Prodr.
iii.

Spec.

DC Mem. Mi/rtac.

t.

gciiin).

H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. t. 544, 545 {Myrtus). Field et Gabdn. Sert. PI. t. 75. Miq. St. Surin.t. 9.A. S. H. Fl. liras. Mer. ii. 1. 140 (?), 142-148. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 234.

Bl. Bijdr. 1983 {Mijrtnii).F. Muell. Fragm.

i.

Sm.
i.

5, 6.

279, n. 136 {Hiiiii.

Trans. Linn. Soc.

280 {Myrtus).

76 {Myrtus). Wight, Icon.

p.
i.

t.

624. MiQ.
Fl. Austral,

Fl.
iii.

Ind.-Sat.

478. Benth.

~&EB.a,
,11,
t.

Mart. Fl. Bras. Mijrt.^,\,.\^{Cerqmeria);

11,

12 {Gomidtzia)
;

55,

t.

W {Calyptro;

277; Book. Loud. Journ.xv.lX^ {Monoicora). Bot. Mag. t. 3223 {EuijcHia).Wxhv. Rep. v. 757; J. ii. 627 iv. 833.
;

myrcia), 59

t.

19,
t.

20 (Automijrcia) 314 628

150,
ii.

t.

23,

Ataktn, 19,

t.

17,

18

U.Bot. Mag.
932
'
i.
;

6790. Walp. Rep.

i.
;

173,

B. H.
7
'

Gen. n. 6274 {Olinieu).

Qen. 715, n. 51.

V.

751

Ann.
i.

ii.

iv.
to

833.

Moderate, pink.
Spec.
2.

Mal. Misc.

(ex Hook. Comp.

Bot.

Mag.

Benth.

Fl. Austral,

iii.

278.

n.

163). Endl. Gen. n. 6338. B. H. Gen. 714, 60. Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 468. Monoxora

Wight,
"

III. v. 12, t.

97,

fig. 5.

Linna, xxix. 258. B. H. Gen. 712, n. 42. Orthostemon Beug, Linnaea, xxvii. 440 Mart. Fl. Bras. Myit. 467, t. 7, fig. 168, t. 64 (not K.

Generally amaU.

Bit.).

MYRTACE^.
Myrtus or Psldlum.
calyx
;

35

Fruit baccate oblong, crowned with persistent

;

" seeds ang-ular albuminous

flat
;

cotyledons of straight embryo

foliaceous

radicle elongate."

shrub

leaves opposite cori;

aceous penninerved, nitid above, cano-tomentose below

rally from branch."

flowers

pedunculate, few at summit of ramules, but " finally growing late{Brazil?)

9 ?

Marlieria Camb.*

Flowers

nearly of Myrtus (or Myrcia)

receptacular tube produced beyond germen adnate within.

closed in

Calyx

bud

or slightly open at

apex and 4-5-lobed

(iiw&flc/iia^),

oftener at anthesis disruptly 4-5-lobed.

0.

Petals 4, 5, or

more rarely
;

Stamens

CO

00 -seriate

Trees
10.
ria)
;

ovules in cells 2, calyx, etc., of Myrtus

Germen 2-4 -locular anthers versatile. ascending. Fruit, sometimes crowned with base of
;
;

cotyledons of iucmwed embryo contortuplicate.

(^Trop.

or shrubs; leaves and inflorescence of MyrciaS'

and

subtrop. A'DicricaJ)

Calyptranthes Sw.'

Flowers nearly of Myrtus (or

Marlie-

calyx turbinate, closed in

biid, finally at anthesis, circumscissus

at base

(or 0).
thes
").

and calyptrately deciduous. Petals 1-5, small, very small Ovules in 2, 3 cells of germen 2 or more rarely co (MitranFruit baccate, seed,
contortuplicate.
etc.,

of

Myrtus
;

cotyledons of incurved

embryo
11.
thes
;

of Myrcia,.

Trees and shrubs leaves and inflorescence {Trop. America.'") Campomanesia E. & Pav." Flowers nearly Calyptranof
;

calyx 5-lobed or more rarely 4-6-lobed, sometimes patelliformly

lobes either conspicuous rather obtuse, or
Be. Jam. 239.
Endl.).
"

dilated at base {Paiva^^)

'

Character of seed from Berg, loc. cit. Rather large showy stamens coloured. ' Spec. 1. J^. Sellowiana Berg. Orthostemon Scllowiamis Berg. 0. obovatus Berg, loc. cit. * A. S.-M. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. 373, t. 156. Spach, Suit, Buffo, iv. 183. Endl. Gm. n. 6318. H. Bs. Payer Fam. Nat. 364. B. H.
2
;

Zuzyijiwn P. Br.

Ioc.

dt 240 (ex
ii.

C!ii/tralia

Adans. Fam.
xxvii. 316

des PI.

SO,

Calyptriinthus J. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. 274 (not Bl.).

Berg, Liiwtca,

xxix. 248; xxx.

700.
'" Spec, ahout 70. A. S.-H. Fl. Vs. Bras. t. 14; Fl. Bras. 3Ier. n.i.Ui.U'EEi.i. Fl. Tit. SI.

Gen. 716, n. 54.

Berg, Liiwiea xxvii. 11 xxix. 209. ^^c niopsis Berg, Liniicea xxvii. 80; xxix. 219;
5
;

Griseb. Fl. Brit. Fl. Bras. Mijrt. 16, Walp. Ecp.

38,
t.

JF.-Iiid.

232. Berg, Mart.

17; 354,
t.

33 {Mi;

traiithes).

ii.

178; v. 752

Ann.

XXX. 665; xxxi. 249.

ii.

629.

genus between ilfyjrm and

Cn?i/;)^mi;(,

" Prodr.
Prodr.
iii.

Fl. Per. 72,

t.

13; Syst. 128. DC.

differing only in the calyx.

7

232.

Spach,

Suit, Biiffon, iv. 151.

Spec, about 35. Griseb. Fl. Brit. H'.-Ii,d.

Fl.

Endl.

(rm. n.

6314. B. H. Gct. 712,n. 43.

;

233. Berg, Mart.

Bras. Mijrt. 28, t. 13 {Rnbuchia) 31, t. 14, 15; 143, t. 21, 22 [Eugeniopsis). Walp. Sep. ii. 177. 8 Prodr. 80; Fl. Ind. Occ. 917, t. 15. DC.

Britoa Berg, Linna, xxvii. 435 xxix. 257. Lacerda Berg, Liniiaa, xxx. 713. Abbevillea

Berg, linna,

xxvii. 425

xxix. 256

xxxi.

Endl.
II.

Prodr.

iii.

265. Spach,
n. 6319.'

Sxit.

Buffon,

iv.

168.

260 (calyx generally Larger and more expanded) '^ Reuq^ Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt. 614. B. H.
Gen. 712, n. 44 (spec.
1,

(?<.

B. H. 0. 717, n. 55.
367.

according to authors

Bn. Payer Fam. Nat.

Chytracidia P.

cited gencrically distinct)

o.q_ o

356

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

very small or subnil in bud

fissus

limb at antbesis often longitudinally

between

lobes.

Petals 4-6, patent.

Stamens

oo

oo -seriate

antbers ovate or oblong, sometimes apiculate [Acrandra

').

Germen

4-10-locular

ovules oo
;

inserted on 2-lamellate or little prominent

subpeltate placenta

style simple, capitate or oftener peltate at stig;

matose apex.
involute
;

Berries, etc., of Mijrtus

;

embryo elongate and spirally

sboi't.

radicle very elongate

cotyledons rather
;

Trees

or

shrubs

leaves opposite penninerved

flowers axillary, solitary, few

or 00 cymose. 12.

{Trop, and suhtrop. America})

L.^

Psidium

Flowers

nearly of Gampomanesia
in bud,

receptacle

campanulate or piriform.
short,

Calyx closed
;

sometimes crowned

with foliaceous lobes (Psidiopsis'^)

;

lobes oftener 4, 5, before an thesis

wide (or 0) at antbesis often fissus or disrupted to the base. Petals 4, 5. Stamens oo anthers oblong or narrow linear. Germen 2-8-locular style at apex peltate or capitate ovules oo inserted on
; ;
;

entire, subpeltate or 2-lamellate placenta.

Berry various in form,

Seeds
co
,

crowned with persistent calyx or

thick hard
;

its scar.

reniform

testa
;

embryo curved or hippocrepiform, sometimes

;

cyclical

radicle elongate

cotyledons small.

Trees
;

or shrubs rarely under;

shrubs, glabrous or oftener tomeutose

leaves opposite penninerved

flowers

axillary or lateral, solitary or 3-oo cymose, 2-bracteolate.

(Trop, and subtrop. America.^)

13.

Myrrhinium

Schott.^

Flowers nearly of Myrtus, 4-merous;

5-8, in pairs
;

stamens

4, alternipetalous, or

filaments'*

very long, 2-

plicate in

bud ; anthers

introrse.

Germen
*

2-locular, style elongate,

Bero, ZiniKua, xxvii. 435. H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 150, t. 147.A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. t. 139
'

Berg, Liiiima, xxvii. 350,

B. H. Gen. 713,
17.

Spec, about 60.

n. 46.
'

(_Psidium).

LiNDL.

Collect.

16.

Griseb. Fl.

Rather large showy, or small. Lamb. Trims, linn. Soc. xi. t.

Benth.

Brit. W.-Ind.

242. Berg, Mart.

;

Fl. Bras. Mijrt.

Fl. SongJc.

120. Geiseb.
ii.

Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 241.

430,
61,

t.

48 [Abbevilka)

438,
t.
ii.

52 {Acrandra); 461, {Lacerda:a).Wk\.v. Rep.

3

t. 49, 50; 459, t. 53 (Britoa) 464

;

MiQ.

Fl. Ind.-Bat.

Bras. Mer.
bjrt. 381,

i. p. i. 468. A. S.-H. Fl. t.l36-lSS. Bero, Mart. Fl. Bras.

170, 932 324,

;

v. 750.

t.

41, i2.Bi)t. Reg.

t.

453.Lamk. Diet. iii. 16 Suppl. ii. 824 III. t. 416. DC. Prodr. iii. 232. Spach, Suit, Biiffon, iv. 152. Endl. Gen. n. 6315. H. B.v. Payer Fam. Nat. 364. B. H. Gen. 713, n. 45. Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. i67.Guaiava T. Inst. 660, t. 443. G.ertn. Fruct. i. 185, t. 38.Burc/iardia Neck. Flem. n.
Gen.
n.

615. J. Gen.

Bot. Mag.
170
7
;

1779, 2501.
ii.

Walp.
831.
n.

t.

622, 653, 1079.

Rep.

ii.

v.

750

Ann.
Stjst.

624

iv.

Spreng.

Cur. Post.
Gen. 717,
Fl. Bras.
iv.

404. Endl. Gen.

51 .Feliciana
ii.

n.

6273. B. H. Cambess. A. S.-E.

Mcr.

375,

t.

167.

Spach,

Suit,

Bufon,

ISi.Tctrastemon,

Acca Berg, Linnrea, xxvii. 138. tropsidium Berg, loc. cil. 349.
728.

Calyp-

Hook, et Arn. Bat. Misc. iii. 317. ^ Dense red, very conspicuous.

MYRTACE^.
plicate in bud, scarcely capitellate at stigmatose apex.
cells 00
,

357

Ovules in

peltately inserted in rays on orbicular 2-lameIlate placenta. Berry ovoid, crowned with calyx seeds 1, 2, curved or cochleate embryo conformably curved radicle longer than indistinct cotyledons. A small tree or shrub; leaves opposite, penninerved nitid; stipules (?) setaceous very small, caducous flowers in 2-parous cymes
; ; ;

springing from the

14.

wood

lateral pedicellate.

(Subtrop. S. America})
;

Eugenia Micheli."
(

Flowers of Myrtus
^),
*'').

receptacle globose,

ovoid, obconical, turbinate or tubular {Garijo])liyllus^), long attenuate

at base

Clavhnyrtus,'*

Cuphantlms

externally either glabrous, or

Sepals 5, or oftener 4,

angular or thickly alate {Ftcromyrtus

imbricate or more or less widely foliaceous (PliyUocalyx'^), rarely

very short dentiform.

coriaceous, deciduous.

Petals 4, 5, or very rarely G-oo (or 0), some*),

times more or less connate in a hood {Syzygium

sometimes thick
free, or

Stamens

oo (of
;

Myrtus), or

obscurely

4-5-adelphous in bud (Garyophyllus)

parallel or rarely divaricate.

anthers often versatile; cells

inferior, 2- or

Germen

very rarely 3Fruit baccate

locular

style slender, scarcely or not at all incrassate at stigmatose

cells

apex.

Ovules in
(?)

i-arely

2-4 {Myrciaria^).

(sometimes
generally
1,

drupaceous), rarely coriaceous or corticate.

Seeds

or few, variously inserted, globose, ovoid or variously

compressed and angular ; cotyledons of fleshy exalbuminous (some'

Spec.

1.

M.

at>-optirpurcumScB.OTT.
iii.

Mart.
;

Friict.

i.

t.

33.

DC.

Prodi:

iii.

261.

Spach,

Nov. Gen.
Beibl. Fl.
ii.

ct

Spec.

173,

t.

291

Flora, xx.

Suit. Buffmi, iv.

*

171. Endl.

Gen. n. 6321.

90.

Bras. Myrt. 465.

Berg, Lirma, naVii. 437 Mart. M. riibrijlonim Berg,

mi/rtiis

Mart. Fl. Bras. tyrt. 466,

trastemon loranthoides

Nov. Gen. 226,

t.

t. 7, fig. 164. TfHook, et Arn. loc. cit. 108. L. Gen. n. 616. .T.
; ;

B. H.
"^

i. Mncro113, t. 49. MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 439. * Seem. Fl. Vit. 76. B. H. Gen. 724, n. 74. Oiislondia, ViEiLL. BiM. Soc. Linn. Norm. x. 96.

Bl. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.

Gen. 1006, n. 77.

Lamk. Diet. iii. 196 Suppl. iii. 121 III. t. 418. DC. Prodr. iii. 262. Spach, Suit, Bnffon, iv. 174.Endl. Gen. n. 6323. A. Gray, Vnit. St. Expl. Exp. Bnt. i. 514, t. 60. B. H. (?. 718, 1006, n. 68. H. Bn. Pff'/fT Jff). i\'a^ 364. Baker, Fl. Maurit. 112. Hook. Fl. Iiid.
Gen. 324.

Cuj. typ. Caryophijllus pterocarpus Vieill.

Herb, ex Br. et Gr. Syzygium pterocalyx Bk. Gr. Ann. Sc. Nat. ar. 5, xiii. 386. ? Berg, Linna, xxvii. 306 xxix. 245. Stenocalyx Berg, Ge7i. n. 671. ? Plinia L. Linna, xxvii. 309. Eexachlamys Berg, loc. cit.
et

ii.

ilO.Catiiiga Aubl. Guian. 511, t. 203. Guapv,rium3:Gen.'i'H. GreyqiaGMR-m. Fruct.

345.
^

i.

168,

t.

iii.

337.

Syllysium Met.

3S.Jossinia Co.mmers. ex
et
(incl.

DC.

Prodr.

iii.

Schau. Nov. Act.

:

GiDRTN. Friict. i. 166, t. 33. DC. Prodr. 259. Spach, loc. cit. 170. Endl. Gen. n. &Z10.--Acmena DC. Prodr. iii. 262. Spach, loc.
170.
Stits.

Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. 334

Acmena DC.

cit.

Endl. Gen.
Liigd.-Bat.
i.

n.

6322.

Microjumbosa
xxs.

Caryophyllim L. Clavimyrtus Bl. Cuphanthus

Bl.
^

117.
;

Seem. Jambnsa DC. Myrciaria Berg, Opa Lour. Syzygium Gjertn.).

*

Berg, Linna, xxvii. 320

;

xxix. 249

T. /si. 432.
Diet.

L. (M. n. 669.
ii.

702
36,

xxxi. 259

Lamk.

718

/,;/.

t.

J. &. 324. 417. G.ertn.

37.
;

Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt. 358, t. Siphoneiigenia Berg, Linna, xxvii.

;

344

Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt. 378,

t.

38.

358

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

')

times multiple

embryo thick plano-conTex, hemispherical

;

or ellip-

soid/ sometimes unequal

less

radicle short straight or incurved

;

more or

incumbent. Trees or shrubs leaves opposite ^ penninerved, sometimes membranous, often coriaceous and other characters of
;

'

Mijrtns

flowers

axillary solitary or in

cymes or short raceme

^),

;^

in-

florescence either centrifugal (Jambosa

tru'hi ')
;

or centripetal (Eugenias-

bracts

and bracteoles oftener small and caducous.

{All

trop,

and

subtroj). regions')

15.

tacle tubular clavate.

Acicalyptus A. Gray.'' Flowers nearly of Eugenia recepCalyx gamophyllous entire conical, circum;

scissus at base deciduous.

Petals 4, free or coherent, deciduoiis.

;

Stamens germen,
Fruit fleshy
(?).

etc.,

of Etigenia
trees

ovules oo
or shrubs

incurved anatropons.
leaves of Eugenia
;

Glabrous

flowers in subcorymbose cymes at apex of ramules.

Viti Isles.'")

(JVeiv Caledonia,

16

ceptacle shorter.

Piliocalyx Be. & Gr." Flowers nearly of Acahjpfus reCalyx calyptrately deciduous. Petals small unequal,
;

more
^

or less adherent.

Germen

2 -locular; ovules in cells oo (4-10),

In E. Jamhosa -we have often seen embiyos. Sometimes confurruminate or unequal heteromorphous. ^ Or sometimes (?) it is said, alternate. * Often rather large, showy, white, pink, or
'^

bosa),
i.

t.

16 [Syzygium).

Mia. Fl. hid. Bat.

Enum. PL
W.-Ind.

i.

p.

440, 446 [Syzygium), Th^,'.

Zeyl.

114, 115 [Jambosii), 116 [Syzygium), 118

na).

Griseb.
p.

[Acme-

Fl.

Brit.

235 [Curyo-

pliyllus,

Syzygium, Jambosa), 236 [Eugenia).

more rarely pale yellow. ' By defect of bractiferous leaves. 6 RuMPH. Herb. Amb. i. 121. DC. Pndr. iii. 28G. Spach, Suit, Buffoii, iv. 179.Endl.
Gcn.n. 6324.
Cerocarpus Hassk. Cat. Sort. Hog.
Liigd.-Bnt.
89,
t.
i.

Handb. N.-Zeal. Fl. 74. Benth. Fl. Hotigk. 118 [Syzygium), 119 [Acmena), 120 (Jambosa); Fl. Austral, iii. 280. Br. et (is.. Ann.

Hook.

Se. Na>. sr. 5,

iii.

215, 219 (Jambosa), 221 (Sy;

zydium), 224 [Caryoplnjllus)

xiii.

385 (Syzygi-

t.

162. Gctpha Bl. Mus.

Strongylocali)X Bl.
loc. cit.

88, t. 35.
Cleisto-

loc. cit.
t.

54.

MuEi.L. Fl. Vict. t. suppl. 18 [Syzygimii).Bot. Rig. t. 627, 1033 (Jambosa). Bot.
.

um). F
t.

calyx Bl.
^

84,

56.

Mag.
4558
et Spec.

GiiisEE. Fl. Brit. W.-Ltd. 236.

Spec, about 500. H. B. K. Nor. Gen.

V.

Wight,
Icon.
t.

546 {Myrtiis).
III.

LiNDL.
608-813

Collect,

t.

19 [Oliiithia),
;

473 (Plinia), 867, 1696, 2230 [Jambosa), 5480(^cmcn). Walp. Eep. ii. 172 (Jossinia), 178 (Calyptronthes, Syzygium), 181 (Acmena), 191 (Jambosa)
(Jossinia), 4526, 4626, 5040,
;

13,

14 {Jambosa), 15 [Syzyglum)
;

100, 553, 545, 551

73, 216,
;

525-530,
631-536,
t.

751 (Syilysium), 752 (Calyptra}tthes, Syzygium) Ann. ii. 626 [Jossinia), 629 (Calyptranthes,
;

546,

548-550,

538-544 {Syzygium).
[Jambosa)

Wall. As. Rar. 161 DO. Diet. Hist. Nat. [Acmena)

PI. xi.
t.
t.
ii.

[Jambosa)

Syzygium), 630 (Gelphea), 631, 632 [Jambosa), 639 (Clavimyrtus), 640 (Microjambosa) ; iv. 832
(Jossinia),

Mem.

16-19 (Syzygium), 20-23. Gl-illem. et Perr. FL Sen. Tent. i. t. 72 [SyzyMyrtiic.

M^ (Acmena), 841
'

833 (Syzygium), 839 (Caryophyllus), (Jambosa), 849 (Macromyrtus).

Exp. Bot.
i.

gium).

Kl. Pet. Moss. Bot.

Fl. Cap.
i.

11 [Syzygiam).

Unit. St. E.rpl.

551,

t,

67

Bon-

Harv. and Sond.

Unit. St. Expl.
bosa')
;

522.
t.

A. Gray,

plandia (1862), 35. B. H. Gen. 708, n. 31. '" Spec, about 3. Br. et Gr. Ann. Sc. Nat.
sr. 6.
iii.

Exp. Bot.
;

514,

t.

60

Seem.

Fl. Vit. 76,

[Jam61-65 [Syzygium). 81 {Calyptraulhes), 1. 15 [Jum510,

58, 59

227.
Sc.

Walp. Ann.
Nat. sr.
5, iii.

iv. 853.

518,

t.

" Ann.
Mus.

225

Nouv. Areli.

iv. 26, t.

10 B.

II.

Gen. 1006, n. 78.

M YB TA CEJE.
descending from apex of internal angle, orthotropoxis
ferior.
;

359

micropyle in-

Fruit fleshy; seeds

;

Trees or shrubs;

leaves opposite

or subopposite
donia.^)

flowers in terminal

compound cymes.

[New

Cale-

17
in

Aulacocarpus Berg.^

Flowers ...
;

" Fruit drupaceous

Seeds

depressed globose, crowned with 5-fid calyx, 1-5-pyrenous.

subligneous pyrones solitary obovoid

testa thick

embryo of
;

Eugema.'''

Trees

or shrubs

leaves opposite wide penninerved

fruit axillary glomerate, shortly pedicellate.^

{Trap. America^)
o

18? Calycorectes Bkrg.^

Flowers nearly
to

Eugenia; calyx
oo
,

subconical, valvate, hiant at apex, 4-6-fid.

Stamens

inserted
oo
-

higher than germen in receptacle dilated to cupule, and there

seriate.

Germen adnate within

cx)

bottom of turbinate receptacle

or shrubs

cells 2,

-ovulate.

Fruit baccate, crowned with persistent calyx

seeds, embryo,^ etc., of Eugenia.

Trees

leaves opposite

penninerved
late,'

flowers axillary solitary or cymose, variously pedicel-

[Tro]).

America.^)

19
tacle

Sliizocalyx Berg.'
oo

Flowers nearly of Calycorectes

recep-

very concave, produced liigher above germen in cupule and

Sepals 4, 5, tomenapex and there as also in bud someGermen 2-locuIar and other characters of Calycorectes. Trees leaves opposite, oftener tomentose, penninerved

bearing higher

stamens

co -seriately inserted.

tose without, imbricate at free

what open.
Fruit
. . .

flowers
{Brazil,

axillary

pedunculate
?
'")

solitary

peduncles

2-bracteolate.

New

Caledonia

'

Spec.

3, 4.

Linnaa, xxvii. 345. B. 11. Gen. 720, n. 60. ' A doubtful genus, perhaps only a section of jBycia, with fruit sometimes (?) drupaceous. * Spec, about 2. Benth. Sulph. t. 37 {Catiipomanesin).

'0 The Brazilian species S. PoMianus Berg, by more recent authors referred to Cnhjeorcctes (B. H. Gen. 720), but differs particularly in the

aistivation of the calyx.

Is the south Caledo-

Griseb.

nian species
of the

S.

rubiginosa Br. et Gr. [Ann. Sc.

Fl. Brit.

W.-Ind. 239

Cat.

Tfat. er. 5, xiii. 378),

the Spermolepis rubiginosa

PL
t.

Cub. 90.

Berg, Mart.

Fl. Bras.

Myrt. 380,
xxx. 701

40.
5

Linneea, xxvii. 317

ixix. 249
t.

Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt. 356,

720, n. 59.
*

34.

B. H.

same authors (Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 5, ii. 137), whose solitary flowers well agree, and whose fleshy fruit is crowned with the calyx,
its

Gin.

seed albuminous, the cotyledons of fleshy

'
'

Known in one species (Berg). Perhaps a section of Eugenia (B. H.). Spec, enumerated, 6, 7. Linna xxvii. 319; Mart. Fl. Bras. M'jrt.
t.

embryo plano-convex, and short radicle slightly prominent, really of this genus? Hugenia ovigera Br. et Gr. (Ann. Sc. Nat. set. 5, iii. 216),
appears from
this.
its
is
?

fruit to

Which

assigned to

be congeneric with its proper genus

357,

35.

(Schizomyrtus)

360

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

II.

LEPT0SPERMEJ3.
Forst.

20.

Leptospermum

Flowers
Sepals
5,

hermaphrodite or more
marginally inserted, im-

rarely polygamous; receptacle depressed obconical or turbinate, at base

covering germen adnate within.

bricate, often at last not contiguous.

finally patent.

Petals 5, alternate, imbricate,

Stamens

co
;

when

adult apparently 1-seriate, shorter

;

than or subequal to petals

small introrse, yorsatile
;

filaments unequal, dilated at base

anthers

cells parallel,

longitudinally rimose.
free,

Ger-

men

adnate to receptacle within, inferior or partly

plane or
;

convex at vertex, radiately sulcate and glandular or impressed cells 3-5, or more rarely 6-12 (sometimes efi'ete) style central, short or
;

elongate, capitate or peltate at stigmatose apex.

Ovules in

cells co

(sometimes few), inserted on 2-laraellate short or more or less prominent sometimes vertically 2-seriate, sometimes transverse or more or
less obliquely peltate placenta, horizontal or descending,

sometimes

recurved.

Capsule girt with adnate receptacle, enclosed or exserted

Seeds in
cells

above, loculicidal.

1-co (mostly

sterile), either linear,

or cuneate-angular, in

some cases naked, in others

;

ciliate or alate at

margins or angles
or incanescent,

coat thin
radicle.

cotyledons of straight exalbuminous

embryo longer than

Small trees or oftener shrubs

or shortly pedicellate;

glabrous

odorous;

leaves

alternate exstipulate small rigid

pellucid-punctate, 1-3-nerved or veinless; flowers axillary or terminal,

solitary or 2--nate,
sessile

bracts rather

broad, imbricate, falling before anthesis; bracteoles smaller, sometimes

longer persistent.
p. 314.

(Troj). Oceania, Australia,

New Zealand.) See

21

Agonis
.

DC Flowers nearly o Leptospermum, stamens 10,

Germen,
etc.,

2-seriate or co

of Leptospermum; ovules in cells 2-4,

inserted on ascending

more

or less dilated placenta

trees
;

and suberect

micropyle

inferior.

Shrubs or small
;

leaves alternate, oftener

narrow

and terminal globose, densely glomeruliferous; each flower 2-l>racteolate.2 {West. Aus;

flowers capitate

capitules axillary

tralia.^)

Pi-odr.

iii.

226(sect.of Zf;)<ospcm). B. H.

Gen. 703.
1.

Billiottia

R. Br. Juuiu. Geogr.

Sue.

19.
'

Zepto.ipmmim ? In the genus remain, according to Benth. 2 sections (Tttxandria, with 10 stamens Alaxandria, with 20-30 stamens).
if
a.

Query

sect, of

3 Spec, about 10. DC. Mm.. Myrtac. t. 12 {Leptospermum). IiAbill. PL N.-Eoll. ii. 10, t. 148 [Leptospermum). Bertol. Ainn. 29 {Lrptospermum). G. Don, Gen. Si/.it. ii. 827 (ISilliottiir). Lodd, Bot. Cab. t. 1219 {Fubricia). Benth. Fl. Amtral. iii. 96. alp. Liep. ii. 166,

922; v. 739

Ann.

ii.

617.

MYRTACEjE.
22.

361

Bseckea

persistent.

sepals 5, Flowers nearly of Leptospenmtm L.' Stamens 5-10, or oo filaments either filiform or scarcely
; ;

complauate (Eurijomyrtus-), or
in

all or

5 petaloidly dilated (Binzia^),

^}
;

sometimes at base partly connate [Eiipocahjiniia

form.

anthers varioiis
or

Germen

2,

3-locnlar;
,

ovules

1,

2,

superposed,

(Scholtzia^), or 2-4, or oo

either collateral, inserted on vertical

more

or less prominent and 2-lamellate placenta, or disposed in a ring

around peltate more or

less stipitate placenta.

Fruit, etc., of Lcfto;

spermum
flowers
'^

cotyledons of cxalbuminous embryo small

slender collum
;

inflexed to thick radicle.

axillary,

Ericoid glabrous shrubs

leaves opposite

solitary,

cymose or spuriously umbellate or capitate, rarely bracteate and bracteolate.' [Australia^ New Caledonia,

Indian Archlp. south-east. Asia.^

23? Astartea

groups alternipetalous.

DCFlowers of Baxlcea; stamensco 5-adelphous; gla Ericoid shrubs leaves, small

,

oi^posito

brous, and other characters of

Bckea

flowers

'"

axillary solitary or

cymose few; pedicels 2-bracteolate."

24,

{West, and trop. Australia}^)

rather large
;

Balaustion Hook.'^
;

Flowers
Diet.

receptacle very

concave suburceolate
a thin entire
1

disk lining receptacle and produced beyond in

interior to base of stamens

submembranous ring
Gen.

and

L. Gen. n.

491. J.

321. Lamk.

62 [Leptospermum)
viii.

EuDG.

Trans. Linn. Soc.

405.

vii.

689; III. t. 285. DC. Prodr. iii. 229. Spach, Unit, Biiffan, iv. 146. Endl. Gen. n. 6311.- H. Bx. Faijer Fam. Nat. 366. B. H.
Gen. 701, n. 13 (incl.

298,
t.

t.

18 {Sc/iidiomyrtus).

pos.

598.

MiQ.

Andk. Bot. Kei.

Fl. Lnd.-Bat.
ii.

p.

i.

gitt

G.ERTN.

Babingtonia Lindl./hHarmogia Schau. Hypocahjmna

:

Br. et Gb. Ami. Fl.Enngk. 118;

71,

Sc. A'at. ser. 5,

140.

Benth.
ii.

Fl. Austral,

Endl. Scholtzia Schau.). Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 463. - Schau. Linna, xvii. 239 (part). ^ Schau. loc. cit. * Endl. Hueg. Enum. 30. B. H. Gen. 702, n.
15.
*

91

{Egpocalymna).

Walp.

iii.

&6 {Scholtzia), Sep.

169,

920; V. 734; Ann. ii. 617. (To this genus is doubtfully referred (B. H. Gen. 6) Aphanoniyr' tus (MiQ. Fl. Lnd.-Bat. i. p. i. 480;Walp.

Ann.

iv. 853).
iii.

Prodr.

210

Diet.

CI. d'Hist.

Nat. xi.
702, n.

Schau.
n.
12.
ii.

L'mnccei,

xvii.

241.

B.

H. Gen,

400. Endl. Gen.

11.
'"

n.

6289.- B. H. Gen.

700,

Piptandra TuECz. Bull. Mosc.

(1862),
* "

323 (not Oliv.).

Small, white or pink.

Small, white or pale pink.

Sect. 8 (ex
:

"

B. H. 6) 1. Rinzia, 2. Enrgomyrtus, 3. Jmigia (G,ertn. Frtict. i. 175, t. 35 Miillia Gmel. Syst. 420 Imbricaria Sm. Schi-

sect, of

Bckea, only in
3.

genus differing from Schidiomyrtiis, a its stamens being more

(B. H.)
t.

or less connate in 5 groups.

12

Spec.

diomyrtus Schau.),
xxvii.

238

Harmogia (Schau. Linna^ Camphoromyrtus Schau.), 5. Oy4.

&.

leiica).

Endl.
Syst.

Labill. PI. N.-Eoll.

llueg.
ii.

170 {Mela-

Enum.

51

(Bchea).

Spreno.
ii. ii.

492 [Leptospermiim)

Schau.
;

myrrhine (Schau. Linna, xxvii. 240),

Babing-

PI. Preiss.

Schau. Ericomyrtns
zidj
'
vii;.

tonia (LiNDL. But. Reg. [1842],

t.

WTetrapoia
:

i. 113-115. F. Muell. Fragm. i. 83 32. Benth. Fl. Austral, iii. 89. Walp. Rep.

Turcz.) (add. 7. SclioltHypocalymna), Spec, about 70. Eudge, Trans. Linn. Soc. Labili. Sert. Austro-caled. t. 61, t. 12-14.
8.

160, 922

v. 738.

"

Icon.

t.

852. B. H. Gen.
Hooli.

702, n.

16.

Clicynia 3.

Drumm.

Kew

Journ.

vii. 56.

3G3
free.

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Sepals 5, rather broad, imbricate, persistent, with, as

many

alternate imbricate finally patent petals inserted at

mouth

of receptacle.

Stamens

oo (of Bcechea), inserted

with perianth.

Gerraen inferior,

aduate to bottom of receptacle, plane or depressed at apex; stylo

simple, at stigmatose apex capitate, shortly 3-lobed.

Ovules in

cells
lo-

3-00

inserted around peltate placenta.

at vertex
;

Fruit inferior capsular,

culicidal

seeds
;

A
^

low glabrous shrub

solitary

'

leaves
;

opposite

cricoid

linear

flowers

axillary

pedunculate

bracteoles 2,

membranous, inserted under flower

at top of slender

peduncle.
25.

[Western Australia^)
L.''

Melaleuca

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous

Sepals
5, free or
,

re-

ceptacle campanulate or urceolate.

connate at base,
at base deciin 5 groups,

more or less scarous, imbricate, sometimes circumscissile duous {Asterom.yrtus ^). Petals 5, alternate. Stamens oo

oppositipetalous, free or at base, sometimes higher, connate in tube

(Lamarchea ^}
2-rimose.

filaments of each group to a greater or less height

')
;

connate with each other or subfree {GalUstemon

anthers versatile,
3-5, co -ovulate

Germen

inferior or in part superior

cells

or veiy raxelj {Gonothamnus^), 1 -ovulate; placent very variable

in form, either vertical, 2 -lamellate, or peltate, transverse or oblique,

more rarely subbasilar. Capsule more or less enclosed by persistent woody receptacle, loculicidal at vertex seeds perfect linear or Odorous trees or shi-ubs leaves altercuneate embryo straight.
;

nate or rarely opposite, rigid, either rather broad, 3-co -nerved, or

linear rigid, enervate or obscurely penninerved
;

flowers

sessile in

the axils of the floral leaves or bracts solitary and in spikes or capitules not terminal, the branch extending beyond.^"

[Australia,

New
i.

Caledonia, Indian Archlj}}^)

Habit of Btcclcea. Bather large (somewhat resembling those petals coccineus. of Pumca Grmiatum) ' Spec. 1. B. pulcherrimum Hook. Benth.
1

R. Br. App. Flind. Voy.

ii.

547

Hot. Beg.

393.

B. H. Gen. 704, n.
species
is

DC. Prodr.

iii.

223.

Endl. Gen.
1

n. 6302.

20.

(In

species, C. speciosn

DC. the staminal filaments long united

are in 5

Walp. Ann.
*

Fl. Austral,

iii.

95.
iv.

Cheynia pulchra J.
822.

Dkumm.
Diet. iv.

groups, as in most legitimate Milalenc.

This

M. paladosa R. Br.
9.

Ait. Mort. Kew.

Manliss. 14. J. Gen.

323. Lamk.
641.
iii.

ed. 2, iv. 410.)

8

16
i.

Suppl.

iii.

617

III. t.

G/Ertn. Fruct.

Lindl. Sivan Riv. App.

Endl. Gen.
lilac,

n.

173,t. 35 (part). DC. Prorfr.

211. Spach,
n. 6298.

6297. B. H. Gen.
'

705, n. 23.

Suit,

Biiffon, iv. 117.

Endl. Gen.

White, pale yellow, pink,

Sect. 3
I.

or purplo,

H. Bn. Payer Fum. Nat. 367. B. H. Gen. 705, Gymnagathis n. 22. Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 464.
ScHAu. Liiiiia, xvii. 243. Vajuputi Fam. des PI. ii. 84. ' ScHAU. Linncea, xvii. 242.
*

often showy.
'
:

Emnelalctica [Melaleuca Kncii.),

Adans.

2.

Conot/iamnus, S. Lamarchea, i. Callistemon.

'

Spec, about 120. Cav. Icon.

t.

332 {Metrot.

aideras),
t.

334-336. Vent. Jard. Ceh.

;

10,

69

iikvmc-a. Frcyein.
n. 6293.

Voy. But. 483,

110.

[Metrosideros)

Malinai.i.
t.

t.

4,

47,

76,

112.

Endl. Gen.

B. H.

Gen. 704, n. 21.

Bonpl.

PI. Malmais.

4,

41, 34 [Metrosiderus),

MYRTACE/E.
2G.

363

Beaufortia R. Br.'

Flowers nearly

of ife^aZewm, 5-merous;
versatile)
;

groups of stamens oppositipetalous.

cells

Anthers basifixed (not

transversely 2-valvate at vertex

{Eubeaufortia") or dorsally

opposite, extrorsely rimoso or subporous at

apex (Begelia^), more

rarely connate at back

and
;

deliiscing extrorsely

Germen,

etc.,

oi Melaleuca

ovules in cells

and transversely. 3-5, or 2-4, inserted on

*},

subpeltate ascending placenta (Phymatocarpus

or 4, inserted in

pairs on peltate or subpeltate placenta (Begelia), oftener 3-5, of which.

2 or 4 are abortive

the fertile fifth ascending

micropyle extrorsely

inhrioT (Eubeaufortia^). not terminal.'

27.

Rigid shrubs

;''

leaves alternate or opposite;

flowers sessile, capitate or spicate terminal, or, the branch projecting,

(West. Australia.^)
Labill."
;

Calothamnus
;

Flowers
4, 5,
;

nearly of Melaleuca (or

Beai(fortia), 4- 5-merous

stamens in
cells

groups, oppositipetalous,
;

highly connate
dinally rimose.

filaments inferior sometimes anautherous

anthers

basifixed erect, oblong or linear

parallel introverted, longitu;

Germen,

etc.,

of Melaleuca, 3-4-locular

ovules co

erect or ascending, inserted on subglobose or moi'e or less peltate

placenta.

Capsule and seeds of Melaleuca.

Glabrous
;

or pilose
'"

shrubs

leaves alternate narrow rigid, plane or terete

fruit

inflorescence

of Melaleuca;

more or

less

immersed in enlarged

rachis.'^

(West. Australia.)
P/. A". -iZo/^.t. 16.3-169, 171-173. Sweet, Fl. Austral, t. 10, 29 (Metrosidero.'-). Field et Gaudx. Sert. t. 74. Reichb. Ic. I.'x,t. t. 31, 82, 112, 113. F. MuELL. Fragm. ii. t. 15. Benth. Fl. Auslral. iii. 118 (Callistemou), 123

8. Labill.

See,

On

the Ovules oi Beaufortia, H. Bn.

265.

Adansonia
* '

iii.

Habit of Ericace.
Sect. 3
:

1.

Euhmufortia, I.Segelia, Z.Pliyt.

Bog. Reg.

163 [Coiiothamiius) 393 (1838), t. 7 [Callutemon), t. 103, 410, ill.Bot. Mag. t. 260, 1761, 1821,2602
t.

(Lamarchea, Melaleuca),

matocarpus.
'

Spec. 16. Reichb. Ic. Exot.

102 (MelaleuBull.
t.

ca).

Benth.
i.

Fl. Austral,

171

{Phymatocarpus).
1733,

T-vncz.

iii.

164, 170 {Segclia),

Moxc.

{Callhtemo,,-),

1860, 1935, 2268,

3210. Walp.
;

(1847),

168 {Begelia}. Bot. Beg.

IS. Bnt.
;

Rep.

ii.

161 [Lamarchea), 162, 165 {CalUstemon)

Mag.

T. 745,

748 {Conothamnus)
;

Ann.

ii.

618

(Culli-

stemon), 621, 622

1

iv.

824, 825 {CalUstemon).

Ait. Sort. Kew, ed. 2,iv.

6295.

418. Endl.

(7.

3272."Walp. Rep. ii. 161 v. 748 Ann. ii. 622. Fl. N.-Eoll. ii. 25, t. 164. DC. Prodr. iii. 211. Spach, Suit, Biiffon, iv. 115.Enpl.
1.

{Regelia),

749

n.
t.

ScHAU. Nov.
24.'

A.Stacti,
vs..

Act. Nat. Cur. xxi. p. i. Suit, Buffon, iv. 114. B. H.

Schizapleura Lindl.
-Gen.

Qen. n. 6294.
25,
t.

Schau.

A'ou. Act.

Nat, Cur. xxi.

1. B. H.

Gen.

706,

n. 27.Billottin

Gen. 70S, n.

App.
-

Endl.

n.

6296.

Manglesia
11.

Swan

Riv.

Colla, Hort. Rip. 20, t. 23. '" Flowers showy, often polygamous; sta-

LiNDL.
3

loc. cit. t.

3 A.

Beaufortia of authors.

mena a beautiful red. " Spec. 22. K. Bk.

Schau. Nov, Act. Nat. Cur. xxi.

P. Mi-ELL.

B. H.

Gen. 706, n. 2c.

*

Fragm.

iii.

120. B. H. Gen.

706, n. 26.

ii. 417. Muell. Fragm. 111. Benth. Fl. Aus'ral. iii. 172. Hot. iii. Reg. t. 10^9. Bot. Mag. t. 1506.- Walp. Eip. Ami. ii. 622. t. 749 ii. 101, 930

Ait. Hort. Eew,

9.

Lindl, Su-an Riv. App.

F.

364

NATURAL HISTOIr OF PLANTS.

?
;

28
leuca)

Eremsea

Lindl.'

Flowers nearly of Calothamnus

cells
,

(or

Mela;

stamens in 5 groups, oppositipetalous, most sometimes free

;

anthers erect basifixed

dorsally apposite, extrorsely rimose.

Germen

3-locular; ovules in cells few or co

inserted in 2-lobed or

placenta more
ascending.

or

less

longitudinally
;

vertical

subbasilar

and

Shrubs
;

generally ericoid

leaves alternate, 1-5-nerved

or enervate
involucrate.

flowers terminal, solitary or few (2, 3), bracts imbricate

Other characters of Melaleuca or liunzea?

{West.

Australia?)

29

Kunzea

Reichb.*

Flowers
cells oo

nearly of
co
,

Erema
;

receptacle

rather long, lined with disk.

(of Callistemon).

Stamens
,

free

anthers versatile

Ovules in

2-co -seriate recurved.

Cap-

sule, enclosed in receptacle, loculicidal,

and other characters of Mela;

leuca.

Shrubs generally ericoid

leaves alternate small rigid entire

flowers in axils of upper leaves solitary or oftener in terminal capitules (sometimes, from extension of branch, not terminal.^
trop. Australia.^)

(Extra

30.

Tristania R. Bk.'

Flowers hermaphrodite
or

receptacle sub-

plane or concave, hemispherical or turbinate campanulate, glandular

or

more

or less pilose within.

Sepals 5, subvalvate or imbricate.

Petals

5, alternate,

membranous

more or

less coriaceous, imbricate.

')

Stamens

oo

shortly or oftener (Eutristania

long 5-adelphous

groups oppositipetalous; filaments free above, either erect (Nerioplujllum^), or

more or

less inflexed (Eutristania, Lophostemon'^'');

anthers short, versatile.

hoii), or
1

Germen

inferior (Lophostemon, Neriojjhyl-

more or

less superior, for the greater part free (Eutristania),

fering from jjrmff only in

Stt-an Siv.

App. 11. Endl. Geii.n. 6304.

its

anthers.
t.

B. H. Gen. 707, n. 30.

genus of very doubtful autonomy, "it differs from Calothamims in habit short stamens and anthers, from Phymatocarpus in anthers,
2

from both in iniiorescence " (B. H.), characters

here apparently of
3

Su. Exot. Bot.t. 59 {I^eptospermum). Labill. PI. N.-BoH. 147 {Ltpto84 spermitm). Reichb. Burt. Bot. 123. F. Muell. mon). Schau. PL
trosideros)
?
ii.

Spec, about 15.

Vent. Malmais.
9,
t.

46 (J/e-

i.

t.

{Calliste-

Preiss.

i.

less

importance.
i.

Spec.

5.

Schau.

PI. Preiss.

Bueff.

Enum. 50
ii.

{Metrosideros).

156. Endl. F. Muell.

iii.

Fragm.

29.
ii.

Benth.
166.

Fl. Austral,

180.

Walp.

Rep.

175. B. H. Gen. 703, n. W.Salisia Lindl. Swan Riv. App. 10. Endl. Gen. n. Pentagonaster Kl. Ott. et Dietr. Allg. 6308.
Consp.

Benth. Fl. Austral, iii. 111. Ann. ii. 619. 7 Ait. Eort. Eew, ed. 2, iv. 417. DC. Pror. Spach, Suit, Biiffoii, iv. 113. Endl. iii. 210. Gen. n. 6290. H. Bn. Pai/er Fam. Nat. 366. B. H. Gen. 708, n. 32. Hook. Fl. Ind.ii. 465.
Fragm.
ii.

27.

Walp. Rep.^.

741

^
et

jj_

i(,c_

^it.

709, sect.

3.

Tristaniopsis
ii.

Br.

Gartenz.
5

iv.

113.

near

C'allistimon,

genus scarcely to be retained, being very a section of Melaleuca, and dif-

6r. Ann. Se. Nat. sr. ' B. H. loc. cit. sect. 1. '" Schott, Wien. Zeitschr. B. H. loc. cit. sect. 3.

6,

130.

iii.

(1830) 772.

MYRTACEM.
3-locular
;

365

matose.

apex truncate or more or less dilated stiginserted on a vertical or thick squamiform or peltate {EutriMania) entire or more or less 2-lobed placenta, horistyle simple, at
cells oo

Ovules in

zontal or descending, straight recurved or reflexed.

Capsule free or
;

more

or less adnate to receptacular tube, loculicidal above

valves

septate within, co -spermous.

alato-dilated
;

Seeds cuneate or attenuate above or

cotyledons of straight exalburainous embryo plano-

convex, longer than ascending radicle.

Trees or shrubs glabrous or

more
;

with various integument

lary or terminal
bracteate. 31.

leaves alternate or subverticillate,

rarely {Neriophjllum) opposite, oftener coriaceous

flowers

'

in axil-

more

or less ramose, sometimes

corymbiform cymes,

[Aust ralla,

New

GaJedonia, Indian Archip.')

Metrosideros Banks.'

Flowers

hermaphrodite; receptacle
Sepals
5,

concave, of various form; sometimes subplane.

slightly

imbricate or valvate, more or less connate, sometimes unequally

lacerate or ealyptrately solute {Pleurocahjptus
*).

Petals 5, alternate,
;

imbricate.

Stamens

go

longer than petals, free or subfree

anthers

short, versatile.

Germen

inferior, semi-superior or superior; cells 3,

complete or incomplete.
1

Ovules

oo

sometimes few {Tepualia^). or

{Sarcynpia

^)

transverse or ascending or descending, inserted in a

vertical or capitate, clavate or 'eMdA.Q^Xantlwstemon'^), transverse or

oblique, entire or

more or
Seeds

less

2-lobed placenta.

Fruit capsular, or

more

or less adnate to receptacle loculicidal or sometimes irregularly

oo
,

dehiscent above.

oftener ascending, imbricate, linear or

;

occasionally cuneate,

more rarely semi-orbiculate

cotyledons

of

exalbuminous embryo plane, plano-convex or

radicle.

plicate, longer

than
;

Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent, glabrous or tomentose

opposite
or
alternate,

leaves

rarely

subverticillate,

penninerved

flowers' cymose; cymes axillary or terminal more or less compound,

White, orange or yellowish. Spec, about 20. Bonpl. Malmais. t. 30. Benn. Pl.Jav. Ear. 127, t. 27. MiQ. Fl. hid.ii(. i. p. i. 397. Benth. J"/. ^Ks^TO^.iii. 261. Be. et Gr. Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 5, ii. 130; iii. 228 xiii. 383 Nouv, Arch. Mus. iv. 12, t. 5 (Tristaiiinpsis).Bot. Reg. t. 1839. -Bo. Mag.
1

Journ. Bot. Need. (1861) 297. i. p. i. 399 Br. et Gu. Nom. Arch. Mus. iv. 20, t. 8 Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 5, xiii. 387. ' Gjuseb. Pfl. PhiUpp. 31; Abh. E. Wiss.

Bat.
*

Gtt. vi. B. H. Gen. 710, n. 36.

of which is Sijncarpia laurifoUa. Muell. Rook. Kew Journ. ix. 17. B. H. Gen. 711, n. 39. Benth. Hook. Icon. t. 1040. 1 Draparnaudia Montrouz. Mm. Acad. Lyon. x. 20.5 (ex B. H.) .Fremi/a Br. et Gr. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. x. 374 Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 5, ii. 131
^ ?

The typo
F.

1.

1058 (il/ete&TOff).-Walp. Rep. Ann. ii. 621. T. 744

;

ii.

160, 927

Friict. i. 170, t. 34 (part). Lamk. 421. PoiR. Bid. Suppl. iii. 679. DC. Frodr. iii. 224. Spach, Suit, Biiffon, iv. 138. Endl. Gen. n. 6303 (part). H. B. Payer Fam. Nat. 366. B. H. Gen. 710, n. 38, E. Tison, Bull. Soc. Lin. Par. 102.Nania Mia. Fl. Ltd.III. t.

Grtn.

iii.

227 Nouv. Arch. Mus. iv. 17, t. 7. 8 Oftener showy, orange, golden or generally articulate.
;

red,

366

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

less
stipitate,

more or

sometimes collected in spurious capitules

Indla'ii

(Si/iicarpia^).^

(Oceania from
Chili.*)

Archipelago

to

New

Zealand,^

South Africa,

32
cate.

Mooria Monteouz.^
Stamens
cells
co
,

Flowers
few,

nearly of Metrosideros,

5-

merous; sepals slightly imbricate.

generally
versatile.

Petals 5, scarcely longer, imbri;

subequal to petals free

inserted

anthers

Germen
oo

partly sometimes almost entirely free, 3-locular.

,

Ovules in

oftener

on placenta obliquely
Capsule more or less
;

ascending from internal angle, ascending.

adnate to receptacle, loculicidal.

Seeds sometimes attenuate or alate

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo longer than radicle, oblong.

Shrubs or small
site

trees,

more frequently much branched

;

leaves oppo-

penninerved, glabrous or tomentose

or less

flowers

"

solitary or oftener

more
33

eompoundly cymose, terminal or axillary other characters of Metrosideros J {New Caledonia.^)

?

at

apex

Arillastrum Panch.^

Flowers

nearly of Metrosideros (or

Sepals

Tristania), 4-merous; receptacle concave subcampanulate.

decussately imbricate.

Petals imbricate, finally patent, subcoriaceous,

externally ferruginous puberulous.

lous groups
introrse.
;

Stamens

oo

in 4 oppositipeta-

the exterior sterile

anthers of fertile ones oblong

Germen

inferior, internally

adnate to receptacle, 2-locular

l^lacentoe rather

prominent, 2-lobed,

oo -ovulate.

Fruit capsular, ad-

nate within to thick

woody subcampanulate
Seeds
Ann.
^

receptacle,

crowned with
1 generally

4 thick or broad cuneate teeth (sepals), opening loculicidally at apex

and

finally incompletely 2-valvate.

oo

of

which

' Ten. il/em. Soc. Ital. Mudeii. xxii. t. 1. Endl. (?/. n. 6291. B. H. Gc. 709, n. 33. Kamptzia Nees, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xi.

310 (J'rmyo). Walp. Sep. ii. 165; v. 741; ii. 619; iv. 823 {Tepualia, Nania), 824
{Si/ncarpia], 826.

Sujipl. praef. 8,
'

t. 1.

Sect. 4:

1.

Tepualia,
6.

2.

Nania,

3.

Xaiitho-

Hook.
'

Spec.

1.

C.

Gay, FL

Cliil. ii.
ii.

378 [Myrtus).

f. Fl. Aiitarct.

75.

stemon, 4. Kamptzia,
(to

Syiicarpia, 6. Sarcijnpia

Mm. Acad. Lyon.

loc. cit.

x.

204.

Ballardia

which perhaps
iii.

may
;

be added Lysicurpus F.
ii.

Montrouz.
et

204 (ex B. H.).

Cloezia Br.

MuELL. Trans. Phil.

Fl. Aastinl.
t.

Inst. Viet.

68. Benth.
;

Gr. Bull.
ii.

Hoc. Sot.
;

266

Grn. 709, n. 34

Hook.

Ic.

sr. 5,

134

Fr. x. 576 Ann. Sc. Nat. Nouv. Arch. Mm. iv. 16, t. 6.

1042, differing in exterior anthers being ste-

B. H. Gen. 709. n. 35.

rile
'

reniform.

Labill. Sert. Aiistro-caled.

t.

59, 60.

and Arn. Beech. Voy. Bot. t. 12. t. 569. Gaudich. Freyc. Voy. Bot. t. 108, 109. F. MuELi. Fragm.i. 243. 'Hixci.Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 401. A. Gray, Unit. St. Fxpl. Exp. Bot. i. t. 68-70. Hook. f. Fl. N.-Zeal. t. 15-17 Bandb. N.-Zeal. Fl. 70. Br, et Gr. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 5, ii. 137. Benth. J?/. ^Ms<ra?. iii. 265

Hook. Hook. Icon.

Moderate or small. Of which perhaps only a section, a mean between the true Mitrusidcros and Tepualia (?), distinct only by its short stamens and petals. ' Spec, about 8, polymorphous, Seem. Journ.
'
'

Bot.
'

ii.

74 {Baclcea).
et

Ex Br.
ii.

Gr. Bull.
xiii.

Soc. Bot. Fr. x.

loc. cit.
;

574.

Spermolepis Br. et Gr.

sr. 5,

Ann.

Sc. Nat.

{Syncarpia),

267,

268 {Xanthostcmon).

Bot.

136 (part)

374

Nouv. Arch. Mus.

iv. 22,

t.

9. B. H.

&V. 710, n. 37.

Mag.

t.

4516, 4471,

4488. i?c!). Mort.

(ISO)

MYRTACEM.
;

367

mature subspherical in each cell cotyledons of exalbnminous snbcoat loaded and involved splierical embryo broad reflexed replicate with remaining sterile membranous squamose ovules.' A remarkable
;

tree, yielding a

gummy
;

juice

trunk large

leaves opposite penni;

nerved punctulate

indumentum

ferruginous

flowers^ glomerate in

upper axils
34.

at

top of peduncle dilated and compressed at apex,

[Neiv Caledonia.*)

3-nate, bracteolate.^

Eucalyptus Lher.^

Flowers

oftencr 4-merous;

receptacle

very concave, campanulate or turbinate.

Calyx continuous with

margin, oftener short, truncate, entire at apex or remotely 4-dentate. Petals inserted with calyx and highly connate in herbaceous or
coriaceous hood circumscissile and deciduous at anthesis or rarely

{Eudesmia ) more or
versatile

less evidently solute.

Stamens
;

co

-seriate

filaments free, incurved or spirally twisted in

;

cells parallel,

longitudinally

bud anthers small, Germen inferior, rimose.

at vertex, 2-4-locular;

adnate within to bottom of receptacle,

style short or

flat

more

or less elongate filiform, scarcely or

not at

all

dilated at stigmatose apex.

Ovules in

cells

often horizontal,

sometimes partly
rate
CO
,

sterile.

Fruit capsular, internally adnate to indureceptacle, loculicidal at vertex.

;

and

at

mouth truncate

Seeds
of

often 2-morphous,''

angular or linear-cuneate

cotyledons

straight exalbnminous
radicle.

embryo plane
sometimes

or

complicate,

longer than
;

Aromatic
^

trees,

lofty,

often glaucous

leaves

opposite or alternate,' entire penninerved coriaceous pellucid-punctate;

flowers

axillary, in pedunculate,
;

umbelliform or capituliform cymes,

fruit either free, or more rarely sometimes rarely sol itary {Symphyomyrtus ') connate with each other bracts narrow or membranous and falling long before anthesis. (Australia, Ind. Arcliip}^)

5-00

'

Resembling an
Yellow, showy.

aril

(whencu came of genus).

globose short; but the superior often linear-

'
*

elongate and (always

^

r)

sterile.
;

A race
Spec.

very near to some Tristaiii of the

difl'ering in

Often in the same tree

the superior alternate,

the inferior oppo-

same region, and seeds.

*

the nature of

its fruit

site,

White

or pale golden, sometimes purplish,

A. guminiferiim Panch. loe. cit. Not. bois N.-Cald. 251. Spermolepii gummifera Br. et Gk. loe. cit. s Sert. Angl. 18. Lamk. III. t. 422. PoiR. Diet. Suppl. ii. 590. DC. Prodr. iii. 216. Spach, Suit, Btifoii, iv. 126. Endl. Geii. n. 0300. Payer, Organog. 459, t. 98.H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 366. B. H. Gen. 707, n. 30. E. Br. App. Fliiid. Toy. ii. 599, t. 3. DC. Prodr. iii. 216. Endl. Gen. n. 6299.
1.
; '

often rich in odorous nectar.

i"

ScHAU.

PI. Tieiss.

i.

126.
i. t.

"
1

Spec, about 150. Gjertn. Fntct.

t.

34, fig.

{Mit>osiikros),Ci.-7. Icon.
t.

340-342. Sm.

PI. N.-Holl.

13, 42,

43; Exot.

Bot.i.U.
t.

Labill.
J)C.

Voi/. t. 13,

20

PI. N.-Holl.

150-154.

The

inferior (like the ovules) ovoid or sub-

Mm. Myrtac.i.i-l\.'Bo:>iVL.Malm.t.\Z. Sweet, Fl. Austral, t. 24 {Eudesmia). L\ti^ et Otto, Abliild. t. 45. Coll. Hort. Pip. App. 4, t. 1. Miq. Fl. Lid. -Pat. i. p. i. 398. Hook. Icon. t. 405, 611, 619, 849, 879. F. Muell.

368

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

35.

Angophora

Cav.^

Flowers

nearly of EucalypUis

calyx
;

gamophyllous, 5-costate, membranous at margin, remotely 5-dentate

teetli

rather promineat.

Petals 5, distinct, conuivent in a globe,

highly imbricate, deciduous at base.

0 Eucalyptus
affixed
; ;

Stamens gynsecium and capsule

seeds

in cells 1, ovate plano-corapressed, peltately

cotyledons of straight exalburainous embryo orbicular-coror at

margin alternately replicate; radicle very short straight. Trees or shrubs; leaves, generally opposite, coriaceous, and other characters of Eucalyptus ^ flowers in terminal compoundramose corymbiform cymes. (East. Australia.*)
date, plane

36.

Backhousia Hook. & Harv.'^ Flowers

Sepals 4, often subpetaloid, persistent.
;

oftener

4-merous
co

receptacle deeply cupular or obconical, adnate at base to

germen
;

within.

Stamens

fila-

ments

free, slender, co -seriate

;

anthers versatile.

Germen

free to a

variable extent, 2-locular

style slender simple, scarcely dilated at

,

stigmatose apex

ovules co
or

inserted on longitudinal or subapical

placenta, transverse

descending,

nearly straight

or

recurved.

Fruit capsular, more or less free, girt with persistent perianth, 2coccous,
straight
shorter.

indhiscent (?)

seeds cuneate or obovate

cotyledons of
;

embryo

straight or (wbere
;

known) conduplicate
;

radicle

Small trees or shrubs

leaves opposite

flowers^ in axillary

compound umbelliform
(East. Australia.'^)
37.

or capituliform

cymes

bracts very caducous.

Osbornia F.Muell.^
Sepals
iii.

Flowers generally S-merous, apetalous;

germen adnate
co
,

receptacle concave turbinate, not produced beyond

within.

8, sub-2-seriate, persistent.
81
;

Stamens

few-seriate

Jonrn. Linn. Soc.

17
;

PI. Vict. Suppl.

57, 130, 152
;

t.

16,

(B. H.).
*

Fragm.
;

ii.

32, 171
;

iii.
;

iT. 51,

Spec.

4.

G.trtn.

159

V. 14,

45

vi.

26

vii.

41

viii.

142, 184.

[Mctrosideros).

Peks. Enchir.

Frmt.

i.

171,
ii.

t.

34,

%.

25 {MHioside;

Benth. Fl. Austral, iii. l?,b.Bot. Reg. t. 947. Bot. Mag. t. 2087, 3260, 4036, 4266, 4333,4637, 6131. Walp. Rep. ii. 163, 924; t. 743; Ann. ii. 619 Th. Iknusch, Fin Beob. an iv. 824.
;

ros). Sm. Trans. Linn. Soc.

t.

iii. 267 Exot. Bot. 42 (Metrosideros).~A.^Ty^. Bot. Repos, t. 281 Vest. Malmais. t. 5 (.Metroside[Metrosideros).

ros).

Lodd.

Bot. Cab.

t.

106 (Metrosideros).

Eucalyptus Globulua, Zeitschr.f. d. ges. Katurand on the uses of this wiss. i. xlvii. (1876)
;

Chemical Products of the Fucalyptus, J. of AU. Sci. d. Simmonds, Tii. 148 (Oct. 1876). 1 Icon. iv. 21, t. 338, 339. DO. Frodr. iii.
epecies:

Link. En. ILort. Berol. ii. 31 (Eiiealgptus).F. Muell. Fragm. i. 31 iv. 170. Benth. Fl. AusBot. Mag. t. 1960 [Metrosideros). tral. iii. 163.

Walp.
'

222. Spach, Suit, Buffon, iv. 134. Endl. Gen. n. 6301.B. H. Gen. 707, n. 29. ^ Where known. ' From which genus it dififers only by its solute petals

Rep. ii. 164, 920 Ann. ir. 825. Mag. i. iUS.B.n. Gen.71l, n.iO. ' White or pale greenish. ' Spec. 4. V. Muell. Fragm. i. 78 ii. 26. 171 Benth. Fl. Austral, iii. 269. ' Fragm. Phyt. Austral, iii. 30. B. H. Gen.
;

Bot.

and form of seeds

(? if

constant)

711, n. 41.

MYRTACEM.
anthers small, versatile, 2-rimose.
incomplete
cells oo
;

369

Germen

inferior, 2-locular, style

simple, at stigmatose apex rather obtuse.

,

Ovules in subeomplete or
cotyledons of straight

2-senate.

Fruit dry (?) indhiscent, crowned

;

with calyx
leaves

seeds 1, 2, obovoid

coats thin

embryo jilano-convex and longer than

opposite

radicle.

A glabrous
^
;

shrub

'

obovate-oblong penninerved coriaceous

flowers
;

axillary or terminal, solitary or glomerate, 3-nate, hoary tomentose

bracteoles caducous.^

{Trop. Atcstralia.*)

III.

CHAMJ^LAUCIE^'E.
Desf.

38.

Chamselaucium
;

Flowers hermaphrodite or sometimes

Petals 5, alternate, longer,

jjolygamnus

receptacle concave, obconical or campanulate, sometimes

5-10-costate.

Sepals 5, marginally inserted, short, imbricate, finally

patent, sometimes ciliate or subpetaloid.

orbicular, concave, imbricate.

Stamens 10, inserted 2-seriately with

perianth and alternating with as

;

many

elongate incurved glandular

squamules (" staminodes ") filaments short thick iucnrved, free or very shortly connate at base anthers short or subglobose extrorse
;
;

cells

adnate to thick connective, dehiscing by a short longitudinal

fissure.

Germen

inferior,

adnate

to receptacle within,

1-locular;

style erect, oftener shorter than the perianth, often stigmatose

and

variously dilated under apex, barbate with rigid glandular simple

hairs.

Ovules in

cell

6-10, sometimes 2-seriate, inserted on sub;

basilar or oblique eccentric placenta, ascending, anatropous

micro-

pyle extrorsely inferior.

indhiscent
;

Fruit crowned with persistent calyx, dry,

;

seeds ascendiDg 1, 2
;

embryo

Ericoid
;

pellucid-

punctate odorous shrubs

entire
;

leaves opposite or rarely alternate, linear

flowers axillary to leaves or to bracts inserted at top of twigs,

sessile or shortly stipitate, solitary or

few cymose

inflorescence ter-

minal sometimes capituliform

bracts widely scaiious enclosing the

bud and
p.

falling before or at anthesis.

{South-west. Australia).

See

321.
39.
'

Darwinia

Riidge.^

Flowers
'

nearly of Chamlaueium, 5Traws.

Except flowers. Nearly of iJ/nmtora. 3 Gen. connecting the Myrtace with the Rhizophorace an Combretace^B.
2 *

Don,
84.

Xm. Soc. xi. 299,t. 22(notDENNST.). New Phil. Journ. (Apr. 1829), Schau. Myyt. Xeroc. t. 2D. Endl. Gm.
Ediiib.

Spec.

1.

0. octodonta Y.
;

Muell.
iii.

Bentii.

n. 6282.

B. H.

Gen. 697, n.
:

2.

H.

Bx. Adan-

sonia, xi. 3 (incl.

Genetyllis

DC.

Schnermaniiia

Soolc. Ic. n. 1041

Fl.ustrnl.

271.

F.

MuELL.

VOL. VI.

24

370

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

merous

sepals 5, broad petaloid {Sclmermanvia}), entire or ciliato,

sometimes minute sqiiamiform {Genetyllis^) or snbnil.

2-seriate,
^

Stamens 10,
'
;

alternating with an equal

number

of glands

anthers

snbglobose, dehiscing subdorsally

by

pores or very short fissures.

Germen

inferior, 1-locular

style generally elongate subulate,

under

apex imbarbate or oftener barbate. Ovules in cells 2, or rarely 4, occasionally ^ inserted on parietal placenta, ascending, anatropous micropyle extrorsely inferior. Fruit crowned with perianth, indhiscent. Seed 1 embryo fleshy (undivided ? "). Odorous shrubs
;
;

leaves alternate or rarely opposite, entire or eiliate, pellucid-punctate,

articulate
;

flowers in axils of upper leaves solitary or terminal capi-

tate (Genet'ijUis

^ and there often involucrate with

(Australia.'^)

leaf-like (coloured)

bracts

bracteoles lateral.

40

Actinodium
;

Schatj."

Flowers

'"

of Darivinia,
0.

4-merous

receptacle 4-gonal

glands between stamens

;

An

cricoid shrub

leaves alternate linear

capitules terminal, involucrate with

;

mem-

branous coloured bracts

Varunnia.^^

bracteoles scarious.

Other characters of

{Trop. Ausfralia.^^)

41

Homoranthus
;

A. Cunn.^''

Flowers nearly of JJarwinia, 5;

merous

receptacle tubular, 5-costate

sepals long subulate

and petals
?

long superior.

Stamens, alternate glandules and germen of Danvinia;

Fruit
. .

ovules 4-8, inserted on short basilar eccentric placenta.

An cricoid

shrub; leaves opposito,linear-3-quetrous; flowers at summit

;

of twigs 2-4, solitary in axils of bracts

bracteoles broadly scarious

(East. Australia.^^)
{Geiietijllis)
;

enclosing buds and falling before anthesis.^**

1

F.

MuELL.

Liiintea,
iii.

xxv. 386.
Diet.
Class, xi.

iv. 58,

174
iii.

viii.
t.

-DC. rrodr. Man. Myrtue.

Geii.n. 6285.

209;

400;
Enhi..

Austral,

6. But. Mag.
;

182. Benth. Fl. 48.58, 4860,5468

t.

2. Endi,.

Gen. n.
t.

6284. iff-

[Genet iims).yfK\-V. Rep.

daroniu TjiNDL. Sw, Miv. App. 7,

2 B.

Ann.
'

Polyzoiw Exdl.^Iwk. Ifien.Mus.'n.

;

ii. 153, 920; v. 727; 615 [Genctyllis) v. 821 [Sehucrmanuia). Linnaa, x. 311 ; Myrt. Xeroc. 24, t. IB. B.
ii.

490

^\

St.

Mm. Tvichb. Dec. 80

Oeii. n.

6283.

H. Ge. 696,
'"

ii. 1.

ryploitemoii F.

Aid.
'
*

iv.

114.

J'/aHi'i'.s/ff

MuELL. ex MiQ. Ned. Kruidk. Endl. Gen. n. 6286.

The exterior sterile. " Of whieh it is rather

'-Spec.
1.
;

a section

The

adult appear to be 1-seriate.

Staminoiles according to some author.s.

Oppositipctalous.

A. Cniininyliamu Schai'. L'uidl. Inlrod. ed. 2, 440 Fl. Pi-eiss. i. 96. Benth. Fl. Austral, iii, 5. A.jiroliferum TuKcz. Bull. Mo.sc.
(1849)
ii.

small
'

Macropod very thick but the plumule incumbent (?).

; ; :

radicles very

17.

Tiiphelia bruniuidcs
48.

Iv.

Bk.

Endl.
2.

Hiieg.

Enum.

Sect. 2 (B. H.)

1.

Genetyllis,

Schner-

'^

Ex
t.

SciiAU. Linncea, x. 310; 3Ii/rt. Xeroc.

mamiia.
8

39,
Tviu:-/,.

Spec. 22, 23.

ii.

Bull. Mosc. (1847)

(1849),

18 {Genctyllis).

47 {Genctyllis).
{Geictijllis).
tyllis).

Meissn. Journ. Linn. Soe.

Soc.
i.

Endl. Hueff. Enum.

i.

i.

155;

13. Enul. Gen. n. 6281. B. II. Gen. 697, n. Z.Emsnnthes A. CtiNS. (ex Endl.). '^ A genus differing from Daru-inia (of which
rather a section
Spec.
1.
!')

36

it is
'*

only in sepals.
A. Cunn.

F.

Kipr. Journ. Linn.

MuELL. Fragm.
ii.

49 {Gene;

H.
16.

t'iri/ntus

Bentii. Fl.

169 {Ginctyllis)

Anstrul.

iii.

MYRTJCE.E.
42.

371

Verticordia

DC Flowers nearly of Chamcelauciiim,

reco])-

tacle externally 5-10-costate.

Sepals- 5, patent, deeply divided into

bristly

plumose or pectinate-ciliate lobes (sometimes in addition 5

5, entire,
;

exterior alternate, herbaceous or deeply ciliate scarious and retiexod).

Petals

or fimbriate.

glandules
locular
;

anthers short, poricid or shortly rimose.

Stamens 10, alternating with as many Germ en 1micropyle

(?).

ovules 1,2 or more rarely 3-10, inserted on basilar or eccenascending, anatropons or pcritropous
;

tric placenta, erect or

extrorscly inferior.
1
;

Fruit crowned with calyx, indhiscent

Seed

embryo

fleshy (undivided?^).

Shrubs;
of

leaves opposite or very

;

rarely alternate, often cricoid,

etc.,

Chamcdaucium

flowers in
;

upper axils solitary or in spikes, racemes or terminal corymbs

teoles 2, subscarious, imbricate

brac-

and enclosing the bud, falling long

before anthesis.
43.

Other characters of Chamlaucium.^ (Aastrala.^)

Pileanthus Labill.'

Flowers
;

nearly

of

Ghanuvlaucium,

sepals 10, pctaloid, subequal, entire, patent.

Stamens 20 and upwards,

;

one interior to each sepal

the rest 4-co interior to each petal

fila-

ments dilated

or 2-furcate at

apex

anther-cells longitudinally rimose,

contiguous or very remote in furcate filaments.

Gerraen,

etc.,

of

Chavurlaucivvi] ovules 6-10, inserted on eccentric basilar placenta,

2-seriate.

Ericoid shrubs
;

leaves oftener opposite linear, o-quctrous

;

or terete

flowers terminal corymbose

upper leaves 1-florous

brac-

teoles broad scarious enclosing bud, falling early circurascissus

above

the base.

{South-west. Australia.^)
receptacle lageniform

44? Lhotzkya Schau.' Flowers 5-merous;

'

Diet.

Class, xi.

209. Space,

Suit,

400; xvi. 565; Frodr. iii. Biiffoii, iv. 110. Esdl.

Hot.
jJ/osc.

ii.

t.

13 {Chrysorrhoe)
ii. i.

(1849)

14. TiRCz. Bull. 19. F.Muell.T/toi.v. ric/./^s^

,

Geii.-a. &'i~i9.'R.'s. Payer Fam. Nat. 368. B. H. Gen. L97, n. 4. Ckrysnrrhoe Lixdl. Comp. to Bot. Mag. ii. 357 Sw. liiv. App. t. 1 Hook. Juurn. Bot. ii. t. n.DipUwhiie R. Bu. msa. SrHAU.
; ;

122; Fragm.

164,226;

iv.

58; v. 14;

viii.

182.

^Benth. Fl. Aitstral.m. 16. Bot. Mag. t. 5286. Walp. Rep. ii. 154 v. 730 Aim. ii. 616. 7 PL N.-HoU. ii. 11, t. 149. DC. Piodr. iii.
;

'

Generally coloured. K.adicle very macropod

(?),

gemmule

(r)

very

209. Spach, Suit, Buffon, iv. HI. Endl. Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 196 Gen. n. 6278. Schau. Myrt. Xeroc. 77, t. 5, fig. A. B. B. H. Gen.
;

small incutnbent

imdivided or 2-lobed. ratals white pink or sometimes yellow.

Sect, (ex

698, n. 5.
s

Spec.
v.

3. J.
t.

Ann. Mus. xix. 432.

iH.5(>c.i. 45.

Schau. M^rt. Xeroc. t. 4 B) in 2 gen.: .Calymmatanthus; appendages of calyx comose 2. Etwerticordia appendages 0. ^ Spec, about 39. Desf. Mm. Mus. v. t. 4, 19
5
; ;

3Ius.

3. F. Muell. Fragm.

Desf. 3Ii!ni. 225. i.

Meissn.
tral.
s
iii.

/<!!(?.

Benth. J/.^ls;

34.

Walp.
x.
t.

Rep.

ii.

157

v. 731.
2,

{Chameelauciuni).

Lindl.

Unncca,

309
1

loc.
i.

cit.

t.

A.

Myrt. Xeroc.
Oin. 609, n.

Endl.

Lindl. Introd. ed.

ffe. n.

493

6276.

B. H.

ScHAi-. Lehm. Fl. Ficiss.

99. Hook. Journ.

8.

242

S72

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

and there enclosing gerraen adnate within, higher produced to a long tubular neck and at apex dilated to a cupule bearing at the margin the perianth and the stamens. Sepals 5, obtuse or retiise, not ari state. Petals 5. Stamens co co -seriate. Germen
,

dilated below

inferior, 1-locular

ovules 2, ascending, inserted on placenta extendcell.

ing from base to apex of

indhiscent

Fruit dry, crowned with calyx,

minute.
etc.,

Ericoid
;

seed

cotyledons of straight exalbuminous embryo

;

shrubs

alternate and sometimes opposite leaves,

of Gahjthrix.^

[Australia^')

45.

Calythrix Labile.^

long lageniform
larly dilated

Flowers [nQOxlj o Llwtzhja); receptacle neck sometimes very narrow tubular, above cupu-

and bearing perianth inserted on margin. Sepals* 5, patent, scarious at margin and muoronate or oftener far produced to a setiform arista. Petals 6, entire, deciduous. Stamens oo (often 25-30), CO -seriate the interior shorter filaments inserted with perianth, unequal f anthers short introrse, versatile. Germen inferior,
;
;

adnate within to receptacle, 1-locular

placenta springing from disits

sepiform bottom of germen and extending to

subbasilar, collaterally erect anatrojjous
ferior.
;

apex.

Ovules
'^

2,

micropyle introrsely

in-

Fruit often crowned with calyx and receptacle, dry, ind-

hiscent.
short.

Seed

1, erect;

cotyledons of thick straight embryo very

;

Ericoid shrubs

or undershrubs

leaves alternate, semiterete

or 3-4-quetrous, articulate at base and there sometimes furnished

with 2 minute linear caducous stipules ; iiowers' axillary or capitately corymbose at summit of twigs iioral leaves often changed to
;

bracts;

bracteoles

2,

lateral,

persistent,

subfoliaceous

or

often

scarious, imbricate.^
'

{Australia?")
only in
its

From
as

whicli genus

it differs

ob-

' "
'

The

5 sm.-iller oftener alternipetaloua.

tuse or retuso sepals and in nearly the

same

Septum sometimes incomplete,

Opposite insertion of septum.

manner
2

Homorantho Dnrwinia. Arn. Mook. Jourii. Bot. ii. t. 15. LiNDL. Sto. Hiv. App. 7 Mitch. Thr. Expcd. ii. 178 (fferfi/is). TuEcz. Bull. Mosc. (1862) ii. 324. ScHAD. /;. Preiss. i. 103. F. Muell.
Spec.
8.
;

Trans. Phil. Sue. Vict.

i.

16

Frdffm.

i.

13,

224.
ii.

Benth.
V. 732.
3

Fl. Austral,

iii.

53. Walp. Hep.

t.

157

PI. N.-Holl.
ii.

ii.

8,

146 {Cahjtrix).V>C.

Mm. Myrt. 1. 1. Spach, Suit, 107. Schau. Myrt. Xerac. (ex Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix.) 288, t. 6 B. B. H. Gen. 699, n. 1 .Calycothrix Meissn. Gen. 107. Endl. Oen. n. 6275. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 3G7.
Prodr.

208

Buffon, iv.

White, pink, or yellow. differing from Lhotzlcya only in the form of the sepals. ' Spec, about 34. Lindl. Su; Hiv. App. 5, t. 3 B. A. Rich. Toy. Astro!. Bot. t. 16. Field et Gardn. Sert. PI. t. 38. Schau. PL Preiss. i. 104. Meissn. Jonrii. Linn. Soc. i. 46. TvRCZ. Bull. Mosc. (1847) i. 164; (1840) ii. 20. A. Cunn. Bot. Mag. t. 3323. F. Muell. Trans. Inst. Vict. iii. 42 Fragm. i. 12, 146, 222 iv. 36, 177 viii. 182. Bf.nth. Fl. Austral, iii. 39. vii. 40
^
'

A genus

Bot. Reg. t. 409. Walp. Rep. An, ii. 016.

ii.

157

v.

733

Petaloid.

MYRTACEM.
46.

373

Thryptomene

Endl.'
Petals

Flowers 5-inerous
Sepals
;

receptacle short,
5,

cylindrical, turbinate or hemispherical.

entire,

patent,

persistent (petaloid).

5,

connivent, persistent.

Stamens 5-10,
cells distinct, at

alternipetalous

filaments short iuflexed

anthers introrse, some;

times crowned with globular apiculate connective

apex poricid or shortly rimose.

receptacle
;

Germen

inferior,

adnate within to

ovules in

cell 2, ascending (of Calijthrix) or

more rarely
Fruit

4-10, inserted on a more or less elongate dissepimentiform parietal

placenta
;

style slender simple, at

apex capitate stigmatose.

dry, 1-2-spermous, indhiscent or spuriously 2-coccous.

Seeds glo;

bose or hemispherical

radicle of exalbuminous embryo very thick

cotyledons minute inflexed to apex of slender neck.

Ericoid glabrous
;

shrubs

'
;

leaves opposite entire, small or minute, thick pellucid;

punctate

flowers axillary,

solitary or
;

more rarely few cymose

pedicels articulate under flower

bracteoles 2 lateral, partly scarous,

deciduous.

(AustraUa.'^)
F. Muell.^

47
tile.

Homalocalyx
Germen

Flowers nearly
oo

of Thnjjjtomene

6-merous; perianth caducous.

inferior;

Stamens

(8-20); anthers versa(or Lhotzhija).

ovules 2, inserted on eccentric subbasilar

placenta.

Ericoid
closely
persistent.

Fruit ...?
glabrous
entii'e

Other charactQYS'o Thri/jjtomene^

shrubs
;

leaves
;

alternate

or

rarely

opposite,
;

packed

(small)

flowers axillary solitary subsessile

bracteoles 2 lateral, broad marginally or entirely scarious, generally

{Warm

Australia.'')

48

Micromyrtus Benth.^
persistent.

Flowers
;

nearly of

Thryptomene
10

sepals 5, persistent (sometimes 0).

Petals 5, small, patent, deciduous,

5, oppositipetalous, or
;

more rarely
apex of
teral.
'

Stamens

anthers

small, 2-rimose.

Germen

1-locular

ovules 2-4, descending from

cell, colla;

filiform placenta

extending from bottom to top of

Fruit, seed, embryo, etc., of Turyjptomene.^

JFieii.

Ericoid shrubs
vs..

Ann.

Mus.
;

ii.

192

Nov. Stirp. Mus.

Mijrt.

i.

156; (1862)
63,

Vindob. Bee. 72

Gen. n.

6277. Schau.

iv.
iv.
'

ii. 324. F. Muell. Fragm. i. U 169. Walp. Rti>. v. 732, Ann. i. 306

Xeroc. t. 6A. B. H. Gen. 700, n. W.Paryphantha Schav. Liima, xvii. 235. Astriea Schau. loe. cit. 238 (not 'K.L.)Eremopyxis H.

822.

Rooh.

Kew

Journ.

309. B. H. Gen.

699,

n. 9.
" Of which perhaps only a section and to which it has been more recently referred (F. Mi'ELL. Fragm. ir. 63, 77). ? Spec. 2. Benth. Fl. Austral, iii. 56.

Bf.
'

Adansonia,
1

ii.

328.

or 2 stamens before each sepal.

Habit oi Bieckea or Leptospermum. Spec 17. Schau. Pl.Preiss. i.l02. A. Cunn. Bot. Maq. t. 3160 {Bcl:ea). DC. Mm. Myrt. t.
'

li[B<eckca).
t.

HooK.
i.

Gen. 700, n. 11.

f.

Hook. luwjourn.v. 299,

Bull. Mosc. (1847)

Of which perhaps

a section

(?).

8; Fl. Tasm.

128. TuRCZ.

374

XATUBAL HISTORY OF PLAXTS.

;

leaves opposite entire (small)

flowers

'

axillary solitary

peduncles

short or A^ery short, 2-bracteolate.

[.hcstralia.'')

IV.
49.

BAERIKGTONIA.

Barringtonia* Forst.
;

Flowers

hermaphrodite, 4- or rarely

5-merous
at all

receptacle concave obconical or sacciform, scarcely or nut

produced beyond the germen adnata within.

^)

Calyx valvate,

finally 2-4-fid (i?;(.io?wc(i

or imbricate

3-4-lobed [SfraoacUum^).

Petals 4, 5, epigynously inserted and alternating with sepals, imbricate.

Stamens oo falling with them

at base connate

with petals in a short ring and

;

filaments otherwise free, exserted

anthers small,

Disk epigyuous surversatile or rounding with a short ring the top of the germen and base of style.
rarely subbasifixed,

2-rimoso.

Germen

inferior, 2-4-locular

style simple, often subulate, scarcely

or not at all dilated at stigmatose apex.

Ovules in

colls

2-co
;

trans-

verse or descending, 2-seriate, or the inferior descending

introrsely superior.

micropyle

Fruit fleshy or oftener fibrous, often 4 -angular,

calyx,
;

crowned
abortion

witli
1,

persistent

testa

vided

corticate.

Seed generally by oftener thick embryo exalbuminous fleshy undiTrees or shrubs leaves alternate, often crowded at
indhiscent.
;

top of twigs, entire, crenate or serrate, penninervcd impiinctatc

flowers in racemes or spikes, sometimes broken or very elongate

bracts small caducous

bracteoles 2, very small or 0.

(Troj}- regions

of old world.) See

IX

326.

50? Planchonia
sepals 4, imbricate.

Bl.*^

Flowers nearly of Barr'mgfonia, 4-merous;

co
;

Stamens

anthers small, versatile

;

the interior

longer anantherous.
corticate,

Germen

3-4-locular

cells co -ovulate.
;

Berry

crowned with calyx. Seeds few; funicle elongate cotyledons of involute circinate embryo foliaceous plicate radicle very long

clavate spirally convolute.

Trees; leaves
54,
-i

alternate crenate impunctate

and other characters oi Bayringtonia;'' flowers terminal,^ shortly racemose bracts and bracteoles not caducous, oblong." {Indian Ar chip }^)
;
'

Minute, or small, pink.

Spec.

timorensis

Bl.

orylon).
via).

PoiR. Diet. Suppl. v. 247 (Stcrcii>i. Tians. Liim. Snc. iii. 259 [Imbriea6, 7.

lU).

Chydcimiithus Miers. {loc. cit. genus proposed for Jl. cxcclsa Bl.
54, 59,
t.

Blv.n.tiprctiff.Sijst. Cur. post.

HQ{lhvckia).
;

'

Miers MitRS
V.

(loc. cit.

13, 14).
t.

{loc.

cit.

54,

80,

17); 54, 107,

t.

F. MuELL.
'

Fragm. i. 30 {Bckca) iv. G3 Benth. FI. Austral, iii. 63. {l'/iri/ptomeiie) * Miers, Oh Barrhiytoniace' [Trans. Limi.
.

18.
'

Uoutte FI. des Serres,

vii. 24.

B. H. Ocii.
90,
t.

721, n. 63.

Mieks

[loc.

cit.

64,

18).

Soc. ser. 2,

54, 55,

t.

11, 12).

Barriiigtouia (loc. cit.) [1875] 47 Agasta Mieus (lue. cit. 54, 59, t. 10). A genus proposed for .S. spleiidi(la,Soi.
;

Hook. Ft. hid. ii. 511. " Of which ruther a section (f). " " Golden greenish or white."
'

LAND, macrophylla MiQ. spcciosa

Megadcndron
A

Wight & Arn.

t.

Rutiler perhaps a section of the preceding ?

Miers

(loc. cit.

54, 109,

15, 16).

Spec.
i.

2,
i.

3 (or var. of

one

f).

Mm.
852.

FI. Tnd.-

genus inoposej-for B. macrocarpa Hassk. aud

lit.

p.

498.

Walp. Aiin.

iv.

MYRTACE.E.
51
?

375

Careya Roxb.i
x>
; ;

Flowers
,

nearly of Barringtonia, 5-merous.

Stamens

the exterior longest and the innermost short sterile

the

anuiitlierous

iutcrmcdiate
;

fertile

anthers

small,

versatile.

Germen
pulp.

4-5-locular

ovules oo

3-seriate, etc.,
;

of Barringfonia.'^
,

Berry globose

corticate,

crowned with calyx

seeds oo

p]rabryo undivided (of Barruigtonia).

;

Lofty
toj?

nestling in

trees or

some-

times subshrubby
tate
;

leaves alternate collected at

of twigs impunc-

flowers^ interruptedly spicate or racemose lateral.

{East India,
4-

trop. Australia^)

52.

Petersia Welav.^
receptacle

" Flowers

nearly

of Barringtonia,

raerous;

ovoid-turbinate, externally herbaceous-4-alate.

Sepals 4, alternating with wings, imbricate.

Stamens

all

fertile

anthers sub- 2-dymous; cells divaricate.

CO -ovulate.

Germen

inferior; cells 2,

Fruit fibrous oblong," furnished externally with 4 longi-

tudinal
.
.

membranous semiorbicular veined wings; seeds 1-4; embryo large tree leaves alternate, penninerved membranous
;

pellucid-punctate

flowers

in short dense racemes solitary in

upper

axils or gathered in a terminal

corymb

bracts and bracteoles few

caducous."
53.

'^

[Trop. west. Africa.^}

Ftidia Commers.'"

Flowers
;

hermaphrodite apetalous, 3-4-

merous, very rarely 6-mcrous

receptacle turbinate, enclosing adnate

germen.
or

Sepals 3-5 marginally inserted, thick coriaceous, valvate

persistent.

reduplicate-valvate,
co -seriate
;
;

Stamens

oo

epigynous very

crowded,

filaments free, unequal ;" anthers ovate or ob-

long, versatile

cells parallel, longitudinally

rimose.

Germen inferior,

2-5-locular

cells

equal in

number

to sepals

and alternating with

cells co

them
PI.

style central erect slender, at

apex stigmatose shortly 3-5Ovules in

,

branched; branches open-recurved.

'

inserted on
iii.

Coniiumd.m.

13,

t.

217, 218

Fl.Iiid.u.

638. DC. Prodi: iii. 295 (part) . Endi,. Gen. n. 6326. Bl. V. HiMtt. Fl. Serres, vii. 2. B. H. Gen. 721, n. 62. CambeaUK^. Mtjs. iii. 187 (ex ExDL.). MiEKS (foe. cj<. t. 16, 17). Hook. Fl. Ind, ii. 510. Boxoiiin Mieus {loc. cit. 54, 99, t.

<oi). Bexth. Fl. Austral, Mep. ii. 192.

^

289.

AValp.

Ex B. H. Gen. 721, n. 61 a (not Kl.). "Or with wings broadly obcordate (2i

in.

long, 2 in. broad)."

genus proposed for Careya pendula Grtff. Stravadium cochiiichiiieiise Bl. Barringtonia cylindrostadiya Guife. B. rosea. Wall. B. snrcostachgs \7a.\.^. B. sumatrana Mia. B. neocnledonica Vieill. Vriesii Teysm. etc. - Of which rather a section. ^ Large or small, often showy, white; sta15).

Rather small. " A genus allied to Barringtonia, diifering in punctate leaves, wings of calyx, and fruit and anthers." (B. H.) "Spec. 1. P. afrieana Welw. L.iws. OUv.
'

'

Fl- Trop. Afr.

'"

ii.

439.

Ex

J. Gen. 325.
i';-;^)-. iii.

419.

mens a
*
t.

beautiful red.
2, 3.

n.

DC.

II.

Bn. Payer Fain.

Lamk. Diet. n. 457 III. t. Endl. C?f. n. 6328. Nat. 369. B. H. Geii, 724,
;

295.

Spec.

147, 157.

Wight, III. ii. t. 99, 100 Wight aud Akn. Prodr. i.

Icon.

334.

73. Bakek, Ft. Maurit. 120. " The larger the nearer they are

to the

middle

Thw. Fnnm.
i.

PI. Zeyl. 119.

I".

p.

i.

494.

Jlia.
v.

Fl. Ind.-llat.

of the sepals, often inflexed in the bud.

Muell. Fragm.

183 (Barring-

376

NATURAL HISTORY OB PLANTS.

a transverse or oblique capitate parietal placenta, anatropous, sessile

or stipitate.'

Fruit turbinate coriaceous, enlarged at flattened vertex,

;

1-4-locular

seeds oo

'

embryo ...

Glabrous
*

trees

leaves

alternate, collected at top of twigs, petiolate, entire, coriaceous penni-

nerved, at vernation convolute

flowers
isles,

axillary solitary or few

cymose pedunculate.^
54
?

(Mascarene
L.

Malacca.^)

Sonneratia

fJ

Flowers

hermaphrodite,

4-8-merous;

recejtacle subcarapanulate, enclosing adnate

germen and produced 4-8 thick valvate 3-angular sepals. Petals higher bearing at margin 0, or 4-8, small, linear or long filiform, sometimes spathulate. Stamens
00
,

filaments slender, oo -seriate, incurved in bud, finally reflexed

hippocrepiforra,
versatile,

anthers reniform or

2-rimose.
;

Germen

adnate at depressed apex or more or less

free, oo -locular

style slender

simple, plicate in bud, at apex stigmatose obtuse or minutely capitate.

Ovules in

cells

oo

inserted on internal placenta, recurved, often

ascending, imbricate.

Fruit baccate, coriaceous, increased by persis(?)

;

tent calyx, 00 -locular, indhiscent

cells

oo

-spermous.
;

Seeds

more
hard
;

or less nestling in interior pulp, long curved

testa thick

very
;

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo

foliaceous

convolute

radicle terete elongate.

Glabrous
all

trees

and shrubs f leaves opposite

;
;

petiolate exstipulate, oblong or subelliptical, entire coriaceous thick

nerves scarcely or not at

or terminal S-nate.'"

conspicuous

flowers

axillary solitary

(All trop, shores of old ivorld}^)

55
'

Grias 'LP

" Flowers 4-5-merous

it
'

receptacle turbinate not

is

'
3
* " '
i.

Chalaza facing inwards. " Arillate."

that stipules are wanting, and that least of all

Legnotidea).

Tombea Bk.
,

et

Gk.

loc. cit.

With a bitter tenacious bark. White oftener rather large.

An

anomalous genus of Lythrarim (B. H.)

Boi. Sort.
Suppl.'i'i.

Mam:
J.

UI.Bl.Miis. Li/jd -But.

ii.

143.
1

Walp. Ann.

193.

Ge.326. LAMK.i;/c<. i. 429; 7. t. 420. BucHAN. &/(. ^I'ffjiii. 313, t. 2.5. DC. Prodr. iii. 231. Endl. Gen. n. 6342. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 3G5. B. H. Gen. 784, n.
26.
'.^-EB.,
i.

Habit of some Rhizophor. Large, white or pink. ' A genus of Lythruru. (B. H.) " Spec. 3, 4. Sonnek. Voy. 16, t. 10, 11 {Papayate). Ri'.mph. Herb. Amboin. iii. t. 73, 74 (i/a(;iMm). Rheed. Smt. Mai. iii. 43, t. 40 (i?ai), Wight and Abn. Prodi: i. 327.
'

Wight,
485
;

le. t.

340. Mia.
iii.

PI. Ind..Bat.

i.
i.

p.

i.

Fl. Matirit. 102.

t.

Attbletia(ijE,B.TX.

Benth.
'-

Suppl. 316. Bl. Mus. Luyd.-Bui.

Fl. Austral,
iv.

336.
ii.

301.

Walp.

Rep.

Fruct.

379,

78 (not Jacq. nor Lour, nor

170; A.m.

691,830.

KiCH.nor ScHREB.). Chiratia MoNTKOUz.il/e'm. Acad. Lyon. x. 202. Ba. et Gr. Ball. Soc. Bot. Fr. xi. 69; Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 5, i. 362; ri. 266. -H. Bn. Adanson>a,Tii. 255 (where before the

Gen. n. 659.
Obs.

J. Gen. 257.

45. Sw.
Prodr.
iii.

215. Sm. Sees 296. Endl. Gen.

36
c.

Lamk. Pict. iii. 15. DC. n. 6335. B. H.

Cyclop.
Soc. .\xx.

Gen. 722, n. 65.

171, -98,
t.

Miers, Trans. Linn.

authorities previously cited,

it

ia

shown that

Chiratia differs in no respect from Sonneratia,

MYRTACEjE
jDroduced beyond germen adnate to cavity within.

377

Calyx inserted on
2-4oo
;

margin cyathiform,
lobcd.

at first subentire, fl.nally divided, irregiilarly

Petals 4, or

more rarely
;

5,

patent.

Stamens

inserted on

thick subcupular disk

filaments unequal, oo -seriate

;

the interior
;

smaller

all

thick connivent in a globe involute

anthers small

cells

distinct rimose.

Germen

inferior, 4-locular; style short, at

rayed-4-lobed

ovules in cells 2-4, descending.

1,

apex crossFruit fleshy, crowned

;

with calyx

seed oftener
;

descending

testa thick

embryo

Lofty trees

leaves alternate, collected at top of twigs, entire or

]

sinuate penninerved epunctate

shortly pedicellate.' "
56.

flowers

cymose on trunk or branches,

{Trop. America.')
;

Gustavia

L.^

Flowers 4-6-merous
Stamens

receptacle turbinate or

subhemispherical.

Sepals 4-G, connate at base or higher, persistent.

oo
,

Petals 5-8, subequal, imbricate.

regularly go -seriate

filaments equally urceolately connate at base, inflexed in

thers basifixed linear, sub-4-locellate
;

bud

an-

cells parallel,
cleft.

dehiscing

by

longitudinal or sometimes short poriform

Germen

inferior, ad;

nate within to receptacle, at apex

flat

or depressed, 4-6-locular

style

central very short, apex stigmatose very shortly lobate or sulcate.

Ovules in

cells oo

anatropous

funicle short or 0.

Fruit fibrous,

crowned with calyx or umbilicate at apex, indhiscent. Seeds oo (oftener few), suspended by means of an elongate iucrassate plicate arilliform funicle testa hard cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo thick, sometimes unequal radicle short. Trees or shrubs leaves
;

alternate,* entire or serrate penninerved, oftener

impunctate

flowers

solitary or
to middle.

few cymose

peduncle articulate, sometimes 2-bracteolate

[Trop. America.^')

57 ? Cariniana Casab.' Flowers nearly of Gustavia, 5-6-merous. Stamens oo unequal, oo -seriate filaments connate at base to a more
,

A
us.

genus apparently allied in some respects

t.

192, 193.

J.

Ge)i. 326.

Poir. Diet.
JS'oi:

v. 344.
et

to Giistatia, in others to Coiiraliiris, but not seen

Lamk.
vii.

III. t.

692.

H. B. K.

Gen.

Spec.

ty
1.

261.

SjMllaiizania

Neck. Jikm.

79, n. 733.

Spec.
127, fig.

1, 1,

2 {ex

Miers

4).

Sloan,

ffist.

ii.

123,
24.5.

2 {AnchoviiPear).P.

LuN. Hort. Jam.

s.Bot. Mag.
t.

Bk. Jum.

i. 19. Seem. Voy. Herald, o<.126. Griseb. Fl. Br. JF.-Ind. 242. Hook.

5622. AV alp. Rep.

266,
t.

ii.

193.

51. 5-7. DC. Prodr. iii. 289. Spach, 6'ii!. i;e</o, iv. 187. Endl. Gen. n. 6327. Berg, Linncca, xxvii. 441. B.H. Gen. 721, n. 64. Pirigara Aubl. Guian. i. 487,
''Anuen.
viii.

5. L.
t.

f. Suppl.

PuiT. Ann. Mus.

xiii.

156,

Teichmeyera Scop. Iiilrod. n. 1212. < Nearly of DUhiiirv.. ' White or pink or red, showy. 6 Spec, about 10. Bero, Mart. Fl. Britx. Mi/rt. 469, t. 5.5, 56. Miers, Trans. Linn. Sac. sxx. 158, 175, t. 33 A. Hook. JBot. Mag. t. 5069, v. 756. 5239, 6151. Walp. Sep. ii. 193 t Nov. Stirp. Bras. Dec. 35. Miers, Trans.
;

Linn. Sue. xxx. 1G9, 284,

t.

35 C.

3 78

NA TURA L IllHTOR Y OF PLAKTS.

or less elongate cupule adnate within to bottom of corolla, above frco

and there incurved or occasionally produced

of all fertile,

to a short ligule

anthers
inferior,

more

or less incurved in the bud.

,

Germen

3-5-locular

ovules in cells oo

ascending.

Fruit oblong cylindrical,

dehiscing by an apical often hemispherical circumscissile operculum.

Seeds few, inserted round a central column on incrassate subbasilar

sporophores, long-winged below.
plicate
;

Embryo exalbuminous

contortu;

radicle very large cylindrical arcuately ascending

cotyle;

dons broadly foliaceous

alternate, oftener serrate

contortuplicate incumbent. Trees

;

leaves
;

flowersin terminal ramose racemes

[Trop. America.")

bracts

and bracteoles
58.

small, caducous.'

Couratari Aubl.^ Flowers of Cariniana, oftener 6-merous ligule of andrcium elongate, loaded externally at apex with crowded stamens sterile (?) but here and there provided with small (well de;

fined) anthers.

Fruit, etc., of Gariniana;

;

operculum nearly equal

to

pericarp.

Seeds circumalate
;

embryo exalbuminous
;

contortuplicate.

Lofty trees
niana.*
59.
ligule
late.

leaves alternate entire

inflorescence, etc., of Gari'

{Trop. America.^)

Couroupita Aubl.''' Flowers nearly of Goaratarl, G-merous of andrcium elongate large incurved fleshy subpetaloid cuculStamens nearly
all all either subbasilar,

or fertile at top of ligule

anthers of

basifixed erect, longitudinally 2-rimose.

style short thick;

Germen

large

partly siiperior, 5-8-locular;

cells

co -ovulate.

Fruit subglobose coriaceous-AVoody, indhiscent, ring-marked with

scar of marginal receptacle, urabilicate at apex.

Seeds
;

oo

imbedded

in pulp, exalate; embryo,

etc.,

of Coitrrdari.lUvees
172, 301,
t.

leaves alternate,

' Perhaps better a sect, of Courataris, differing only in the ligule being shorter, the stamens all fertile and the fruit only sometimes alate. - Spec. 7 (ex Miers). Haddi, Mem. Soc. Ital.

Amazonian spe(C aimmala Miers) as having a 6-mcrous flower, unknown to us, a nerved
36 B), of which one
cies ia described

Modcn. Pliys.
{Corn-atari s).
t.

Berg, Mart. Ft.

723,
t.

xviii.

403. Mart.

Flora, xx. 127

Il>-as.

Myrt. 610,

78-82 {Courataris).
3 Giiiaii.
i.
ii.

helmet-shaped ligula, produced at apex to an incurved subulate lamina, allied to this P Spec, about 7 (ex Miers). Velloz. Fl. Flum. V. t. 86 (iir^il/is). Camhess. ^1. S.-H. Fl. Urns.

t. 290. A llicn.Aiiii. Sc. Nat. 21. PoiT. Mem. Mas. xiii. 159, t. 8. DC. PWr.iii. 294. Spach,.Vki<. i;j7'oH, iv. 198. Endl. Gcii. n. 6331. H. B.v. Fai/er Fam. Nat. 370. B. H. Geii. 722, n. 66 (part).

Mer.

ii.

274,

t.

159.
t.

Ber. 1,

321,

euiaii. 708,
t.

152,

78. DC.

282. PoiT. Mm. Mus. Fnjdr. iii. 293. TtiHP.

xiii.

7)(ri.

Sc. Nat.
iv.

At\.t.'227-229.SFAa!, Suit,

Jlajfhti,

MiEHS, Trans. Liim. Soc. xxx. 168, 279, t. 35 B, 62. Leri/tliopsis ScHK. Seiik.vhr. Acad. Mitiich. BuRO, Mart. FL liras. Mi/rt. 503, t. 7, ^'ii. 241.
75,
*

196. Endl. Oen. n. 6334. H. Bn. Paijer Fam. Nat. 370. B. H. Gen. 722, n. 67. Miers,
Trans. Li)in. Soc. xxx. 139, 188,
tojypidana
t.

33 B.

Puii-

Scor. Iiitrod. n. 849.

Elscholtzia,

76. B. H.

Gen. 723, n. 68.

Ilicn. (not

W.).

Is drcopliora

Miers

{Trans. Linn. SjC. xxx.

MYRTACE^.
entire

379

or

serrate

stipules

minute,

caducous

flowers

in

large

racemes springing from the trunk and branches; bracts and bracteoles caducous.

{Trop. America.^)

60.

ligule

Lecythis Loefl ^ Flowers nearly of Couratari, 3-6-merous; of andrcium large petaloid, at apex once or twice (sometimes

contrarywise) cucullate.

Andrcium

of Gouratari (or Conrouinta)

stameus interior at top of ligule

effete anthers,

sterile,

auantherous or with small

sometimes {Allantoma'^) aggregated in a mass.

Germen

inferior or partly superior,

2-6-locular; style short and other cha-

racters of Gourou'pita.

Fruit clothed with externally adnate calyx,

globose or cupuliform, sometimes subcylindrical, coriaceous or

woody

operculum on both sides conical or convex, more rarely

concave within.

(JEscJnvellerw')

Seeds few, stipate on a thick fleshy arilliform funicle,

sometimes narrow elongate very rugose (Allantoma), externally glabrous or variously reticulate costate embryo undivided fleshy.
;

Trees, sometimes
rescence,'^ etc.,
east, islands,^)

immense

leaves alternate, entire or serrate

inflo-

of Gouroupita.

{Trop. America, Africa,'' trop, and

61.

BerthoUetia
first

11.

B."

Flowers

nearly of Lecythis
;

calyx

gamophyllous, at

closed

lobes very short to apex

finally

un-

equally 2-4-fid, deciduous.

Petals unequal or subequal.

Stamens

at top of cucullate ligule sterile.

Germen

inferior

cells 4, 5, pauci-

ovulatc.

Fruit broadly subglobose woody, to a large extent exterits

nally stipate to adnate receptacle and girt with

margin, dehiscing
fleshy uudi-

by a small circumscissile operculum.

obovoidly 3-quetrous
;

Seeds

oo
;

(oftener about 20),

testa very hard rugose

embryo

Large, "dirty white or pink."

Spec.
;

'
;

Mart. DC. Prodi:

t.

iii.

203. Mieko,

foe. cit.

6, 7.

Berg, Liima,

xxvii. 461

xxxi.

1C5, 246,
"
'

34 0. natives of this country

261

Mart. Fl. Buys. Mijrt. 475, l.b'-b'i.Bot.

t.

Flowers often showy.

Mag.

3158.
IS'J

/.

n.

Query

if

L. Geii. n.

664. J.

Geii.
vi.

LamK. hi.
rrodr.
iii.

t.

476. Poiu. nut.

327. 25. DC.

'
t.

Spec, about 50 (ex

109.

Aibl.
ii.
;

G/)/.

Miers 130). Jacu. .4;o-. t. 283-289. A. S.-H..

Linii<ea, xxvii.
t.

290.

Si'Ach, Suit.kBiiffon, iv, 185.

Bras. Mer.
xxix. 258

272.

Berg,

448

6332. Poit. Mm. Mus. xiii. 141, t. 2, 3, 7. H. Bx. Payer Fam. Nat. 369.- B. H. Gen. 723, n. 69. Miers, Trans. Linn. Sue. xxx.
Endl. Gen.
162, 199,
eit. cit.

Walp. Mtp.
'

Mart.
ii.

Fl. Bras. Mijrt. 479,

62-74.

193. 122,

34 A, ZS-T.Chi/troma. Miers, loc. 164, 229, t. Si B.? Ju/astritm Miers, loc. 167, 275, t. 35 A (stamens at top of ligule
t.

xiii.

t. 36. Poit. Mm. Mas. 4-8. DC. Prodr. iii. 293. Endl. Gen. n. 6333. ScHomh. Proc, Bot.Soc.i. 71, t. 3, 4.-11. Bk. Payer Fam. Nat. 670. B. H. Oen.

PL

.Rjain.
t.

i.

148,

sometimes * Miers,

fertile f).
loc. cit.

723, n. 70.
t.

Miers, Trans, Linn.

Soc. kxyl. Idl,

170, 201,

36 A.

105,

t.

33 C, 37.

380

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

vided.

lofty

tree

leaves

alternate
;

impunctate

flowers

in

terminal ramose glomeruliferous racemes

oblong-cuneate, caducous.

bracteoles subfoliaceous

(Trop. America.'^)

V.
02.

NAPOLEONE^.

Napoleona

Pal. Beauv.

Flowers

liennaplirodite regular;

receptaelo turbinate,

enclosing germen adnate within.

Sepals

5,

marginally inserted, 3-angnlar, valvate.

Petals 5, alternate, inserted

;

with calyx, connate in orbicular shortly o-lobed corolla

tudinally multiplicate, valvate, denticulate at apex.

lobes longi-

Disk interior to
;

corolla duplex petaloid, consisting of 2 concentric crowns the exterior composed of lacini subulate-ligulate subtree or connate only at

base

the interior connate in multilobed tube inflexed at apex

both

connate with base of corolla and andrcium and falling with them.

groups

Stamens oftener 20 ("more rarely 25-co "), in 5 altornipetalous the stamens of each group generally 4, of which the 2 ex;

terior are fertile, the interior anantherous

the filaments of

all

peta-

loid ligulate incurved; anthers of the exterior adnate introrse, 1-locular,

1-rimose.

Germen

inferior, 5-locular; cells oppositipetalous; style

erect short thick, 5-gonal, at tose along 5 furrows.

finally descending,

apex dilated-peltate, 5-angular, stigmacells co

,

Ovules in

generally few (4), 2-seriate,

with micropyle introrsely superior, or slightly as-

cending, with micropyle extrorsely inferior.

;

Emit
;

baccate corticate,

crowned with calyx seeds few imbedded in pulp cotyledons of reniform embryo plano-convex fleshy radicle short retracted to hilum of
;

cotyledons.
sinuate,

Glabrous

trees

leaves alternate, entire or obscurely

;

pcnninerved, epunctate

flowers axillary, solitary or few

glomerulate; bracts under flower few, decussate-imbricato, larger from

the lower to the higher, often on both sides (as the sepals and some-

times the leaves) bearing an

west. Africa.) ^See
p. 331.

elliptic

gland

sessile to

margin.

Trop.

63.

Asteranthos Desf.

Flowers nearlj of Najwieona; receptacle

qo -seriate
;

shorter.

margin.

Calyx gamophyllous membranous, sinuate denticulate at Corolla widely rotate, co -plicate, destitute of crown within.
co
,

Stamens

connate with corolla at base,

Seis.
1 iii.

filaments

fili-

"

Yellow; strong-scented. According to earliest authors

species,

much

Liiuin, xxvii. 4G0

t.

1130; Mat. Med. Bras. 17. Bekg, Mart. Fl. Bras. Mijrt. 478,
;

rioted, viz.,

B. cxciha (concerning which see p. 30, note 2), according to MiEUS 2. Mart.

60, 61.

MYRTACE^.
form
;

381

anthers basifixed, 2-locular, introrsely 2-riinoso to margins.

semi-inferior
cells oo
, ;

Germen

style elongate,

apex capitate shortly lobed.

Fruit
. . .

Ovules in

elongate, anatropous, descending.

;

A tree
tate

branches slender

leaves alternate entire penninerved epunc;

and other characters of Napoleona

;

flowers axillary solitary

(

shortly stipitate

bracteoles 2, caducous.

North Brazil, Guiana.)

See

p.

333.

VI.
G4.

PUNICE^.
;

Punica

T.

Flowers hermaphrodite

receptacle obcouical or

turbinate, enclosing

widened fleshy

germen adnate within and produced higher and (coloured). Sepals 5-7, continuous with margin of
Petals 5-7, inserted in hollows

receptacle, thick, valvate, persistent.

of sepals,

obovate-lanceolate, imbricate corrugate, early deciduous.

,

Stamens
inferior,

oo

inserted
;

within on receptacle,
style flexuose,

oo -seriate

filaments

slender incurved

xmthers small introrse, 2-rimose, versatile,

;

Germen
apex

oo -locular

dilated at conical base,

;

capitate stigmatose.

Cells 2-seriatcly superposed

;

placenta of (often

5) upper altcrnipetalous parietal in each placenta oo anatropous,

,

of lower (often 3-5) axile.

oo -seriate.

Ovules

Fruit corticate thickly

irregularly superposed
;

coriaceous, crowned with calyx

cells co
oo
;
,

septa unequal membranous.

terior

Seeds

unequally compressed

ex-

coat

pulpy

interior

woody

cotyledons

of exalbuminous
;

embryo broadly

foliaceous, auriculate at base, spirally convolute

radicle short subcentral.

A branched shrub, often spinescent; leaves

;

opposite, alternate or subfaseiculate, obovate-oblong obtuse entire

flowers

axillary,
(?),

solitary

or

few cymose
p.

pedicels

short

or

0.

(North Africa

Levant (?).) See

333.

LV. HYPERICACEiE.

In

tliis

small family, which derives

(fig.

its

name from

that of St. John's

Wort [Eypericum)

339, 344-353), and which formerly included

only the plants attributed to that genus, K. guianense and rai/im.-^e, with the analogous species forming the genus Vlsmia^ (fig.40-343), In these the present the most complete types for our first study.
flowers
are

regular, hermaphrodite,

nearly

always pentamerous.
but abruptly

Their convex receptacle bears at

first five sepals, thick,

thinned at the margin, along which they are quincuncially imbricate

(fig.

342).

With them

alternate five petals, twisted or

Vismia
gnianeiisis.

more rarely

Fig. 341. Flower

(J).

Fig.

3-10.

Bud.

Fig. 343. Long. sect, of flower.

imbricate in prefloration, internally covered with hairs, sometimes much developed. The stamens are very numerous, but collected in
oppositipetalous bundles consisting of one large tongue from filaments, each wdiich are detached at different heights above, slender
five

surmounted by a small bilocular anther, introrse

Velloz. ex Vandell. Rm. Scr. 138, t. 7, Chois. Prodi: Manogr. Hijpr.c. Genve fig. 4. (1821), 3, t. 1, 2. DC. P*-. i. 542. Spach,

at first, but early

5466. Payek, Fam. Nat. 79. B. H.

980,
n.
6.

Cnapia

Gen. IGG,

Pis.

Bias.

126.

ScoF.

Iiitfod. n. 1256.

AcrossantlineVRT.&-L. Bot, Bern.

4, ii.

Consp. Miiniit/r. Hyperic. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 2, v. Suit, a Jtuffan, V. 348. Endl. Gin. n. 319

22 (ex Pl. Ann. Sc. Nut. sr.

264).

HYPERICACEJE.
reflexed,

383

dehiscing by two longitudinal

Hijpericwrt lurfai-aliim.

clefts.'

In the intervals

Fig. 339. Habit.

between the staminal bundles, and consequently of the

petals, are

Pollen " ellipsoid 3-plicate

in water, s^ihe-micmHt/ia " (H.

MuuL, Ann.

Sc.

Nat.

sr. 2, iii.

ricnl

with 3 bunds.

Vismia baceifera, guianensif,

329).

384

NATURAL HISTORY OP PLANTS.

found an equal number of hypogynous scales. The gynfecinm, fi-ee and superior, is composed of an ovary with five alternipetalous cells,'

surmounted by a
ISTear

style almost immediately divided into five branches,

is

the stigmatiferous extremity of which

dilated to a small head.

cell is

the internal angle of each ovarian

a placenta the

two

vertical lobes of

which are covered with an

indefinite

number

of small

oblique or transverse anatropous ovxiles.

The

fruit is a berry,

some-

times but

little fleshy,

Vismia guianensis.

and the seeds which it contains enclose under their coats a fleshy embryo, without albumen, straight or curved, with short radicle and elongate cotyledons, flattened or semi-cylindrical.

Vismia consists of some

fifteen species^ of trees

or shrubs growing in the tropical regions of America or Africa. The leaves are opposite, entire, without stipules, glabrous or downy,

with trauslucid reservoirs of essential

in clusters of

oil.

The

flowers'^ are at the extremities of the branches

Fig. 342. Diagram.

cymes more

or less ramified.

The two genera Haronga and Psorospermum,

growing
in

Madagascar and

tropical western Africa, differ very little

from Vismia, of which they have the flower and organs of vegetation. The fruit of Haronga* is a drupe of five stones, and in each of the
complete or incomplete, there are generally two or rarely three ascending, anatropous ovules, with the micropyle inferior and exterior. It consists of shrubs with opposite leaves and very
ovarian
cells,

compound or corymbiform Psorospermum ' has cymes. Usually only one species is in each ovarian cell only one or two ovules, directed like those of HaThe fruit is wholly fleshy, but the embryo has convolute ronga.^
numerous
flowers,^ collected in terminal

described.^

cotyledons.
'

It consists of trees

and shrubs, similar

Lamk.
*

to

Vismia in
ii.

Complete or incomplete. t. 311, 312 {Eijpcricum).K. B. K. -ZV'of. Gen. et Spec. v. 181, t. 454 {Fmia). A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. i. t. 68. Griseb. Fl.

III. t.

645.

Arongana Pers. Enchirid.

are" at first introrse,

AniL. Guian.

91 (part).

The anthers
II.

and
;

are

early reversed
<>

(fig. 342).

Brit. W.-Ind.

Fl. Trop. Afr.

111. Hook. f. Niger, 243. Oliv. 160. Walp. Rep. i. 391 v. i.

;

madogascariensis Chois. Hgper. 34

i.

DC.

Frodr.

541. Oliv.

Fl.

Trop. Afr.
loc. cit.

144; Ann. ii. 188; ' Yellow.

iv.

363

vii.

333.

Arnngana panictdata Pers.

niitni

?Pxorosper-

i.

160.

Dur.-Tii. Nov. Gen. Uadag. 15. DC. Frodr. 541 (part). Spach, Suit, Buffim, y. 355; Ann. Sc. Nat. Ber. 2, v. 330. Endl. Gen. n. 5468. Payer, Fam. Nat. 79. B. H. Gen. 167,
i.

Turcz. Bull. Moxc. x.\xvi. 578. 7 Spach, Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 2, v. 157, 350 Suit, Biiffon, v. 351. Endl. Gen. n. 5467.
Iconense
;

n.

S. Baker,

F/.

Maiirit.

15.

Ifamigann

B. H. Gen. 167, 980. " Which perhaps might rather he made only a section with ondorarp not liardencd.

EYPERICACEJE.
foliage,

385

with more numerous but generally.smaller flowers

-

i ;

about a

dozen species

have been described.^

The name of GratoxijJe. has been given to a small group of plants belonging to this family, characterized chiefly by their pericarp and
seeds.

The former

is

capsular, loculicidal,
Hypericum [E/rmanthe)

and opens in

five pannels,

cali/ciimm.

pig. 344. Flower.

Fig. 345. Long. sect, of flower (f).

and these sometimes divided into two halves at the partitions which separate. The seeds are ascending and surmounted by a vertical wing the cotyledons of the contained embryo are generally longer
;

than the

radicle.

The group

consists of tropical trees

and shrubs of the

Cra-

old world, with a yellow juice, opposite leaves, covered with glandular

punctuations, pentamerous flowers, with triadeliihous stamens.

toxylon
* is

Asiatic

in each ovarian cell are four or

two

vertical series.''

dozen species

more ovules in have been described. Elia

articulata^"'

a shrub of Madagascar, with terminal cymes, has only

much
V.

' The sepals and petals are striated with tlack. The anthers are primarily introrse. - L. Amn. Acad, viii. 33 [Hi/pcrlcnm).

resembles Calophyllum.
Bijdr. 143.

* IL.

Spach, Ann.

Sc.

Nat. sr.

2,

352. Endl.

Gen. n.

5472. B. H.

Gen. 166,
6

GniLL. et Perk. Fl. Smeg. Tent.

(rsmiff). Hook.
Fl. Trop. Afr.
i.
i.

i. t.
i.

107,

t.

23

n. 4.

F.

Nhjer, 241,

21. Oliv.
391
;

Endl.).
Suit,

Hornnehuchia Bl. Cut. Hurt. Ancistrulobus Spach, loc.

Bidte)tz. (ex
cit.
t.

158. Walp. Hep.

Ann.

128;
^

ii.

189.
is

JBufoH, V. 360. Endl. Gen. n. 5470.7V/(^f.viis Spach, Ann. Sc. Nut. sr. 2, v. 351, t.
*

Here

placed, on account of the di'upaceous

its fruit,

6 A.

hut only provisionally retained by us, Endodesmia calophyWiiden, Benth.

character of
Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 157), a (Got. 166, n. 5 shrub of the Gaboon with opposite veined leaves like those of Citlophyllum, and quite exceptional in this group by its very numerous stamens, inseparable within from a pentagonal tube (and consequently monadelphous), and especially by ita unilocular ovary which encloses only a single
;

They are more numerous

by a
;

in

Tridesiui.<i.

which

is

also distinguished

scale at the base of

the petals

a character of very little importance. MiQ. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 515 Suppl. 194. Kobth. Bl. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 15, t. 5. rerh.Nat. Ge^ch. Bot. t. 36, 37 [Tridesmis). Walp. Rep. i. 391 Ann. iv. 362 vii. 333. " Cambess. Ann. Sc.Nat. sr. 1, xx. 400, t. 13.

Spach,
Gen. n.

Jnn.

Sc. Nat. sr. 2, v.

351.

Endi,.

descending seed.

perbaps rather

The place of this genus among the Clusiacc indeed

;

is it

5469. B. H.
391.

Gen. 166, n.

3. Walp.

Rep.

i.

Lanigerostemma Chapel, herb.

VOL. VI.

25

336

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

'
;

two ovules in each ovarian cell it is consequently to Cmtoxylon what Haronga is to Fismia. The St. John's Worts ^ (fig. 339, 344-353), forming more than three-fourths of the family and distributed among a great number of
JIi/peHciiin fitjrciiimn.

Fig. 318. Seed.

Fig. 346. Dehi?cing

fruit ().

Fis. 347. Fruit, valvea detached.

Fig. 349. Long, sect, of seed.

genera,^ have, with the general characters of Vismia and the neigh-

bouring genera, some particular traits which have served to distinguish a tribe of Hypnricece. These are ITi/pericum perforatum. petals internally glabrous and without
:

appendages
interlocular

a fruit dehiscing at the

partitions

or

placentge

and seeds not winged, the embryo of

which, straight or curved, has cotyle-

dons ordinarily longer than the radicle.

In certain
Fig.
3.5U.

species

with rather large

Flower.

flowers, cultivated in our gardens,

and
(fig.

of

which the genus Eremanthe

344, 345) has been made, the flowers are formed like those of Vismia,
'

Of which

it

ought

to constitute

(r)

only a
Gen. n.

Spach, Flodea Avahs^. Elodes SrACTi, HolvsepaInmSFACit, Isop/ii//lniH Stack, Mi/lfpnrum Spach,

section.
^

Ki/pericuin T. Inst, 254,

t.

131.

902.

Adans. Fam. des PI. ii. 444. J. Gen. 2o. Lamk. Did. iv. 143 Suppl. iii. 693 III. t.
; ;

L.

Myriandra Spach, Nuri/sca Spach, Psorophytmn Spach, iJoscy^a Spach, .iJcowii/n Velloz. Saruthra

L.

Triadenia

Spach,

Tridia

Korth.

eiS.'DC.Prodr.
Eijpr. 37,
t.

i.

543. Choisy,

Prodr. Mnnag.
;

V'chhia Spach).
3 Troposed especially by Spach. TreviraNV8 {Eyper. Gen. et Sp. Afiim. 1861) re-united them all in a single gonus Hypericum. Bentham and HooKEK distinguish only Hypericum and

.^B.

3-9. Spach, Suit, Buffon, v. 383 2,v. 356. Endl. Gew.n. 6464. Payer, Organog. 1, 1. 1 Fam. Nat. 77. B. H.
Sc.i\'(7(. sr.
;

Gen. 165, n. 2 (incl.

notrias Spach,

denosepahim Spach, Ads-

Jndrosmum All. Brathydium Spach, Brathys MuT. Campi/lopos Spach, Campylonporus Spach, Coridium Space, CrossophylInni Spach, Brosanthe Spach, Drosocarpiiwi

A>>c\trum.
*

Spach,

Suit, Ihtfon, v. 421

Ann.
3,
t.

Si: Nut.
;

Fer. 2,

V. 363.

Payer, Organog.

Fam.

Nat. 77.

HYPERICACEM.
"with five imbricate S3pals, five alternate petals, twisted, five

387

bundles

of oppositipetalous stamens with introrse anthers,^ and an ovary with

five alternipetalous cells,

complete or incomplete and multiovulate,

surmounted by an equal number of stylary branches, capitate and stigmatiferous at the summit. The fruit is a septifragal capsule, the five valves of which have at the centre five polyspermons placentary plates. The seeds enclose under their multiple coats, ^ a fleshy and
These plants are sub- shrubby or herbaceous. Their leaves are opposite, without stipules, charged with punctiform and pellucid reservoirs filled with odorous essence. Their flowers are in cymes at the top of the branches. With the same organs of vegetation, certain other St. John's Worts,
straight embryo, without albumen.

of

which the genus Androsimim

has been made, have the same

RDperiniin [Tiiadenia] JEiji/ptiacum.

Fig.

3.51.

Flower.

Fig.

3.52.

Long.

sect, of flower.

flower, except that their gynsecium is trimerons, the

two

lateral car-

pels being absent.

The

fruit
it

may

be a little fleshy at the time of

opens in three valves like a capsule. In Hijperkum proper,* the fruit is capsular, and the gyntecium is reduced to three carpels but so are also the bundles of stamens so
;
;

maturity

then however

that there

is

only one anterior, 4 and 5.^

oppositipetalous, and two

lateral,

superposed

to sepals

Now, with

the three carpels and three staminal bundles of the true

Hij2ye)-icum, let the flower

have three glands alternating with the

bundles of stamens and analogous to those of Vismia, and

The pollen is ellipsoid, as in Si/pericum generally, with three folds, " external membrane
'

we

shall

nous.
3

All. Fl. Ped'm. n.

V.

1440. Spach, Suit

loc. cit.

formed of two bands pointed at the two ends which cross {H. peifuratiim, H. qimdrangulare).

Biiffoii,

414; Ann. Sc. Nat.

t.

360.

Paver,
*'

Orgatiog. 3,

The
dron

folds correspond to the angles of a tetrahe(ff.

; ; ,

Ilijperici'vi

Fam. Nat. 78. Si'Acn, Suit, Buffoii,

1
;

v.

382

perfur alum) ovoid three folds in water, a sphere having three bands with tliroe papilhe {II. hircinum)."
-

Ann.
*

He.

Nat.

loc. cit. 3.56,

" This special position of the staminal bun-

dles clearly indicates that the reduction to three

arises not

The

exterior

is

often loose reticulate

the

by abortion but by the union

(Payer.)

of four

next hard, coloured, covering a third membra-

bundles two and two."

253

388

NATURAL niSTORY OF PLANTS.

have specimens of Hi/peririim, such as H. virginium, EJodes, gi/ptiacii,m (fig. 351-353), whicli have been proposed as types of as many sejiarate genera, under the names Elodea,^ Elodes," and Triadenia? In H. Drmnmondii, a species from Florida, the flowers are those
of Ifj/perlcum (such as Brathjf<, for example)
Hi/pericnm (Ccfypdacnm,
;

but the type

is

quaternary instead of quinary.

and nearly equal whence the generic name Isophyllmii,* which has been proposed for this
sepals are imbricate
;

The four

to each other

plant.

The

flower

is

equally tetramerous in other

American

species,

such as H. amplexicaule,

muUicaiile, jxiucifioruin,

Gnu

Andrere,

etc.

but of the four decussate sepuls, the two more

interior are

much

less

developed than the two

^

others
Fig. 353. Flower,

of these the genus Ascijrum

has been

perianth removed

(|).

made.
"With
all

these variations in the flower,^ the

characters
:

St.
'

John's "Worts present as

Ada:48. Fain, des PI.
;

common

opposite leaves,

ii.

442.

Spach,

Suit,

Bnffim, V. 363

Endl. Gen. n. 5465.

IdC.
cit.

Ann.

Sc.

Nat.
v.

sr. 2, v. 165, 353.

Spach, Suit, Buffun,

171,

369

Ann.

Sc. Xat.
t. 1
;

353.

Payeii,

Oiijannff.

3,

Finn. Nat. 79.

'

Spach,
cit.

Suit,

Biiffon, v.
4, 5.

370

Ann.

Sc. Nat.

he.

172, 354,

t.

M. Spach has

esta-

hlished in this group

many genera which may be retained as so many distinct subgenera. They may be grouped in two series. To the first, beEuhypericum, Aiidrostnniiin, Enmnnthe, belong Drosanthe (Spach, Ann, Sc. Nat. loc. cit. 355), which has denticulate or pectinate sepals 3-adelphous stamens and an osseous placenta Wcbbla (Spach, he. eit. 356), whose stamens are
sides
;

cymbiform monospermous carpels. (Those we have seen appeared altered, perhaps by the puncture of an insect.) The habit of the plant is that of//, limayifulium. Whilst in this first series the interstaminal glands are wanting, they are developed in the second, where the stamens are 3-adelphous. Beside Ehdea, Fhdes, and Triadenia^ it includes Adcnotrins (Jaub. and Spach, III. PI. Or. 76, t. 39), differing from Ti-iadenia chiefly by their biovulate ovarian cells, Thymopsis of the same authors (A.c. eit. 72, t. 37) diff'crs from the true Hiipcricnm by its campanulate calyx and the almost definite number of the
ovjiles.

Sarothra
(i'7.

Tj.

(6->.n. 383)
t.

?ind.

Rccevcia-a

Velloz.
is

Flam.

v.

119, 120) are referred

iii.

to Bi-athya. Tridia KoiiTH. [Tijdschr.

17, t. 1)

also 3-adelphous, with seeds

Oli/nipia

(Spach,

loe. cit.

spongy without 359), which with the

;

supposed (B. H. Gen. 165) identical with

^

Ui/pcricunt japonicmn..

flowers of Eiihypericum^ has very unequal sepals

Spach,

iS'/(.

Biiffon, v.

432

Ann.

Sc.

Nat.

(the 3 interior being

much

smaller)

Cainpi/lo-

sr. 2, V. 367.

pus and Psorophytum (Spach, he. cit. 360), very near Androstrmum Ciimpi/hsporus, Norysca, and
;

Xoncyna (Spach, he.

cit.

363, 364), the flower of

which much resembles that of Eirmantlie

t/ii/s (Mut. ex L. fii.. Siippl. Bratliydium (Spach, lue. cit.

ra43), Mitriandra and 364, 365), in which

;

the bundles of the andrcium are indistinct at adult age, though the study of development shows that they exist at the beginning. Fretnosponts (Spach, he.
cit.

903. Nutt. Gen, ii. 15. Chois. DO. Prodr. i. 55. Spach, Ann. Se. Nat. lac. cit. 368 Suit, Buffiin, v. 456. Enpl. Gen. n. 5463. A. Guay, Gen. Ill.i. 91. B. H. Gen. 164, n. 1. There are calyces with very unequal sepals among the Ronctita and Brathijdiiu-^ and the flowers of these latter may bo heie and there tetramerous.
'

L. Gen. n.
;

Hyper. 60

'

VcUovv, rarely white.

365) has thick and

HYPERICACEM.
generally punctate
;

389

definite inflorescence

numerous stamens
;

sep-

ticidal or septifragal (not loculicidal) fruit

seeds destitute of
^

wing

and an embryo without albumen. About two hundred species have been described it will doubtless be necessary to reduce them by one fourth. They are found in both worlds; more frequent in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, they are less numerous
;

in the southern and in the mountains of tropical countries

there
it is

are fev7 in south Africa and Australia, and they are wanting,
said, in

the arctic and antarctic regions.

This small family was established by A.-L. dr Jussieu in 1789,* under the name of Hi/^perka, St, John's Worts it included Ascyrmn,
;

Choisy published at Geneva, in 1821, the Prodrome d'une Monographie des Hiipericines, and wrote the expoBrathjs, and Hi/pericum.
sition of this family for the

Prodromus of A.-P. de Candolle

Twelve years

^
;

it

there comprised Haroiiga, Vlsmia, Androscemum, Hypericmn,

Lanlater

crefia* Ascyrum, Carpodontos, and Eucryplvia.^

Spach,'' studying this family fundamentally, distinguished twenty-six

genera, and afterwards

twenty-eight, nearly

all

dismembered from

the old genus IL/pcricum.

genus in

its

In 1861, Ti;eviiunus^ re-established this former integrity, and was followed therein, the following

year, by Bentham and Hookee,^ who described the genus Endodesmia and retained only eight genera, reduced here to seven by the union of Ascyrum to Hypericum. The species comprised, numbering about two hundred, are pretty equally distributed over both worlds, especially the St. John's Worts, which, wanting only in the arctic and antarctic Haronga and regions, are found in all five divisions of the world.

Psorospermum are from

of Endodesmia,
'

tropical western Africa, the native country and from Madagascar where Elia grows. Gratoet

H. B. K. Nov. Gen.
iii. t.

Sp. v. 185,
61,

t.

455-460.
Ic.
i.

A.
Sel.
t.

S.-H. PI. Us. Bras.

t.

62. Deless.
III.

etc. Walp. Rep.

ii.

320 {Elodes).Bot. Mag. i. 383

184;
iv.

t.
;

137, 146, 178, 4949,

ii.
;

805

v.
i.

141, 142
126,

27.Jaub. and Spach,

PL

Or.

{T/iymopsis), 143 {Adenotrias)

Aim.

960

16-33, 34-36 [Dro.smMe), 37 (Tlnjmopi^is),!,^

39 [Adeiwtrias). Eeichb. Ic. Germ. vi. t. 342-351. Ghiseb. Fl. Brit. W.Ind. Ill (Ascyrum).~lLn\\. Enum. PI. Zeyl. 48. 3IlQ. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 513 [Brathys), 514 {Norysca). Hook. f. Handh. N.-Zcal. Fl. 28. Bexth. Fl. Honyk. 23; Fl. Austral, i. 181.

{Aiidroiccmum),

357, 359 [Koryeca), 360 [Rosci/Ha, Brntliys, Elodea) vii. 327, 332 {Noryscd).
;

PI.

Gen. Plant. 254, Ord.

8.

^ I. '
''

541 (1S24), Ord. 84 {Eypericine).

Rosnceie (see vol.
Z'i\

Syn. of Birgia {Elatinc).

Abnormal
tiiiit.

i.

401).
Se.

Bufun,\.
Or.
i.

Ann.

Nat.

sr. 2,

Tbi. and Pl. Ann. Sc. Nat. ar. 4, xviii. 290. Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. i. 117.- Oliv. Fl.
Trop. Afr.
denia),
i.

v. 157, 349.
' III. '
^

PL
i.

31-77 (1842).
et

154.

Boiss.

Fl. Of.

i.

783 {Triai.

Hyper. Gen.
Gen.

Spec. Animadversion,

784. Gren. and Godr. FL

de Fr.

314,

163, Ord. 26.

390

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

is

xylon

entirely from tropical Asia, and Vismia from central America,

except four or five African species.

ceptacle

In our view, according

to

what

has been said above,' these plants are Myrtacece with a convex re-

and a gyntecium constantly free. We at the same time recognize their affinities with the Gistacece, near which Adanson* formerly placed them, and we shall sec that it is almost impossible to distinguish them absolutely from the Clusiacece.
UsEs.^
juices,

The Hijpericacece are rich in

bark of many
species.

essential oil

and gum- resinous

often balsamic.

In addition a

bitter

extractive principle

exists in the

In the American species of

Vis7n;ia, particularly

V. Gaparosa^^ micratha,^ lougifolia,^ latifoUa,''

and cayenncnsis,^ the resinous jviice, yellow or reddish, has drastic properties it is sometimes brought to Europe under the name of American gum-gutta. V. guianensis ^^ (fig. 340sessifoUa,^ laccifera,^
;

343), bearing in

Guyana

the

name

of Fever tree,^~ has also a purgative

juice useful in the treatment of skin diseases.

in building,

Its wood is employed and huts are covered with its inner bark. In Sierra Leone and Angola Psorospermum fehrifagum '^ has the same internal uses as Vismia guianensis. Cratoxylon Hornschuchil '* is considered diuretic and slightly astringent in Java. The St. John's Worts formerly had a similar reputation in Europe. They were esteemed as balsamic, bitter, vermifuge, vulnerary, etc. Sometimes they were also employed in dyeing and in the preparation of leather. The most celebrated was Hypericum perforatnvi^^ (fig. 339, 350), which has been prescribed for madness, dysentery, and pains in the joints. Its leaves and flowers dye yellow, and the Swedes colour corn-spirit with
'

See page 335.

gnianense Aubl. Guian.

Fl. 3Icd. 118.

ii.

784,

t.

311.

Llsdl.
B.

Fam. des PI. ii. 444. Endl. Eiichirid. 540.

GuiB.

Lroff. Simpl.
;

>2

Jiois sanglant,

B. dartres, B.
sr.
2,

cassais,

d. 6, iii.617.

JjmDjj.Fl. Med. 117

(1846) 406.

RosENTH. Sijn. H. B. K. Nov. Gen. ct Spec. v. 182. Mart, ex Rosenth. up. cit. 751.

Veg.Kingd. PI. Biap/wr. 748.

d'acossais.

"

Spach, Ann. Sc. Nat.

ferrugineum Hook. T. i'' Bl. Bijdr. 143.

's

ITaropgafebri/ugaSTEVD.
i.

T.

163. P.

6
'

A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. i. 826, t. 68. Chois. Prodr. Hyper. 36. Hgpericum
ii.

L. Spec. 1106.DC. Prodr.

J^i.

549, n.

70.

lati-

Lindl.

fulhim AuBL. Guian.

'

Hypericum Peks. loc. cit. Aubl. Guian. ii. 787, t. 312, fig. 2. ' Mart, ex Rosenth. foe. eit.
'

787,

t.

312, fig.

1.

Md.
fig.

iii.

Med. 117. Mu. et Del. Bid. Mat. 576. Guib. Brog. Simpl. d. 6, iii. 617,

sessi/ifolimii

737.

Gken.

et

Godr.

Fl. de Fr.

i.

314.
cp.

Caz. PI. Md.

cit.

Iiidig.

d. 3, 644.

Rosenth.
iii.

748.

H. vulyare Lamk.
Crantz.
mille
Fl.

Fl. Fr.
Atistr.

151.

L.

Amn.
11

Per8. Syn. ii. 86. Hypericum cayenncusc viii. 321 (Bois Baptiste').
loc.

H.

officinarmn

99 [Herle
piqres,

Suint-Jean,

H.

trous,

H. aux

Fers.

cit. A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer.

i.

i.

Trucheran, Chasse-diable,

Fugadmonmn).

327. Chois. DC. Prodr.

6i2.Hypericum

IIYPERrCACE.E.
its

391

buds.
ill

An

odorous

oil

distilled

from

its

leaves was formerlj^ emin equal repute iinder

ployed
the

medicine.!
of Heal-all?

H. Aiidrosmum- was
It

name
so

was prescribed
*

for insanity, burns, has-

(fig. 346-349), the odour of which was used in the treatment of dysmenorrhea and strangury H. Goris, mvntanum, ciliatum, etc., as astringents and balsamies. Many other European species^ have analogous properties.
is

morrhage, wounds.
strong,
;

H. hlrcinum

In the United States, a stomachic tincture

is

prepared from H.

vir-

ginicmn,^ the flowers chiefly being employed.

In Brazil H. laxius"

culum

'

is

extolled as alexipharmic and H. connatum

as useful in

R. Sarothra,^ of North America, is said to be vulnerary. At Quito H. laricifollivm '" is considered astringent its flowers are used for dyeing a saffron yellow. At Bourbon an odorous balsam is extracted from H. lanceolatmn,^^ prescribed in gouty and syphilitic affections. In the North of Europe ^" H. Elodes is used to dye red and yellow. Species of Hijpcricum of the section Asnjrum '^ have been employed as astringents and
;

cases of angina and stomatite.

resolutives

the seeds are considered purgative.

this
'*

and subshrubby species of

as ornamental.
'

Some evergreen genus are cultivated in our gardens

It forms

an ingredient of several balsams.

' "

A. S.-H. PI.

Us. Sras.

t.

62 [Alecrhn bravo).

The

petals contain a yellow principle, soluble

Lamk.
61.

Diet. iv. 168, n. 55.

A.
81.

in water; the pistil

and
oil,

fruit,

a reddish resinous

cit. t.

Eosenth.

op. cit. 750.

f/ato).
ii.

S.-H. op. Brathys con-

substance, soluble in

alcohol, etc.

-h.
/i

Spec. ll'rl.Gvtis. loc.cit. 617.

H.bacci-

nata Spach [Oirlha dc

^

'Mkhsl. PI. Bor.-Aiucr.

L.

Lamk. i^/. i^r. iii. 151. H. Bn. ZJic*. &(AHdrusmum officinale cycl. Sc. Med. iv. 322. All. Fl. Fedtm. ii. 47. Lindl. Fl. Med. 117. Eosenth. op. cit. 750. A. vulyare G.tuxx.

gciitiaiioides

S.

hypericoides

NuTT.

Sarotlira Eo-

senth.
'

op. cit. 751.

J.

Ami. Mus.
Spach.

iii.

160,

t.

16, fig.

l.Brathi/s

laricifvlia

Pruct.

i.

282,

t.

59, fig. 2.

" Lamk.
rcticutiitiis
'^

Diet. iv.

14-5,

n.

S.Camp;/lspoius

Hcrhe des grands bois. 4 L. Spec. 1103.- Gken. et Godw. PI. de Fr. i. 320. AndrosmHtn ftidiim Spach. ' H. qnadrangulum L. tetrapteriim Fries, crispum L. olympicum L. origant/uliiim \V. himi/iiSlim L. emjjetrifolium W. etc, (Eosenth. pp. cit.
^ ParrteiO',

Spach {Amitaviile, F'leur Jaunt). L. Spec. 1106. DC. Fl. Fr. iv. Sii6.Elo^
Spach, Ami. Sc.Nat.
i.

des paliistris

sr. 2, v. 171.

GREN.et Gonit. Fl. dcFr.

'^

320.

H.pulchrtmi

L. elegans Steph. Sicheri ViLL. {barbatum AiA^.)

have also been used in dyeing.

Especially J.
Bb<.

749).
^Jj. Spec.

1104.
iii.

AnDR.
n.

J3ot.

Sepos.

t.

2.

hypericoides

L.

and

stans

MiCHX.
'*
jl/ai/. t.

DC. Prodr.
KuTT.

546,

30.Plodea virginica

137, 146, 178, 3277, 4949, 5693. 170,

c. ic.

E. ciimpanulata Pursh.

Cark. Bcv. Bort. (1875)

GENERA.
1.

Vismia Yandell.

Flowers hermaphrodite regular

5,

receptacle

convex.

Sepals 5, thick subcoriaceous, abruptly attenuate at margin,

shortly imbricate.
in
i^refloration.

Petals

alternate, oftener villose above, twisted

,

Stamens
;

co

in 5 bundles, superposed to petals

filaments free at apex

anthers short iutrorse, afterwards reflexed

Scales 5, hypogynous, altercells

and

retrorse, longitudinally 2-rimose.

nipetalous.

Germen
;

free,

5-locular

complete or incomplete

alternipetalous

style branches 5, distinct

from base,
Seeds
co

at

apex capi-

tellate stigmatose.

Ovules in

cells oo

inserted in internal angle,

,

anatropous.

Fruit baccate, indhiscent.

ascending or

subhorizontal, inserted on placenta with lobes often spongy, subcy-

cotyledons of straight or more rarely incurved exalbuminous embryo plane or semiterete radicle short. Trees or shrubs with yellow or red juice ; leaves opposite exstipulate, entire, glabrous
lindrical
; ;

or tomentose beneath, penninerved glandular punctate

flowers in

terminal more or less compound racemose cymes.

trop. west. Africa.)
2. dite,
3),

[Trop. America,

Sec

p.

382.

Flowers nearly of Vismia, hermaphro5-merous; ovules in ca<3h cell (complete or incomplete) few (2, ascending micropyle extrorsely inferior. Fruit drupaceous
; ;

Haronga Dup.-Th.

(small) globose

pyrenes

5, 1

2-sperraous.

Seeds terete

cotyledons

of exalbuminous

leaves

embryo plane elongate; radicle shorter. A shrub; and other characters of Vismia flowers (small) crowded in a terminal very racemose-decompound raceme. i^lVoj). Africa, Madagascar.)~See p, 384.
entire
;

3 ?

Psorospermum

Spach.

Flowers
1,

nearly of Vismia
2,

ovules

in each cell (complete

or incomplete)

ascending

micropyle

HYPERICACE^.
extrorsely inferior.

393

Fruit baccate, indhiscent.

Seeds few ascending

cotyledons of straight
stellately pubescent
;

embryo convolute.

Trees
;

or shrubs often flowers crowded

liabit, leaves, etc., of Vlsvila

(smaller)

in very

compound cymiferous racemes.

384.

(Trop. Africa,

Malacca.)

See

p.

Endodesmia Bento.'

Flowers

hermaphrodite,

5-merous

sepals 5, coriaceous, imbricate, afterwards not contiguous.

alternate,

Petals 5,

unequal at base, sometimes thinner subauriculate, twisted.

,

Stamens oo in 5 bundles, inserted within petaloid tube, 5-dentate at apex anthers crowded (small) introrse apiculate, 2-rimose. Germen
;

superior, girt at base with short thick

style slender eccentiic,

hypogynous disk, 1-locular; apex stigmatose not incrassate. Ovule 1,

;

inserted under apex of cell descending

funicle rather thick

;

micro;

pyle extrorsely superior.

Fruit drupaceous oblong

mesocarp thin

endocarp crustaceous, externally resinous-cellulose.

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo fleshy
rior.

Seed descending

A shrub
ivest.

radicle very short, supe;

leaves opposite coriaceous

;

primary nerves pinnate

very close lineate parallel

(Trop,
Africa.)

flowers in ramose corymbiform cymes.

See

p.

385.

5. 5,

Cratoxylon
or

Bl.

Flowers nearly of Vmta,

Glandules
3,

5-merous

sepals

imbricate.

Petals 5, alternate, contorted or imbricate, at base

naked within
(of

more rarely appendiculate (Tridesmis).

Stamens

oo

Yismia), 3-adelphous.

squamiform, alternating with

bundles.

Germen

3-locular; styles 3, stigmatose at apex.

,

Ovules
;

in cells (complete or incomplete) 4-oo

2-seriately ascending

microvalves

pyle extrorsely inferior.

septiferous in middle.

Capsule
co
,

loculicidally

3-valvate;
to

Seeds

produced above

ascending dorsal

wing

cotyledons of straight embryo generally longer than radicle.

;

Trees or shrubs

leaves opposite entire (herbaceous) pellucid punc-

tate, flowers axillary solitary or oftener

cymose, sometimes in terminal

cymiferous raceme.

(Asia ami trop. Oceania.)

See

p.

385.

Elisea Cambess.'

Flowers
;

nearly of Cratoxijlon, 5-merous

petals at base minutely appendiculate within.

Bundles of stamens

and alternate glandules 3 connective minutely glandular at apex. Ovules in incomplete cells (3), 2, ascending; micropyle extrorsely
inferior.

Seeds, etc., of Cratoxylon

valves of capsule 3, loculicidally

391

MATURAL HISTOUY OF PLANTS.

;

2-partite
leaves,
p.

exocarp finally separating from mesocarp.

etc.,

inflorescence,

of

Oratoxylon.

[Madagascar.)

See

shrul)

385.
7.

Hypericum
;

T.

Flowers G-mcrous

or

more rarely {Ascyrum)

interior

4-merous

sepals

equal or sometimes very imeqiial (the

;

much

smaller), imbricate, glabrous or glanduliferous

glandules often
alternate,
,

capitate stipitate (nigrescent).

Petals same in

number

naked within, oftener contorted, rarely imbricate. Stamens co in 5, or 3 (or more rarely 6-8) oppositipetalous bundles filaments long or more rarely very shortly connate below in bundles, sometimes
;

subfree [Brathys)

anthers small,

introrse,

2-iimose.

Glandules

hypogynous alternating with bundles

free
;

of stamens 3, or 0.

Germen
;

cells

3-5, subcomplete or oftener more or less incomplete

in

styles

same

number

free or rarely connate below, at

less dilated stigmatose.

Ovules on each placenta

co

apex more or more rarely

few, anatropous.

Fruit capsular, or fleshy before maturity (Aiidro-

smiim), septicidal or sometimes more rarely rupturing; placentae solute from axis or finally from valves. Seeds exalate co sometimes
,

rather fleshy or cellulose without

cotyledons of straight or rarely

incurved, cylindrical or oblong embryo shorter than terete radicle or

sometimes very short,

leaves opposite or
serrate

Odorous

shrubs undershrubs

or

herbs

more rarely

verticillate,

simple entire or glandularexstipulate

;

or

dentate,

penninerved,

pellucid-punctate,

more rarely axillary, solitary or oftener in simple or racemosely compound cymes regular or 1 -lateral from base or (Temperate and warm mountainous regions of both hemiabove.
flowers terminal,
spheres.)

See

p.

386.

LYI.
I.

CLUSIACE^.

CLUSIA SERTES.
also bears the

lu

tliis fiiiiiily, wliicli

name

of Gnttifer, because
(fig.

it

includes the plant which produces the Gum-gutta

Garcinia Morclla.

354, 378),

Fig. 354. Floriferous and fructiferous brandi.

we

may

first

study Clusia

'

(fig.

355-360), the flowers of which are

slightly convex, bears first
318. B. H. Gen. Fam. Nat. 269 (incl.
:

polygamous or dicious.
'

The receptacle,
PL
ii.

L. Gen. n. 1154. Adans. Fam. des

;

Tri. Ami.
170, n.

Se.

Nat.

sr. 4, xiii.

35.5. J. Ge. 256. Lamk. Diet. ii. 52 Suppl. ii. 302 III. t. 852. Cambess. Mm. Mus. xvi.
;

1. H. Bn.

Pai/er

Choir. Mm. Soc. Linn. Far i. p. ii. (ex DC.) DC. Prod,: i. 558 (part). Spach, Suit. Btiffon, V. 310. Endl. Gen. n. 5438. Pl. et
420.
;

Androstylium MiQ. Arrudea A. S.-H. Astrntheca MiEKS, Cahotia Kaiist. Cuchlanthera Chois.
Criuva B. H. Lipoplii/lltim Miers, Oxt/stemon Pl.
et Tri. Polythecandra Pl. et Tri. Qiiapotja

Aubl.

306

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

number
more
'

a certain

of imbricate folioles, generally smaller

exterior.

as they are

The

interior are larger,

and thicker membranous,

four to eight

coloured
or ten.
to ten in

these are the petals varying in

number irom

The more

exterior or sepals, often decussate,^ are from four

fruit.

number, and often persist at the base of the stamens are numerous in the male flowers (fig. 357).

The
are

They

furnished with filaments free or united to a variable extent, forming

Cliisa rosea.

Fig. 355. Female flower seen from above (i).

Fig. 35C.

Female flower seen from below.

sometimes a column of very various height and sometimes a nearly

Anthers may be wanting in the interior and exterior, where developed, may be exserted or immerged, and open in a very variable manner ;^ they are formed of two or of a great number of cells or cellules.^ In the centre of the andrcium, there may be In the female a rudimentary gyncium more or less prominent.
globular mass.
or,
Pl.

(part),

Sp]i<rrniidi-a

Benth. Xaiithe Schreb.). (ex Adans. lue. cit.).

'

CrHvhrumidea Fi.uK.
to bracts,

et.

Titi.

Ti ijthnniron

rior

stamens

sterile

and united

in a spherical

mass.
all

2.

Sji/irnndra (Pl. et Tri.).

Stamens

united in a solid spherical or elongate mass

White, pink, or yellow.

witli

They often graduate imperceptibly

slightly prominent.

anthers imbedded in the summit adiiate or To this are referred the sec:

and these are numerous and decussate in Arrudea (A. S.-H. Fl. BriiK. Mn: i. 318, t. 6G ; Enhl.

tions of the authors cited

phaiithrra., Pliloiant liera,
its 6

Onipluilantlura,
Jtctiims/emoii,

Gnmwith
less

and

&.
xiv.

n.

5439; Pl. et Tki. Ai/h.

referred

Sc.

Nat.

sr. 4.

sub-sections or distinct types.

free,

3.

Criuva.

230),

by

MM. Bentham

and

Staminal filaments short,

united at base.
Staurocluaia^
gtjne."
4.

or

more or

Hooker to the
Clusia.

section P/ilnin/it'ieia of the genus

U.ri/ste;

To

this are referred the sections

:

It

is

the same in the sepals of

of the authors cited

Cordiiluiidia, Cliisiastium,

mon

(Pl. et Tui.

xiv. 226),
'

Ann. &e. Nut. sr. 3, xiii. 314 referred by the same authors to the
of the genus
C'/it^ia.

Cruvioptiis,

Criuva^

and AnttndrO'
is

sect. Eiii'lns'a

In

C.

^;^v///y//^

the pollen-grain

a "flat-

On

these characters are based the three sec-

tened sphere, with three very short folds similar

to the pores."
iii.

tions retained in this genus (B.

U.

lue.

cit.)

(H.

Mohl, Ann.

He. Nat. sr. 2.

"

1.

Euclusia (Pl. et Tri.).

fertile

Exterior stamens

329.)

numerous

with linear free anthers, inte-

CLUSIACE.^.
flowers, tlie sterile stamens are definite in

397

number (from

5 to 10) or

indefinite

tliey surround the base of the ovary, and are free or

united to a certain extent.

celled ovary,

Tlie gymiccinm is sessile, with a 4-10Clfiia oriffcra.

surmounted

by a

style rarely erect

and cylindrical, much more frequently divided from the base into a
variable

number (4-10)

of thick radiating reflexed

entire or crenated lobes.

In the internal angle of each cell are numerous

transvei-se

Fig. 357. Male flower without perianth. (|).

Fig.

3.58.

Long

sect,

of embryo.

or

slightly

oblique and anatropous ovules, with the micropyle turned from the
side of the placenta. ^
fleshy,

The

fruit is spherical or ovoid, coriaceous or

but

finally

septicidal,
Chisia rana-paiiari.

with thick valves which separate

from an angular column, charged

with seeds. The latter variable in number, sometimes few, as in
C.

Pana-2Mnari''

(fig.

359, 360),

are small, covered with a fleshy

aril,

complete or incomplete, and

enclose under their coats a large

fleshy

and macropod

embryo,
Fig.
3.59.

Fruit

with cotyledons very small relatively to the thick ovoid radicle

(fig.

(j).

Fig. 360. Transverse sect, of fruit.

358).
sections,^ according

This genus has been divided into numerous

to the character of the

andrcium.

This

may

serve to distinguish

Clusia proper,* with exterior and interior stamens sterile and anthers
free
(fig.

and

linear, Criuva,^ in
free, or

357)

more

or less connate below,

5

which the staminal filaments are short and Arrudea, which

B.

'

They hare a double coat. Chois. DC. I>rodr. i. .559,

t. 3-14.

H. not Pl.

et Tri. (p. 396, note 3).

To

n.

13. H. Ex.

the sect. Spliarandra (same note)

Bentham and
{Siilp/i. 73, t.

Payer Fam. Nat. 269.

AuiiL. Guinn. 901,
' *

Quapoya Fana-jJunaii
6c.

Hooker

refer Triplantli-on

Benth.

38) Arrudea A. S.-H. Polytlwcuiidra Pl. et Tiu.

16 (Pl. et Tki.

Aim.

Nat. ser.

i, xiii. 318).

{loc. cit. xiii.

314) Astrotheca

MiERS

(ex Pl. et
Liiiiia

Hiwlusia

(p.

396, note 3).

Tri.

loc. cit.

xiv. 254), Cahotia

Karst.

398

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

all

has

the stamens united in a solid mass, in which are imbedded

the anthers, sometimes but slightly projecting at the exterior.

These

anthers open sometimes by pores and oftener by longitudinal, lateral

or introrse clefts.

some sixty

species.^
;

Thus constituted, the genus Glns'ta comprises They are trees or shrubs with gummy resinous
^

latex, often yellow

they are ordinarily glabrous, sometimes sarmenkill.^

tons and climbing, often living as parasites (true or false) upon the

trunks of trees, which they finally

The

leaves are opposite,

without stipules, thick, coriaceous, entire, penninerved, with a single visible median nervure or with five parallel nervures in great

number.
folioles

The

flowers are terminal or solitary, or ia cymes.

Under

the calyx are two bracts, or a larger

number

of decussate-alternate

which mingle imperceptibly with the sepals. All belong to the warm regions of America, from Mexico to Paraguay. Beside Glusia is placed Quapoya* (fig. 361-366), which differs from it in the definite number of stamens, and also in the arrangement of the two vertical series of ovules, sometimes few and
ascending,^ sometimes

more numerous and transverse

or nearly so.

In the prototype of the

united by
is

series, Q. scandens, there are ten

stamens

their filaments to a

common

tube, at the bottom of

which
are

seen a rudimentary gyntecium.

The obcuneiform anthers

free almost only at the summit of the tube, and present two linear

and marginal cells (fig. 361). In other species of the same genus, to which the name Bengifa ^ has been given, there are from five to ten stamens, the filaments of which are all likewise united in a shorter tube, except at the summit, which may be independent. The anthers are formed like those of Q. scandens, and the number of
xxviii.

397, note 2).

Giitt.
Iiid.

448) and the Quapoya Paiia-paiiari (-p. They consider Cachlaiitheru (Chois.
46,
t.

loiid.Journ.n.S6&.
v.

Walf.
;

-ffp/). i.

393
;

ii.

811

144
^

Ann.

i.

128

ii.

190

iv.

364

vii.

338.

3)

and Lipophijllum
t.

(MiEiis,

Whence
Aubl.

the

common names
t.

Fiijukrs mau-

Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. 251,

to the sect. Criima.
'

26) as belonging

diU, Milk-pied.f, etc.

*

Guiaii. 897,

343 (not 344). Entil.

So.

From what

precedes

we can admit

six sec-

Gen. n. 5437 (part). Pl. et Tin. Aim.

sr. 4. xiv.

Nat.

tiona in the genus, viz. Eucliisia, Sphraiidra,

240 (part).

and

Criuva, as conceived hy Bentham and HooKEii, and in addition Arrudea, Cochlanthera,

O-ci/stemoii.

Tar.
(iucl.

Xanthe Schreb. Gen. 710 [1876] 77. Balboa Pl. et Tiu. Eurttiopsis Pl. et Tri.
demntopun Pl.
et Ti<i.

H. Bn. Bull.
Pit.
et

Soc.

Linn.

and
-

Ifuntiellu Pl. et Tui.

i. t.

A. S.-H. Tl. Bras. Mir.

et

65.Mart. Nov.

Itciygcria Mei.ssx. Rengifa

* '

Endl.).

288. Mia. St. Surin. t. 25, t. 1-3. Tukp. Diet. Sc. Nal. Atl. t. 156, 157. CJriseb. Tl. Brit. IK-I'id. 106. Seem. Bot. Herald, 88. Gardn. Hook. Zoiid. Jouin. ii. 334 (^Tucowni!). Benth. Hook.
Gen.
Sp.
iii.

104,

t.

With

raicropyle exterior and inferior.

et

26. Chois.

Giitt.

Ind.

PuiPP.

Endl. Nov. Gen.

Se.

et

Sp.

iii.

12,

t.

210. Pl. et Tri. Ann. 210. B. H. Gen. 171, n. 3.

Nat. sr. 4, xiv.

CLVSIACEM.
ovules

399

may

diminisli to two in each

cell.'

In Benggeria," rightly

referred as a section to the same genus, there are ten stamens, the
filaments of which are united in a short and thick tv;be, at the

summit

of which the anthers display their two distinct and divergent cells.

In Havetiopsis,^ which

we do

not separate generically from the

Qtinpoi/n {Rchgifd) scandens.

Fiff.

362.

Female

flower.

301.

Andrcium.

Fig. 363. Female perianth.

365.

Long.

sect, of

female

flower.

Fig. 364. Diagram of female flower.

Fig. 366. Female flower, perianth removed.

preceding types, there are often only four stamens, monadelphous

below, but the anthers of which become introrse.

Some, which have

been named Oligospora,* have only from two

in each cell
;

to four ascending ovules

others {BavetieUa^) have a greater number.

Balboa

"

comprises species of Havetiopsis, the stamens of which, four to six in number, are surrounded by four petals of variable imbrication

and not const-.mtly decussate. In demaiopns^'' generically confounded by the most recent authors** with Havetiopisis, the stamens have the same configuration as in the true Quapoya] but their
'

They

are ascending

when they

are few in

numher, and approach the horizontal direction

as the
-

Pl. et Tri. Pl. et Tri.

loc. cit.

247.

loc. cit.

252. B. H.
249.

Gen. 172, n.

number

increases.
;

8. H. Bn.
31.

Jiull. Sac.

Limi. Par. 77.

Melssn. Gen. 42

Comm.

Enhl.

Gen. n.

Pl. et Tri.
B.

loc. cit.

5436. H. Bk. Payer Fam. Nat. ilOSc/iweir/gcra Mart. Nov. Gen. et Sp iii. 166, t. 297, fig. ii. ^ Pl. et KI. Ann. Se. Nat. sr. 4, xiv. 246. B. H. Gen. 172, n. 6.
i

H. Gen.

172, n. 6 ("

dematopodc sepa-

rated from Hacetiopsis by characters apparently

of less importance").

See

H. Bn.

Bull. Sue.

Linn. Par. 7S.

Pl. et Tki. he.

cit.

248.

400

NATURAL HISTORY OF
much

PLANTS!.

filaments are free to a

to the base.

larger extent, sometimes even nearly

rise to eight or

Their number may

twelve and perhaps

is

even more.'

In conclusion, the genus Quapoija, thus limited,^

developed almost parallel to the genus Chisia, in which

seen variations of the audrcium
the
still

we have
as to

more numerous, both

number

of stamens

some

fifteen species,^

and the form of the anthers. It comprises belonging entirely to tropical America the
;

habit and organs of vegetation are those of

are ordinarily

Cliisia,

but the flowers

much

smaller.

Havctla

has dicious flowers, and the leaves are nearly the same

as those of the preceding genera.

The

ovary, surrounded by an
its

hypogynous

disk,^

has generally in each of

four cells two

"^

descending ovules, with micropyle interior and superior, and raphe

ventral and sublateral.''

But the male flowers,

ordinarily tetramerous,

Avith four imbricate petals, are

remarkable for the andrcium, com;

posed of four large alternipetalous stamens

each of which has the

form of a thick quarter of a sphere, and bears above and without The only species of Havetia ' three circular and valvicide cells.

known

is

a Columbian tree having otherwise the foliage, habit, and

inflorescence of Quapoija.

Beside the preceding genera under the name Glusiella ^ has been placed, not without some doubt, a Columbian shrub having penta-

merous dicious
contorted petals,

flowers.

In the females, alone known, there are

and an ovary with five multiovulate cells, surrounded at the base by a cupule formed of a large number of sterile The flowers, small and collected stamens, short and closely united.
'To
Tri.

20 in the
288),
?

sect.

Uemlqua2>oya (Pl. et
if,

B. H. ffcn. 171, n. 4. H. Bn. Poyfr J^am. A'^

270.
It has hccn supposed to be formed by the union of four staminodes in a sort of cupule. ' It may, it is said, have four, then two inferior ascending (B. H.). ' The raphe becomes dorsal or nearly so at adult age in Pilosperma (Pl. et Tki. Ann. Se. Nat. sr. 4, xiv. 243. B. H. Gen. 171, n. 4), a Columbian tree which has the characters of

loc. cit.

and

suppose, Arrudea
this genus,
it

same authors bicohr Benth. belongs to

as the
richest reprsenta-

would be the

tive in stamens since the latter

forty.
^

number about
;

tiopiis; 3.
6.

1. Euquapoya [Reiigifa) 2. Havedcmatopus i. Balboa; 5. Renggeria; Hemiquapoya,

Sect. 6

'

Maiit. Nov. Gen.

et

Sp.

iii.

166.

t.

297,

t. iii.

Honk. Land. Journ.u. 369 iii. 146 [Arrudta ?). Ppp. etENDL. iVof.GcB. (!< S'jU. iii. 11, t. 209 A Walp. Rep. i. 493 (lieiigifa) ii. {Wavetiu).
(Havetiu).
[Ilnvetia),

Benth.
Eew

vegetation of Havetia, and oi which the tetra-

Gard. Mise.

810

{Havetia)

.Ann. vii. 343

(Rengifa),

344

merous female flowers only are known but we know not if the raphe may not primaril)' be equally ventral. Is the mil (?) of the seed, as supposed, distinct in origin from that of Mate;

(_Havitiopsi.i,

dematopus), 345 {BaWnu).

et

tia ?

H. B. K. Nm. Gen.
et Pl.

Sp. v. 203,

t.

462.
n.

* '

H.

laurifolia

H. B. K.
Se.
7.

loc. cit.

(not alior.).
4, xiv.

Spach,

Suit, Biiffon, V. 305.

Endl. Gen.

Pl. et Tki. Ann.

Kat. sr.

253.

5435. Tui.

Ann.

Sc. Nat. sr. 4, xiv. 245.

B. H. Gen. 172, n.

CLUSIACEJE.
in short

401

by from two to four pairs of Only one species is known.' In the two American genera Chrijf^oclamiis and Tovoinita, the ovarian cells are uniovulate, and the ascending ovule has its micropyle directed downwards and outwards. Ghrysochlmnys ~ has four or five sepals and from four to ten imbricate petals. The stamens
(?),

cymes

are accompanied

imbricate and decussate bracts.

are numerous, sometimes partly sterile,

lower part of their short filaments.

fleshy, finally

and free The fruit,

or united at the
at
first

somewhat

becomes a septicidal capsule with

five valves.

The

seeds are surrounded by an incomplete fleshy aril, open at the back and of which the point of origin is variable.^ Some fifteen species'* have been described. Tovomlta,^ abundant especially in the Antilles, Guyana, and Brazil, has nearly the same periantli, with 4-10 petals. The stamens are free and have an erect, linear-subulate filament, surmounted by a very small anther. The ovary, with four or five cells, is surmounted by an equal number of distinct stigaiatiierous heads, nearly sessile or supported each by a moderately long stylary

column.
aril,

The dehiscent

fruit contains seeds described as destitute of

entii'e

but in reality the

superficial coat is transformed into

arillar tissue.

Tovoinita, of

which some score

flowers,

of species"

have been

distinguished, has, like Chrijsochlamijs, the foliage of Clusia, with

numerous and generally small

cymes, solitary or gathered in a
'

collected

in

umbelliform

common

ramified cluster.'
10. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 270. DC. Vandell. Em. Scr. 118. 560. Beauliarnoisia E. et Pav. Ann.

C elegans, Pl.

et Tki.

loc. cit.

254.

Ppp. et En-dl. Nov. Gen. et Sp. iii. 13, t, 211. Endl. Gen. n. 6433 '. Pl. etTEi. loc. cit. xiT. 255. B. H. Gen. 172, n. 9. ' The g. Tuvomitopsis (Pl. et Tri. loc. cit. xiv.
2

Marialva
Frodr.
i.

Gen. 173, n.

Mus.

xi. 71, t. 9.
i.

Micranthera Chois. Mni. Soc.

224,
;

261
fig.

; -BtrCofoxM Speeno. iV. Entd. ii. 110, t. 1, 1, not Mart ) has been distinguished on
its aril

DC. Prodr.i. 560. t. 11, 12 Mart. Nov. Gen. et Sp. ii. 83, t. 167 {Marialvcca). Ppp. et Endl. Nov. Gen. et Sp. iii. 13,
Hist. Nat. Par.

account of
instead
of

springing from the micropyle

t.

212 {Marialucca).

from the hilum. Bentham and Hooker say " Nos taraen in Chri/soclilnmicle arilli basin vidimus cum endocarpio et hilo seminis tarn arete concretam ut funiculus nullus
:

Lond. Journ. ii. 366. Griser. FI. Brit. W.-Ind. 106.Walp. Xep. 392 ii. 810 Ann. ii. 190 vii. 346.
ciuia).

Benth.
;

Chois. Gutt. Ind. 34 [Gari.

;

Hoo/c.

appareat, ot arillus cicatricis endocarpii v. seminis oriri videatur,"

to the g. Chrysochlamis, to

clined

likewise

to

and they join Tuvomitupsis which they are inrefer Commirhca Mieks
t.
i.

7 do not know to what group of this family to refer the abnormal genus Allanblackia (Oliv. B. H. Gen. 980, n. 15 ; Fl. Trop. Afr.

We

Jloribunda),

{Trans. Linn. Sue. xxi. 252,

"

26).

A. S.-H. Ft. Bras. Mer.

315,

t.

64 {Tovo-

inita).

PiiESL. Si/mb.
vii.

ii.

20,

t.

66 {Tovomila).

represented by a single species {A. which has the external characters of a Cluda or a Tovomita, but the st.amens of which are pcntadelphous, with oppositipotalous bundles, rudimentary in the female flower, and
i.

162),

W.u-P. Ann.
'"

343, 346 [Tovomitopsis).

t.

the gyncium, rudimentary in the male, has a

unilocular ovary, with iive parietal little-pro-

364. J. Gcii. 256. PoiR. Diet. vii. 717; Suppl. v. 327. Endl. Gen. n. 5433. Pl. et Tki. loe. cit. xiv. 267. B. H.
AuRL.
Gitian. 956,

minent and multiovulate placenta;.

rescence
is

The

inflo-

in terminal

compound

clusters.

VOL. VI.

26

402

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

II.

SYMPHONIA

SEEIES.
'

two plants made known by Aublet under the name " Moronohea cocclnea, has more recently received that of Symplionia
of the

One

globuUfera.

Its flowers are regular, ordinarily

Symjihonia

hermaphrodite/^ with

[Ch ysopia)

fasciculata.

Fig. 367. Flower.

FiiJ.

36S.

Diairmm.

Fig. 369. Flower, without

corolla.

Fig. 371. Flower, corolla

and andrcium removed.

Fig. 370. Long. sect. of flower.

a concave receptacle.
in the

The calyx

is

formed of

five sepals,

arranged

bud

in quincuncial nrefloration, unequal,*

five alternate petals, contorted in prefloration.^

and the corolla of Within the corolla

'

Guian.

t.

113, fig. a-j (excl.).

i.

72,
'

t.

48.

L.

p. Siqypl. 49,

Nai.

sr. 4. xiv,

303. Pl. et Tki. Ann. Sc. 286. B. H. Gen. 173, n. 11.

Nat.

H. Bn.

Fai/cr Finn.

272

Terhaps polygamous. Shorter and thicker as they are exterior in

Blackstonia

the bud.
^

Scop. Introd. n. 1256.

Aneuriscus Presi.. Symb.

As a whole nearly globular

in tho bud.

CL usIA CE.s.
is

403

a thick coriaceous ciipuliform disk, within which

is

inserted the

andrcium. The latter is monadelphous at the base, and the filaments,

united below in a sort of tube, separate higher up into five small
oppositipetalous bauds, the exterior face of

extrorse anthers, dehiscing

by two

longitudinal clefts, and the

which bears three adnata summit

is

terminates in a point, at

first

iuflexed.

The gynaecium

superior,
cells, sur-

formed of an ovary with

five

incomplete alternipetalous

mounted by a

style with five

open then recurved stigmatiferous

is

branches terminated by a point at the top of which

leading to a narrow stigmatic cavity.
cell
is

a small aperture

In the internal angle of each

a placenta bearing from two to six, rarely more, ascending

anatropous ovules, with the micropyle inferior and exterior.

fruit is

The

an ovoid or globular berry, with few seeds enclosing under

their coats a large fleshy undivided embryo, without albumen.

8. globullfera is a tree with a yellowish latex, opposite, coriaceous,
'

entire,

penninerved leaves, with numerous thin parallel and close

secondary nervures.
top of the branches.
to

The
Brazil.

flowers

arc in

It inhabits tropical

umbcUiform cymes at the America from the Antilles

Peru and central

(fig.

It is

found in western tropical Africa.^

367-371) from Madagascar has rightly been considered congeneric with this plant, having the same organs of vegetation and the same flowers, with sometimes four anthers in each fascicle of the andrcium and a disk more or less deeply crenelate.^ Hitherto five species ^ of Chrysopia have been described. Close beside 8ijmj)honia are ranged four genera, some of which are scai'cely distinct and perhaps will hereafter be retained only as sections of the first. There is first the true Moronobea,'' the corolla of which is more elongate and ovoid in the bud than that of Symphonia, and the disk exterior or rather inferior to the andrcium disappears
Ghrysopia'^

Moronobcn globulifera Schlchtl, Linii(i,\m. Anmriscus exserens Presl. A, iibletii Pkesl. ' Red, very odorous. ' Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 163. It i.s a question if it has not been introduced.
'

189.

In

C.

gyinnnclada the ovary

is

described as

directly

am-mounted by

five

punctifonn stigis perhaps from Symphoiiia

mata
6

(Pl. et Tri.).

One

of them, C. urophijtta Dcne.

little distinct

evidently a form
globtilifera
7

L.

f.

NoKoNK. cxDup.-Th.
DC. i'rorfr.

Gen. Nov.
Swii.

Mad.

14.

Cambess. Men.
Gn.
n. 5440.

i.

563.

Spach,

m^),
t.

v. 319.

Mas.

xvi. 422,

19. Endl.
5,

Pl. et Tiu. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr.

Lcticonocarpus
Tm.).

Aubl. Guian. 788, t. 313 (excl. fig. a-j). Esdl. Gen. n. 5441 (part). Pl. et Tin. Ami. He. Nat. sr. 4, xiv. 295. B. H. Gen. 174, n. 13.
Spkuce,
herb.
(ex.

et

Pl.

xiv. 289.

262

404

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

is

almost entii'ely at the level of the fascicles of the latter, and

in the form of salient lobes, only in the intervals.

seen,

Each

fascicle is

composed of from four

to six

stamens which are united only in the

lower part of their filaments and free in their antheriferous part,

One or two Moronobea have been described, from Guyana and northern Brazil they have opposite leaves and large terminal and solitary flowers.^ Montroiizen'a ~ is scarcely distinct from Moronohea and Symphonea. It has the spherical bud of the latter, the fundamenslender, very elongate, sph-ally twisted in the bud.

species of
;

tally distinct staminal fascicles of the former,

with free anthers and

independent glands, generally alternate

with the staminal bundles.

The ovules

numerous and the organs of vegetation nearly those of Moronobea. Four or five New Caledonian species * are already known. Pentadesma butyracea,^ one of the Butter-trees of tropical
are

western Africa, has' nearly

all

the characters of Moronobea,^ sepals

moi'e

more unequal^ and stamens

fascicles,

numerous

in

each of the five

fascicle.

with anthers that do not descend so low in each

is

The

disk

the same, and the fleshy fruit, rich in fatty matter,

cell.

encloses only a single seed in each

site coriaceous

It is a fine tree

with oppo-

penninerved leaves and large solitary terminal flowers.

to

It is nearly allied

Platonia,''

a large tree of tropical eastern

America, having the bud of Moronobea, a disk with lobes alternating with the staminal fascicles, but in each of the latter a very large

number

of slender, straight filaments,

other and bear each a linear and extrorse anther

which soon separate from each proceeding from

''

the middle of

its

length.

Two

*"

species of Platonia are described.

White. Panch. ex Pt. et Tri. Jnn. Se. Nat. sr. 4, xiv. 292. B. H. Geii. 173, n. 12. * In il. emilijlora the disk, little prominent, is quite entire beneath the stamens, and does not
1

rically distinct.
?

From which
Mart. Nov. Endl.
B.v.

the sepals are said to pass imGen.

et

perceptihly to petals.

t.

Sp.

iii.

108,

t.

28S,

f.

2,

289.

Gen. n. 5456.

project into the intervals of the filaments.

Sc.

Nat.

Panch.
'

Sb. Not. Bois N.-Caled.

xi. 366.

220. H.
Don, Gen.

H.

sr. 4, xiv. 297.

Bn. Adansonia,
Syst.
i.

The

B. H. Gen. 174, n, 14. Payer Fam. Nat. 1T1. pollen is " spherical with four rather

Pl. et Tki. Ann.

Sab. Trans. Sort. Soc.

619.
n.

v.

457.

short folds, and four transverse elliptical

bilics."

umiii.

Spach,

Suit, a Bujfon, y. 320.

(H.

MouL. Ann.
Discors.

Sc. Nat. sr. 2,

Endl. Gen.
sr. 4, xiv.

5415. Pl. et Tri. Ann. So. Nat. 300. B. H. Gen. 174, n. 15. Oliv.

329.)
'"

Arrcd.

32

(Baciiry).

Abbev,

Tl. Trop. Afr.

i.

164.
it

Miss. Capuc. 222 {Pacounj).

From which

cannot be retained as gene-

CLVSIACEM
trees

405

beautiful flowers

whose organs of vegetation are those of Symjyhonia and solitary and terminal.^
'

its

III.

GARCmiA

SERIES.

Garcinia has polygamo-dicious flowers. In some of them, distinguished under the name of Xanfhochi/mus ' (fig. 372-375), they
are pentamerous, and on their convex receptacle are inserted, from
Garcinia Xanthocliymus.

m^i WHm
Fig. 372

Flower

(?).

Fig. 373. Long. sect,

of flower.

Fig. 374.

Andrcium

Fig. 375.
fruit.

Young

and gynsecium.

bottom

to top, five sepals imbricate in the bud,

more or

less

unequal,*

and five alternate imbricate petals.^ In front of each petal is a bundle of stamens in which the male organs are few in number, often, for example, from four to six. The filaments are often united to a considerable extent, after which they become distinct and supjDort

each a bilocular introrse anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal

clefts, often sterile or

these five

even disappearing in the female flowers. With staminal bundles alternate an equal number of hypogynous
or nil in the male flowers.

glands or lobes of a disk more or less rugose or plaited, surmounted

by a gyntecium, imperfect
or hermaphrodite,
it is

In the female

composed of a

free ovary, with five alterni-

petalous
at its

surmounted by a style discoid dilated stigmatiferous extremity, with five obtuse or very prominent and radiating
cells,

Large pink. Like all the types of this series, this will perhaps one day he regarded as simply a section of a single genus. 5 RoxB.P;. Coromaiid. ii. 51, 1. 196 iii. t. 270. Chois. DC. Piodr. i. 562 Gutt. Ind. 23, 32.
'

5444. Pl. et Tri. Ann. Se. Nat. 303. B. H. Gen. 175, n. 17. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 270. Stalagmites Mukr.
Endl. Gen.
sr. 4, xiv.

n.

Comtn. OcEtt. ix. 173 (part). DCProrfc.

*
'

i.

662.

The most exterior are the Or more rarely contorted.

smallest.

406

NATO BAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

(fig.

lobes

372-374).

The two

lateral cells

and the corresponding

stylary branches
cell is

may be

wanting.

In the internal angle of each

an axile placenta supporting a single ascending incompletely

anatropous ovnle, with micropyle inferior and exterior.

is

The

fruit

a berry.

The

seeds,

surrounded by a fleshy pulp/ enclose under

^

their coats a large fleshy and undivided embryo.

In the true Garclnia

354, 376-378).

the flowers are generally tetramerous

(fig.

The

sepals are iinbricate-decussate

^

and the two

exterior are not unfrequently

much

smaller than the others.

The

stamens are generally arranged like those of Xanthofhyvms, either

free

or united in

five

fascicles or

sometimes more, with anthers

Giucmia Munijostnna.

FiK. 376. Female flower.

377. Lone;, sect, of female flower.

fertile

only in the male or hermaphrodite flowers.

The

organization

and mode of dehiscence of these anthers are very variable. In G. In the Mangostana and analogous species,* they are bilocular. species of the Gambogia series, they have two cells or four cellules,
equally dehiscing by
are. peltate
clefts.

In G. Morella'

(fig.

354, 378), they

gynsecium

is

and open by a sort of small lid like a pyxis.^ The composed of a very variable number of carpels (from

two

to a dozen).

The ovary

encloses, in the internal angle of each

Seminal coats transformed.

L. Gen. n. 594.
iii.

MiQ.. Fl.Ind.-Bat.Su'piil.

i.

495.

Cbfiaiithemum
ix. 338.

J. Geii. 266.
;

Desrx. Lamk.

ViEiLL. Bull.

Soc. Linn.

Norm.

Diet.

ri-odr.

III. t. 405. DC. iii. 584 Cambess. Mem. Mus. xvi. 425. Spach, Suit, Btiffon, v. 322. Endl. Gen. n. 5443. Pl. et Tri. Ann. Se. Nat. sr. 4, xiv. 324. B. H. Oen. 174, 980, n. 16. H. Bn-

699

Suppl.

Particularly in the greater part of the species

i.

560.

from tropical western Africa, which thus difier from IVieidia only in the presence of more than

two sepals

to the calyx.

J'nyer

Fam. Nat. 271.

11.
ii.

Laness. Adaiisonia,
105,
t.

x.

2S3,

t.

Cnmbogia L. Gen. n. HhO.^Man/o105.

Mangostana (Bl. Pl. et Tri.). * Type of the sect. Sebradnidron, formerly raised to the rank of a genus (Graham, Hook.
Sect.

stana G.;eutn. Fniet.

Oxycarpiis

Ktw
6

Jottrn. vi. 70,

t.

2 0),

Lour. Fl. Cochineh. (ed. 1790) 647. Brindonia Dup.-Th. Diet. Sc. Nat. v. 339. Rhinostigma

The

anthers are linear, 2-locular, in Clusi;

aiithemum

which has 4-5-merous

flowers,

and

CLUSIACEM.
cell,

407

au ovule

like that of

Xanthochymus, and

is

surmounted by a

style, dilated to a head of very variable form, with lobes

more

or less

salient

and

distinct.'

Often the entire style exists in the centre of

;

the male flowers, but without ovary

in other

cases the gyntecium disappears entirely.

fruit is
is

The
;

Gayeinia Morella.

analogous to that of Xanthochymus

corticate,

it

a berry, often

furnished at the

base with the calyx and at the summit with

the persistent style.
coat,

The

seeds, with

pulpy
Fiff. 378.

enclose

an embryo undivided or with

surmounted by two very

Stamens.

macropod

radicle,

small cotyledons.'-

cally

Under the name of Discostigmn.,^ have been distinguished generisome species of Garcinia with small flowers in false umbels in the axils of the leaves and anthers opening by short clefts resembling pores and under the name of Terpnophyllmn* some Biscostlgma of Ceylon whose stamens are slightly adherentwith the base of thesepals. Thus understood,'^ the genus Garcinia is composed of about forty
;

species" belonging to all the tropical regions of the old world.

They

are trees or shrubs with a yellow juice, thick opposite coria-

ceous peuninerved leaves, nearly always entire, without stipules.

The
more

flowers are terminal or axillary, solitary, or in triflorous or

or less ramified

cymes resembling compound

Tri.
363.
\.

clusters or umbels.

the stamens are inserted on a quadrilateral receptacular projection.

xi.
'

loc. cit.

(See H. Bn. Adansonia

4.

"Sect. 12:
gosliinu

Hiiradendron
;

{CrULAU.)

2.

Man;

370.)

(GasRTN.)

3. 5.

Peltostigma (Pl. et Tri.)

Rheediopsis
;

There are some sections founded on the character of the stigma which is peltate in Fcltrjstignia and Traehycarptis, with tuheroular
lobes in Comarostigma.

Xanth<,chi/mus;

(an Afiican

S])ecics

mentioned above)
;

6.

Cl/fsianthemum
;

(ViEiLL.)
bogia (L.)

7.
;

(i) E/iinoslignia

(MiQ.)

8.

Cam;

9.

Comai'oxtigma (Pl. et T.a.)

cit.

10.

In germination, the gemmule is elongate, and it3 appendages separate fi-om each other. Adventitious roots, variable in number, may then be developed at the base, and these alone
-

Trachycarpus (Pl. et Tri. he.

costigma (Has.sk.)

348)

11.

Sis-

12.

Terpiiophyllum (Thw.).
116,

Wight,

Icon.

t.

44, 102-105, 112-116,

{)
;

120, 121, 192, 900, 960

Pl. As. Rar.
ii. t.

III. t.

44. Wall.
iii. t.
;

will soun nourish the

(as in certain

opposite extremity of the

arrested in

young plant. At the embryo there is also

258.

Roxb. Pl. Coram,

298. Thw. Enum.

[Terpnophyllum,

Pl. Zeyl. 48, 49

Monocotyledons) a thin root soon development. Roxeuroh, then Planohon et Triana {Ann. Sc. Nut. sr. 4, xvi. 302), consider it an original root of transitory
its
3

Xanthochymus).

Seem.

Suppl. 493
Voy.
p.
i.

Her. Bot.

t.

79,

93. Mm.

Fl. lud.-Bai.
i.

i.

606

An>i. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.

208.

Oliv. Fl.

existence.

Hassk.
iii.

Cat. Sort. Bogor. 212.

Endl. Gen.

KuRZ, Trop. Afr.i. 164, 168 (Xanthochymus). Journ. As. Soc. xxxvii. 64. Anderson, Hook. alp. Rep. i. 394, 395 Fl. Brit. Jnd. i. 259.
{Xanthochymus), 811; Ann. ii. 190; iv. 365, 366 {Discostigma) vii. 350, 353 {Discostigma) 354 [Terpnophyllam).
;

Suppl.
43.5.

95.

Chois.

Mm.

Soc. Gen. (1860) xv.

sr. 4, xiv. 361.
t.

Pl. et Tki. Ann. Sc. Kat.

Ketv Journ. 70,

Thw. Hook.

2 C.

Pl. et

408

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Bheedia
is
;

scarcely distinct from tetramerous Oareinia

it differs

only in this
ticils,

that the calyx, instead of being in two dimerous versej^als,

with alternate pieces, has only two free imbricate

rarely

united to any considerable extent.

It comprises trees of tropical

America, whose organs of vegetation are those of Garcinia.

Two
all

from Madagascar and one from tropical western Africa are

species that have been described.

the

Ochrocarpus
it

is also

a near neigh-

bour of Garcinia, and between

observable
close
sac,
is

that the calyx, represented in the

and Bheedia the only difference bud by a valvate and

two equal

afterwards divides from top to bottom into

It

or

unequal parts.

has been found in Madagascar, in tropical

All these plants have the

western Africa, and in eastern India.

same embryo

as Garcinia.

IV.

MAMMEA
series if it

SERIES.
would had not an embryo of quite a
different

Mammea^

(fig.

379), having the flowers of Ochrocaiyvs,

be placed in the same

Mamnim

organization

(ruirricaua.

a character to which, in
this family, a great value

has

been

attached

in

classification.

Instead of

being macropod and undivided,

in
fact

embryo is composed of a
this

very short inferior radicle

379. Long. sect, of flower
(\).

and of two very large

plano-convex cotyledons,
united to each by their
flowers, moreover,

internal surface.

The polygamous

have a valvate
erect elongate

calyx, divided at the period of anthesis into two valves, of from four
to eight imbricate petals,

numerous stamens, with

L Gen. r.. 656. J. Gen. 257. Lamk. III. t. 458. Desux. Diet. in. 692; Siippl. iii. 582 (part). DC. Prodr. i. 561. Camiie.ss. Mm, 3Iiis. xvi. 424. TuEP. Diet. Sc. Nat. Ail. t. 157.
'

Spach,

Siiif. Buffon, v. 321. Endi.. Gen. n. 5442. B. H. Cch. 176, n. 23 (part), 981. H. Bs. Tat/er Fam. Nat. 271. Vi.. et Tm. Jn?i. Se.

Nat. sr. 4, xv. 240 (part).

CLVSIACEM.
anthers, dehiscing

409

tute of disk.

by two longitudinal clefts and a gysecium destiThe ovary is bilocular, surmounted by a style with
cells are

stigmatiferous extremity dilated to a large subpeltate and bilobcd

head.

In the internal angle of each of the

two nearly basilar

There
is

collateral

ascending ovules, with micropyle exterior and inferior.

The

fruit is a large corticate

"

1-4-spermous berry. ^

perhaps

only one species

of ilammea,^ a native of tropical America, but

introduced and cultivated in several

Africa.

warm

countries of Asia and

The

leaves are opposite, rigid, coriaceous, entire, penni-

nerved, with numerous fine parallel secondary nervures, covered with

glandular punctuations.
in pauciflorous

The

flowers are axillary, solitary or united

short.

cymes and with pedicels ordinarily

Close beside

Maramea
differ

are placed

three genera frem tropical Asia,

which scarcely

from

it

in the

fundamental organization of the

flower; these are Mesua, Kayea,

and PcUoneuron.

Mesua

(fig.

380) has hermaphrodite, tetramerous flowers, with imbricate sepals,

an ovary with two biovulate cells and a style longer than that of

Mammea, but
a
large

terminated also by
bilobed

Fig. 3S0. Flower.

stigmatiferous
fruit finally

head.

The

opens in four valves.

Four or

five species

are described.

Kayea^ has the same

*
i.

flowers, with four imequal,

656. J. Gen. 258. DC. Prodr.

' The seeds are ascending, nearly erect, large, covered with a thick bed resembling fibrous hemp, enclosing a large fleshy embryo quite

L. Gen. n.

562.
6.

fig.

Cambess. Mem. Mus. xvi. 426, t. 17, Spach, Suit, Buffon, v. 272. Endl.

riddled with reservoirs of gum-resinous juice,

Gen. n.

5447. B. H.
4,

Gen. 176, 981, n.

and much resembling a large almond, with

plano-convex cotyledons, well defined externally, but united by their plane surface, and a very
short inferior radicle.
^

Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 272. Pl.

Se.

et Tri.

22. H. Ann.

Nat. sr.

xv. 298.

Rhyma

Scop. Introd.
2 {Nagassa35.

n.

1185 (ex Endl.).

'

M.

americana L. Spec. (ed.

t.

1),

512.

jAca.
248.

riiim).
Zci/l.

Edmph. Herb. Ambuin. vii. 3, t. Rheebe, Hort. Ilalab. iii. t.

Amer. 268,

181, fig. 82

Amer.

Pict.

t.

{Nag/ias).

Chois.

Hebm.
40.

Gutt.

hid.

Vahl, Ed. ii. 40. W. Spec. ii. 1157. Maniai/ Bauh. Sisl. i. 172. Mammei magito fr-uctu, Persic(B sapore Plum. Gen. 44 le. 170. Rheedia
;

Wight, Icon. t. 117-119, 961.THW.i?Hm. PI. Zeyl. 50. Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 509. Hook. p. Fl. Brit. hid. i. 277. Walp. Rep. i.
396

ainericana Griser. FI. Brit. W.-Ind. 108.

'

Ann.

i.

129

vii.

358.
iii.

The

other species admitted into the genus

{loc. cit.

Wall.

PI. As.

Rar.

5, t.

by Triana and Planchon

(see p. 408, 426).

244-246) are

Gen. n. 5449. B. H. Gen. 176, n.

210. Endl. 21. Pl. et

attributed by Oliver to the genus Ochrocarpus

Tri. Ann. Se. Nat.

sr. 4,

xv. 295.

410

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

imbricate-decussate sepals, exserted stamens, with small and nearly

globular anthers.

The ovary has

a single cell, with four ovules,

it

rarely more, inserted quite at the base, and

is

surmounted by a
'

long subulate style, divided at the summit into four small pointed
lobes.

The

fruit is indhiscent.

Seven or eight species

are

known.

Pciloneuron,^ primarily referred to the family of the Ternstrmiace, has nearly the flowers of Meswa, with two biovulate cells in

the

two subulate extremity, and a capsular

ovary,
species
^

styles,

with stigraatiferous punctiform

septicidal (?)

and monospermous

fruit.

Two

are distinguished, from the Indian peninsula.

Calophyllum Ca/abi.

Fig. 381. Flower

(J).

Fig. 382. Long. sect, of flower

(5).

GalojjhyUinn*

(fig.

381-384), of which a separate group has been

made,

is

exceptional in this series

by a

single character

the gynse-

cium
one

is

reduced to one carpel, and the ovary, consequently, has but

cell

with a single anatropous, almost basilar ovule, ordinarily

is

ascending,^ and the style

stigmatiferous head.

terminated by a more or less oblique

The

fruit is a

drupe the seed of which encloses

Tuvi.Emim.Pl.Ziyl. 50. B..Bn. Adaiisoiiia,

See vol.
iv. p.

sr. 4,

XV.

Ul.Calnha Plum.
Pl.
ii.

Gen. 39,

t.

18.

xi. 368.
2

Adans.
269.

i''7ii. de.i

446.

Inophylhim Bdrm.

This genus, unknown

Thes.Zeyi. 130.

Kiiliij)/tyllodendroiiY aill.

Mm.

to us,

had previously been referred doubtfully

Fl. Sylv.
i.

to the Ttmstimincea;.
3

Bedd.

t. 3,

93. T. Dter Book. f.

[1722] iOT.Balsnmaria LouR. Fl. Coehinch. (d. 1790) i&%.Apat.crium Bl. liijdr. 218. Lamprophijllum Miers, Trans. Linn. Soc.

Acad.

l'ar.

Fl. Brit. Ind.

^

278.

xxi. 249,

t.

26, fig. 13 (part).

L. Gen. n. 658.

J.

Gen. 258; Ann. Mus. xx.

;

Owing

to

the slight variations presented

466. Lamk. Vict. 1. 552 Suppl. ii. 17 lU. t. 459. G.;ktn. Fruct. i. 201, t. 43, fig. l.-DC.
;

by the point of insertion and to its anatropy more or less complete, this ovule may here and
its micropyle towards the side or even towards the top of the cell as we have

Pi-odr.
t.

i.

562. C.

17,

fig.

SrACH,

Cambess.

Mm. Mus.

xt. 427,
v.

there direct

SiUt Buffon,

330.

Endl. Gen. n. 5448. Payer, Fmn. Nat. 40. B. H. Gen. 175, n. 20. Pl. et Tri. Ann. Se. Aai.

seen in certain fresh flowers of the cultivated

plant.

CLUSIACE.E.

411

an embryo similar

in construction to that of

Mammea, with

a very-

to The four, and the petals (which may be wanting?) vary from two to ten.' About forty species ^ of Calopli[iUnm are admitted. They are trees

short inferior radicle.

imbricate sepals

mrmber from two

Calophyllmn Calaba.

383. Fruit.

Fiff. 38-1.

Long.

sect, of fruit.

with smooth opposite coriaceous leaves with numerous fine close parallel penniform secondary nervures, and flowers in clusters of
terminal or axillary and more or less ramified cymes.
all

They

inhabit

the tropical regions of America, Asia, Oceania, and Africa.

V.

QUIINA SERIES.
(fig.

The
sepals.

flowers of Qjiiina^

385) are polygamous, with a small

four decussate or five imbricate
to

convex receptacle bearing at

first

The

petals,

alternate

and equal in number, or rising

seven or eight, are free or slightly united at the base and imbricate
in the bud.

The stamens

are

numerous in the male

flowers,

where

they consist of a slender filament and a short subglobose anther of

two*
'

cells

dehiscing internally or near the margin by longitudinal

On

these characters are founded the sections

HooK.
Austral,

p. FI.
i.

admitted in thisgenus particularly by Tkwaites. 2 RuMPH. Serif. Amboin, ii. t. 71, 72 [Bintangor).

Brit. Lui. i. 271. Benth. FI. 183. Walp. Utp. i. 396; ii. 811;
ii.

Jacu. Amer.
i.

Ann.
3

i.

129;

191;

iv.

t.

165.

A.

366;
t.

vii.

356.
Diet.

S. -H. FI. Bras.

AiiBL. Guian. Suppl. 19,

Mer.
Icon.

320,

t.

57.

Wight and Akn.

Prodr.

i.

vi.

34 (Qnhitt).

TuL.

379. Poir.

Ann.

Se. Nat. sr. 3, xi.

102. Wight, Hook.

t.

But. Misc. Suppl. t. 17; 106-108, 110, 111. Thw. Eiimn. PI.
PI. Brit. W.-Iiid.
ii.

156. B. H. Gen.
Ann.

176, 981, n.

24. Pl.

et

Tki.

Se. Nat. sr. 4, xv. 309.

Gtdina Crueg.

Zeijl. 51,

407. Gbiseb.
i.

108.

Liniitea, XX. 115.

Mm.

FI. Ind.-Bat.

p.

509

Suppl. 193, 497.

Sometimes only one.

412

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

clefts. They are inserted on the receptacle or, more rarely, are united to a small extent with the base of the corolla and fall with it. In the female flowers, the stamens less numerous, are often grouped

in alternipetalous bundles,

and the anthers may present the ordinary

appearance

without
of

being fertile/

Quiinajlorida.

The gyneecium,
is

which there

is

rarely a rudiment in the male flowers,

composed of a

or three cells,

free ovary, with two surmounted by a style

immediately divided into an equal

number

of slender subulate branches

enlarged at the summit to a discoid

or reuiform stigmatiferous head.

In

the internal angle of each cell are

inserted, near the base,
Fig. 385. Long. sect, of

two

collateral

bud

(|).

ascending ovules, with the micropyle

exterior and inferior.

The

fruit is a

slightly fleshy berry,

finally

dehiscent, ordinarily monospermous,

enclose,

more rarely with two seeds which

under their

coats," a fleshy

and thick hemiQuiina consists of trees or shrubs, sometimes spherical cotyledons. climbing, with a clear juice ^ less abundant than in the rest of the family, opposite, verticillate leaves, most frequently accompanied by
often spherical embryo, with short inferior radicle

two narrow rigid

veins.

lateral stipules.

They

are ordinarily sim^le, den-

tate or crenelate, with pennate nervures connected

by

fine transverse

In Touroulia* which probably ought

to be united

with this

genus, the leaves are pinnatipartite.

small, generally numerous, united in

The

flowers^ of Quiina are

less ramified clusters

more or

of

of tropical

cymes often biparous. About fifteen species^ are known, natives America and nearly all of Guyana.
Pl. et Tri.
n. 852.

'

Exceptionally, however, they enclose grains

456.5.

loc.

cit.

315.

Robinsonia

of pollen.
^ '

ScHKEB. Gen.
is

The

exterior

tomentose.

'

White

or yellowish, odorous.

Of a gummy nature (Tbkcul), see p. 415. " AuBL. Guiaii. i. 492, t. 194. J. Geii. 434. Tom. Did. vii. 718 111. t. 424. Endl. Gtii. n.
;

Gbiseb. Fl. Brit. W.-liid. Rep. ii 434 Ann. vii. 359.

;

105. Walp.

CLUSIACE.E.

413

In 1789 A.-L. de Jussieu

'

established

tlie

family of GiUtifer,

which he placed between the

the

St.

John's Worts and Oranges,

Beside

new genera Clusia, Gaixinia, Tovomitrt, Q,uapoya, Moronohea, Mammea, Mesua, BheecUa, and Galoplujllum, which belong to it, he
placed seven foreign types, viz.
:

G-rias of the Myrtace,'^ Valeria

and Elocarpus of the TiUace and in addition the three genera of AuBLET, Macahanea,^ Macoubea* and Singana,^ the place of which is still to be found, as also that of several types imperfectly known,"
Vatica of the Dipterocarpe, Allophyllus of the Sajnndacece and
;

erroneously attributed to the Glusiace.

Later,' he further

added

Venana,
self to

now referred, under the name of

to 1824, Choisy,^

Brexia, to the Saxifragace.

From 1822

who on

several occasions devoted him-

the study of the Gidflfem', included

KuNTH, Ochrocarpus of of Ternstrmiace and Canella. In 1828 Cambessedes,^ taking in hand the study of the genera constituting the group of Guftifer, reduced them to ten,^" viz. Tooomita, Clusia^ Havetia, Moronobea, Ghnjsopea [Synq^honia), Mammea, Bhecdia, Garcinia, Mesua, and Calopliyllum. By Endlicher ^^ were added to it Pentadesma of Don, Kayea of Wallich, and Platonia of Martius, wrongly referred to Canellace}'^ In 1836 Lindley^' gave to the family the name of
:

among them Havetia Dupetit-Thouaes, with a certain number

of

Glusiace.

Besides the types enumerated above, he placed in

it

Chrysochlamys and Bengifa of Pppig, Beuggeria of Martius, and Galysaccion of Wight. In 1849 Choisy,'* treating of the Indian
Guttifer, admits the same genera, and adds Cochlanthera.

The
to

number
'

of generic types
Ord.
9.

is still

more considerable,
Ft. Jav. Biptcroc.'), a

for

it

amounts

Geii. 255,

genus proposed

for Valeria

See

p. 376, n. 55.
6, t.

'

AuBL. Guian. Suppl.

371.

(Macanea).
xvi. 318.

J. Gen,

257

flexuom Lock. [PI. Coch. 334), a tree with alternate leaves, very different from the Clmiueece.
Hiks.s [CoiUrib.i 114, not.) has also noted under the names oi Pcnssiis and Catnliisa, two genera
of
Cltisiaeeec

Pi,,

et Tri.

Ann.

Se. Nat. sr. 4,

These authors consider this plant a

ITippocratea (Tonteka).
2,

The

fi-uit,

numbered

1,

from tropical America, of which we

xx. (1813).
Hist. Nat. Far.
i.

in the plate of

Au blet, much

resembles that

know
^

only the names.

Jlifs.

of a Ufaria.

Ann.

AuBL, (r(na. Suppl. 17, t. 378 J. Ge. 257. Pl.inchon and Triana think that the fruit re<

Mem.
i.

Sue.

p.

ii.

DC.

Prodr.
'
'

(1824) 557, Ord. 35.

presented in this plant

is
t.

also that of a Tonteka.

AuBL. Guian.

574,

230.

Bentham

{Gen.

Mm. Mus. xvi. 370, t. 17, 19. To say nothing of the synonyms which do
eeH. 1024, Ord. 216 (Cfasf'ace).
Loc.
cit.

465) thinks that this plant belongs perhaps to Suaiizia [Tounatea). Endlicher classed it

double service.
i' '2

with the Capparide.

Especially Soala (Blanco, Fl. Filip. 437), which in certain characters resembles the Ano

1029.

'^
'*

Introd. (ed. 2) 74.

Mm.

Sue. Hist.

Nat. Genve,

xii.

naceee

and Barringtoni

Stelechospermum (Bl.

414

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

work on the family by Planchon

thirty-four in the most complete

and Tbiana

published in 1861 and 1862.

the classification

These authors, who based of the Gluslacoce on the conformation of the embryo,
:

added thereto twelve new genera, seven named by themselves Oxystemon, Polythecandra, Balboa, dematopus, Havetiopsis, ClusiArrudea by ella, and Pilosperma,^ and those previously proposed Cambessedes, Androstyllmn by Miquel, Discosfiijma by Hasskarl,
:

Montrouzerla by Pancher, and in addition the old genus Touvalia of

Adblet and
the

his Qiiiina which,

referred to this family.

some years previously, Tolasne^ had In 1862 Bentham and Hooker * reduced

number

of genera to twenty-four,

by referring
CochlaiitJiera,

to other types

Arrudea,

Oxystemon,

Androatylium,

dematopus,

Tovomitopsis, Dlscostlgma, and Touralia.

After them Oliver united

Galysaccion to Ochrocarpus^ and created the abnormal genus Allanhlackia.^

As
it

Galysaccion had been included in

total

Mammca by

Plan-

CHON and Triana, the

joined to

number was then

twenty-five.

Hooker^

Fceciloneuron, formerly considered a Ternstrmiacea}

By uniting Beuggeria,
to the true
section,'" to

Beugifa, Havetiopsis, dematopus, and Balboa^

Quapoya, and by referring Xanthocliymus, as a simple Garcinia, we have reduced the number of genera to be

retained to twenty-two, and

still

we have

indicated the possibility of a

greater reduction

attached to the characters

series are distinguished

by showing how little importance can be by which the genera of the Symphonia

from each other.

The number
and
fifty
;

of species
all

they

known may be estimated at two hundred belong to the warm countries of the globe and
In North America they

scarcely if at all cross the northern tropic.

are found only in the warmest parts of Mexico.

Of

the twenty-two

genera, eleven belong to America, viz.

those of the Glnsia series,

Morouobea and Platonia, Mamruea and Qwiiiia. Three genera, Mesua, Kayea, Pciloneuron, are exclusively Asiatic. Pentadesma and AUanblachia are from tropical western Africa Montrouzeria,
;

from
'

New

Caledonia.

Symphonia, Galophyllum, and Bheedia, are

;

Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr. viu. 26, 66

sr. 4, xiii.

Ann.

Sc.

* ^
'

Nat.
263.
-

306; xiv. 226; xv. 240; xvi.

organs of

Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 169 (1868). B. H. Gen. 980 (1867). Fl. Brit. Ind.
i.

278 (1874).

These two

latter, several essential

' '
1

See

vol. iv. p. 261.

whicli are imperfectly

fully admitted.

known, are only doubt156.

Bull. Sue. Liim. Par. 77.

'Ann.
*

Sc. A'at.

s-i.

3, xi.

iSoc.

Following the example of Kurz {Joui n. As. Beng. xxxvii. 64) and J. Hooker [op. cit.

Gen. 167, 980, Ord. 27.

259).

CLVSIACEM.

415

common

to the tropical regions of both worlds

;

Garcinia to those of
in

the old world

Madagascar.

Ockvocarpm to Asia and Africa, nearly all located Only one GaIo2)hijlluiu is known in Australia.

All the Clusiacece have

common

characters

by which they

are

easily recognized in collections.

All are woody, not unfrequently

sarmentose, some pseudo-epiphytal,' frequently rich in a resinous or

gummy

latex, yellow or greenish.'^

The

leaves are opposite, rarely

verticillate,

nearly always entire, thick, coriaceous, glabrous, pennigenerally scarcely visible.

stipules.'^

nervcd, but with veinules

rarely dentate or cut,

They

are

and rarely furnished with

In one or
flowers are

two Quiina only are they pinnatifid or

pinnatisect.*

The

regular, rarely hermaphrodite (Symphoute), ordinarily polygamo-

dicious, most frequently disposed in cymes united in more or less

compound
red,

inflorescences

they are white, greenish, yellow, pink or

seed
is

but never blue.

The

destitute of albumen.
:

The

characters which vary are

the

number

of floral parts, the

prefloratiou of the calyx, the structure of the calyx, the union or

separation of the sexes in the same flower, the organization of the

gyuEecium, the greater or

the

less

development of interlocular partitions,

number and
is

direction of the ovules, the consistence of the peri-

carp which

dry or fleshy, dehiscent or indhiscent, and especially

the character of the embryo which more especially distinguishes the

following series
I.
:

Clusie^. Flowers
cells

polygamo-dicious.

Calyx imbricate.
less

Ovary

1-co -ovulate.

Style short, peltate, or in radiating divi-

sions at the
distinct.

summit of the ovary, with stigmatic lobes more or

Fruit finally dehiscent.

Embryo

fleshy,

macropod, with

very small and scarcely distinct cotyledons.

8 genera.
les

'

They are nourished from

roots are

the soil into which

cimes goiitme dans

Ixiii.

Quibies, Cumpt. Rend.

hut they often twine round treea for support and finally kill them whence the common names, Murderous bindweed. Cursed figs, Millepedes, etc.
theii'
; ;

plunged

Adamonia, viii. 91), a-am Garcinia, hy De Lanessan (see p. 417, note 3). ^ These organs appear to exist in certain
717
;

Quiina

The

reservoirs

of

these juices have been

vaiss.

scribed as such

but in the other groups -what is deis probably only a petiolate dilax\-i.

especially studied

by M. Trcul [Des
vii.

propr, dans
Ixiii.

les

Clusiaces, Compt. Rend.

;

Acad.

Sc.

tation (see Pl. et Tri. Ann. Se. Nat. sr. 4, 268).

537, G13

Adansonia,

182, 194

; ia-

Pinnatipartite in Touroulia.

416

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Symphonie2e.^

II.

Flowers generally hermaphrodite.

to that of the petals.

bricate.
cells

Stamens united

in five oppositipetalous bundles.

equal in

number

Calyx imOvary Style elongate with

without

five stigmatiferous branches.

Ovules 2-oo

ascending or horizontal.
undivided,

Fruit

fleshy,

indhiscent.

Embryo

fleshy

cotyledons.
III.

5 genera.

GarcinietE.

Flowers

polygamo-dicious.
,

Calyx imbricate

or valvate
fascicles.

and gamosepalous. Stamens oo free, 1-adelphous or in Ovary cells uniovulate. Ovule ascending, with micropyle
Fruit fleshy, indhiscent.

inferior or exterior.

Embryo macropod,
nil.

with very large radicle and cotyledons very small or

IV.

Mammees."

Flowers

3 genera.
,

polygamo-dicious or hermaphrodite.

Calyx imbricate or valvate and gamosepalous. Stamens oo free or monadelphous at base. Ovary cells 1-4, uniovulate. Style elongate, peltate, capitate or ramified at summit. Ovule ascending with micropyle inferior and exterior. Fruit fleshy seldom dehiscent. Embryo fleshy, with strict voluminous plano-convex cotyledons, free or conferruminate, and short inferior radicle, 5 genera. Calyx imbricate. V. QuiiNE^. Flowers polygamo-dicious.

Corolla polypetalous or gamopetalous.

so.

Stamens

co

free or nearly
free.

Ovary

cells 2, 3, C-ovulate,

Styles slender

and

Ovules
inferior

ascending, with micropyle inferior and exterior.

hiscent.
radicle.

Fruit fleshy, ind-

Embryo with developed

1

free cotyledons

and short

genus.

Affinities.

"We

have thought

it

possible to establish that the

Hypericace present the same type as the Myrtace, with the ovary
constantly superior and the stamens hypogynous.'

By

that

we have

determined the place of the Clusiace, which

rlcaccce in a

differ

from the Hijpc-

manner quite
and

artificial, viz.,

by

their mostly herbaceous

habit, less thick

less coriaceous leaves,

hermaphrodite flowers,

and

filiform

stylary divisions.

The

Hypericacece having, at once,

the coloured latex of the Clusiace and the essence reservoirs of the

Myrtace, are intermediate between them.

Moreover, the fleshy and

'

MoronoU Chois.
Gen. 168.

Endl. -Pl. et Tni. B.

Calophyllea Chois.

DC.

rrodr.

i.

561.

H.

3 _b;;, S(jc.

Liun. Far. 78.

CLUSIACEM.

417

undivided embryo of a great number of Barringtoniece is found iu the Clusiace. These are ordinarily placed next beside the Ternstrmiace^ with which their
strmiace.
or,

affinities are so close that

one might

include in one and the same family the Guttifer and certain Tern-

The

latter are

distinguished

by

their alternate leaves,

in the exceptional types with opposite leaves,

by

their flowers in

clusters,

with alternate pedicels, ordinarily hermaphrodite and very

and petals are not decussate. Further, the Tcrnstrmiace have not a coloured latex, and the embryo, often curved, has distinct and independent cotyledons, Avhen
rarely tetramerous, so that their sepals

even they are not largely developed. Finally, the Glusiacece, scarcely separable from the St. John's Worts, appear equally allied to the

Ternstrmiace and Myrtace.

Uses.'

The

Clusiace have a yellow or greenish, more rarely

whitish latex, which contains an acrid resinous matter, often possessing

vacuant, sometimes stimulant

and tonic properties.

celebrated, as well as the most active of these

gutta,

The most substances, is gum-

the

production of

Garcinie.

which has been attributed to several The best comes from Garcinia Morella ^ (fig. 354, 378),
clear,

and

it

seems

from the most recent researches,^ that

its different

varieties alone,

whether in Ceylon,* in Siam or at

Singapore,'^ yield

the good gum-gutta used in medicine as a drastic and hydragogue,

and
'

in the arts as a yellow colour." G.

Xanthochymus'

(fig.

372-375),

Teg. Kiiigd. (1846)

e,

ExDL. Enchirid. 535. Lindl. Fl. Med. 113 401. GuiB. Drori. Simpl. ed. iii. 600. RosENTK. Siiiop. Fl. Diaphor. 740,
;

Goraku).
3

Hanb. Tram.

Linii. Soc. xxir. 489,

g.

t.

50.
Gui]!.

De Lanessan, Du.
/oc.

Garcinia

et

de Vorig. de la
t.

11'50.

sDesrouss. Zamk.
Eiium.
t.

Diet.

iii.

201.

Thw.
III.

GMime-gutte, Adaiisonia, x. 283,

<. 602, fig.

31.

n.

Zeyl. 49.

44 (excl. syn.)
ed.
3,

G. cambogioides Koyle, Mat.

G. lohdosa Wai.l.
Cal.

G. Gutta

Wight,

125,

macogr. 77.
*

734. Hand, et Flck. /"/(rr; Hook. r. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 264, n. 14.
(Hanb.
foc. cit.).

Var.

sessilis

Med.

339.

n.

'Vax.pedicellata. (B.k.tiB.l'ic.eit.).

J.

Hooker
of G.

4868. ff.
teriflora

Lid.

ii.

4869. G. laBl. Bljdr. 2H.G. pictoria RoxB. Ft. 627. Wight. Icmi. i. t. 102. Chois.
elliptica
Cal. n.

Wall.

(Journ. Limi. Soc. xiv. 485) gives to this variety

the

name

Ga>ci)iia

Baiibmyi.

The flowers

pictoria

Gutt. de l'Inde, 37.

G. uctimhiata Pl. et Tki.

Roxb. being pedicellate, this latter name ought perhaps to be adopted, if the species
really distinct.
'

Ann.

Carcapuli dictus magnit. Litiscn. 100. Arbor indica gummi-guttam fimdens Herm. Mus. Zeyl. 26. Stalagmitis cambogioides
Pl. et Tri.
vera Kcen.
cerasi
It. {ti-sjxi.DY.'-B.x)
. .

Sc. N^at. ser. 4, xiv. 355.

Guttifem

G. Gaiidichaudi,i

is

They

contain from 15 to 20 per cent, of

in alcohol,

gum

soluble in water, not the

arabic,

and a resin soluble

same as gum which it

colours a reddish yellow, neutral or slightly acid,

MuRR. Comm. Gcett. ix. 73 (part). Bebradcndron cambogioides Gkah. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii.
199,
t.

forming with alkalis a deep-coloured solution.

pictorius

400 Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag.

27.Cainbogia Gutta Lindl. Veg. Kingd. (part). Hebrndendron pictorium Grah.

ii.

199 {Gokntu,

Kaua

Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 269, n. 28. X. EoxB. Pl. Coram, ii. 51, t. 196 Fl. Iiid. ii. 633. A', tinctorius DC. Prodr. i. 562. Chois. Guiiif. Lid. 32. Guib. loc. cit. 611.
'
;

VOL. VI.

27

41S

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

of India, often pointed out as a source of colouring matter useful in industry, only yields in dro^DS a yellowish or greyish-green resin of

very inferior quality.

contains a volatile
purgative,
is

G. Gamhogia^ produces a gum-gutta

which

oil

and the resin of which,

slightly active as a

of a pale yellow colour.

G. travancoiica,- on the other

it

hand,

is

said to yield a

gum

of a hcautiful yellow colour, and

is

probable that a useful tinctorial matter might be found in several

other species,' perhaps in those growing in
in so

New

Caledonia,* which
resin of Man.i,^

many

characters approach G. Morella.

The

from Guyana, comes also from the latex of a Glusiacea, long referred
to

Moronohea
is

coccinea, but

which

is

rather Symphonia globulifera,^

St.

that

the true Bois-de-cochon (pigwood) of

air, is

yellow juice, blackened in the

and

to

or smell.
juice,

make torches it The species of Gcdophyllum

;

Domingo. Its and cordage burns well without producing much smoke
used
to tar ships

are equally rich in resinous

often classed as

balm or balsam.

The B. de Marie
is

of the

Antilles''' is
(fig.

obtained by incising the stem and branches of C. Caluha^

;

381-384)

it is

greenish, sticky, and tenacious, and

employed

as a vulnerary.

tracted in
1

The tacamac resin of Bourbon' is said to be exthe same manner from G. TaGamahaca,^ a fine tree of the
' "

Desrouss. Zami. Diet. iii. 701. Eoxb. Fl. iii. t. 298 Fl. Lid. ii. 621. Hook. f. Tl. Brit. Ind. i. 261, n. &.G. xeylaiiica Eoxb.
Coram,
;

GuiB.
L.
f.

op. cit. 611.

Suppl.

sr. 4, xiv.

302. Pl. et Tri. Ann. Se. Nat. 287. Olit. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 163.
Ahbl. Guimn.
t.

FL
^

Ind.

ii.

621.

G. illiptica
173.

Wall,

(ex

Hook.

Moronobca

r/lobulifira

313, n-J. 189.

r. loc.cit.).

M.
Fl. Sylv.
t.

ghihullfera

SrHLTL. Linnaa,
op. cit. 72.

viii.

Bedd.
i.

Ind.

268, n. 25.

Hanb.

et

Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Fluck. Pharma-

Aiie.nri.\cu.i

exserens

Presl. Si/mb. 48.

(1763)
74.

A. Aii-

bletii

Presl.
Hist.

Maiona-tree Banch.
Ho;/ gum-tree

myr.

79.

Nat.
are mentioned G. Kydia Roxb.

Ginan.

'As such
lunceolata
lifolitts

Bancr.
fera
.

ifnoA;. /o'. io. iv. 144.

Maui

resini-

Roxb. and G. Don.

hut
it is

Xauf/ioc/tymits

ovalifulia [Stalagmites ovaovalifoliiis

. ,

Barr. Fr, Equiu, 76 {Oanani of the

op. cit. 612.
1.

Brazilians).
'

Roxb.)

at least doubtful if their juice

Gutb.

good gum-gutta. The same may he said of G. indica Chois. {DC. Prodr. i. 561), syn. of G. celebica Deskouss. (Diet. iii. 700). The latter is especially remarkable for the prowill yield a

' et

Jacq. Amer. 269,

105.

H.

B.

K. Nov. Gen.
ii.

Sp. v.

202. Descourt.

Fl. Ant.

t.

74.

Iiiophi/llmn, B. Calnba

Calnba folii citri

Lamk. Diet. i. 553, splendente Plum. Gen. 39, t. 18

Piiretiivier,

duction of a concrete

oil called

Kukum

Butter,

[Galba, Lignon,
Se.
C.

Aceite

de

Maria,
it

which
face of

is

extracted from the dried seeds

this fat floats.

by

Btsina Ocvje of the Cubans). Nat. sr.

4,

M. Triana [Ann.
Maria of the

bruising and boiling themin water, on the sur-

xv.

2.51)

distinguishes from

(Hanb. et Fluck. Pharmacngr. 79.) It has been suggested as serviceable in pharmacy and for making candles, but it is doubtful if it could be obtained in sufficient quantity in Europe for this industry. * Especially G. collina Vieill. Panch. et SB. Not. Bids N.-CaUd. 223 [Mou of the natives, Faux Houp).

which

Maria [Arbol
' '"

del Aceite de

Colombians),

Guib.

op. cit. 613.

W.

Berg.
662.

Mag. (ISll) 79
loe.

Prodr.

i.

(part). Choisy, Cambess. Mm. Gutt. 26, t. 17,

cit.

fig. c, 1, 2.

Pl. et Tri.
Diet.
C.
i.

286.

C.

Ino-

jiliyllum

Lamk.

larium

Ro.'iB.

652 (notL.). lancenlatum Bl.

C. lanceo-

CLUSIACE.E.

419

MadaGahphjllum. In Peru, C. thuriferum gives a yellowish resinous juice having the j^roperties of incense. That of C. Inajjlnjlluni,^ a species common in Asia, Oceania, and Africa, is purgative and vomitive, and the bark of the same tree
isles
;

Mascarene

the balsam of focot and angelic tacamae of

gascar have also

beeu attributed

to

is

extolled as diuretic.

perties.

species,
is

The American Bheedia has analogous proMesua, especially M.ferrea ^ (fig. 380) and speciosa,^ Indian have a root and a bark bitter, aromatic, sudorific. The fruit
;

In America, several species of Glusia are valued for their latex. That of C. rosea* (fig. 355, 356) is thick, balsamic, and bitter it is used
;

acrid

and purgative

the leaves rich in mucilaginous matter.

for the

same purposes

as pitch

and scammony.

That of

G. flava is

considered a vulnerary.''

abundance of resinous has been used to adulterate Peruvian bark. G. Panapanari ^ (fig. 359, 360) yields, in Guyana, a yellow juice resembling gum-gutta.

From the G. insignis ' of Brazil flows juice. The bitter bark of G. PseudocJnna '

A
fruit.

great

number of Cluslace are esteemed in both worlds for their One of the most delicious of tropical Asia is said to be that
(fig.

of Garcinia Mangostana^'^

376, 377).

It is a berry

with a

coloured coriaceous bitter and astringent pericarp. This is rejected and the white sweet aromatic exterior tegumentary layer of the seeds is eaten reported to be of exquisite flavour. Some other Garcinias

'

L, Spec. 732 (not Lamk.).

;

Wight,

III.

i.

(part), Spec. iv.

976 {Figuier maudit, Mi/lepiedi,

Jacq. Amir. Til,
i.

77. Pl. et Tki. loc. cit. 282. C. ooatifolium Nor. C. Biiilaiigor EoxB. C. Blumei Wight. Bintangor maritima Eumph. Herb. Amboin. ii. 211, t, 71. Pomia, Pouna Maram Eheed. Sort. 3Ial. iv. 76, t. 38. Fouraha Flag.
128
Icon.
t.

Cope grande in Panama, Ciipay in Venezuela).

*

L- Spec. 1495,
t.

t.

167

Ic.

Pict.

251. DC. Prodr.

559, n.

3.

Eosenth.

op. cit. 740.

^

What

Mttdag.

IZ'i.Kalopliyllodeiidroii

iiidicum folio

this plant

has heen attributed to the juice of ought probably to be applied to that

subrotiindo

'i

Vaill. Mtm. Acad. Par. (1722) 207. Bnlsamaria IiiuphyUum Lour. Fl. Cochiiicli.
470 [Domha-gass in Ceylon, Jaiuployid
in Otahiti.

(ed. 1790)

in Java,
2

Tanmna

Sgmphoma globulifera (p. 418, note 6). Mart, ex Eosenth. op. cit. 741. ^ Ppp. es Eosenth. loc. cit. ' Cuois. DC. Prodr. n. 13. Qnapoya Panapa'

Kosenth. op. cit. 74.5. M. Nugaha Gardn. Naghas Hkrm. Zeyl. 7. Arbor Naghas Bl-rm. Plus. Zegl. lo.Nagassa.
L. Spec. 734 (part).

nari Aubl. Guian.

Soe. Ziiiii. Par. 77.
">

ii.

901,

t.

344.

H. Bn. Bull.
560, n.

L.

Spc<:.

635. DC. Prodr.

618.
t.

i.

1.
Se-

riuin
'

RuMPH. Herb. Amboiii. vii. t. 2. Chois. DC. Prodr. i. 62 Gutt.

;

RoxB. Fl.
Ind.

Ii'd. ii.

Chois.

Giitt.

Ind. 33.

40.
indica

Hook.
iii.

Bot.

Mag.

4847. Pl.

et Tri.

Ann.

Balluta

Tsjampacam
Ma-lab.

s.
iii.

Castanea rosea
63,
t.

Nat. sr.
602.

4, xiv.

Eheed. Kurt.

53.

Drog. Simpl. ed. Laness. Bull. Soc. Linn. Par. 62.

325.

OruiB.
1

6,

* L. Spec. 1495. Tukp. J5><. Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 156.^ScHLCHTL. Linna, viii. 181. Pl. et Tri. Ann. Sc Sat. sr. 4, xiii. 324. Eosenth. op. cit. 740. C. retusa Lamk. III. t. 852. C. alba W.

Matigosiana
cin. Act.

Eumph. Serb. Amb,

t.
ii.

i. t.

43.

Gar-

Angl. 431,

(ex W.).
t.

Mangostana

Garcinia G^ertn. Frnct.

105.

420

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

edible fruits, but very inferior in quality.'

liave

In the Antilles
its

much

is made of Mammea americana^ (fig. 379); sweet and aromatic, but like that of the Corossols, it

pericarp

is

is very inferior

to our

good European

fruit.

Conserves and beverages are prepared

from

it.

From

the flowers, of sweet odour, a refreshing

and diges-

tive water is distilled.

a kind of beverage.
is

The fermented juice of the stems also affords The fruit of the Indian and African Ochrocmjnis

edible.^

The

flowers are aromatic and are sometimes used, like

the leaves, for perfuming tea.*

The berry

of Bheedia lateriflora

has the same uses in the Antilles as that of

Brazil, that of
is

Mammea,

likewise, in
'

Platonia

insignis.''

That of Pentadesma butyracea

is

highly esteemed in tropical western Africa for the yellowish resiit

nous juice
it

contains in abundance, which

extracted by incisions

thickens and becomes a sort of butter

Several Clmiacem have a

much esteemed by

the

natives, but

with a slight turpentine odour and not agreeable to

Europeans.
in

wood

of good quality, especially

Calojjhijllmn,

Mesua which

in India furnishes the prized h-on-wood,

Guyana Moronohea

coccinea, in

New

Caledonia Montrouzeria.^
All the Glusiacece,
;

Generally Glusia and Garcinia have a soft wood.

being from tropical countries, are somewhat

fine effect in our

difficult of culture

but

their thick glabrous opposite leaves with fine nervures produce a

warm

conservatories,

where are found some lheedla,

"

Mammea,
flowers.

Calophyllum, and Garcinia, and Clusia

with magnificent

' G. celebica L. Camlogia Desrx, zeiilamea KoxB. Coxoa RoxB. purpurea, Roxb. cnchmchineiisis Chois. G. cornea L. the fruit of which is small and indifferent, etc. ^ L. Spec. 731. Jacq. Amer. 2CS, t. 181, fig. 82; Tab. Pict. t. 248. DC. Prodr. i. 561, n. 1. TuRP. Sid. Sc. Nat. Atl. 1. 157. Gkiseb. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 108. Lindl. Fl. Med. 115. GuiB. op. cit. iii. 601. Rosenth. op. cit. HI. Pl. et Tai. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 4, xv. 242.
;

Sierra Leone.
^

To

this

Cay-matj, with

genus perhaps helongs the famous which the Emperor of Hu is

said to aromatize his tea.

^

l.

f^p^.^

Van Rheedia Plum.

719. Tuss. Tl. Ant. iii. ed. Bukm. t. 257.

Seem.)
is

t.

32.

In Pa-

nama
(

the fruit of M. ednlis Pl. et ei. {Caloediile

phylluin

eaten.

li.

oeuminata

Vert'.cUlaria acuminata R. et Pav.) is the

Arbol

del Accyte de

Maria ot^eTeT-ayi-na. Madrono

is

Mamay BAUH.Jff/si,
Wild Apricot,
St.

i. 72. MammeiiimynofractUy Persic saporeViMK. Gen. 44 Ic. 170 (Mammei,

;

orNaraiijuelo of the Colombians

'

also aJiheedia.
t.

Maut. Nov.
t.

Gen.

et

Spec.

iii.

1G9,

288, fig.

Domingo Apricot).

2,
lone/ifoliits

289.

Ro.senth. op.

cit.

747.

Sijmplionia

'Especially, in India, that of 0.

(Calysaccion lonyifolium
gifolia Pl. et Tri.),

Wight; Mammea

e.H'ulenta

Steud.
p.

Bueury
5.

Moronoben esculenta

Ion-

AuR.
'

d.

Camara.
404, note

and in Madagascar that of

See

Rosenth. op

cit.

744

0. madagascariensis (Tovomita madagascariensis

(j.
i.

{Butter-tree, Talloio-trec).
8

Bon.).
169)
is

0.

africamts Oliv. {Fl. Trop. Afr.

Pakch.

et See. Not. Bois N.-Caled. 220.

perhaps the
i.

Mammea

africana
is

Don

Particularly C. rosea L. minor L.

fara L.

{Gen. Syst.

619) the fruit of which

eaten at

alba h.

GENERA.
CLUSI^E.
;

I.

1.

Clusa L.

Flowers

polygamo-dicions

receptacle

shortly

convex.

Sepals 4-0, decussately imbricate.

Petals 4-6 or 7-10,

imbricate or contorted-imbricate.

Stamens

qo (in

female flower 4-oo

free or variously connate, oftener very short thick), or all united in

a globose or cylindrical mass

anthers imbedded
;

the interior or

exterior sometimes concrete sterile

free
;

anthers of interior or exterior

;

or all anthers free

filaments concrete in mass or shortly free

anthers 2-8-locular, variously dehiscent.

variously evolved, exserted or enclosed
sessile,

Germen (in male flower among stamens, sometimes ())

Ovules

4-10-locular

style short or subnil, presently dilated into

thick radiating distinct or subconnato or connivent stigmas.

in complete or incomplete cells oo
,

subhorizontal or slightly oblique

coriaceous,
finally

ascending.
dehiscent.

Fruit thick fleshy or

septicidally

Valves solute from angular-alate columella.

Seeds
;

oo

rarely few, oftener small or moderate-sized, variously arillate

cotyto

ledons of thick fleshy albuminous

embryo minute squamiform

apex; radicle thick macropod.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes epiphytal,

;

rarely climbing, glabrous, abounding in a resinous juice

leaves

opposite exstipulate, coriaceous, entire, subenervate, or delicately

penninerved
smaller in
rarely oo
2.
,

midrib oftener strong somewhat prominent

flowers at

ends of twigs solitary or few cymose, large or rather

;

so,

sometimes

compound cymose racemes bracts under flower 2, or more decussate. (Trop, and suUroj^. America.) See p. 395.

Quapoya Aubl.

Flowers nearly of

Clusia, smaller, dioecious

sepals 4, decussate or 5, imbricate.

Petals 4, decussate or rarely

5, imbricate.

(Balboa) variously imbricate, sometimes

Stamens

4,

J22

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

or 5-12, more rarely 12-20 (or sometimes (?) to 40) filaments connate in tube to apex or to greater or less height, sometimes almost

(dematopus); anthers various inform, either obcuneate, and bearing marginal cells, or more or less ovate or oblong and bearing introrsely rimose cells. Staminodes oftener 4-6, hypogynous; filaments free thick or complanate; cells of anther
entirely free
finally recurved

(oftener sterile) conspicuous lateral, effete.

Germen
;

(in

male flower
cells

rudimentary small or 0)
dilated to disciform

sessile,

4-5-locular

style short, presently

more or

less lobed stigma.

;

Ovules in

(com-

plete or incomplete) 2-4, ascending, oblique

inferior, or

micropyle extrorsely
variously

5-oo

subhorizontal.

Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, flnally

capsularly dehiscent, septicidal.

arillate;

Seeds in cells few or

1,

embryo,
;

etc.,

of Clusia.

Trees

or shrubs
less
p.

habits and leaves

of Chisia

flowers small in terminal

more or

compound ramose398.

cymiferous racemes.
3.

[Tropical America.)

See

Havetia H. B. K.

Flowers dicious small (nearly oQuapoya),

Stamens 4
(in female flower
;

4-merous.

Sepals and petals decussate.

short thick sterile and connate in a cupule), united in a thick sub-

globose mass

filaments thick, externally convex, internally angular

;

anthers vertically imbedded

valvicide.

cells suborbicular,

3-nate, internally
subsessile.

Germen
cells

4-locular;
;

style

lobes
;

stigmatose

Ovules in

2-4

inferior

ascending

micropyle extrorsely

inferior; raphe introrse or lateral.

Capsule thick septicidal.

Seeds

clothed with a lobulate aril springing both from the hilura and from

the micropyle
tree
;

embryo exalbuminous of Clu.na

(or Quapoya).

habit, leaves, inflorescence, etc., of

p.

Quafoya. (New Granada.)

See
4 ?

400.
Tj;i.
i\

Pilosperma

Sepals and petals of

and Pl. male flower

Flowers

dicious

males ...

4, decussate.

externally oo -striate (staminodes

?).

Disk cupuliform ; Gynsecium and fruit nearly of

descending,
tree
;

Havetia; seeds in

cells 5, 6, solitary or oftener 3-nate,

surrounded with

cristate

aril

raphe subdorsal.
or Havetia.

A
males

habit,

leaves, inflorescence, etc., of

Quapoya

{New Granada.)

See
5
?

p.

400.

Clusiella Tin. and Pl.

Flowers dicious

... ?

Calyx
;

of female flowers imbricate, 5-pbyllous.

Petals 5, longer, contorted

oo
,

the exterior sometimes subauriculate.

Staminodes

minute, united.

CLUSIACE^.
ia

423

hypogynous cupule.
Ovules
(?)

Germen
, ;

5-locular; lobes of style 5, short

. .

stigmatose.

in cells co

descending or subhorizontal. Fruit.

;

scandent

shrub

branches slender, 2-chotomous

;

leaves

opposite acuminate reticulate-veined

flowers in upper axils or ter-

minal; cymes poor

(Oolmnbia.)
6.

1 -few

flowered)

branches rather long bearing

several (.2-4) remote pairs of decussate bracts, at

apex 1-flowered.
polygamo-di-

See

p. 400.

Chrysochlamys
;

Pcepp.

and Endl.

Flowers
sometimes

cious

s(>pals 4, 5, imbricate.

Petals 4-10, imbricate.

Stamens
fertile in

oo

central (in female flower sterile) free or connate in

an externally
sub-

antheriferous cyathus

anthers

efl"ete

(or

hermaphrodite flower), either free and

stamens small;
cells

all fertile,

or part only fertile;

;

the interior anantherous and united in a mass

2,
0,

anthers of fertile
introrsely

oblique,

laterally

or

rimose.

Germen

(in

male flower

or rarely minute effete) free, 5-locular;

style branches stigmatose adnate radiating, free at apex.

cells solitary,

Ovules in
amj^hi-

ascending, araphitropous; micropyle extrorsely inferior.

Fruit subfleshy, finally septicidal, 5-valvate.

tropous, externally surrounded

Seeds

sessile,

by a thick membranous
also micropyle,

aril

springing

around hilum and sometimes

divided at back
;

sometimes unequally

embryo,

etc.,

of Clusia.

Trees, with gummy juice;

compound ramose,
2-4 and
4, 5p.

leaves opposite penninerved, inflorescence terminal

etc.,

of Clusia.

{Trop. America.)

See

401.
;

7.

Tovomita Aubl.
;

Flowers polygamo-dicious
Stamens
co

sepals

petals 4-10, imbricate, often 2-seriate.

filaments free

subulate
locular
;

anthers often small terminal,

2-locular.

Germen

style branches same in number short, uicrassate and stigmaapex or nearly from base. Ovules in cells solitary ascending, tose at micropyle extrorsely inferior. Fruit oblong or often amphitropous
;

pear-shaped fleshy, finally capsularly dehiscent, 4-5-valvate

exarillate or furnished

seeds

with an external coat thickened to a general

nearly of Clusia (or ChrysocJiIamys).
;

fleshy aril

embryo,

etc.,

Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice

nerved, opaque or pellucid-lineate
;

leaves opposite entire penni-

flowers (small) in umbellifbrm

(Trojp. America).

more or

less

compound

(often 3-chotomous) cymes,

See
8
?

p. 401.

Allanblackia Oliv.

Flowers

nearly of Clusia, 5-merous

sepals unequal

and petals imbricate.

Stamens

oo

(in female flower

421

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

very short thick), in 5 oppositipetalous groups
2-rimose.
;

sterile

anthers suh-

scssile, 2-locuIar,

Germen

(in male flower rudimentary,

little
;

5-lobed) thick conical, 1-locular; placentte 3, parietal,

promi-

nent

ovules oo

2-seriate

on each placenta, ascending

Fruit
. .

style soon
.

dilated to undivided stigmatose peltate head.

gla-

brous tree
(Trop,

opposite leaves,

etc.,

of Glusia

flowers terminal, rather

long pedicellate, disposed in a compound cymose umbelliform raceme.

ivest.

Africa.)

See

p.

401.

II.

SYMPHONIES.
;

9,

Symphonia

L.

f.

Flowers hermaphrodite
imbricate.
;

sepals 5, unequal

the exterior shorter,

much

Petals 5, alternate, contorted

bud subglobose.
3-5-androus
exterior
to
;

Stamens 5-adelphous

groups oppositipetalous,

anthers extrorsely adnata, muticous at apex or superior

;

with apiculate connective

cells linear, longitudinally rimose.

Disk

andrcium, cupular,

subentire
;

or

shortly 5-crenate.

Germen enclosed
radiately 5-lobed

in staminal tube, 5-locular

;

style elongate, at

apex

lobes at top of minute

apex foveolate-stigmatose.
,

Ovules in

cells

(complete or incomjDlete) oo
Fruit baccate
0.
;

ascending

micropyle

extrorsely superior.

cotyledons of thick undivided

;

exalbuminous embryo
penninerved
bellate

Trees or shrubs, with yellow juice

1

leaves

opposite exstipulate, thinly coriaceous,

;

-nerved,

closely parallel

flowers terminal, solitary or generally spuriously

pedicellate.

um-

cymose
p.

{Trop. America, Malacca, trop. west.

Africa.) See

402.

10? Moronobea Aubl.

ovoid.

Flowers

nearly

of 8ymp)honia

bud
;

Disk lobes

5,

alternating with as

many
;

staminal groups

filaments in each 5, 6, long linear and spirally twisted around

gynFruit

cium, extrorsely anthcriferous nearly from base

cells

adnate linear.

Germen,

etc,,

of

Symphonia; ovules
;

in cells

few ascending.

subligncous acuminate

seeds solitary or few exalbuminous.

;

Lofty
flowers
;

trees with copious greenish juice

haves thick opposite

large solitary terminal.

[Trop. America.)

See

p.

403.

11

Montrouziera Panch.
Staminal groups

Flowers nearly of Symphonia

5,

bud

subglobose.

alternating with as

many

glandules

CZUSIACEM.

425

of disk vertically produced (or sometimes 0); each divided into 5-10 Germen, etc., of Sumlinear extrorsely aduate muticous anthers.
fhon'ia
;

ovules in cells

2-seriate,

ascending or subhorizontal
;

micropyle extrorsely
cells

lateral.

Berry

few

embryo of Symjphonia.
;

Shrubs

corticate, indhiscent

seeds in

or small trees,

with

yellowish juice

leaves opposite or subverticillate coriaceous, penni-

uerved entire

flowers solitary at the ends of twigs or growing from

the wood, pedicellate or subsessile.

{New Caledonia.)

See

p.

404.

12? Pentadesma

Sab.

Ylowcrs nearly o 8ijm2)honia;

Stamens
oo
,

sepals 5,

very unequal and imbricate, the interior larger.

longer than the interior sepals.

Petals 5, rather
;

very shortly 5-adelphous

groups alternating with as

in each oo
,

many
;

rather prominent glandules of disk,

linear

elongate

anthers extrorsely adnata above the

middle
cells

cells linear rimose.

Germen,

etc.,

of Sijiivplionla

ovules in
;

few ascending. Fruit baccate corticate, indhiscent, resiuifluous embryo undivided. A lofty tree, with yellow juice; leaves opposite coriaceous entire finely and closely penninerved;
seeds in cells few or 1
;

flowers large terminal solitary.

{Trop. wed. Africa.)

See
;

p.

404.

13

Platonia Mart.
5,

Flowers nearly of Sym2)honia

;

Stamiual groups

alternating with as

bud ovoid. many angular and rather

go straight filaments
;

prominent lobes of the disk

each divided into

anthers extrorsely adnate above middle of filament, muticous.

Ger-

men,
trees

etc.,

of

Symphonia; ovules
;

in cells co

ascending.

Fruit baccate,

indhiscent, 5-locular
;

seeds in cells solitary exalbuminous.

Large
;

leaves oi:)posite coriaceous, finely and closely penninerved

{^Trop.

flowers large terminal solitary.

America.)

See

p.

404.

III.

GAECmiE^E.
4-merous, or more rarely
;

14.

Garcinia

L.

Flowers polygamous,
;

{XanthochyiihHs) 5-morous
exterior smaller.

sepals imbricate, oftcuer unequal

the
c
,

Petals 4, 5, alternate, imbricate.

4, 5,

Stamens

either connate in

groups few-anthered at apex, or free or connate in entire or 4-6-lobed mass ; anthers various in form, either
elongate, 2-rimosc, or poricid or peltate, 4-locellate or operculately

dehiscent (in female flower rudimentary or 0). flower rudimentary or

efi'ete)

Germen

(in
;

male
style

2-co -locular, oftencr 4-5-locular

426

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

moi'e or less elongate, at apex stigmatose peltate, entire or radiatoly

lobed, torulose or depressed or tnberculate
(

in

male flower sometimes

Fruit indhiscent,

evolved with

effete
;

germen).

Ovules in
oo

cells

(complete or incomplete)
external coat pulpy
;

solitary ascending

micropyle extrorsely
Seeds
,

inferior.
;

baccate,

often corticate.
;

or few

arilliform

radicle of thick
0.

exalbuminous embryo macropod

coty-

ledons very small or

juice
;

Trees oftener glabrous, generally with yellow

;

leaves opposite, oftener entire coriaceous

flowers axillary or

terminal cymose or in a compound cymiferous raceme, more rarely

solitary.

[Trop,

ivest.

Africa, Malacca, trop. Asia

and Oceania.)

See

p. ?

405.

15

Rheedia

L.'

Flowers nearly of Garcinia, 4-merous; sepals

Petals 4, de;

2, free or

more or
Stamens

less connate, imbricate or valvate.

oo

cussate.

anthers longitudinally rimose.

etc.,

Germen 3-5-

looular

Berry corticate, 1-5spermous seed and embryo of Garcinia. Trees with yellow juice ; leaves and inflorescence of Garcinia. ( Trop. America, Madagascar,
;

ovules solitary,
;

of Garcinia.

trop. west. Africa."^)

16

Ochrocarpus Dup.-Th.^
4-8-adelphous
;

Flowers nearly of Garcinia

finally 2-valvately fissus.
1,

calyx

valvate, closed before anthesis

CO
,

and

Stamens

free or

anthers elongate or short.

;

Germen 2-6;

loeular,

etc.,

of Garcinia

cells
;

2 -ovulate

ovules ascending.

Fruit baccate, often 1-spermous

embryo undivided.
;

Trees

leaves

opposite or verticillate (of Garcinia)

flowers lateral or axillary

cymose.

{Trop. Asia and Oceania, Malacca, trop. west. Africa.^)

IV.
17.

MAMMEEiE.
polygamo-dicious
;

Mammea

Pl.

Flowers

calyx

gamo-

phyllus, valvate, closed before anthesis, finally divided into 2 sepals.

Petals 4-6, imbricate or not contiguous.

at base, erect
;

Stamens

oo

free or connate
;

filaments free slender

anthers oblong erect

cells

Gcii. n.

4, xiv.

641. Pl. et Tri. Ann. Se. Nat. er. 306. B. H. Gm. 175. n. 18. Verticitlat.

Kat. sr.

4, xiv. 3G4. B. H. Gen. 175, 980, n. 18. Ca^^strcsiu Wight, III. 1. 130 Icon. 1. 1999.
;

)) R. et Pav. Prodr. 81,

15.

Chlm-omyron

<

Spec.

6, 7.

Mm.

Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.

Afrio.
i.

i.

Pers. Enchirid. ii. 73. Lamprophijllitm MiERS, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. 249, t. 26. 2 Spec, about 15. Chois. Gutt. Ind. t. 4, 5.
^

209.

Oliv. Fl.

Trop.

169.

Pl. ct

Tri. Ann. He. Nat.

n.

sr. 4,

xiv. 244

{Mammea,

2-6).

H.

Bn. Bull.
vii.

Soc.

Linn. Far. 82.

Gen. N/v.

Madag.

15.

Pl. et Tri. Ann.

Se.

Walp. Ann.

355.

CLUSL4CE.E.
aduate linear, introrse or estrorse, longitudinally i-imose.
(in
;

427

Germen

male flower rudimentary or 0) sessile 2-locular style cylindrical Ovules in erect rather tliick, at apex stigmatose capitately 2-lobed. cells 2 each, collaterally ascending, anatropous; micropyle extrorscly Fruit drupaceous, 1-spermous (rarely 2-4-spermous) inferior.
;

putamen

thick, externally fibrous.

Seeds suberect

cotyledons of

fleshy exalbumiuous

embryo large thick plano-convex confcrruminate

;

with resinous channels

radicle very short inferior.

Trees

leaves
;

alternate pellucid punctate closely

and

finely reticulate-penninerved

flowers axillary solitary or few cymose; pedicels short rather thick.

(Trop. America.)
18.

Kayea
cc
;

See 408. Wall. Flowers

p.
;

nearly of Maimnea, hermaphrodite

Petals 4, imbricate.
;

or polygamous

calyx 4-phyllous, imbricate.

Stamens
globose
at
;

filaments long filiform, corrugate

anthers small sub;

cells 2, short, rimose.

Germen
4-fid.

2-locular

style elongate,

apex shortly and sharply

Ovules in

cells
;

(complete or

oftener incomplete) 2 each, collaterally ascending

trorscly inferior.

micropyle ex-

Fruit fleshy, indhiscent, girt by more or less

;
;

persistent and enlarged

etc.,

and incrassate calyx seeds 1-4 embryo, of Mammea. ^Tvees leaves oblong, very finely penninerved
;

flowers

(rather large or small) in terminal

solitary.

racemes or more rarely

p. 409.

compound cymiferous See [Trop. Asia and Oceania.)

19.

Mesua

L.

Flowers nearly of Kayea, hermaphrodite or polyStamens

go
;

gamous, 4-merous.
style

anthers oblong.
peltate.

Germen

2-locular;
cells

elongate,
etc.,

at

apex stigmatose

Ovules in

2,

ascending,

of

Kayea
;

(or

Mammea). Fruit subligneous

;

or rather

fleshy, finally 4-valvate.

Seeds 1-4, exarillate

[Trop. Asia and

embryo of Mammea.
;

Trees
20
or
?

or shrubs

leaves finely and closely penninerved

flowers
p.

(large) exarillary solitary.

Oceania.) See

409.

Pciloneuron Bedd.

Flowers

nearly of

Kayea

" sepals

4-5, imbricate.
;

Petals 4-6, contorted.

Stamens oo; filaments short

anthers basifixed erect linear.

Germen
;

2-locular

ovules in

cells 2, etc., o

Kayea

styles 2, subulate

at

apex stigmatose punc(?)

;

tiform.

Fruit ovoid capsular, l-locular, septicidal

of Kayea.

seed

1,

erect

embryo
finely

Trees, habit of Clusia

;

leaves opposite coriaceous,

penninerved

flowers axillarj^ solitary or terminal paniculate.

p.

{East. India.)

"See

410.

428

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Oalophyllum
L.

21.

Flowers polygamous (nearly of Mmmnea);

Petals

sepals oftener 4, imbricate; the interior sometimes petaloid.

2-8 (more rarely

adelphous
at base,

0), imbricate.

Stamens
2-rimose.

co
;

filaments free or poly-

more rarely 1-adeIphous

anthers oblong or linear,

male flower rudimentary or 0) 1-locular style slender or subulate, at apex stigmatose capitate or cupular, entire or lobulate. Ovule 1, subcrect or ascending micropyle inferior. Fruit drupaceous anatropous
basifixed, introrse or extrorse,
;

Germen

(in

flesh

oftener scanty,
;

flnally

suberose

putamen crustaceous
etc.,

ascending
or shrubs
;

embryo thick exalbuminous,

of

Mammea.

Trees

seed

leaves opposite or subverticillate, entire coriaceous nitid

;

very closely striato-pennincrved

flowers in axillary and terminal

compound cymiferous racemes.

{Trop. Asia, Oceania, and America.)

See

p.

410.

V.
22.

QUIINEiE.
polygamous
or
;

Quiina Aubl.

Flowers
;

sepals 4-5, unequal,

imbricate.

Petals 4-8, either free, or connate at base with each

other and with the stamens, imbricate

imbricately cou volute.

Stamens
bose,
at

oo

gately flexuose in

hypogynous filaments free or connate at base, corrubud anthers small sub-2-dymous cells subgloGermen (in male flower margin or introrsely rimose.
, ; ;

rudimentary or
discoid.

0) sessile, 2-4-locular;

styles 2-4, slender, distinct

at base, more or less plicate in bud, at apex stigmatose capitate or

Ovules in

cells 2,

ascending
;

micropyle extrorsely inferior.

Fruit

baccate,

sometimes juiceless

endocarp

fibrous,

sometimes
1,

scarcely or tardily unequally 2-4-valved.

Seeds few or oftener

externally tomentose, cotyledons exalbuminous embryo fieshy plano-

Trees or shrubs, radicle conical inferior rather short. convex sometimes climbing, with gummy juice leaves opposite or verticillate, entire or crenate, sometimes dentate or unequally piunatipartite
; ;

(TourouUa), penninerved, nervose, finely vein-lined; stipules

narrow, rather rigid, sometimes foliaceous
or terminal
;

(?) 2,

flowers (small) in axillary

divaricately

more or

less

compound cymiferous and

racemose racemes.

{Trop. America.)

See

p.

411.

LYII. LTIIR.lPvIACE.E.
SALICARIA SERIES.
38G-393), the flowers are regular, liennaThe receptacle has the form
Lythn'm
Salicttn'a.

I.

In

tlie

Salicarias

'

(fig.

phrodite, with four, five, or six parts.

Fig-.

387.

Flower

(|).

Fin-. 389. Lonp:. eoct.

of (lower.

Fig. 391. Seed.

Fiff. 388.

Dias-ram.

Fig. 390. Dehiscent

fruit.

Fig. 392. Long, sect, of seed.

of a long tube, of little thickness,^ at the top of

'

which
t.

is

inserted the
Adans.
Faiii.

Lythrumlj. Gen. n. 604 (part). J. Oen. 332.

Fruct.
i.

Salicaria T.
des PI.
ii.

Inst. 253,

129.

GiKKTN.
Sl'ACH,

269,
vi.

t.

62.Lamk.
v.

III.

t.

234.

408. PoiR. Bid.

Genve,
n.
iii.

451; Suppl.
it.
iii.

2f.

Suit, Biiffon,

419. DC. 3Im.

80.

- Traversed by 8-12 vertical ribs, most frequently without any very distinct glandular

p.

ii.

77

Prodr.

6149.

Payer,

Ori/anoff. 477, t.

Endl. Gen. 95. B. H.

layer within, this tube

as a calicinal tube.

is

ordinarily described

Gen. 779, n.

10.H. Bn. Payer

Fain. Kat. 353.

430

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Lythrimi Salicaria.

perianth.
sents,

Thelattcr precase of a
flower,

in the

hexamerous
alternate

six

valvate sepals, with which

exteriorly five

tongues
five

and

interiorly

petals.

The

latter

are attenuate at the base,

imbricate and corrugate

in the bud.

Of the twelve

stamens, six are super-

posed to the sepals, longer

and exserted the filaments are attached in the

;

upper part of the

tacular

recejj-

tube,

and

the

anthers are bilocular, introrse,^ dehiscing

by two longitudinal clefts." The

six other stamens, shorter

and inserted lower beneath the petals, have

smaller

anthers

often
sterile.

wholly or in part

The

gynaciura,

free at

the bottom of the receptacular tube,

is

formed
slightly

of a bilocular ovary, the

base

of

which
is

thickens into a disk, and

its

summit

attenuated

to a style, terminated

by

an obtusely bilobed
matiferous head.
partition
Fiff.

stig-

On the
placenta

separating the

386. Floriferous branch.

culls is a large

'

Short, versatile, often coloured red or

fertile.

brown

'

The pollen

i.s

" ellipsoid

six folds

in water,

when

six bands, on three of

which a

papilla.

Zi/t/irvm

LYTIIRARIACE.E.

431

bearing a great number of ascending and anatropous ovules, with

niicropyle inferior

and

exterior.
is

the receptacular tube,

a bilocuhir

The fruit, around which persists membranous capsule, septicidul

numerous seeds of which
inL[/thrum virgalniii.

or opening irregularly at maturity, the

contain under their coats a fleshy embryo, with plano-convex cotyledons, auriculate at base,
ferior radicle.

and a conical

The

Salicarias are herbaceous

plants or shrubby at the base, glabrous or

covered with hairs, with tetragonal branches,

opposite,
verticillate

or

rarely

alternate
'

leaves, entire, without stipules,

and flowers

united in cymes generally biparous, in the

axils of the leaves or bracts

which replace

them at the top of the branches, in such a manner as, in this case, to form long terminal Some clusters of cymes (fig. 386, 393).
oiDiiositipetalous

stamens

ar-e

then reduced to

very

small dimensions

entirely,

or even disappear and the petals are somewhat un-

two superior surpassing the four Fig. 393. Portion others. Such is L. anomalum,'^ a Brazilian of inflorescence. plant which has become the type of the genus Anisotes? The style is sometimes short and sometimes long and exserted, and there are some species in which the ovary is not
equal, the

unfrequently triloeular.*

dozen

Salicarias are

known

they

inhabit all the temperate regions of the world, and especially

localities.

marshy

L. fungens and two other Chilian species constitute the genus

Pleuropliora.
stifi'

They

are herbaceous or subshrubby jjlants, with small

sharp-pointed leaves.

The

flowers, ordinarily collected in teris

minal spikes, are 5-7-merous,

5-20-androus, and the gynaicium

composed of a
Salicaria,
Sc.
'

stipitate, eccentric, obliquely

(H. Mohl. Ann.

compressed, pauciovulate

L, thi/mifolimn.^'
iii.

Nat.

sr. 2,

331.)

Red, pink, more rarely white.

A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. iii. t. 186. ' LiNDL. Iittrod. ed. 2, 101, 441. The stamens are often reduced to from five to seven in this
2

which appears in other respects to connect Ltjthrum with CupJiea.

species,
*
ii.

H. B. K. Nov. Gen et Sp. vi. 192. A. S.-H cit. 129. Bexth. op. cit. 2f8. Gren. et GoDK. Fl. de /). i. 593. G. Bceck. .itr. Bl. [1853] 405. Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. 738. Hiern. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 465. Haev. and Sond. Fl. Cap. ii. 516. C. Gay, Fl. Chil. ii. 368. A. Gkay, Mati. ed. 5, 183. Fr. et Sat. Jap. \Q~.Bot. Mat/, t. 1003, 1812. Walp. tp. ii. 103 v.
op.
;

Especially i. ariiliemieHm{F. Muell. Fragm. 1 07 ; Benth. Fl. Austral, iii. 299).

674

Anil.

ii.

539

iv.

088.

432

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

ovary, whicli has most freqxiently but one cell and a single placenta, surmounted by an eccentric style, with a stigmatiferous summit not
enlarged.

All the other characters of the flower are tliose of Lijthruvi..

(fig.

Nesa

394, 395)

is

distinguished from the Saliearias by cha-

racters of very secondary scientific importance.

ever, is not the same, for,

The receptacle, howit,

with the calyx which surmounts

it

represents a campanulate sac, traversed

Nesa salkifuUa.

by

salient nervures to the

Fig 394. Flower.

Fi"-.

395.

Long.

sect,

of flower.

The sepals, variable in number (4-8), are valvate, and alternate with as many exterior tongues, analogous to those of Lythrum. The petals, equal and sessile or unguiculate,
ef twelve or fourteen.

number

according to the species, are the same in number, and the stamens

double in number on two

fruit,

verticils.

The

ovary, as also the capsular

has from three to six multiovulate

cells,

and the valves of the

latter, at

maturity, separate, with the partitions, from the placentas

charged with seeds.

verticillate,

Nesa comprises African and American herba;

ceous shrubby or subshrubby plants

the leaves are opposite or

sec-

and the flowers are in cymes varying in the three

tions

[Eunesa, Heiniia, Decodon) admitted in the genus.

is

Ginora

somewhat analogous
sej^als

to

merous

but the

inserted at

Nesa, and the flowers are 5-6the margin of a turbinate recep;

tacle, externally

smooth, have no alternate accessory tongues

there

are from twelve to twenty-four stamens, with curved anthers, an

ovary with four multiovulate

sule.

Only one

species

is

cells and a loculicidal four-valved capknown, from Cuba. Dodecas, a shrub from

the sea-shores of tropical America, has nearly the flowers of Qinoria,

tetramerous, with no accessory tongues or scarcely visible outside

the sepals, from eight to ten stamens, witli oblong, flually erect
anthers, and four cells in the ovary.

The

capsular fruit

is

finally

LYTIIRARIACE/E.

433

nearly -unilocular, with numerous scobiform seeds, inserted on a false

central placenta.

The

surface of the seeds

is

hispid, and the flowers,

rather large, are axillary, solitary, or grouped in few-flowered cymes.

396, 397) comin-ises also tropical American plants; like Dodeeas, they have an obconical or campanulate receptacle, four

Adenaria

(fig.

or five sepals, without accessory tongues,

and a diplostemonous

audrcium inserted hidier

ceiitacle.

or lower on the internal wall of the reAcJam,

The

ovary, with short

foot,

has two multiovulate

m pm-pm ata.

cells,

and the capsular fruit is obovoid, with an indefinite number of

glabrous
tlii'ee

seeds.

The two

or

adenarias

known

are trees

with opposite leaves and with

axillary corymbiform

and manyall

flowered cymes.
parts

Nearly
with

the

are

covered

dark
little
Fig. 39G. Flower
(?).

l)unctiform glands.
different

Very
is

from Adenaria
it

Gris-

Fig. 397. Long. sect, of flower.

lea secunda, a

shrub of Columbia

and Venezuela, but

four or five of the gyntecium..

has dentiform tongues alternating with its sepals, and all the stamens are inserted quite at the base
Its capsular fruit is globular,

with seeds equally

Woodfordla flon'handa, a shrub of India, China, Madagascar, and tropical eastern Africa, which has been referred to
glabrous.

In

the

genus

G-rislea, there

are also black glandular points on the

;

greater part of the organs

but the flowers are not

five to

i-egular.

The

receptacular tube has an oblique superior opening, and the flower as a whole
sepals,
is

bent.

There are from

seven dentiform valvate

the sepals, in two
fruit is a loculicidal

with as

many

small accessory tongues and very small petals.

The stamens
verticils,

are declinate, twice as

large.st

and the

many as The oppositipetalous.

bivalve capsule, with numerous seeds, covered with hairs or papillte.

This genus also closely connects Lijthrum with the following type. Cuphea (fig. 398-404), which cannot but be considered a very
near ally of the Salicarias, forms however a small group [Cnpliee) It has a characterized by the constant irregularity of the flower.
receptacular tube traversed

and posteriorly
VOL. VI.

to a

by longitudinal ribs, and dilated below more or less prominent spur. The mouth of
28

434

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

witb au equal number of accessory

this tube bears six valvate sepals

teeth

more

or less developed.

The

six petals are nearly equal or

;

oftener unequal, the posterior being most developed

they

may even

be wanting.

The andrcium
Cuphea
lanceoluta.

is

generally formed of eleven stamens,

of which six are super-

posed to the petals and

five

to

the

sepals

the stamen constantly

is that which would correspond to

Avanting

the sepal
to

superposed

the

spur.

The
re-

gynsecium
sembles
Fig. 398. Florifevous branch.

much
of
its

that

the
pos-

Salicarias;

but

terior side bears at the

base a gland, more or

less

developed, some-

times circular, which

projects into the cavity of the spur.
cells of the

The two
ovary are

multioYulate, or rather

the posterior remains

FiK. 309. Flower with petals nearly equal.
400.

Flower with petals very imcqiial.

sterile,

and the ovules,

varito

in

number very
two

able (from

hundred), are

ascending and anatropous.

The

placenta bearing

them may become partly

capsule.
All the

free in consequence of the

more or

less

complete disappearance of the interlocular partition.

Cupheas known are natives of

The fruit is a the warm regions of

or rarely

the

new

world.

Theh

leaves are opposite,

verticillate

alternate,

and the

flowers, solitary or

grouped ia cymes, are axillary

or raised to the interval of the two opposite leaves situated above.

In the following genera, the general organization of the flowers is but they are primarily nearly the same as in the preceding types
;

separated

artificially

by the

fruit,

instead of remaining enclosed in

It is so

the receptacular tube, being finally partly exserted.

in

AuUrylium,, the flowers of which are otherwise very similar to

LYTHRARJACEM.
those of Adenaria,
Grislca, etc.

435

Tliey are tetramerous, without

accessory tongues alternating with the petals, and have from twelve
to

an indefinite numher of stamens. The ovary has four multiovulate cells,

Cuphea micropetala.

and the

fruit is a septifragal capsule.

They
the

are

woody

plants of

Mexico and
a
tree

Antilles.

Tctrataxls,

of
of

Mauritius,

has the

same

organs

vegetation and tetramerous but apetalous flowers, and only four alternisepalous stamens.
capsule.
Its fruit is a septifragal

In Lagcrstrmia (fig. 405, 406), beautiful trees or shrubs of eastern Asia, the flowers, pentamerous or

Fig. 401. Long. sect, of gyna3-

hexamerous, have the petals well developed, with a long narrow claw, an
elegantly undulated limb, and an indefinite
Cuphea puhiflora.

cium of open flower.

number

of stamens.

The

MSA

^'J/'l'^lw^

Fig. 402. Flower.

^^-"-'-

--

"\r

Fig. 403. Diagram.

Fig. 404. Long. sect, of flower.

fruit, surro^^nded
:

by the receptacular cupule, is free above it is a loculicidal and 3-6-valved capsule, the numerous seeds The leaves of which are prolonged upwards in a membranous wing.
only at the base
are opposite or verticillate, and the flowers, often very beautiful,
are grouped in ramified
tropical Asia clusters

of cymes.

Duabanga
it

is

from

and Oceania.

Very near Lagerstrmia,

has a larger

282

43G

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

receiotaele,

and more open

from four

to

seven thick triangular and

valvate sepals, an equal

number

of petals, very
cells.

numerous stamens,
capsular fruit sup-

and an ovary with 4-8 multiovulate

ported by the receptacular cupule,

The

is

loculicidal

and polyspermous.

The

seeds are small,

scobiform,

curved and irregularly winged.

Lawsonia may be considered a reduced type of the preceding genera. The small flowers (fig. 407-409) have only four parts, a diplosteLnf/erstimia indica.

Yis. 405. Flower.

Fig. 406. Long. sect, of flower.

menons andrcium, and four multiovulate

capsule,

cells in

the ovary.

But

the receptacular cupule encircles only the base of the coriaceous

which

finally breaks in

an irregular manner.

In the flower

Laivsoiia itiormu

Fig. 407. Flower.

Fig. 408. Floral receptacle.

409.

Long

sect,

of flower.

this

cupule

is

lined

by a glandular

disk,

which thickens, near the

and four

throat, to four slightly salient glands, corresponding in pairs to the

sepals, interior to the insertion of the staminal filaments,

others, a little higher, situate within the petals.

The

fruit is poly-

spermous, and the seeds, irregularly pyramidal, have a thick spongy

exterior coat, not prolonged to a wing.

The only

species

known

(L. inermis) is a

glabrous

shrub,

with branches often spinous,

LYTHRABIACEJE.
opposite leaves and inflorescence similar to that of Lar/erstrorviia.

437

It

is believed to be a native of Arabia or of the neighbouring countries, African or Asiatic ; it has been introduced into most tropical

regions.

Pemphis
racterized

(fig.

410, 411), otherwise

preceding genera, belongs also to

from most of the group {Pemphldc), chaa small

little different

by

a vaPemphis
acidiila.

riation in the

mode of placentation. The

that
is,

latter is nearly basilar,

from

the base of the internal angle of each

ovarian
small

cell rises

support

on
rig. 410. Flower
(f).

which are borne a

variable

Fig. 4 U. Long. sect, of flower.

number

of

anatropous, ascending ovules.

The flower

is

moreover hexamerous,

with six accessory tongues in the intervals of the sepals, six petals
resembling those of Lagerstrmia, and twelve stamens, inserted at

two different and enclosed

is

on the receptacular tube. The fruit is capsular P. acidula, the only species known, a small shrub observed at numerous points of the sea coast of
levels
in the receptacle.

tropical Asia

and Oceania.
;

Lafoensia has the same mode of placentation as Pemphis

for the

two (incomplete)
placenta,

cells

of the stipitate ovary have each a basilar

charged with erect ovules.

But the

flowers are 8-12-

merous, with as
seeds bordered

many

accessory tongues as sepals, and a larger,

nearly campanulate receptacle.

by a wing.

The fruit is a thick capsvde, with They are woody plants of tropical

America, with opposite leaves and beautiful flowers solitary or united Phi/socahjmma has very in terminal clusters, composed of cymes.
analogous flowers, but with eight parts and twenty-four stamens, without tongues. The fruit is incompletely unilocular, with four
multiovulate placentae united in a basilar mass.

The name

of the

genus

is

derived from the receptacular sac growing and persisting

around the fruit after floration. P. florida is a fine Brazilian tree with opposite leaves and the inflorescence of Lagerstrmia. Diplusodon
is

from the same country

it

much resembles Lafoensia and

438

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

Phycosalymma

the flowers

are

hexainerous,

witli

six

tongues

alternating with the sepals, a 12-androus

andrcium or formed of
nou-acerescent

an indefinite number of stamens, a

receptacle.

sessile ovary, a

The

inflorescence is that of Lafoensa,

II.

CRYPTERONIA

SERIES.

Crypteronia^

(fig.

412-415), referred by authors to various other

groups,- appears to comprise

flowers are regular and polygarao-dicious.

CwUTomajavwnca.

somewhat abnormal Lythrariace, whose The hermaphrodite

flowers
(fig.

412, 413) have

^ cup-shapcd reccptacle, the

margin of which bears

sepals

five^

and

five

perigynous

stamens, alternating.
is

Each
in-

formed of a filament
bud, a

curved in the

sur-

mounted
glandular
hiscing

by

basifixed

anther, united below

by
by

connective,
superiorly
cleft,

de-

longitudinal
or
Fig. 412.

marginal
introrse.

Hermaphro-

more or

less
is

Fig. 413. Long. sect, of

dite flower {^).

hermaphrodite flower.

The gynsecium

composed

of an ovary in greater part

superior, with

two or more rarely three cells (fig. 413), complete or incomplete, surmounted by a style with stigmatiferous extremity,
slightly enlarged at the top.

In the internal angle of each

cell,

sometimes near
is

its

exterior wall, sometimes

more or

less

near the base,

(fig.

a placenta * bearing a great

less

number
(fig.

of anatropous, transverse

415) or more or
flowers,

ascending

413) ovules.

In the female
is less

the gynsecium being the same, the stamens have sterile

anthers.
>

In the male flowers

;

(fig.

414, 415), the receptacle

Salicine,
^

Endl. Gen. 5756. B. H. Heiislowia Wall. Fl. As.

n.

Bl. Hijdr. 1151

Mus. Lngd.-Bat.
liar.
iii.

123,

t.

42.

Gen. 783, n. 22.

13,
t.

and to the Saxifragaccce. There are also, here and there, tetramerous
It recalls,

221

flowers.
*

Enul. Oeii. n. 1905. Lindl. Vey. Kingd. (184C) 570. Hook. M. Ind. ii. 573. Quilanmm Blanc. Fl, d. Fillpp. 851.
(not
Bi,.).
-

hy

its

organization, that of some

Saxifragaceie-Cunoniew with ovarian cells complete or nearly so.

Especially to the lihamnuce (Endl.), to the

LYTIIRARIACE^.
concave than in the female
of hermaphrodite

439

flowers

and the

gynaicium, reduced to small dimensions, has, nevertheless, an ovary,

with two parietal placentas with

sterile
its

ovules at the margin, and a

short style not stigmatiferous at

enlarged summit.

The

fruit
is

clothed at the base with the persistent receptacle and calyx,

Ciypttronia leptvstacJiya.

Fig. 414. Male flower

(f).

415. Loug. sect, of male flower.

globular loculicidal capsule with two, more rarely three

cells,

and

valves united above by the persistent style, charged at the middle of

their internal surface or base with

numerous narrow, elongate

seeds,

with

soft external coat,

attenuated at both extremities to a point or

wing, and containing under a thin layer of albumen a fleshy embryo,

with thick cylindrical radicle.

Crypteronia comprises trees or shrubs from the warm regions of India, Malaya, and the Philippine Isles.

In the four or

five species

without stipules, simple and entire.

known, ^ the leaves are opposite, petiolate, The flowers, small and nume-

rous, are in simple axillary or ramified terminal clusters.

With doubt we

here provisionally place Psiloxylon,^ sometimes

It has

referred to the Myrtacece.

In the male flower the receptacle

bearing on
equal
its

is

polygamous or dicious flowers. in the form of a shallow cup,

and an which fall early. At the same level are inserted ten stamens, five of which are superposed to the petals and five alternate, with free filaments, and bilocular introrse anthers. The gyntecium is sterile though it has distinct cells, placentas and ovules but the latter are very small and imperfect. In the female flower, in which the stamens are reduced to staminodes,
flve or six sepals, at first imbricate,

margin

number

of perigynous petals

the gyneecium

is fertile

the ovary, sessile or very shortly stipitate,

'

Pl. Hook. Joiirn.

iv.

iv.

475,

t.

16 [Henslowia).

30.Endl.
4, vi. 138.

Gen.
101.
t.

M.IQ..

Fl.Iiid. Bat. i.^.i. 715 {Eenslovia).

H.
v. 1,

1205. ToL.^jm.
Fropiera
1
:

Sc.

Nat.

sr.

Bn. Adansonia,

x. 39.
f.

Walp. Ann.
^

692.
Fieijcin.

Fl. Maiirit.

Hook.

Baker, Jown.

Dup.-Th. ex Gaudich.

Voy. Bot.

Linn. Sue.

Gen. 725, n. 76.

440
is

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

style almost

surmounted by a

immediately divided into three or

flat,

four elongate lobes, in the form of thick,

their upper surface

fleshy strips, obtuse at

;

the summit, expanded, then reflexed on the top of the ovary

is

all

covered with

fine stigmatic papillae.

In each

of the three or four (eomFnlo^l/lon ,>,aurUia,nn.

^-^^^^

^^ SOmctimCS rather

incomplete) cells of the

ovary, there
is

an axile

and multiovulate placenta.

The

fruit is a small

berry
Fig. 416.

nearly

globular,
its

Young
flower.

female

Fig. 417. Long. sect, of

young female

accompanied at

flower.

base

by the calyx, and the

numerous seeds
species
'

it

encloses have a large fleshy embryo.

is

The only

of this genus

a shrub of the Masearene Isles, the leaves

of which, analogous to those of

series, are

some Bixacese of the Flacourtia

with
fine
little

alternate, entire, penniuerved, thick, covered

;

glandular punctuations
those of Grypteronia
leaves, in

the flowers, unattractive, a

larger than

(fig.

416, 417), are grouped in the axil of the

compound

clusters of cymes.

III.

AMMANNIA

SERIES.

this family, distinguished

418-424) has given its name to a small series of (somewhat artificially) by the smallness of their flowers, concave receptacle, generally smooth externally, petals none or scarcely perceptible and by their organs of vegetation.

Ammaniiia^

(fig.

They

are small herbs, often aquatic, having ordinarily the habit of

Portulaca, or CallitricJie, or MyriophyUum, etc.

species

In an indigenous
(fig.

commonly known

as Pejdis^

Portula*

418, 419) the

flowers arc pentamerous or more generally hexamerous.

1

The sub-

p.

manrilianum.
f. loc. cit,

Fropiera

mauritiana

Hook.
^

Bl. DidipUs Eafin. Bitheca Wight and Aim. Middendorfia Tral'TV. Nimmoia Wight, Feplis
L. Rotala L. Sellotcia Roth. Siiffrenm Bei.lahd.
Tritheca
3

Get), n. 155. Adans. Fam. des 234. J. Gen. 333. Lamk. Diet. i. 130 Suppl. i. 328 111. t. 77. DC. Mem. Gencv. iii. Prodr. iii. 77. Endl. Gen. n. 6146. p. ii. 79 B. H. Gen. 776, n. 1. Baker, Fl. Maurit. 99. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 354 (incl. Amaiidla MiQ. Ame/clia DC. O'tnuUa Akdlin. Cnjptotheca

HousT. ex L.

n.

ii.

Wight and Arx.

t.

TVinterliu

Spreng.).
51.

L. Gen. n.
99.
iii.

446. J. Gen. 333. Schkuhr.

G-jertn. Fi-uct.
76.
i.

Uandb.

237,

t.

DC. Prodr.
^

Gen. 776, n.

L.

lipec.

Endl. Gen. n. 6144. B. H. 2. H. Bs. Bull. Soe. Linn. Par. 87. 474. DC. Prudr. iii. 77.

LYTHBARIACEM.
cainpanulate receptacle,
tliin

441

and membmuous,

is

marginally con-

tinuous with the six triangular valvate lobes of the calyx, glandular
at the

summit

in the intervals are an equal

teeth, the origin of

which
obtuse

is

the same as in Salicaria.

number of accessory To these

{PeplU) portula.

teeth correspond an equal

number

of

small

Ammmmia

very caducous petals, which

are sometimes entirely absent.

Much
are

lower, on the

internal surface of the receptacle,

inserted

six
Fig. 418. Flower
().

alternipetalous perigynous

stamens formed, each, of an

enclosed filament and a bilocular, introrse,

Fig. 419. Long of flower.

sect.

didymous anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The gynogcium is free, formed of an enclosed two-celled ovary, surmounted by a short style with capitate stigmatiferous apex. In
Ammannia
[Sujfi-enia) flliformis.

^^^
Fig. 420.

Flower

(f).

Fig. 421. Diagram.

Fig. 422. Loug. sect, of flower.

the internal angle of each cell

is

a placenta supporting an indefinite

number
which

of anatropous ovules.
is

receptacle,

The fruit, enclosed in the persistent membranous and polyspermous capsule, the seeds of
under their thick
coats, a fleshy

contain,

embryo, with oval

is

cotyledons and short radicle.

called P. hori/sthenica,^

In southern Eussia there

a Pcplis

which

greater length of its style.

name

of Middendorffla.'^

differs from P. portuJa only in the genus has been made of it under the Another PepUs, in the United States, P.

diandra,^ type of the genus Didiplis,^

'

is

quite similar to our P.

Bess, ex Spreng. Syst.

ii.

135. Ammania

aquatica

NuTT. (ex DC).

n. 6, p. 23.

borystlunica
-

DC. Frodr.
iv.

iii.

78, n. 10.

Rafin. Atlant. Jouni. (1833)

Gen.
479.

Teautv.

Diss, de MiddendorfKa,

Mem.

Sai\

Endl.
Amcr.
i.

1427. B. H. Gen.

TIT, n.
et

3.

tr.
2

Ac. Petersh.

489, t.4.Walp. Rep. v. 673.

iii.

Hypobriehia M. 0. Cukt. Ton-,

Gr. Fl. N.-

NuTT. ex DC. Prodr.

77, n. 4.

Ptolina

412

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

portida, but has generally a tetramerous and tetrandrous flower.'

The

true

Ammannias, more conflned

to the

warm

regions of both

worlds, often have the tetramerous flower of DidipUs, with or without

petals

and with the accessory teeth of the calyx more or less developed. In some cases the flower has
[Rotala] vcrticillaris.

Ammannia

as

many

as seven parts

in others

again,

there
(fig.

are

only three, as in

Botala"

423, 424).

The length
also

of the style varies

much

between
as the

one species and another. The stamens

may be
ber.
Fig. 423. Flower [fj.
Fig. 424. Long, sect, of flower.

the same in

number

sepals or double, or even less in

num-

Suffrenia

(fig.

420-422), like
;

DidipUs,

and the

may have only two stamens petals, when they exist, are

either very small or moderately de-

veloped.

The dry
:

fruit

may open

regularly, like every septicidal or

septifragal capsule
letia
^
;

this is the case in Botala, Saffrenia,

and J.meas

but

it

may

also

open transversely or irregularly,

It is

in

Bldiplis and Gryptotlieca.^

sections

on these variations that the three *

are founded.

we admit

in the genus

Ammannia

This genus

comprises about thirty-five species,^ annuals or evergreens, often

aquatic, with opposite or vcrticillate, rarely alternate leaves, axillary
solitary flowers,

accompanied by

lateral bracteoles

which are

fertile

when
rules.
'

the flowers are collected in cymes or few-flowered glome-

It

may

be diandi-ous.

The sepals are some-

times five or six in number. The petals are wanting, as is often the case in Peplis Portula, and the accessory teeth of the calyx are as

which the flowers are pedicellate with capsule opening transversely or irregularly the other in which the flowers are solitary, sessile, with a valvicide fruit. We add a third section Peplis
;

marked
2

as in the latter.

(including DidipUs).
"

175. DC. Prodr. iii. 75. A. S.-H. Mm. Mus. ii. 381. Endl. Gen. n. 6143.
L. Mantiss.
'i

EoxB.
ii.

PI. Coram,
t.

t.

133. Bl. Mus.

t.

Ziiffd.-

Oitei/ioides

Soland.

E. Br. (ex Endl.). Prodr. i. 305.

3

Tritheca Wight and Arn.

;

(ex

Endl.).

Eutelia

Bat.

129,

44 {Cryptotlucn), 135,
Ic.

46, 47
t.

136

(Rotaln).

(Peplis).

Wight,
;

Ledeb.
Madr.
t.

Fl. Boss.

391

Joiirn. Sc. vii. 312, t.

20 {Nimmoia)

Icon.

217, 260

DC. Mm. Geni). iii. p. ii. 82, t. 3 Prodr. Endl. Gen. n. 614.5. Ditheca Wight iii. 76. and Akn. Prodr. i. 304. Hapnlocarpum Wight and Arn. loc. cit. 305. AmnncUa Mia. Fl. Ind.Bat.
*
i.

EoTH, Nov. Sp. 162

i.

519 (Wiiiterlia).
t.

Bellard.

(Selloivia).

Spueng.

[Botala).-S>/st.

Act. Taur. vii.

T/ies.

445,
ii. t.

1. fig. 1

{Si(ffreiria).nA.-BX.

189 [Suffrenia).

Hauv. and Sond. Fl. Cap.

p.
i.

Cap.

p.

i.

618.
iii.

Bl. mjdr. 1128. DC. Prodr.

76. Endl.
:

ii. 615. Griseii. Fl.Bnt. W.-Ind. 270. Thw. Enum. PI. Zeyl. 121, 122 [Ameletia, Botala).

Gen. n. 6141.
'

MlQ. Fl.
one in
015

Iiid.-Bat.

i.

Bentham and IIookuk admit two

(Ditheca, Suffrenia),

614 [Tritheca, Botala), 016 (Ameletia), 617

L YTHRARIA CE^.
BhyacopMla
between the
are
small,
^

443

differs

very

little

from Ammminia.

The flower

is

tetramerous and tetrandrous, with four petals, inserted in the hollows

In U. repens,^ an Abyssinian species, the petals sepals. and the dimerous gyncium, analogous to that of Ammannia, is surrounded by a very small annular disk, with very slightly marked lobes. In the Indian species, B. WalUchii, of which the genus Hydrolythrum^ has been made, the petals are larger, exserted, and the lobes of the hypogynous disk, eight in number, are much more distinct. These differences, otherwise of little importance, serve to distinguish two sections in this genus, which is composed of aquatic herbs, like Myrio'phyllum^ which they resemble in habit, submerged, verticillate, linear leaves, with flowers in terminal clusters, and accompanied each by two lateral bracteoles which may be more or less raised on their pedicel.

Adanson*

clearly pointed

out, in 17G3,

in

what respects the

it

Salicaria family resembled the Myrtle, differing from

situation of the

in

the

gyncium. He even placed in it Bckea, of the A. L. de Jussieu ^ republished the family nearly as Adanson conceived it, adding Acisanthera, of the llelastomacece, and Glaux, of the Brimulace. Later*' he substituted for the name
Myrtaccce.

Salicari

'

that of Lythrarie.^

A. P. de Candolle

included in

it

twenty- seven genera, of which only thirteen are

distinct.

Lindlet i" first gave the HooKEK," resuming the name Lythrariece, admit thirty genera in this group, four of which are abnormal, viz. Bv.nica, which we have restored to the Myrtacece ; '^ Axinandra, which we consider rather
[Kapalocarpum).
ii.

now retained as name Lythracc. Bentham and

Hiern,

0/iv.

Fl.

Trop. Afr.

Iii.

ii.

571.
des PI.
ii.

476. Benth. Fl. Aiistrnl. iii. 295. A. Ghay, Ma, ed. 5, 182. Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. 742. Given, et Godr. Fl. de Fr. i. 597 {PepUs). Walp. Sep. ii. 101, 916; Ami. i. 294
466
[Rotnltt],

Fam.

232,

Fam.
9.

31.

Gen. (1789) 330, Ord.

^ 1

Diet. So. Nat. xxvii. 453.

Calycanthem Vent. 24;.

i.

iii.

298.

Salica-

{Peplis)

ii.

538

iv.

685 [Cryptotheca, Piplis),

"

rhi Link, Enum.

8 ^

142.

686 (^wetoirt). ^ HocnsT. Flora (1841) 659. Quartinla ENrL. Gen. Suppl. ii. (1842) 94. B. H. Gen. 777, n. 5. - HocHST. loc. cj7. HiERN, OUv. Fl. Trop. Afr.
ii.

Endl. Gen. 1198, Ord. 267.

Mm.
iii.

Soc. d' Hist. Nat. Genve,

iii.

p.

ii.

65

Prodr.
'

75, Ord. 74 (1828).

2,

Introd. ed.

100

Veg. Eingd. (1846) 574,

470.
i.

Quartinia turfosa A. EiCH. Fl. Abyss.

277,
t.

Ord. 918.

Tent.

61. Q.
II.

repens,

Endl. Walp.
4.

" Gen.
'2

Ann.
^

\. 673.
p.

IIouK.

B.

Gen. 777, n.

Hook.

Fl.

The ovary not free at the bottom of the receptacle.

773, 1007, Ord. 69. See pp. 333, 337, 338, 381.

is

444

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

^
;

anomalous Melastomace
BJui'ianacece,^

Olinia,'' -which

and

Heteropyxis,'^ quite

we have made unknown to us.

a series

of

We

have,

moreover, enumerated Sonneratia

among the

Myrtacece, and Strepho-

nema among

the doubtful Bosacece.^

By

considering Ilydrolythrum

as simply a section of the

genus Bhyacophila, and including Peplis

and Dldiplis in the genus Ammannia^'^ we have reduced the number

Notwithstanding their alternate leaves, bewe shall see, the stamens are fundamentally constructed like those of this group.
1

where we proposa
collarette,

to place them.

The

short

cause, as

entire

or

obscurely
discoid

lobed,

found

outside the perianth

and often described as

prolongation of

Rm. Arch. ii. p. i. 5 Fl. Cap. 194. DC. Prodr. ii. 41.Endl. Gen. n. 6272. B. H. Gm. 78.5, n. 29. Creniatostemoit hort. (ex
^

Thuni.

a
is

calyx,

is

only a

the receptacular tube, the formation of which

Endl.). This genus has been placed in different families, particularly in the series of Mdastuniaee, of Lythrariace,

sidered (Aenott,

Nauuin) as the type of quite

We
have

and

it

has also been con-

Cape shrubs, with and flowers collected in trichotomous cymes. There is probably only one species, 0. cymosa Thunb. Hakv. and SoNO. Fl. Cap. ii. 520. 0. capensis
tardy.
Olinia consists of

opposite coriaceous leaves,

a distinct family.
3 Bull. Soc.

Linn. Par. (187G) 90.

seen in tracing the development of the flowers

of this genus
(fig. 42.5, 426), that they have a hollow tubular receptacle, to the bottom of

Olinia cyniosa.

Eig. 425. Flower

426.
(\).

Long.

sect, of

flower

(f).

orifice of

which the ovary is adnate, and at the upper which are inserted four or five coloured

Link, Kl. et Ott. Ic. PL Rar. i. minata Link, Kl. et Ott. foe.
Sijdero-xijlon

6, t. 3.
cit.

0. acut.

S3,

21.

sepals, as

many

sm.all alternate petals, super-

ojinosum L.
Cap.

F.

Suppl. 152.

Crema-

posed to which arc an equal number of stamens, with short bilocularintrorse anthers, surmounted

tostemon capense hort.

^

Harv. Tim.

ii.

18,

t.

128. B. H. Om.

by

a glandular connective.

The

cells of

the

number, contain each 2 or with micropyle exterior ,and inferior. Decaisne (Tr, Gen. Botan. 292) has described and figured the ovules as pendant, a grave error. The fruit is drupaceous, and the putamen encloses a seed with exalbuminous embryo, and the cotyledons are said to be un3 ascending ovules

inferior ovary, 3-5 in

This genus, placed among the anomalous Lythraritic, with inferior ovary, is espe785, n. 30.

by an imbricate calyx, with with glandular punctuations, oppositipetalous stamens and alternate leaves. Its fruit is capsular the ovarian cells multiovulate. This plant, figured by Harvey with
cially characterized

five lobes, petals

poorly
ovary,
*

developed
is

stamens and an imperfect

to us.

equally convolute.
especially that the

It

is

by

this

character

quite
i.

unknown
424, 479.

a tribe or series

OUnie are distinguished as in the family of Xhamnacca,

See

vol.

Ball. Soc. Linn. Par. (1876) 87.

L ythhabiacem.
of generic groups
'

445

to twenty-two.

The number

of species

is

esti-

mated

at

about two hundred and

fifty.

The geographical distribution is very extended. Cuphea, entirely American, comprises more than a third of the species of the family.

Ly thrum and Ammminia, each

over a very vast area, in the
of Europe,

giving a

name

to a series, are spread

new

as well as in the old world, in

tropical as well as in temperate regions.

PcpUs portula,

in the north

Ammannia^ found in North America, Australia, and the Cape of Good Hope. Salicaria from Lapland and the north of Asia to Tasmania, the Cape, and southern Chili. Ten genera are exclusively American, and tkree are common to America and the old continent. Pem^^Jils, represented by a single species,
corresponds to

which resemble it it is met with in a Lawsonia, supposed to be a native of the north-east of Africa and of India, has been introduced into many tropical countries. Most of the old world genera are limited to a few countries. Tctrataxis belongs exclusively to Mauritius, PsUoxylon to the Masearene isles, Gnjpteronia to Malaya and the Philippines. BJujacophila and Woodfordia are common to central Asia and eastern Africa.
conforms to the
literal plants
;

great part of tropical Oceania and Asia.

The characters The concavity of

absolutely constant in this family are very few. the receptacle of

little

thickness but very deep, the

it exists,

perigynous insertion of the corolla, when

and especially the

independence of the gynsecium situated at the bottom of the receptacular cavity, are about all that can be mentioned.

By the

last

the

Lythrariacece are distinguished from the Myrtacece and Onagrariaceoe,

which they are allied by all other characters, and which, in all normab types, have, as is said, "the ovary adherent." The Bhizoto

plioracece with free ovary, that is the Macarisie, are in this respect

nearer the Lythrariacece with which

several of

them have been

cell are indefinite

confounded

but in the

latter,

the ovules in each

Without counting the genus Plnjsopodium olDssvAvx {Ann. Sc. Nat. Bei. 1, is.. i03) gene'

rally

Prodr.

enumerated in the Lythrariaa (DC. ui. 94 ; Endl. Gen. n. 6168), the place of which is not determinable, the characters of tlio gyncium and of the fruit not being given

with precision. P. vohibile, a climbing shruh of Bourhon, is perhaps a C'ombrclactw; we have been unable to discover it in the herbariiun of Desyaux. - Especially Symmctria Bl. which is a JBanaldcia and Tmnostylis Montkoi's. {Mem. Acad.

44G

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

number, and the Li/thrnriace have not the intra-axillary stipules of Macarisie. The MeJadomace are also near neighbours of the Lythrariaeece but the latter have not the characteristic anthers of
in
]

the former.
racters which,

There

are,

moreover, in the Lythrariaeece, some cha-

though not constant, are very frequent.

These are

the opposition of the leaves, the thinness of the receptacle and of the
disk,

which

is

often even wanting, the consistence of the pericarp,

often dry, thin and dehiscent, and the absence of

seeds.

albumen in the
:

Other characters,

less

important and stiU more variable, are

the

number

of parts of the flower

and of the andrcium, the presence

of stri or ribs on the receptacle, the

mode

of imbrication or corru-

gation of the petals, the direction straight or curved of the floral

tube, the situation of the placentas in the internal angle or at the

base of the
loped

cells,

the form of the fruit at maturity, naked or enve-

by

the sac formed

by the

receptacle.
artificial

On

these variations are

based the following

this family
I.
:

series,

very

doubtless, admissible in

Lythre^.

Trees

or shrubs, with regular or irregular generally

hermaphrodite flowers, receptacle elongated to a tube or in form of a

large cup, coriaceous or herbaceous, with longitudinal ribs or strife.

Petals ordinarily developed, corrugate, of large size like the flowers

themselves.II.

18 genera. Crypteronie^. Trees or shrubs, with regular, polygamous,

dicious flowers, petals none or but

little

developed, not corrugate,

receptacle a shallow cup, smooth and rather thick.

Fruit free.

genera.
III.

Ammanniee.

Herbaceous

plants, generally small, creeping,

visible, petals

often aquatic.

Flowers scarcely

none or small

flat.

Receptacle membranous, without

strise

or ribs.

2 genera.
the properties of

Uses.

Most authors remark, with reason, that

;

the Lythrariaeece, often imperfectly determined, are extremely variSome are astringent and contain tannin others resinous able.

matter

others again, irritant, A'esicant, purgative, vomitive, or diu-

retic substances.
Zyoii, X. 201),

Some

contain a colouring principle

the flowers

genus of

Zi/</jj'(cc,

given by the author as a new and which appears to be

. a Combretacea, Lmnnitsera racemosa W. Enul. Enchirid. C44. Lindl. Veg. Kingd.

'

a Cromistylis. Pokormja of the same author (Mm. Acad. Sc. Lijoii, x. 201), referred also to
the Lythrariacc,
is

575; Fl. Med. 150. Kosentu.

Diaphur, 910.

Si/nops.

Plant.

evidently (B. H. Gen. 776)

LYTHRARIACE.E.

447
'

may have an
(fig.

agreeable or offensive odonr.

so

o8G-o92)

common

at the

The common Salicaria waterside and in so many conntries,

had formerly a certain reputation as an astringent, antidysenteric medicine the root was more especially sought. A neighbouring species, Lythrum hyssopifoUum,^ was formerly considered a vulnerary, anti-scorbutic, and aperitive. L. alatum,^ of the United States, is employed in the treatment of sores and ulcers. Several American
;

Nesas are extolled

growing in marshes, is reputed to cure abortion in animals which feed upon it. N. si/pldlltica,^ to which the Mexicans attribute many properties, has
as

medicines.

N.

verticillata,^

a diuretic, sudorific, and laxative juice.

There is also in Peru a and G. micropliylla'^ is reputed to have the same virtues. There are likewise in this genus many plants with a viscous tenaceous juice, secreted by numerous glands on the surface The ArnvMunia have sometimes insipid, of the stems and leaves. slightly fleshy leaves, used for the same purposes as purslain, but it would be imprudent to eat them raw. Such is^. portula^ (fig. 418,
Gupliea
antisi/philitica,'''

419), considered edible in some countries.^

contrary,
is

A. vesicatoria,^" on the
;

an acrid plant, of a strong chloric odour

its

leaves are
less

preferred, in India, to cantharides, as producing a

more rapid and

painful vesication.

The Lager strmias

are magnificent ornamental

Lijthrmn Saliearia L. Spec. 640.

82, n.

DC. Prodr.
deFr.
i.

H. B. K. Nov. Gen.
iii.

et

Sp.

vi.

202. DO.
BnUamoiia
reputed

iii.

Caz.

13. Gres.

et

Godr.
3,
iii.

Fl.

593.

Priidr.

87, n. 30 [Chiagari).

C.

PL Md.
Lamk,

Indig. ed.

945.

Salicaria
S. vulgaris

Cham, and Schlchtl and ingrata Cham, and

ScHLCHTL, of Brazil
antisyphilitic
7

spicatu

Fl. Franc,

103.

{Sete Sangrias), are

Mnch,

Lysimachia purpurea quibusda/m spicata 3. Bauh. [Red Lijsimachia). - L. Spec. 642. Rosexth. op. cit. 912.
Mi'th, 065.

and

febrifuge.

Salicaria hyssopifolia
^

Lamk.

PuKSH, Fl. Bar.- Amer. i. 334 (not Presl). DC. Prodr. n. 5.Ell. Bot. Mag. t. 1812. L. vulneraria ScHR. PL Bar. Sort. Mo, t. 27.
L. acinifolium Sess. et Mo. (ex DC). L. Keniiedyanmn H. B. K. Nov. Gen. etSp. vi. 194. Pythagorea alata Rafin. L.virginieum Kenn.

L. Hunteri DC. mingled with Moriiidn, is used in India for dyeing. * H. B. K. ex EoSENTH. op. cit. 914. lythTerba del cancer)
.

H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 201. DC. C. Apanxalon DC is considered astringent in Mexico, and fi-om C. lanceolata Ait. [Atlanchan) a tincture is prepared with which the abdomen of women in childbirth is rubbed. 8 H. Bn. BulL Soe. Linn. Par. (1876) 88. Schkuhr, Handb. Peplis Portula L. Spec. 474. t. 99. DO. Prodr. iii. 77, n. 1. Gren. et Godr. Portula diffusa Mnch. A. Fl. de Fr. i. 597. verticillaris [Botala verticillaris L. DC. Prodr.
Prodr. n. 28.
;

iii.

76)

used in

India

in the treatment

of

abscesses.
'

rum verticilltttum L. *H. B. K. ex RoSENTH. op. cit. 911. Heimia syphilitica DC. Prodr. iii. 89. Oymria syphilitica Mo. et Sess. ex DC. loc. cit. [Hanchiiwl).
N. salicifalia H. B. K. Nov. Geii. et Sp. vi. 192 (Heimia salicifolia Link et Ott.), fi-om the same country (fig. 394, 39.5), has analogous properliua.

On

the coasts where Femphis acidula Forst.

411) grows,
its

(fig.

410,

slightly fleshy

and

salt leaves are eaten as salad.

n. 7-

RoxB. FL Lid. i. 447. DC Prodr. iii. 78, Med. 149. Rosentu. op. cit. 911. A. baccifcra L.? Hapalocarpum vesicitoriiim Wight and Arn. {Daud-maree of the
>

LiNDL. Fl.

Bengalcse)

448

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

open
air in
is

plants, often cultivated in the

gardens in the south of

its
is

Europe.

L. inclica
varieties

'

(fig.

405, 406)

the most remarkable fur

flowers.

numerous

with pink or

lilac

L.

Beguue"^

scarcely less esteemed in India.

roots are astringent
tive, drastic,

It is also a

medicinal plant.

Its

and useful in the treatment of aphthse. Purgaand hydrogoguic decoctions are prepared from its bark, The seeds are considered narcotic. its leaves, and its flowers. From the bark of L. hirsuta ^ are prepared dissolvent and resolutive plasters applied to sores. Woodfordia floribunda, an Asiatic and African species, is cultivated in our conservatories, where it thrives

The In India a yellow dye is extracted from its flowers. most renowned of the Lythrariacece as a tinctorial plant is Lawsonia iiiermis* (fig. 407-409), believed to be a native of the north-east of Africa, and is cultivated in the east of Africa and all the west of Its numerous leaves are said to have a strong odour,^ and Asia. from its leaves is prepared the reddish-yellow colour with which
well.

daub their hair, their eyelids, and especially the nails It is also a medicine recommended for of their hands and feet. wounds, icterus, ringworm, leprosy, aphth ^ it is rarely cultivated Many Cuplicas with brilliant flowers may be in our conservatories. cultivated in masses and in borders, and some seen in our gardens, subshrubby American Nesas. There are also some Salicarias
oriental ladies
;

which are somewhat ornamental. In Brazil Thysocalymma,'' Vlptusodon, and La/oensia, are remarkable for the beauty of their flowers, and scarcely yield in this respect to Lagerstrinia in the old world.

'

L. Spec. 784.

DC.
t.

rioiir.

iii.

Curt. Bot. Mag.

K.;mpf.
2

405.

93, n.

1.

Belon

says that the culture of this shrub in

is

S'iii,

Fakusinda

Egypt, which
stantinople,
is

Amn.

Jixot. 865.

exported in quantity to Cona source of great revenue to the

n. 5.

RoXB. PI. Coromb. i. 46, t. 65. DC. Proi/r. EosENTH. op. dt. 913. Adambea glabra
Diet.
i.

pashas.

The

leaves are also used for dyeing

Lamk.
'

39.
iii.

W.
L.

Spec.

1178.

UC.
loc. cit.

Prudr.
n. 2.

n.

6.

Adambea
4

hirsnfa

Lamk.
Md.

S/jcc.

498.

Desf. Fl. Atl.

iv. 78.

et

Del.

Diet. Mat.

Mk. i. 325. Endl. Enchiiii.

rid.

lii.Z.spinosa'ii.

Z-albaliMiiK. Diet.
iv.
t.

In Egypt the slaves were not Traces of it are found on the most ancient mummies. In Amboyna, Lahillardire {Vh;/. i. 344) has seen this dye used, especially by the Chinese. Avicenne compared the properties of Henn with Its roots alone are those of Dragon's Blood.
skins and stuffs.

allowed to dye with Senne,

106.

Alcanna Rumph. Serb. Amboiii. {Benna, Alhenna, Cyprus).

s

17

decidedly astringent.

Berthollet

.always be-

lieved the plant did not contain tannin.

'

" Penetratin", hircinous."

P-

Jli'i'i'l

Poul

furnishes the Rosewood of

extract are employed internally and the leaves locally in the treatment of cutaneous afi'ections (Ainsl. Mat. Ind. ii. 190).
'

The juice and

Brazil esteemed for superior cabinet

rosa, Sebasti&o d'Arruda).

work (Po

GENERA.
1.

Lythrum
;

L.

Flowers

hermaphrodite regular or soraetimes

irregular

receptacle straight cylindrical, thin submembrauous, ex-

ternally longitudinally 8-12-costate, lined with very thin disk, a

little

thicker at base and apex, often subnil, equal at base, not spurred

or gibbous.

Sepals 4-6, inserted at top of tube, 3-angular, valvate

accessory teeth same in

or oftener patent.

number smaller

alternating Avith petals erect

Petals 4-6, alternating with sepals and inserted

in the intervals, shortly or scarcely unguiculate;

(Anisotes) unequal
;

equal or rarely
corrugate

the 2 superior larger

5,

imbricate,

(sometimes

0).

Stamens rarely

6 (Anisotes),

most frequently
;

double the number of petals, inserted 2-seriately in tube of receptacle

the oppositipetalous shorter or sometimes sterile imperfect
erect
; ;

filaments

anthers basiflxed, enclosed or exserted, introrse, 2-riraose.

sessile, free at

Germen
(or

bottom of receptacular tube

disk very small

0)

style terminal short or elongate slender,

apex stigraatose
Fruit enclosed
or,

obtuse or capitate hardly 2-lobed.

plete) cells oo
,

Ovules in 2 (complete or incomfrom incom;

anatropous, 2-co -seriately ascending.

in receptacular tube, oblong,

membranous, 2-locular
co

plete septum, 1-locular, septicidally 2-valvate or opening irregularly

placentas finally subfree.

Seeds

angular or plano-convex smooth;

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo thick obcordate, 2-auriculate at

base

radicle short conical inferior.

;

Herbs

or

more rarely small

shrubs, glabrous or tomentose

branches 4-gonal or subiilate; leaves

;

opposite or verticillate, sometimes alternate, oblong or linear entire

flowers axillary, solitary or oftener in racemes and terminal rarely

ramose bracteate glomeruliferous spikes.

See
2.

(^1//

temjj.

regions.)

p.

429.

Pleurophora Don.'
subcyliiidrical.

Flowers

nearly of Lythricm;
equal, valvate;

tube of
accessory

receptacle

Sepals 5-7,

teeth same in

number

alternate short or spinescent.

Petals same in

number

oblong, unguiculate.

Stamens 5-14, more rarely 15-20,

;

inserted at bottom of receptacular tube

1

filaments finally exserted

6150. B. H.
Gen. 779, n. 11.

Ediiili.

New

Phil. Journ. xii.

112. Endl. Gen.

n.

VOL. VI.

29

450

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Germen
free, shortly stipate

anthers short, 2-dymous.

trically

hence eccen-

inserted a

little

above the base of the tube, somewhat

obliquely compressed, by abortion 1-locular; style slender, at apex

stigmatose simple, generally not dilated.

Ovules few (often

4), in-

serted 2-seriately on parietal placenta, ascending; micropyle extrorsely

inferior.

Fruit capsular membranous, enclosed in receptacle, few-

seeded. clavate

Seeds 1-4, ascending; testa coriaceous

cotyledons of sub;

rather thick.

embryo plano-convex, auriculate at base Herbs or shrubs divaricately rimose

radicle inferior

leaves opposite,
;

linear or lanceolate, coriaceous rigid, often venose, sharp pointed

flo\vcrs spicate
;

bracts sub-4-seriate, imbricate, oftener 1-florous;

bracteoles sometimes rigid, often inserted higher under the flower.

{Chili.-)
3.

Nessea Commers.^

ceptacle

Flowers (nearly of Ly thrum) regular remuch shorter subcampanulate or obconical straight, externally
; ;

8-14-costate

sepals 4-7, 3-angular-valvate

accessory teeth same in

number narrower.

Petals 4-7 (of Lythrum).

;

Stamens 8-14, inserted

;

2-seriately in receptacular tube

introrse, various in form.*

filaments slender exserted

free, 2-6-locular
;

anthers

Germen

style slender
cells go
,

flexuose exserted, at apex stigmatose capitate.

Ovules in

inserted on placenta in internal angle co -seriate.

Fruit capsular,

enclosed in receptacle, loculicidally 2-6-valvate

finally solute

valves septiferous,
;

from placenta.

Seeds

oo

testa coriaceous

cotyledons

of exalbuminous

embryo plano-convex. Other characters o Lythrum.

in axils

Herbs or undershrubs; branches 4-gonal; leaves opposite or 3-nate;

entire
;

flowers

of leaves or bi'acts inserted in terminal

;

raceme solitary or oftener cymose

less

peduncles sometimes more or

highly 2-bracteolate.''
scarcely

Warm
from

America and AfricaJ)

''Either oblong or 2-dymous.

genus Lythrvm.
-

'A

distinguishable

"Pollen (ex
331) ellipsoid

H. MoHL, Ann.
Coll. PI. Chil. t. 14 {Lijthnini). Ppp. Bot. Mise i. 225, t. 3.
et

So. Nat. ser. 2,

iii.

Spec.

3, 4.

3-plicate,
'"

Hook, and Abn.

et
Ft. Chil.
ii.

but in water spherical, 3-banded." Often yellow, sometimes purple or bluish,

:

Endl. Nov. Gen.

369.
iv.

Sp.

ii.

67,

t.
ii.

Walp.

Sep.

193. C. Gay, 105 Ann. ii.

;

'^

Sect, in gen. 3 (B. H.)

;

1.

Dmidon

stem

herbaceous
rous

inflorescence corymbiform, co -flo;

540;
"
ii.

689.
fft.

Ex J.
;

332.
iii.

TiC Mm.

Soc. Geii.iu.^.

petals purple

si&Tnen&Xf) (North Amer.).

74

Prodr.

90.

E.vdl. Gen. n. 6147.

H. Gen.
354.

Deeodon
iii.

779, n. 12.

H.
89.

Bn. Payer Fam. Nat.

Veg.
et Ott. le.

Prodr.
t.

90.

Gmel. Hyst. Heimia Link

iii.

B. 677. DC.
PL

Heimia : peduncles l-florous; bracteoles imder calyx 2 petals yellow stamens oftener 3. 12; stem subshrubby {Amer. Trop. Jfr.).
1.
;

j^mfsa

peduncles 3-x) -fiorous, 2-bracteate at

;

63,

base

terminal 2-bracteolate

stem herbaceous

28.

iv.

Spach, Huit, Pn^on, 428. Baker, Fl. Manrit. 100. Chrysnllga

DC. A-oi^c.

or subshrubby;

flowers purple or sometimes

\V. (ex

DC.). Gi<r/

Sess. et

Mo.

(ex

DC),

bluish (Trop. Afr. Malaeca). ' Spec. 10-12. Hook. Icon.

t.

554. Torr. Fl
Icon.
t.

notjAca.Toli/petmaE.MEY.(exEND-L.loc.cit.)

Neiv

York,

i.

t.

28.

Wight,

259.

LYTIIRARIACE.E.
4.

451

Ginora
5, 6,

L.^

Flowers
;

nearly of Nesa; receptacle turbinate.

accessory teeth
0.

Sepals

ovately acute

Petals corrugately
;

imbricate.

Stamens 12-24, inserted in tube of receptacle

;

filaments

corrugate

anthers oblong, reniform or hippocrepiform recurved.

;

Germen
CO

short depressed globose

cells

oftcner 4
eapitellate.

style slender,

finally erect esserted, at

,

apex stigmatose

Ovules in

cells

inserted in axil of tumid placenta, ascending.

Fruit girt at base

4-valvate.
;

with calyx, capsular,

globose
oo
,

coriaceous,

loculicidally
;

Seeds on tumid placentas

small obovately cuneate

testa thick
;

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo plano-convex auriculate

short.

A glabrous shrub
;

radicle

ramules 4-gonal

leaves opposite, entire

;

petiolate

flowers

axillary solitary pedunculate

peduncle under

flower 2-bracteolate.
5.

(Guba.^)
receptacle
;

Dodecas

L.*

Flowers nearly of Ginora, 4-merous

Sepals
4,

obconico-suburceolate, thin.
teeth hardly perceptible or 0.

3-angular, valvate
4,

accessory

Petals

inserted in hollows, obovate,

at

very thin, corrugate imbricate.

receptacular

Stamens 8-20, inserted

corrugate-plicate,

middle of
exserted
;

tube

filaments

finally

anthers oblong introrse, finally erect.

ceptacle,

Germen
,

free,

enclosed in re-

4-locular; style slender plicate, presently erect, at apex

stigmatose subentire.
00 -seriate.

Ovules in

cells go

inserted on thick placenta,

;

Fruit capsular, finally sub-1-locular

seeds co

inserted
;

on spuriously central placenta, ascending, ftilcate, scobiform testa hispid, produced on both sides cotyledons of slightly fleshy embryo plane linear radicle terete. Glabrous shrubs or small trees leaves
;
;

opposite entire

flowers

axillary, solitary or

few cymose, 2-parous

pedicels under flower 2-bracteolate.

6.

(Shores of trop. S. America.'^)

(rf^or/n',

Adenaria

II.B.Iv.^

Flowers nearly of
*

4-5-raerous;

GuiLL. et Perr. Fl. Seneg. Tent. i. t. 69, "0. Gkiseb. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 271. TuL. An. Sc. Nat. sr. 4, fi. 130. Hiekn, Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr.
ii.

Act. Nat. Cur.

470. Harv. and Sond.

B.ip.
ii.

2^'/.

Cap.

ii.

517.

Walp.
'

103

Gen. n. 605.

674 Ami. iv. 688. B. H. Gen. 780, n. 14. Gino;

v.

245. .7. Gen. 323.- E. Mey. Nov. xii. 800. DC. Prodr. iii. 91. B. H. Gen. 780, n. IZ.Crenca Avbi,. Giiian. i. 523, t. 209.Lamk. 7>(c<. ii. 177 /. t. 407. J. ffc. 332. DC. Prodr. iii. 90. Endl. Gen. n. 6153. ' White, sometimes rather large.
Suppl. 36,
;

ria jAca. St.

Prodr.
'
3

iii.

Amer. t. 91. J. Gen. 331. DC. 91. Endl. Gen. n. %\55.Genoria

ii.

Spec. 2

(?).

G. F.

W. Mey.

Prim. Fl. Esseq.

186. Griser.
Rep.
'

Fl. Brit. W.-Ii,d.

270. Walp.

Pebs. Synops.
Spec.
del
1,

9.

ii.

112.
et

Bluish, generally showy.

Nov. Gen.

Sp. vi. 185,

n.

{Rom

which 1, G. amcricana Jacq. Rio incol.) is most known.

2,

of

iii.

91. Endl. Gen.

n. 6.

H. Bn. Payer Fain. Nat. 354.

t. 549. DC. Prodr. 6157. B. H. Gen. 777,

292

452

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Sepals 4,
5,

receptacle obconiciil or subcampaniilate.

3-angular,

valvate

accessory teeth

0.

Petals 4, 6, inserted in intervals, elon2-seriate

;

gate subspathulate.
a
little

Stamens 8-10,

the oppositipetalous

longer

filaments inserted alternately higher on receptacle,

or all above the bottom of the receptacle

scarcely prominent ring, finally exserted

and there connate

;

in a short

anthers oblong

connective

sometimes incrassate.

Germen

inserted at bottom of receptacle, free,

very short or rather long

lobed at apex.

stipitate, like

the sepals and stamens covered

style subcapitate shortly 2oo

with puuctiform glandules, 2-loeular;

Ovules in
cells

(sometimes incomplete above)

inserted oo -seriately on thick placenta.

Fruit capsular, partly or

;

nearly quite enclosed

carp thin fragile
;

by

persistent calyx, finally sub-1-locular

peri-

placenta subfree.
;

Ovules hard
;

co

obcuniate and nearly

globular, narrower at base

fleshy

testa thick

cotyledons of somewhat

embryo sub plane

;

radicle short.

Glabrous or tomcntose trees;

branches terete

leaves (with flowers and germens) dark glandular-

punctuated, opposite, ovately or oblong-acute membranous penni-

nerved

flowers^ axillary in iimbelliform or corymbiform cymes.

[Trop. Cent. America.^)

7.

Grislea Loefl.*

Flowers

nearly of Adcvarla (larger), 4-5-

merous ;
5,

sepals intermixed with as

many

accessory teeth.
0.

Petals 4,

rather large or small, sometimes very narrow or

inserted aronnd base of gynacium at bottom of receptacle.

characters of Adenaria}
in receptacle.

Stamens 8-10, Other

flowers in

Fruit capsular globose coriaceous, enclosed

;

A
(

shrub

habit and leaves of Adenaria

axillary subumbelliform cymes; bracts inserted at base of pedicels,

subfoliaceous.
8.

Columbia, Venezuela.^)
Salisb.'''

Woodfordia

Flowers

irregular; tube of receptacle

oblique at base and mouth, slightly curved.

Sepals 5-7, ofteuer 6,

;

continuous with tube, short, 3-angular, valvate

accessory teeth

same in number minute.

2-seriate,
'

Petals same in

number

inserted in hollows,

rather large or very small (sometimes 0).

Stamens 10-14, declinate,

;

5-7 larger, oppositipetalous

438.

filaments

free,

springing

Small, wliite or yellowish.

Endl. Gvh.

n. 6156

(part).

B.

H. Gen.

Habit nearly of Dcodas. ^Spec. 2, 3. Spreng. Syst. Vcg.

778, n. 7.
ii.

thertjlium).
ii.

Hook.
iii.

Jcoit.

t.

116.

474 [An'W&hT. Rep-

'

Kather perhaps a section of

Spec.
1.

Grislea, the indifferent.

sertiou of the stamens

*

somewhat

112.
* It.

G. secunda Loiia.

loc. cit.

H.

B. K.

245. L.
Diet.
iii.

Gen. n.

Lamk.
Prodi:

46

474. J. Gen. 331. Suppl. ii. 853 (part). DC.

Spach, Suit,
Biiffim, iv.

Nov. Gen.et Sp.yi. 185. ' Par. Loud. t. 42. B. H. Gen. 778,

n.

8.

92 (part).

Hook.

Fl. Iiid.

ii.

572.

LYTHRARIACEM.

453
,

from small crown lining base of receptacle, incurved

short, introrsely 2-rimose.
cells 2, CO -ovulate
;

at

apex; anthers
;

Germen

enclosed, subglandular at base

apex stigmatose very minutely 2-lobcd. Capsule enclosed in receptacle, oblong membranous, loculicidally 2valvate. Seeds oo small, externally papillosely pilose embryo, etc.,
style at
,

of Lythrum. A ramose shrub, more or less sprinkled with grey hairs and dark glanduliform spots leaves opposite subsessile entii'e,
;

white beneath

stipules 2, minute, very caducous

flowers

'

axillary,

cymose or glomerulate; bracts opposite. (^Troj). south-east. Asia, Malacca, trop. east. Africa.'^) 9. Cuphea P. Bk.^ Flowers irregular tube of receptacle elonsolitary or oftener

gate, G- 12 -cost ate, at posterior base gibbous or spurred.

Sepals

6,

inserted in oblique

mouth

of tube, valvate

accessory teeth same in

number

Petals 6 or 4-2 (sometimes 0), subequal or unequal; the posterior larger. Stamens generally 11, 2-seriate; 6 oppoaitipe(or 0).

talous smaller; 5 alternipetalous

the posterior wanting

filaments

unequal (the posterior shorter)

dymous.*
to

anthers small basifixcd or sub-2-

Disk around germen short or oftener posteriorly produced a descending spur-like glandule. Germen sessile, free at bottom
eff'ete

of receptacular tube, incompletely 2-locular; posterior cell oftener

smaller, sometimes sterile
;

style slender incurved, at

apex

stigmatose obtuse' or capitate, obscurely 2-lobed.

Ovules on placenta
;^

adnate to septum or more or less free above," ascending

pyle extrorsely inferior
;*

with micro.

either subdefinite (2-4), or often co

Fruit

enclosed in receptacular tube, straight or oblique, dry, indhiscent,

or occasionally dehiscent, generally sub-1-locnlar.

Seeds l-co

in;

serted on spuriously free placenta, ascending, compressed smooth

'

Yellowish-red, nearly of Cuphea.

Spec.
1.

Salisb. Hiekn, OUv. tomeiitosa RoxB. n. Cnr/im. i. 2%, t.Zl. DC. PjWc. iii. 92, n. 2. Mict. Fl. Iiid.-Bat. i. p. i. 620. TuL. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 4, yi. 135. Bot. Mag. t. 1906. G. punctata Buchan. G. unifiora A. Rich. Fl.
*

W.floribuiida
ii.

Fl. Trop. A/r.

i%l.Grislea

179. Melanium P. Br. Jam. 215. Sprexo. Sijit. ii. 443. Parsonsia P. Bk. op. cit. 199, t. 21, Banksia fig. 2.Duvermtja Desp. (ex E.vdl.). JSahamona Dome, (ex Enul. not R. Bk.).

Vandell. ex Rm.
t.

Script. 110.

Mdvilla

An-

t.

DEKS. Journ. Arts and Sc. (ex Lixdl. Bot. Big.

852).
*

G. micropetala Hochpt.
3

Ai/ss. Tent.

i.

281,

52. G. multijiora A. Rich.

Pollen dcpresso-ellipsoid,

3-plica,te, 3-papil-

lose,

unchanged
iii.

in water.

(H. Mohl, ^7ih. Sc.

Jam. 216. Jacq Sort.Viiidob. ii. 83, 1. 177. Poik. Bid. vi. 462 Suppl. v. 22; III. t. 407. DC. Prodr. iii. 83. Spach, Suit. Btiffon, iv. 422. Endl. Gen. n. 6151. Payer, Organng. 477, t. 95. B..H. Gcii. 778, n. 9. H. Bn. Paijer Fam. Nat. 355 E. Koehne, Bot. Zeit. (1873) 110 (1875) 291. Barcianu, Sch. uiid Liierss. Mit. Ges. d. Bot. Bd ii. Hft i.
J. Gen. 332.

iVni. sr. 2,
'
'

331).

Sometimes tubular and hollow.

Whence apparently

partly free and spuri-

ously central in some species.

'

Funicles erect unequal

but the upper often

more slender and longer.

With double

coat.

454

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo thick suborbiculate or obcordate,

often auriculate at base
;

radicle inferior short conical or lobed.

Small shrubs, imdcrshrubs,

glandular
j^ilose
;

or oftencr herbs, sometimes viscous,

;

branches terete

leaves opposite or verticillate,

;

sometimes alternate, entire penninerved

flowers

'

solitary or race-

mose peduncle axillary,

;

lateral or oftener interpetiolate,^ bracteolate.^

{Both trop, and suhtrop. Americas.*)

10.

Antherylium Rohr and Vahl.^

Flowers nearly of Grislea,

Sepals 4, valvate; accessory

4-merous; tube of receptacle obconical.

teeth 0.

Petals 4, oblong, corrugately imbricate.

;

Stamens l2-oo
cells 4,

inserted at margin of thin disk lining tube

filaments free slender

;

anthers curved.

Germen

free at

bottom of receptacle
;

com-

plete or incomplete above, oppositipetalous

at

style slender flexuose,

,

apex stigmatose truncate.

Ovules in

cells co

inserted on thick

placenta.

Fruit capsular, at base stipate with calyx, large nozzled

;

above, membranous, sub-1-locular, septifragal

seeds close minute.

Glabrous trees or shrubs

branches sometimes armed at nodes with

;

4 small spines
bracteolate.
11.

leaves opposite or alternate petiolate entire

flowers

axillary cymose,

spuriously umbellate

pedicels under flower 2-

(Antilles, Mexico.''')
f.'
;

Tetrataxis Hook,

Flowers

nearly of Antherylium (or

Grislea) apetalous, 4-nierous

vertically angularly alate
persistent.

calyx subcampanulate and externally

lobes, 5 -fid, valvate,

Stamens

4,
it;

more or less alternating with lobes of calyx and inserted

between
filaments thick free exserted; anthers oblong,
sessile,

in the hollows within

2-locular.
simjjle, at

Germen

free,

4-locular,

4-lobed above;
cells co
,

style

apex stigmatose

entire.

Ovules in

oo -seriately

inserted on thick jjlacentas, incompletely anatropous.

'

Fruit exserted
Mer.
iii. 94, t. 18226-28.- H. B.

Red, yellow, orange,

violet, pink,

sometimes

t.

404.
;

A. S.-H.

Fl. Bras.
ii.

pale purple or white.

2 Equi-distant from both leaves and superposed to axil below. 3 A genus very near to Lijthrum, notwithstanding the irregularity of the flower, intermediaries being nisote on the one hand, on the

1S5

Mem. Mus.

37, t. 4, fig.

Exot. Fl.

i.

K. Nov. Gen. ct Sp. vi. 196, t. 550-552. Hook. 1. 161. Geiseb. Fl. Brit. W.-Iiid. 269. But. Mag. t. 2201, 2580, Bot. Meg. t. 852. Aim. v. 674 4208, 4362. Walf. Ap. ii. 105
; ;

294
*

other species of Cuphea in which the flower

scarcely h-regular.

is

540 iv. 689. Shr. Nat. Selsk. Hafii.

;

ii.

ii.

p.

i.

211,

t. 8.

Subgenera 2 [Zythroeupliea,
{App.
alt. sent.

DC.
* '

Prodr.

iii.

91.

Endl. Gen.
Jiep.
ii.

n. 6158.

B. H.

Eucuphea), ex
rol.

KoEHNE

Mort,

be-

Gin. 782, n. 20.

ann. 1873),

sections
rated.
*

by whom the characters of the and subsections are carefully enume-

Spec.

1, 2.

Walp.

112.

Gen. 783, n. 23 (name being changed). Baker, Fl. Maiirit. 100. Tetradia Dup.-Th.

Cav.

Spec, about 88. Jacq. Sort. FtKrfoi.ii.t. 177.

Ic.
t.

ex Tix. Ann.
Br.).

Sc.

Nat.

sr. 4,

vi.

137 (not R.

380-382. R.

et

Pav. Fl. Per.

iv.

L YTHRAR IA CE JE.
capsular, septifragally 4-valvate; seeds co
,

455

oblong minute

cotyledons
radicle

of straight rather fleshy rather tliick.

embryo oblong, subauriculate at base;

;

A
'

glabrous shrub

branches 4-gonal
;

leaves opposite,

elongate, entire, shortly petiolate

flowers (rather large) axillary

few cyraose

pedicels 2-bracteolate.

(Mauritius.")

12. Lagerstrmia L.^ Flowers generally 6-merous ;* receptacle campanulate or turbinate, smooth, sulcate or angulate, sometimes
alate {Pterocahjmna^).

Sepals
0).

6,

o-angular, valvate; accessory teeth

6,

same in number small (or

tacle, unguiculate,

Petals

inserted in throat of recep-

undulately crispate, contorto-corrugate in sestiva,

tion.

Stamens co unequal f anthers

interior to petals

filaments free, sometimes very

introrse, versatile, 2-rimose.^

;

Germen
;
,

free sessile

style slender bottom of receptacle cells 3-6, alternipetalous flexuose, at apex stigmatose capitellate. Ovules oo inserted in inat

ternal angle of cells, often ascending.

Fruit capsular, girt at base

;

with receptacle, thick coriaceous, loculicidally 3-6-valvate

septiferous in the middle.
alate above
;

valves

Seeds

oo

sometimes few, compressed,

cotyledons of exalburainous embryo straight, curved or

;

contortuplicate

radicle cylindrical, oftener inferior.

;

Trees

or shrubs;

ramules 4-gonal

leaves opposite or sometimes alternate, petiolate,

;

entire penninerved
full,

and terminal racemes, often much branched, often 3-chotomous cymiferous, bracteate and 2flowers' in axillary

bracteolate.'

13.

Warm Asia, trop. Oceania.^") Duabanga Hamilt." Flowers (nearly

(

oi Lagerstrviia)

4-

8-merous
alternate
'

receptacle widely cupular-turbinate.

Sepals 4-8, margi-

nally inserted, thick, 3-angular, valvate.

Petals same in

and stamens

co

(of

Lagerstrmia).
'

number Germen adnate to

H. Mohl, Ann. Se. Nat. and marked with 3

Spuriously umbellate.
Spec.
1. T. aalicifolia.

PoUen

spherical (ex

^
'

sr. 2, iii.

331) in L. indica,

Gen. n. 667.

J.

Gen. 331.

DC.
ii.

Prodr.

iii.

93.

8pach,

Suit, Biiffon, iv. 439.

6164. B. H. Gen. 783, n. Fam. Nat. 355. Hook. Fl. Ind.

n.

Endl. Gen. 24. H. Bn. P//575.

connivent lines at each pole, with an areolate pore between each of the lines.
^ '

Velaga

often large, showy, pink or white. Bracts formed of 2 small lateral glauduli(?).

G-TiKTN. Frtict.
Ifantiss.

ii.

245,

t.

133.

Mwich/iausia L.

form stipules
">

153.Banava Camell. (ex Eay).

Diet.
i.

Spec. 10-12.
PI. Coram,
69, 109,
t.

Adambea Lajik.
Pes. iv. 301 (ex
88.
*

39.

Arjuna Jos-ES, Jsial.

iii.

Roxb.
Icon.
t.

K^mpf. Amn. 855 [Sibi). Wight, III. i. t. 86 65, 66.

Roxb.). /"(iW DC. Piodr.

More

rarely 4-5-merous.

413. Bl. Mus. Lupd.-Bat. ii. t. 41, 42. MiQ. Fl. Iiid.-Bnt. i. p. i. 620. Thw. Enum. PL Zeyl. 122. Walp. Rep. ii. 114 Aim.
;

TuRCZ. Bull. Muse. (1846) ii. 508. "Of which 5, 6, alternipetalous, sometimes
longer; the others shorter suhregularly

i.

295;

iv. 68U.

"
ii.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 178.

much

6165.

B. H. Gen.

783, n. 25.

Endl. (t!. n. Hook. Fl. Ind.

fasciculate before each petal

to each other.

and nearly equal

578.

456

NATURAL IirSTORY OF PLANTS.

;

bottom of receptacle, 4-S-locular

capitately 4-8-lobed.

style elongate, at
cells

apex stigmatose
oo

Ovules in

(complete or incomplete)

asceudiug, curved.
tacle,

Fruit capsular, seated in thick cupule of recep-

coriaceous or crustaceous, loculicidally 4-8-valved.

close small, go -seriate, scobiform, falcate,

Seeds
;

very

cotyledons
spotted ")
;

of

straight

exalburainous

narrow winged above embryo oblong (" green

ramules 4-gonal
;
;

radicle

terete.

Tall

trees

leaves

opposite subsessile, cordate at base, nervose

flowers

in terminal

ramose and cymiferous racemes.^

14.

(Trop. Asia and Oceania})

;

Lawsonia

L.*

Flowers 4-merous

receptacle shortly turbi;

nate or subhemispherical.
teeth

Sepals 4, 3 -angular, valvate

accessory

(or scarcely perceptible).

Petals 4, alternate, exterior to disk,

Disk lining receptacle and unequally crenate 4 crenatures oftener larger, interior to base of petals and there rather prominent. Stamens 8, in pairs opposite to sepals filaments thick subulate corrugately plicate, finally exserted anthers
corrugately imbricate.
at

margin

ellipsoid, 2-rimose.

Germen subglobose
cells oo
,

free

cells

4, oppositipeta-

lous

style slender flexuose, finally exserted,

at

apex stigmatose
oo -seriate.

capitate.

Ovules in

insei'ted

on thick placenta,
co

Fruit capsular pea-shaped, stipate at base with receptacle and calyx,

globose, finally unequally dividing.

Seeds

obcuneate, unequally
;

4-gonal

coats externally thick spongy, internally hard

cotyledons

of fleshy
bent.

embryo suborbicular flat

glabrous shrub
;

radicle subcylindrical often

accum;

branches unarmed or offen spinescent

AfricaJ)
;

leaves opposite ovato-lanceolate entire; flowers* collected in axillary

eorymbiform cymes.
15.

(Troji. Asia, north-east.

Pemphis

Foest."

Flowers

5-G-merous
12-costate.

receptacle (nearly

of Grislea) campanulate-turbinate,

Sepals
6.

3-angular

accessory teeth same in number, narrow.

12,
'

Petals 5,

Stamens 10shortly
Desk. Fl,

2-seriate.

Germen

inserted at bottom of receptacle,

* '

White, large, " strong-smelling."

Small, whitish, strong-smelling.

8pec.
i.

A genus very
Spec.

near to Lngirslrmi'i, and not

1.

L. iiiermis L. Z. spiimsa L.

tSpec.

498.

unlike Sonneratia, which Benth. and Hook.

jilace
^

near Dabawja.
2, 3.

III. Uimal. PI. t. 11. 624. WAI,P.vl.ii..")40. Ocn. n.482. J. Geii. 'iZ\{Lausoiiia). -Lamk. Diet. iii. 106; Suppl. iii, 39; 111. t. 296. DC.

Hook.

f.

MiQ.7'V./Krf.-7M.p.i.
*

Prodr.

iii.

90.

Spach,

iStdt.

Buffo",

iv.

435.

Kndl. Oen.
Alcanna

n.

6159.- B. H. Gen.
Fruct.
ii.

782, n.

19. H.

Mti.PmjerFttm.Ndt.Zi.B.oofi.Fl.Ind.M.blZ.
(>.ekt.\-.

133,

t.

110.

Lamk. Bict. Hiern. Fl. Trop. AJr. ii. 483. Wight, iii. 106. III. i. t. 87. Boiss. FL Or.ii. 744. Giuseb. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 271. Miq. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 620. Benth. Fl. Austral, iii. 300. Chnr.Gcii. &l,i.M.~3. Gen.ZU. DG. I'rod. iii. 89. Spach, Suit, Buffiiii, iv. 428. Exdl. Gen. n. 6148. B. H. Gen. 780, t. 15. Bakeh, Fl. Mmirit. 101. Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 572. MaekUaudia Wight, Ico)t. t. 1990.
Ail.
325.

1. alba

'

LYTHRARIACEJi.
stipitate, 3-Iocular
;

457

style erect, at

apex stigmatose

capitate.

Ovules

in cells oo
cell,

sometimes few, inserted on basilar placenta in angle of

Fruit capsular enclosed in receptacle, coriaceous,

ascending.

finally circumseissus or irregularly dehiscent, sub-1-locular.

Seeds

inserted on basilar placenta oo

to thick

imbricate, ascending

testa

expanded

wing

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo plano-convex

;

rather thick, auriculate at base

radicle inferior terete.

;

A ramose,
(J.sm,

sericeo-pilose or subglabrous shrub

leaves opposite entire rather

thick

flowers
sliores

'

axillary solitary

peduncles 2'bracteate.

warm
16.
tacle

of Africa and Oceania})

Lafoensia Vandell.^

Flowers 8-12-merous
Sepals 8-12
;

tube of recepPetals same in

finally

campanulate coriaceous.

accessory teeth same in

number

alternate, often small or scarcely perceptible.

number, inserted in hollows, unguiculate, corrugate, inflexed,

erect or patent.

Stamens double in number of

;

petals, inserted

below

middle of receptacle, often spuriously 1-seriate

late, oftener

filaments long-subu;

contorted in bud, finally far exserted

anthers introrse

versatile, 2-rimose.

Germen

stipitate, 2-locular

dissepiment more

or less incomplete

style very long-plicate, finally exserted, at

stigmatose capitellate.

Ovules in

cells oo

erect, oblong, inserted

;

apex on

thick basilar placenta, oo -seriate, anatropous

inferior.

micropyle extrorsely
Seeds

Capsule corticose, at

first

enclosed in receptacle, oblong,

oo

loculicidally 2-valvate, or sometimes opening unequally.

;

on basilar placenta, imbricate, girt with a wide wing cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo straight suborbiculate, auriculate at base
radicle

short inferior.

Glabrous
;

trees

or shrubs

leaves opposite

entire, glaudulose to
less

apex flowers * axillary solitary or in more or regular terminal cymes; bracteoles 3, sometimes (Piyc/iO(io7i ^)
{Trop, south. America.^)
Pohl.'^

longer persistent.
17.
1 -

Physocalymma
or pink, rather large.
1.

Flower
3i.
* *

nearly of ia/omsw; sepals

781, n. 17.

White
Spec.

P. aeidida Fokst.

Benth. Fl. Aiisi.

H. Gen.

tral. in. 300.

Miq.

Fl. Ind.-Bat.

p.

i.

619.
Oliv.

R. et Pav. Prodi: 73, Large, showy, white or pink.

Caltiplecliis

H.

Bs. Payer Fam. Nat.

t.

13.

TuL. Ann.

Sc. Nat. sr. 4, vi. 132.

Hiekn.

Fl.Trop.Afr.ii.iS2.THW.Fniim.Pl.Ze!/l.V12. Li/thrum Pemphis L. F. Su/ pi. 249. Lamk.

Kl. ex Enul. loc. cU. H. B. K. Ni.v. Gen.

6.
et

plcctus).

Vo:ih, Pl.JBras. Ic.u.

ii.

Sp. ri

182
t.

(Call/-

141,

197-199.
t.

//;. t.
Si/st.

408,
ii.

tig. 2.

Melaiiiumf/Hticysum SiniENG.
porcellanicum

A.
<

S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mir.

iii.

157,

191.

455.

Mangium
84.

Rumph.

Walp.
PI.

Rep.
Bras.

113.
i.

Herb.
'^

Amb.

iii. t.

Ic.

99,

t.

82,

JRm. Script. 112, t. 7, fig. 13.DC. Mem. Soc. Gen. iii. p. ii. 86; Prudr. iii. 94. Spach,
SitU.Biifun,
iv.

S9.SrAC!i, Suit, Sufoii,

n.

iii.

83. DC. Priidr. iii. iSi.ExDL. Gen.

6163, B.

II.

Gen. 781, n. 18.

441. Endl,

Gin. n.

6162. B.

458

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

valvate; accessory teeth
or scarcely perce^itible.

8,

Petals 8.

Stamens 24, spuriously 1-seriate; filaments inserted at bottom of receptacular tube above margin of thin disk anthers curved versa;

tile.

Germen incompletely

l-locular

placentas basilar, co -ovulate.

Capsule enclosed in widened tubular or ventricose receptacle, finally

sub- l-locular, 2-valvate, polyspermous.

branched tree;' leaves

;

oijposite entire, rather scabrous on both sides

flowers in loose

com-

pound oppositely-branched racemes

widely-rotundate concave
Brazil^)

flowers

surrounded by
the
bud.^

2, large,

bracteoles

enclosing

(North

18? Diplusodon Pohl.^

receptacle sabcampauulate.

Flowers nearly of
Sepals
6,

iya/oen-sta,
;

6-merous;
accessory

3-angular, valvate

teeth same in

number

alternate subulate (or sometimes verj^ small).

Petals 6, corrugately imbricate.

Stamens 12-go
;

pluriseriate, in;

serted at or below middle of receptacle

filaments slender subulate

anthers arcuate or hippocrepiform.

cells 3,

Germen

enclosed

by

receptacle

very imperfect

placentas basilar (of Lafoensia), co -ovulate.

Capsule enclosed by receptacle, loculicidally 2-valvate.

erect,

Seeds

oo

imbricate

testa alate
;

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo

auriculate at base

radicle short inferior.

;

Shrubs
or
or 2.

or undershrubs,

sometimes handsome
entire, 3-co -costate
;

leaves

opposite

vertieillate,

subsessile

flowers^ axillary solitary or terminal and com;

pound ramose, 3-chotomous

bracteoles

(Brazil, Antilles J)

IL
19.

CRYPTEROmE^.

Crypteronia Bl.
:

Flowers

polygamo-dicious apetalous.
Sepals 4,
5,

Male flower
stamens as

receptacle cupuliform.

3-angular and

many

alternate, perigynously inserted at

;

margin

fila-

ments incurved in bud, finally straight cxserted

anthers basifixed
;

subdidymous, at apex introrsely or sublaterally rimose

1

connective

" Habit of Lagerstrmia."

Purple, showy.

Representing a spurious calyx. Spec. 1. P.forida PoHi,, foe. cit. s Flora (1827) 150 PI. Bras. Ic. 82, t. 66-81. DC. Prodr. iii. 94(7. Spach, Suit Bufoii,
;

'

VerhaiM. der Bot. Ver. d. Prov. Braitdeiib. (1874) Diplodon Spbeng. Goi. n. 1963. 23. Friedlandia Cham, et Schlchtl, Ziniiaa, ii. 348.
lOj

Biilii/aa DC. Diss. ined. (1827).

^
'

White, pink or yellow.

Spec. 30-40. A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. in. 143,

iv.

n.

430. Endl. Gen. n. 6161. B. H. Gen. 781, 16. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 355. Khne,

t.
ii.

188,
66,

t.

189. Ppp. et Endl. A'ov. Gen. et Sp. 192. alp. Rep. ii. 112 v. 675.
;

LYTHRARIACEJE.
glandular at base.
rarely
3,

459 cells 2, or

Germ en

in great part superior

;

more
somc-

complete or incomplete

ovules co
;

parietal or subbasilar,

ascending or transversely horizontal

tioies divisible to

style erect cylindrical,

apex;

at

female flower

sterile.

Eecei^tacle of
;

apex capitate stigmatose. male flower scarcely concave

;

Anthers of
;

germen small enclosed

oo -ovulate
;

style short
sterile.

placentas parietal, marginally

ovules minute
sepals,

Fruit girt at base with receptacle,

2,

and persistent

capsular, loculicidally
style,

3-valvate;

valves
;

connected by persistent
linear

opening

laterally.

Seeds

oo

elongate

testa loose membranous, produced on both sides to a wing sometimes

;

with thin layer of albumen

shorter than thick radicle.

cotyledons of cylindrical fleshy

trees
;

embryo
site,

Branching
;

leaves oppo-

simple entire petiolate exstipulate

flowers (small) in axillary

simple or terminal ramose racemes.

[Bast Lidia, Malaya, Philip-

pine

Isles.)

See

p.

438.

20. ?

Psiloxylon Dup.-Th.
Sepals 5,

Flowers polygamo-dicious
Petals
5, 6,

recep-

tacle cupuliform.

6,

alternate, inserted at margin, imbrialternate, inserted in

cate, presently not contiguous.

hollows, imbricate, articulate at base, deciduous.

Stamens 10-12,

inserted 2-seriately with petals

filaments free exserted (in female

flower short subulate sterile)

(in female flower 0).

anthers introrse, versatile, 2-rimose

(in
;

Gyngecium

male flower small

sterile)
;

inserted at bottom of receptacle free short erect, presently 3-4-lobed

;

germen 3-4-locular

style

lobes compressed,

much

reflexed at

top of germen, internally densely and thinly stigmatose-papillose. Ovules in cells co (in male flower very small sterile), anatropous.

Fruit globose baccate, girt at base with receptacle, crowned with

style.

Seeds

oo

small; testa cancellate; cotyledons of exalbuminous

;

embryo thick plano-convex

alternate, entire

radicle terete.

small tree

leaves

and coriaceous, penninerved, pellucid -punctulate ; flowers in shortly racemiform or corymbiform (spurious ?) cymes.
(^Mauritius,

Bourbon

?)

See

p.

439.

III.

AMMAs^NIE^.

21.

.mmannia Houst.

Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle camSepals

panulate, turbinate or tubular, lined with thin disk (or 0).

4-8, inserted at margin of receptacle, 3 -angular, valvate; accessory

460

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

many
0).

teeth as

alternate,

sometimes veiy small (or

0).

Petals 4-8,

inserted in hollows, seldom large, generally small or very fugacious

(sometimes
filaments

Stamens equal in number and opposite to petals, more rarely 2-Terticillate and double in number, or sometimes 2, 3
;

more

or less elongate, inserted within receptacle

anthers

2-dymous, introrsely 2-rimose.

receptacle,
free,

Germen imbedded
septa

at

bottom of
;

1-5-loeular

sometimes evanescent
cells oo

style

erect, slender or rather thick, enclosed or exserted, at

apex stigma,

tose capitate subentire or obtuse.

seriate.

Ovules in

oftener oo -

Fruit girt with receptacle, enclosed or exserted, capsular,

cotyledons of cxalbuminous embryo thick,
;

dehiscing septicidally or septifragally, sometimes breaking irregularly.

Seeds

oo

small angular

orbicular or elliptical, often auriculate at base

radicle short straight.

Herbs generally
times aquatic
;

small, sometimes creeping, oftener annual, some;

stem oftener 4-gonal

;

leaves opposite or verticillate,

rarely alternate, entire

flowers small axillary, solitary or cymose or

(All ivarm

glomerulate,
p.

generally few.

and temp,

regions.)

See
4-

440.
22.

Rhyacophila Hochst. Flowers

;

nearly of

Amwannia,

merous
as

receptacle campanulate.

Sepals 4, valvate; accessory teeth

many
;

small (or

or minute.
late

style

Petals 4, oblong, rather large {Hi/droly thrum) 0). Stamens 4 (o Ammannia). Germen 2-locular, co -ovuDisk hypogynous short, at apex stigmatose capitate.

short or rather large {Ilijdrolythrum) unequally lobed.

Capsule seeds

and embryo of Ammannia. Small aquatic herbs leaves verticillate crowded linear flowers in terminal racemes naked at base bracts and bracteoles narrow or setaceous, sometimes more or less adnate
;
;
;

and raised with the

flower.

[India, Abyssinia.)

See

p.

443.

LYIII. O^AGRARIACEtE.

I.

NOTHERA
its

SERIES.
(fig.

This family owes

name

to

Oiiagra

427-429), the best

Its flowers are

known

species

among us

of the genus notliera}

regular and hermaphrodite.

The

receptacle has the form of a very-

long gourd, the bottom of which envelopes the ovary, quite inferior,

and

is

prolonged upwards in a very long and narrow tubular neck,

dilated above

and andrcium.
layer,

and bearing on the margin of its orifice the perianth It is throughout lined with a disk, a thin glandular covered with hairs, a little thickened near its opening and

summit of the ovary. The calyx is formed of four sepals," two lateral, an anterior and a posterior, With thjem alternate four petals, sessile, and valvate in prefloration. The andrcium is composed of eight stamens contorted in the bud. Four are inserted close to the corolla and forming two verticils. superposed to the sepals and four, a little shorter, to the petals. The filament is free and the anther versatile, bilocular, iutrorse, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.^ The ovary, inferior, has four oppositipetalous cells, and is surmounted by a long slender style, the stigmaespecially immediately above the
tiferous extremity of

which

is

divided into four large conical lobes.

longitudinal placenta, charged

In the internal angle of each

cell is a

with anatropous ovules, obliquely ascending, with micropyle turned

'

279.

L. Gen. n. 469. J. Gen. 319. PoiH. Diet. iv. 550 Suppl.

Lamk.
iv. 141.

Zrt. t.

raxia Nutt. Xi/loplcurmn Spach).

-

DC.
n.

M. Duchaktue {Ann.

Sc. Nut. sr. 3, xviii.

Prodr.
6115.

iii.

45.

Spach,
iv.

Suit, Buffo, iy. 353;

339) erroneously considers the calyx of o(/jeca

maveoleiis as gamosepalous.
Its parts are,

N. Ann. Mus.
Nat. 376.

B. H.ffew.
des

(1835) 341.
789, n. 8.

Endl. Gen.
t.

on

H. Bn. Fayer Fam.

156.

the contrary, free at every age.

' The pollen, in this series, presents very remarkable peculiarities. It is " flattened, triangular with papilJ;D on the angles transparent
;

Oniigra T. Fust. 302,

Adans.

Fam.
gra

PL

ii.

85 (inch: Agassisia Spach, Ano-

Spach, Baumannia Spach, Bleunoderma Spach, Boisduralia Spach, Culylophus Spach, Chumissonia Link, C'/iylisma Bpach, Cratericurj/ium Spach, Godetia Spach, Hartmannin Spach,
Larauxia Spach, Mei/apterium Spach, Merioiix Eafin. Fachylophus Spach, Sphrostigma Endl. 'faFLiilostigma
.Sp.ach,

or opaque; external membrane punctuate, united on thepajill " (H. Mohl, ^h. &. iV'ai. sr. 2,
iii.

332).

The same author distinguishes, hy

the papill,
that of

the

Kneiffia

Spach,

largeness of

uuthern,

Clurkiu, Ciria, whilst the papill are small in

Lupczia and Fuchsia.

4C2

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

After floration, every portion of the
is

outwards and downwards.

flower situated above the ovary

detached, and the fruit crowned

nothera bien is.

Fig. 429. Long. sect, of flower.

Fig. 427. Floriferous branch (|).

with a

scar, is a loculicidal capsule,

the valves of which separate

from top to bottom of a central column.

The

seeds,

numerons,

irregularly compressed, enclose a fleshy embryo, with conical radicle,

most frequently

inferior.

ONAGRARIACEM.
All the notheras whose flower and fruit have

463

the essential

characters of Onagra have been ranged in a section Eunothera.^

Those called Meriolix'^ {. serrnlata) have a little shorter receptacular tube and a stigma dilated in the form of a disk. The petals are
not entire.
2KI,

nothera

speciosa.

In Megapterium^ (.macrocaris

viissoimeims), the receptacle

fruit in large

dilated
vertical

around the
wings.*

and thick

Taraxia^ (. ovata, Nuttallii, etc.) has also sometimes {. graeiliflora) winged

fruit.

The receptacular tube

;

is

long and

slender
sile

the stigma

is

capitate, the fruit ses-

and the stem very

sections,

short.

Cratericar-

pium^ {. subulata) has the

the i^receding

characters of

with a 4-dentate
Fig. 430. riower.

stigma, stamens with small anthers and fruit

dilated at the summit.

Hartmannia'' {. rosea, tetraptera), like Oratericarpium is from Sou.th America.

,

The

fruit is often enlarged above,

and the stigma

is

deeply divided into

cavities

four lobes.
pericarp.

The
^

seeds are contained in

distinct

of the

and Godetia, by some distinguished as genera, have In the been, by others, referred to this type as simple sections. former, the receptacle rises above the ovary forming a funnel-shaped cup the height of which is nearly that of the ovary itself. In Godstia,^

Boisdmmlia

this

open portion

is

shorter and especially extends a less distance

is

downwards.'**

In both the extremity of the style

divided into

Gr. Fl. N.-Amer. i. (1840) 492. Amer. Acad. viii. (1873) 574, 579 (incl. Onagra T. loc. cit. Anogra Spath, Nonv. Ann. Mus. iv. 323, Z2i.Kneiffia Spach, Nonv. Ann. Mils. iv. 364; Suit, Buffon, iv. 373. Pachylophis Spach, Nouv. Ann. 3-56, t. 30 Suit. 36.5. Xijlapleurum Spach, Nouv. Ann. iv. 369 Suit. iv. 369. Lavnuxia Spach, JV. Ann. 357, t. Suit. 367 (part, ex Wats. loc. cit. 585). 31 Banmannia Spach, Suit. 351). 2 Rafin. Amcr. Monthl. Mag. [1819] exEjJDL. Calylophis Spach, N.Ann. Mus. iv. Gen. 1190. SS7.~Calyloj>/ius Spach, Suit, Buffon, iv. 366. 3 Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mm. iv. 350 Suit,
1

ToRR.

et

nnmter
'

of Comhrttacca with
et

Wats.
:

Proc.

Wats.
et

NuTT. ex ToER.
luc.

cit.

winged fruit. N. Amer. i. 506. 588, 605. Pnmulopsis Torr.

Gr.
Fl.

Gr. loc. cit. 507. ' Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus. iv. 397. " Space, Nouv. Ann. Mus. iv. 397
'

Suit,

Buffon, iv. 370.

Buffon, iv. 383. loc. cit. 578, 600.

9

Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus. iv. 327, t. 31 Suit, Endl. Gen. n. 6118. Wats.
;

Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus.

iv.

iv.
loc.

326,
cit.

t.

39

Suit.

Buffon,
Geol.

386. Wats.

577,

596;

Buffon, iv. 363.

*

Swv. Calif. Bot. i. 221. '" By this character, Godetia is intermediate hetween Boisduralia and Sphcernstigma, and appears, consequently, inseparahle from cither.

They

recall in

form and consistence a

jreat

464

NATURAL nrSTORY OF PLANTS.

short lobes, and the capsular fruit has coats of little thick-

four
ness.

Sphcerostigma^

(fig.

flowers, small in size,

431) comprises notlieras, in which the have a style with the stigmatiferous summit
so.

enlarged to a head spherical or nearly

The ovary
nil,

is

surmounted
on
its

by a prolongation, very short or even almost

little

of the receptacle a

dilated at this

point and bearing

iwthcra

(^Sphcerostignxd)

micrantha.

margin the perianth and andrcium.

four-celled, multiovulate, is

The

ovary,

narrow and elongate,

and the seeds, ascending, are finally uniseriate.^ In Eidobus'^ californicus, hitherto retained as
a separate genus, the flowers are those of thera
431. Flower.

nothe

of the

section

Sphrostigma, with

superior orifice of the receptacle furnished with

a glandular disk.

The ovary
it

fills

nearly

all

the receptacular cavity.

is

The

fruit, four-celled

with ascending seeds,

also similar to that of

Sjjhrostigma, but

breaks open at maturity.^

We

can

make

this

plant therefore only a section of the genus nothera.

Thus constituted ^ this genus contains about a hundred species.^ They are annual or evergreen herbs, or exceptionally undershrubs, rare in tropical regions, abundant in North and South America,
es2)ecially in the

west; a single species {. fasmanica)

is

from

Van
Hull.

'

Wats.
186.

Seb. DC. Frodr.

loo. cit.

iii.

46. Endl.

Gen. n. 6113.

789, n.
Soc.
^

7. H. Bn. Adansonia,

xii.

30

(ex Endl.),

332. 347.

Agassizia

Chamissonia Link. Jahrb. (1818) Solostigmu Spach, Noiiv. Ann. 3Ius. it.

676,591.

Seterostemum'SvTv.

linn. Par. 113.

The ascending glabrous

/

seeds are lodged in

distinct depressions of the valves.

1.

Space,

Suit,

Bnffon,

iv.

2. 3. 4. 5.

2 The organization and development of this ovary are quite the same as in the true notheras. Duchartke, as we have shown [Adansiini'a, xii. 25, 28), was mistaken on this point, in supposing that the inferior ovary is entirely of a foliaceous nature, and that at a certain age the carpellary leaves are separated from each

Eunothtra (ToRR. et 6r.). Taraxla (NuTT.). Megapterium (Spach).

Meriulix (IIafin.).

Hartmannitt (Spach).
C'-i^t^rtcarpium (Spach).

nothera,
sect. 12.

^(

'

Boisdiivnlia (Spach).

8. Gfidetia
9.

(Spach). Sphrostigma (Ser.). (Spach).

(Nutt.).

other
^

b}'

the axis interposed.

Nothing of the

10. ISlennoderma
11. CJiyli&ma

kind takes place in nature. In certain species of Sp!irostigma the seeds

'

Vl2. Enlohas (Ntjtt.).

become mucilaginous on the surface when wet. Of them the genus Bleimodenna has been made.
(SpAcn, iV(iM(\^HH. Mus.
of
iv. 406.)

The

t'/>>//isma

Ncttall

{CE. brtvipts,

scn/xiitlea,

etc.)

are

GoDR. Fl. de Fr. i. 584. Griseb. Fl. Brit. JF.-Ind. 273. Torr. et Gr. Fl. N.-Am. Gkay, Man. ed. 5, 178. C. Gay, i. 492. A. Ft. Cliil. ii. 324, 346. Presl, Eel. Hoenk. ii. 31.

Gren.

et

annual Sphrosiignias, the

fruits of

which are

Hook.
1040,

Icon.

t.

338,

339. ^o^

Reg.

t.

763,

and obtuse. ^NuTT. Torr.ct Gr. Fl. N.-Amer. i. (1840) 514. Endl. Gen. 1426, n. 6118. B. II. Gai.
linear-clavifoiTU, pedicellate,

1H2, 1479, \b9'i.Bot. Mag. t. 347, 468, alp. Rep. ii. 2832, 2873, 3545, 3764, 6078. iv. 676. ii. 533 79; Ann. i. 291
; ;

ONAGRARIACEM.
Diemen's Land.

465

The

leaves are alternate, and the flowers

'

are soli-

tary in the axils either of the leaves or of bracts at the extremity of

the branches, so as to form elongate or capituliform spikes.

In Gayo2:)h2jtum/ slender annual herbs of Chili, Peru, and especially the

western regions of North America, the flowers, small and

tetramerous, are constructed like those of the iiotheras, Avhose

receptacle does not extend
larly like those of

beyond the summit of the ovary, particuEulohus and SpJuvrostigma but the ovary has
;

and the capsule opens longitudinally in four pannels. Two of them correspond to the margins of the iuterlocular partition, and two larger to the back of the cells. The former bear at the
cells,

only two

middle of their internal

sui'face

the remains of the partition, the

central portion of which generally separates finally in the form of a column from the peripherical portions. The seeds, in construction like those of Onagra,^ have a smooth or papillose surface. The

leaves of Gaiiopliytmn are alternate,

rarely dentelate or crenelate.
sessile or

linear,

nearly always entire,

supported by a short peduncle.

The flowers* are axillary, solitary, About half-a-dozen species

the flower of those in

are distinguished.^

Ludwigia is very near iiothera it has which the receptacular tube is not prolonged bears immediately above its summit, crowned the perianth and androecium. The niiraber
;

beyond the ovary, but

with epigynous glands,
of floral parts
is

often

four or five, more rarely three or six.

The

sepals are valvate,

in

and

the petals, more or less

developed, may be wanting

some

species.

The stamens

are often double the sepals in

number, and superposed

This
is

half to the latter and half to the petals.

the case in the

Wliite, yellow, or pink, often large, hand-

some, sometimes odorous, nocturnal.

Spach, Suit,
ii.

Gjertn. Fruct.

i.

158,

t.

51.

DC. Prodr.
Fl. Ivd.-Bat.

iii.

58.

A. Juss. Aim.

Sc. Ntrt. sr. 1,

;

xsv. 18.

t. 4.

Buffon, iv. 340. Endl. Gen. n. 6110. B. 11. Gen. 788, n. 4. Hook. Fl.Iiid.

Spach, Nouv.Aim. Mus.iv. 331 Suit, Biiffon, iv. 346. Endl. Gen. n. 6112. B. H. Gen. 7n9,
n. 6.
2

m,.Xematop'jxis Miq.

i.

p.

i.

To which the genus might perhaps be united

by a dicarpellar ovary.
xii. 29.)

as a sect, characterized

630. /)* L. Gen. n. 156. G^ktn. Fruct. 313 Suppl. iii. i. 158, t. 31. Lamk. Diet. iii. 187; lll.t.ll.i. Gt. 333 Anu.Kus.ui. 473. DC. Prodr. iii. 59. Endl. Gen. n. 6111.
; ;

(See ^WowsoHm,
5

Small, often pink.

Ann. Mus.
Chil.
6
ii.

Pbesl, Pel. Unk. ii. 51.- Spach, Norn. iv. 334 {Rolostigma.).C. Gay, Fl.
323,
t.

Buntia Pet. Gen. 49, t. 49 (1710). This last name having priority, ought in fact, to be pre(See H. Bn. Bull. Sac. ferred to all others.
Linn. Par. 101.)
7 The pollen has " seeds united in fours, each presenting three round umbilics {Jussiem erccto) " (II. MouL, ^iw. ic. i\'<. sr. 2, iii. 332).

22. Walp. Pep. u. 76. L. Gcn.n. 153. J. (h.319. Desex, Lamk.

iii.

Bict.

613;

Suppl.

iii.

511;

III.

t.

77

VOL. VI.

30

466

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

which the genus Jussia
'

species of

has been formed.

The oppo-

sitipetalous stamens arc there the smallest,^

and sometimes they even

remain

sterile.

In one species of this genus found in Europe, L.

palustris, better

known under

the

name

of Tsnardia palustris, the

petals, four in number, are little developed, and with

them

alternate

normally four epigynous stamens

but here and there

may be

observed besides in their intervals, one or two stamens which may be fertile. In the true Ludioigia, common especially in America,
the oppositipetalous stamens are normally wanting
;

when they here

and there
filaments.

they are represented only by slender and sterile The genus Ludwigla, thus understood,^ is moreover distinguished from nothera by its fruit, which, instead of being They are loculicidal, is poricidal or, more generally, septicidal.
exist,

evergreen or annual herbs, nearly always aquatic, rarely shrubby at

the base.

The

leaves are alternate or opposite, accompanied

;

by

stipules but little developed

the flowers

are ordinarily axillary,

accompanied or not by a bud superposed to them, and they bear, at a greater or less height, on their peduncle or on their ovary, two
lateral bracts,
cially in all

sometimes foliaceous.^
countries,
is

This genus, abundant espein temperate

warm

however represented

North America and even in Europe. It comprises about forty species,'' though nearly double that number have been described. Clarkia'' is distinguished from Onagra and Ludwigia only by
1

L.

Gm.

n. 538.

J. (ct.

319.Lamk.

Diet.

'

Ltjdwioia
'

C'^-

^'dmgiaria {T>C.

-aoilj.).

iii. iii.

330; Suppl. iii. 198; i.t. 280. DC. Prnrfr. 52. SrACH, Suit, Buffon, iv. 340. Endl.

g^^^ g
'

^2. Dmitia [Vst.).

1.3. Jussicea (L.).

Gen. n. 6109.

B. H.
cum

Gen.

"88, n. 3.

H. En.
Its
ii.

Yellow, sometimes rather large.

ray(r
587.

Fain. Nat. 373.

Martins, Mm. nir

The

axillary

hud may he developed.

(See

Jussitea [18C6],

tah.

4. Hook.
J'/.

Fl. Ind.

Ciibospcrmum

Lour.

Cochiiich.

(cd.
t.

1790)
74.

llS. Viffiera Velloz.

Fl.

Flum.

ii.

73,

Coryiiostipva Presl, Fpim. 218.

(A great
J?ts\iii.)

H. Bn. Adansonia, i. 182.) ^ Cr^^. etGoTtn. Fl. d^i Fr. {. 5?,6{Isnardia). A. S.-H. Fl. Sras. Mer. ii. 253, t. 131-133 H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. t. 530{Jussia).

many
-

authors have written Jussieua or

are finally

They

morn

exterior than

the

large alternipetalous stamens, and each

is accompanied within its hase by a lohe of the epigynous disk in the form of a crescent with con-

Wight, III. t, 101 Ic. t. 762. Thw. Enum. PI. Zei/l. 123. Franch. et Sav. Enum. PI. Jap. 169. Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii.
533 {Jussia).
;

cavity exterior. Here and there oppositipetalous

488 {Jussia), 490. Torr. et Gray, Fl. N.Aner. i. 620 {Jussicea), 521. Walp. Rep. ii. 72 {Jussia), "Ji; ii. 664 Ami.i. i^i ii. 531;iv.
; ;

stamens, 1-3, are observed in

the trimeroua
2

675.

iiowers of a curious plant from Senegal which

De Candolle {Mm.
Prodr.
iii.

Onagrar. [1829]

7, t.

Nutt.

VvnSH.

Fl. Amer. Sept. i.1(JG,t.\\ {Clarckia).

i.

Gen.

249. DC. Prodr.

;

iii.

52.

58)

named

Prienrea, .and which

by

some has been considered an abnormal form of Jussia, by others of Liidwhjia which unites stiU more closely the two types. (See H. Bn.
;

Bull. Sjc. Linn. Par. 102.)

Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mas. vi. 395 Suit, Bnffon, iv. 394. Endl. Gen. n. 6119. B. H. Gen. 789, n. 5. Phostoma Spach, S. Biiffon, iv. 392 N. Ann. Mas. iv. 327. Gruropsis Presl. Fpim. 219 (?). Opisanthes L1L.1A, Linnaa, xv. 261.

ONAGRARIACE^.
characters of
little

467

importance.

The four

petals are ungiiiculate

;

instead of sessile, and most frequently three-lobed

s
is

but this character

'

not absolutely constant.

capsular and loculicidal.

The

fruit
Clarkia pulchella.

In the

GlarJcias proper, the receptacle is but

slightly prolonged in a funnel above

the ovary

(fig. 4.S2,

433), as in

Lud-

wigki and some species of iwthera,

whilst in Eucharidium,^ often considered a distinct genus,
it
is,

like

that of most Onarjras, prolonged in a

long and slender cylindrical tube.

The andrcium
are often small

is

diplostemonous

but the four oppositipetalous stamens

species^
of

herbs

of

and sterile. The six this genus are annual north-western America
;

Fig. 432. Flower

Fig.

433.

Trans,

without corolla.

sect, of ovary.

they have alternate, elongate leaves, and axillary sessile and solitary
flowers.

Epilohium and Zauschneria have often been placed in a small separate group on account of this peculiai'ity, in itself of little importance,
that
their

ascending

seeds
(fig.

have their chalazic region

436, 437).

charged with a long bunch of hairs

the receptacle
is dilated,

In Zauschneria,*
lower part eight
Z. cali-

as in certain

notheras, in a funnel-shaped
its

tube surmounting the ovary and bearing at

glands, four of

which are ascending and four

is

descending.''

fornica,^ the only species,

subshrubby, with alternate sessile elon-

gate leaves, and pretty axillary and sessile flowers.

(fig.

In Epilohium ^
arrested, as in

434-437), on the contrary, the receptacle

is

'

Figures fi-om the work of Spach

t.

[Suit,

i. ii.

The

latter are oppositipetalous.

loc.

Bi(ffon, Atlas,
-

3.5).
ii.

Presl,

nt.

Torr.
Mag.

et

Gr.

Fl.

N.-Amer.

FisCH. et Mey. Ind.

(183) Sem. Hort.

iv. 395.

486. Hook.
93.
'

Bot.

t.

4493. Walp. Bep.

Petr. 36.

Spach, Nouv. Ami.

Endl.
B.v.

Z. 7nerkaiia

Presl.

Gen. n. 6120.- B. H. Gen. 790, n.

JPaycr
3

9. H.

Very

variable in form, down, etc.

Fam. Nat. 374.

t.

Epihbiiim L. Gen. n. 471. J. Gen. 319.

LiNDL. Bot. Meg.

1100, 1575, 1962 (&<et

charidium), 1981.
i.

Torr.

515, 516 {Eueharidium).Bol.

Gr. Fl. N.-Amer. Mag. t. 2918.

t.

Walp.

Rep.

ii.

89.
ii.
;

GiURTN. Fnict. i. 157, t. 31. Lamk. Diet. ii. 373 Suppl. ii. 568 III. t. 278. DC. Prodr. iii. 40. Spach, Noitv. Ann. Mus. iv. 403 Suit, Buffon, iv. 398. Endl. Gen. n. 6121. Payer,
; ; ;

Presl, Rel. Hmtk.

iv.

28,

52. Spach,

Nonv. An. Mus.

En'dl.

405

Suit, Buffon, iv. 400.

Gen. n.

6122. B. H.

Gen. 788, n. 2.

Organog. 450, t. 94. B. H. Gen. 471, n. 1. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 273. Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 582. Chaihccnermm, Tausch, Bort. Canal. 1.

302

468

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

may fall short, of the summit of the ovary. The flowers are tetramerous, regular or nearly so,' with eight stamens,^
Ludtoigia^ at the level, or
Epilobium spicatum.

Fin;.

434. Flower.

Fig. 435. Dehiscing fruit.

Epilobimn spicatum.

iiitift

Fig. 430. Seed (f).

Fig. 437- Long. sect, of seed.

the filaments of which are

flxed,^

somewhat dilated at the base and deand the slender style terminates in a stigmatiferous head,

enlarged in mass or divided into four lobes of very variable form.

The

and four-valved, and the seeds are finally About fifty * species borne on a central column, free or nearly so.
fruit is loculicidal
Spach, Stiit. Buffon, it. 396. Lysimachion Tausch, loc. cit. Crossostifftna Spach, Nouv.
'
*

Ab

in

Chamnerium.

Ann. Mus. iv. 328. ' In the section Lysimnchion (DC).

'

Gren.

Reichb.
et

PL

Grit. t. 170, 180, 189, 341, 342.

The
;

pollen has

to four

' seeds loosely united four papUlfe large, E. montanum, E. hirsu-

tum " (H. MoHL, Ann. Sc.

iVo(. sr. 2,

iii.

332).

GoDR. El. de Er. i. 576. Oliv. El. Ti op. Afr. ii. 486. ToiiB. et Gr. El. N.-Amer. i. 486. Hook. v. Man. N.-Zeal. El. 76. C. Gay, El. Chit. ii. U&.But. Mag. t. 76. Waip. Sep. Ann. ii. 534 iv. 678. V. 665 ii. 90
; ; ;

ONGRARIACEJE.
of Epilohium are described, from
all

469

cold and temperate regions of

the globe

they are herbaceous or subshrubby, with alternate or

entire

opposite leaves,

or

dentate,

and axillary (pink, white, or

yellow) flowers, solitary or collected at the ends of branches in spikes

or in clusters with short pedicels.

Hauya

'

elegans
is

is

a skrub from the

warm

parts of Mexico, the

flower of which

closely analogous to that of the

little

long receptacular tube, a

dilated

bears four coriaceous and valvate sepals,

of an Onagra, and the style terminates in

notheras with above. There its margin four petals and eight ex-

serted stamens with long introrse anthers.

The gynsecium
Fuchsia
cvcciiiea.

is

that

a large stigmatiferous ball. In each of the

ovarian cells (often incomplete) are nume-

rous ascending ovules, which become as

many
fruit.

imbricated

seeds,

with

superior

wing, in the capsular woody loculicidal

The

leaves

are

alternate,

rarely

subopposite, petiolate, tomentose, and the

large flowers
solitary.^

are axillary, sessile, and

Fuchsia'^

(fig.

438, 439)

may be

consi-

dered

Hauya with

fleshy fruit.

encloses a small or large

form or angular seeds.

The berry number of reniThe receptacular

is

Fis;.

438. Flower.

tube surmountiDg the ovary

to a bowl.

very vari-

able in form, cylindrical, or dilated from bottom upwards, or enlarged

The

flowers, tetramerous,

have coloured
The

sepals,

more or
wanting

'

Moc.

et Sess. Fl.
2,
t.

Mex. Icon,
1
;

iiied.

Mem.
2 '

Oiiagrar.

Frodr.

iii.

ex DC. 36. B. H.

soiiia, xii. 38).

inferior ovary is

in the male flower, the shallow receptacle of

Gen. 791, n. 11.

Pinkish white.
Moiitinia acris L.
r.

[SvppJ. 427) a

Cape

shrub with alternate leaves was considered hy

De Candolle
iii.

[Mem. Finn. Onagrar. 2

{Gen. 1192),

Frodr.

35) as a type of a tribe of MoHtiine, re-

tained by

Endlicher

and admitted

which is covered with a fleshy disk around which are inserted the perianth and andicium. It has also been referred (Harv. and Sond. Fl. (See Buem. Cup. ii. 307) to the Saxifriigacece. Afr. t. 90. f. 1, 2. G^RTN. Friict. i. 170, i. 33. Lamk. I//, t. 808. Sm. SpieiL t. 1.5.) * Plum. Ge. U.h.Geii. n. 128.-~J.Gen.320.

by Bentham and Hooker

{Gen. 794, n. 22) as

Lamk.

Diet.

ii.

564; Suppl.
36,

ii.

678;

I/l. t.

282.

an abnormal genus in the Onagrarie. It has nearly the capsular fi-uit of Eauya^ but bivalve, dioecious 4-5-merous flowers, and stamens equal in number and alternating with the petals, erroneously said to be wanting in the female flowers where they exist though sterile (H. Bn. Adan-

DC.

Prodi:

iii.

Spach,

Suit, d Bufuii, iv.

404. Endl. Gen. n. 6125. B. H. Gen. 790, 1007, n. 10. H. Bn. Fai/er Fam. Ant. 374 (inch;
Fnc/iaiidrrt
'

Zrcc. Skhincra FoEST.). FoRST. Char. Gen. 57, t. 2P. SpACH, Ann.

Sc. Nat. sr. 2,

iii.

178.

470
less fleshy,

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

and
petals sessile

and contorted.
wanting.
either,

In Skinnera formerly they exist, they are

generically distinguished, the petals

are small and sometimes even

When

as

Fuchsia proper,' con-

torted and contiguous, or expanded

as in Eudiandra.^

The

latter has,

moreover, polygamous flowers. These

variations have served to arrange in

three different sections, the species,

about forty in number, constituting

the genus Fuchsia, which are shrubs
or small delicate trees, sometimes sub-

shrubby plants from Mexico, South

America, chiefly the western parts,
also from

New Zealand, with opposite,

entire

verticillate or alternate leaves, gene-

rally

petiolate,

or

dentate,

and with elegant flowers,^ axillary,

solitary or
Fig. 439. Long. sect, of flower.

fasciculate,

more rarely

united in corymbs or terminal clusters,

simple or compound, sometimes long and flexible, charged with

small cymes, with the peduncles or floral pedicels generally long slender and pendant.

iv.

Eiifuchsia. Fuchsia Spacu, Suit, Bnffon, iOi .^Eiersclilegtria Spach, loc. cit. 403, N.

Ann. Mus. iv. 330. ScJinfia Spach. S. Biijpm, 411. Dbsmoul. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, x.\iv. EHnbium LiLJA, Linna, xv. 262. Spachia LiLJA, lie. cit. (not A. Juss.). Kahusiu Schnee. Ic. n. 21. Qutlusin Vandell. Velloz. Fl. F'.um. iv. t. 6. Dorvalia Commeks. (ex Endl.).

E. et Pav. Fl. Fer. iii. 86, t. 322-325.H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 103, t. 534-636. Cambess. A.S.-B. Fl. Bras. Mer. i. 272. Peesl.

Hnk. ii. 26. C. Gay, Fl. Chil. ii. 349. Hook. p. Man. N.-Zeal. Fl. 728. Hook. /(.'om. t. Hemsl. Jonrn. Bot. [1876] QT. Bot. Reg. 421.
Jtcl.

t. t.

857, 1269, 1480, 1805

18, 70
;

(1838),

t.

1,

66

(1840),
t.

(1841),

t.

66,

IQ.Bot. Mag.
v.

2507,

T/iilco Feuill. Obs.

''

iii.

64,

t.

49.

3364, 3948, 3999, 4174, 4082, 4233, 4375, 5907,

Zucc. Aih. Bayer. A had. Wiss. ii. 335. Myrinia IjIlja, Imncea, xv. 262.Brebissoitia

6139. Walp. Rep.

ii.

u. 94

666

Ann.

i.

292

535
'

iv.

681.

Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, iii. 175; Noiiv. Ann. Mus. iv. 329 Suit, Buffon, iv. 401. Zi/ciopsis Spach, Noun. Ann. Mus. iv. 329. ' Endl. loc. cit.B. H. Oen. 791 1. EncKandra : flowers polygamous petals open stamens
Spach,
;
:

Ecd, pink, violet, or white.

The

calyx,
is

rarely greenish, sometimes of two tints,

often

coloured the same as the receptacle. These flowers often hecome double in culture, by the
mutiplication of the petals.

short

2.

Fufuchsia

flowers hermaphrodite
; ;

petals

Skinnera

none or convolute stamens exserted 3. : flowers hermaphrodite petals little

; ;

have also seen each of the sepals or some of them prolonged externally in a sort of basilar spur, descending,
curved or straight, hollow or
flat.

We

developed

seeds small.

ONA GRARIACE^.

471

II.

GAURA
The

SERIES.
;

Gaura

'

(fig.

440-442) most frequently has flowers with four parts

they are hermaphrodite.

receptacle has the form of a loug

narrow gourd lodging the ovary in its largest portion and prolonged above it in a narrow neck,^ the upper opening of which bears four
Gaura Lindluimeri.

Fia;.

440. Inflorescence.

Fiff. 441.

Flower.

Fig. 442. Long. sect, of flower.

membranous valvate

sepals,^

and the same number of

sessile petals,

The stamens, inserted with the perianth, are double the petals in number four superposed to them and the other four alternate. The filaments are free, often decliuate the base is dilated internally to a squamiform process more or less prominent, according to the species. The anthers, bilocular and inThe ovary, inferior, is of trorse, open by two longitudinal clefts. four cells, complete or incomplete, surmounted by a style the base of which is surrounded by an epigynous disk with four lobes more or less distinct, and its stigmatiferous summit is divided into four thick and rather short lobes, superposed to the petals, and surrounded by a
imbricate or contorted in the bud.
; ;

ring which the upper margin of the stylary tube forms round their
L. Qen. n. 470. J. Gen.
ii.

'

319.

G^ektn.
;

n. 16.

H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 374

Adansonia,

Fiuct.

127. Lamk. Diet. ii. 614 Suppl. u. 711 III. t. 281. DC. Prodr. iii. 44. Spach, N. Ann. Mus. iv. 375 Suit, Biiffnn, iv. 381. ExDL. Gen. n. 6134. B.H. Gen. 792,
205,
;

t.

xii. 36.
'

Straight or deflexed.
Ordinarily caducous.

472

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

base.

In the internal angle of eacli cell are inserted one or two descending ovules, suspended by a rather long funicle, and anatroturned upwards and inwards.^ pous, with the micropyle primarily
'

The
or

fruit, dry,

coriaceous or

woody

at maturity,^ is of four cells,

one

more of which contain a descending seed. The latter encloses under its coats a fleshy albumen which envelopes an embryo with
superior radicle and straight, undulated or plaited cotyledons.

There are Gauras with trimerons flowers and trigonal receptacular tube. Some, as G. mollis and ynutabilis, have the stigmatic lobes straight and elongate a genus, GmmcUmn,'^ has been made of them. Others, as G. epilohioules, etc., types of the genus ScMzocarija,^ have a fruit which opens superiorly by three or four clefts. In G. linifo;

lia,

generically distinguished under the

name

of Stenosiphon,^ the
is

interior basal

appendix of the staminal filaments

scarcely visible

or even
plete.

nil,

and the partitions of the ovarian

cells are often

incomannual

The genus contains about twenty

species,^ herbaceous,

or evergreen, natives of the

cipally the west.

warmest parts of North America, prin-

The

leaves are alternate, generally narrow, entire,

and the

flowers,^ disposed in clusters or spikes, simple or ramified,

are solitary or grouped in small glomerules in the axil of alternate

bracts borne

by the slender axes

of the inflorescence.

G. heterandra,^ a Californian annual, has become the type of a

genus Heterogaura,^" distinguished from Gaura chiefly by tetramerous

flowers with a short wide receptacular tube, and
sterile,

by stamens often

inserted in variable

number
cells,

in front of each petal.

The

ovary

is

of four uniovulate
is

and the stigmatiferous extremity

GongyJocarpus rubricaidis,^^ a

of the style

destitute of the peripherical collar of Gaura.

of Gaura,

With

the

gyncium

herbaceous plant of Mexico, has flowers which occupy the axil of

The ovules
There
is

'

later

direct

their micropyle

Froc.

Amcr. Acad.

vi.

350 (1864).

Walp.

Rep.

eidewise or even outwards.

2 '

v. 670.
7 Tore, et 6e. Fl. N.-Amer. i. (1840) 516. H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. t. 529. Rothr.

a double coat.
columns, alternating
to the

It bears four salient

cells,

with the

and corresponding

bands

loc. cit.
ii.

349. Walp. Rep.

iv.

ii.

96

v.

670

Ann.

of the fruit of Gui/ophytmn, Oiiaijra, etc. are filled with 1-3 longitudinal

They

535
* '

682.

woody bundles.

"White or pink.

Before complete maturity the fruit may be slightly drupaceous. Spach, Koup. Ann. Mus. iv. 325, 374 Huit. d Biiffon, iv. 379.
;

'
'

Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus. iv. 325, 381. Spach, Nouv. Ann. Mus. iv. 326. Eothr.

Tork. et Gk. Pacif. R. R. Rep. iv. 89. Eothr. Proc. Amer. Acad. vi. 354 (1864). B. H. Gen. 793, n. 18. " Cham, et Schlchtl, Linncea, v. 557. B. H. Gen. 793, n. 19. H. Bn. Adanmnia, xii. 22.
i

Walp.

Rep.

ii.

97;

v. 670.

ONAGRARIACEM.
the leaves or form a short spike
(?) at

473

the

summit of the brauehes,

and resemble at tirst a monstrous plant, because the inferior ovary is adnate with the branch that bears The same is the it and the base of the petiole of the axillary leaf.
situate each in the axil of a bract,
case,
fruit.

consequently, with

the

turbinate,

deformed,
is

subdrupaceous

Above the ovary, the

receptacle

elongated in a slender

tube, the superior orifice of which, furnished with a glandular collar,

supports four sepals, four petals, and two verticils of four stamens.

The base

of the style

is

surrounded by an epigynous disk, and the

two or three cells of the ovary enclose each a descending ovule, with micropyle superior and primarily interior, but ultimately lateral.

The

plant,

quite glabrous,

with a reddish pruinose stem, bears

alternate, petiolate, lanceolate,

and dentelate

leaves.

III.

CIRC^A
'

SERIES.

443-446) are constructed on the binary type they are hermaphrodite and have a receptacle in the form of a sac prolonged beyond the ovary in a short obconical tube, the margin of which bears two lateral valvate sepals, two alternate, imbricate petals, often sloped at the summit, and two stamens superposed to the sepals and formed each of a free filament and a bilocular introrse anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The ovary is of two oppositipetalous cells, and is surmounted by a style surrounded by an epigynous disk the stigmatiferous summit of which is enlarged to a head with two small often unequal lobes. In the internal angle of each ovarian cell is inserted an ascending ovule,^ more or less completely anatropous, with micropyle turned downwards and outflowers of the Circece
;

The

(fig.

wards.^

The

fruit,

short,

coriaceous,
cells *

indhiscent,

covered with

hooked

hairs, has one or

two

containing each one ascending

seed,^ incompletely anatropous,

with fleshy embryo, straight and

destitute of albumen.

The

Circece are evergreen, little ramified herbs

of the

cold and temperate regions of Europe, Asia,

155.
t.

and North

Gjeet.v.
Haiidb.
6130.
xii.
t.

Circica T. Inst. 301,

t.

L.

Fruct.
2.

i.

114,

24. 63.

Schkdhk,
Gtii. n.
;

Gen. n. 24.

" ^

Sometimes two, nearly superposed.

It has a double envelope.

24.

H. Ba.Pai/er Fum. Nat. 375 B. H. Gen. 793, n. Aschers.

20.

DC. Prodi:

iii.

Endl.

Jdaiisoiiia,

* It is on this character that Ascheeson and MAi.Nushave founded their division of the genus

et

into
s

A.

Uniluciilaies,

B. Bilumlaien.

Magn. Hook.
Iiigr.

Bot. Zeit. (1870) n. 23 (392), 47-49.^ Fl. Ind. ii. 589. Oeimastriim Eupr. Fl.

As

it is

incompletely anatropou, the hiliim,

situate near the middle of the interior margin,

is finally

366.

parallel to the embryo.

474

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The

America.

leaves are opposite, petiolate, oval, dentate or nearly The flowers (small, white, or entire, glabrous, hairy, penninerved.
Circ<ta liitetiana

Y\2:,

445. Diairiam,

Fig. 443. Inflorescence.

Fig. 444

Flower

(f).

Fig. 446. Long. sect, of flower (j).

pink) are in terminal, simple or ramified clusters, with or without Six species ^ are distinguished. bracts.

Mexican shrub, has in its tetramerous ovary the uniovulate cells of Circa, and the ovule directed the same but the valvate sepals are four in number, also the petals, somewhat unequal, and of the two stamens, one is anterior, the
Dlplandra
*

lopedoicles,'^ a

other posterior.
Lcmczia'^
(fig.

The

fruit is a loculicidal capsule.

447-452) has flowers much more irregular. They mio-ht be defined as monandrous Dljdaiidra,'^ or at least with only The superior calyx is generally formed of four one fertile stamen.
valvate sepals, and the corolla of four alternate dissimilar petals.^ The posterior stamen is the fertile one; its anther is bilocular,
iutrorse.'"

The

anterior

is

transformed into a petal.

ovary has four oppositipetalous and multiovulate cells.

Wight,
i.

The inferior The fruit

III. 1.

101." Eoyle,

III. t.
iii.

43. K.
t.

Buffon,

Fl. Berol.

168. Curt.
ri.

Fl. Land.

3.

TottR. et Or.
ii.

Walp.
3

N.-Amer. i, 527. Boiss. Fl. 752. Gken. et Godk. Fl. de Fi: i. 585.

Gb.

414. Enpl. Gen. n. 6129. B. H. 13. H. Bn-. Payer Fam. Nat. 375 Adansonia, xii. 37. Fimnra Bonato, Mongr.
iv.

Gen. 791, n.

(1793)

c.

icon, (ex Endl.).

Jehlia

Hort. (ex.

Rej). ii. 96.

B.

Endi.
t.

Hook, and Akx. Hiedi. Voy. Bot. 291, t. 60. Gc. n. 6128. B. H. Gen. 792.-H.

H. foe cil.). * With multiovulate ovarian

'

cells.

Bn. Adansonia, xii. 37. 3 Cav. Ion. i. 12, t. 18.

30, fig.

There are occasionally flowers with petals and two petaloid staminodes.

five

J.

Ann. Mas.

ii.

317,
Suit.

The

pollen

is

that of Fuchsia.

30. DC.

Pre*-,

iii.

62. Si-AtH,

ONAGRARIACEM.
is

475
eiglit species'^ of

a loculicidal

and four-valved
;

capsule.'

Seven or

Lopezia are

known

tlaey are

herbs with alternate or opposite leaves,

Lopczia racemosa.

Fig. 448. Flower.

Fig. 447. Floriferous 'brancb.

Fig. 449

Diagram.
;

accompanied by very small stipuliform and caducous scales

inhabit the south-west of North
Lnpezia racemosa.

they

America.
clusters
at

The

flowers

are in

the extremities

of

the branches.

In Semeiandra grandiflora^ a

Mexican
fruit

species, the flowers a)-e

those of a Lopezia, and also the

;

but the stamens are united

Fig. 450. Dehis Fig. 452. Long,
sect, of seed.

with the base of the style in a

column adnate

also

with the an-

cing fruit

(j).

terior side of the floral receptacle.

This character marks

it

as a very

distinct section in the

'

genus

Lopezia.'^
Hort. Monac.
t.

The
is

seeds are often united

two and two

20.

Bot. Mag.
v.

t.

254, 4724.
It.

(fig.

451) in

a single mass.
V.
t.

Their external
Ic.

Walp.
'

Rep.

ii.

96

670

Aim.

682.

coat
-

rugose, granular.
Collect.

Jacq.
t.

15

Rar.

t.

203

Hook, and Akn. Beech. Toy. Bot, 291, t. 59. ExDL. Gm. n. 6126. Bot. Mag. t. 4727.
Rep. v. 669.

Eclog.

H. B.

140. BoNPL. Jard. Nav. t. 25. K. Nov. Gen. el Sp. vi. 95. Schhank,
109,

Walp.

We can

here only doubtfully place a Mexi-

476

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

IV.

TRAPA
(fig.

SERIES.

453-456) are liermaplirodite and tetrainerous. The receptacle has the form of a shallow ciip, in which is inserted the base of the ovary, whilst its upper portion is free.

The

flowers

of Trapa^

The perianth and andrcium

are, consequently, inserted

Trapa
itataiis.

perigynously

Fig. 463. Flower

Fill. 454.

Diagram.

without corolla.

Fig. 455. Long. sect, of flower.

Fig. 456. Fruit.

on the margin of the reccptacular cup.

The calyx

is

composed of

four sepals, two of which are lateral, one anterior and one posterior,

valvate or slightly covered at the margin by the preceding.

sessile petals alternate

Four
^

with the sepals, imbricate and crumjjled

in

the bud.

The

stamens, inserted with the petals, outside a thick,

crenelate or undulate perigynous thsk, are four in number, superposed

to the sepals,

and formed each of a

is

free subulate filament,

and a
style

bilocular anther, dehiscing inti'orsely or marginally.^

The

ovary, in

great part superior,

can type
still

of two lateral cells, surmounted

63.
iv. Sc.

by a

imperfectly known, Mcisenbachia

ii.

Pkesl

[Rel. H(Ehk.

36,

t.

54), considered as
u. 6127)

443.

genus by Endlicheu (Gen. by Bentham and Hookek (Gen.

distinct

and

Nees, Gen. ii. t. 5. Spach, Suit, Buffon, Endl. Geii. n. 6140. Barkoud, Ann. Nat. ser. 3, i.x. 222, t. 12-15. Payer, Org.
t.

762, n. 14),

455,

106. B. H. Gen.
;

793, n.

21.H. Bn.

and which appears

to differ

from Lopezia only

Payer Fam. Nat.

in the absence of a corolla, if the analysis of

Hook.
t.

Fl. lud.

ii.

Adamoiiia, xii. 24. 378 5%<i .Tribuloides T. Inst. 665,

ii.

Presl
1

is

correct.

431.

Shrini/ata Jones, As. Ses.

350;

iv.

Trapa L. Gen. n. 157. Adans. Finn, des PL ii. 84. J. Gen. 68. Gjrtn. Fruct. i. 127, t. 26. Lamk. III. t. 75. Desex. Diet. iii. 669.

253.
' 3

It is

sometimes twisted.
;

Pollen dry, elliptical

in water, trigonal,

TuRP.

Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl.

t.

219. DCProA-.

iii.

like that of the (Enuthereie.

(Barnoud.)

ONA G R ARIA CE^.

capitate

477

and stigmatiferous

at the summit.

In

eacli of the cells is

first interior

descending, anatropous ovule, with micropyle at

superior. 1
at

and

The fruit, the summit the scar

its

turbinate, dry, coriaceous, indhiscent, bears

of the style, and

is laterallj^

dilated about the

middle of

height, into four or

two conical spinescent projections

sepals.
Its siugle cell

formed by the persistent and hypertrophiate

contains but one seed the coats of which enclose a large incurved

embryo, with superior radicle and very unequal cotyledons

small, squamiform
;

one very
of

the other large, fleshy."

Trapa

consists

aquatic herbs, of which two or three species,^ living in Europe and

the

warm

parts of Asia and Africa, are distinguished.

The

slender

floating stems bear

two kinds of

leaves.*

The

lower, submerged, are

opposite, pinnatisect, not unlike finely pectinate roots.

fioating

The upper,

on the surface of the water, are united in rosettes and nearly

lozenge-shaped, dentate, penninerved, with an elongate petiole which

is

most frequently dilated superiorly in a spongy enlargement destined

to sustain the

summit of the plant

solitary,

at the surface of the water. ^

The

flowers are axillary,

with a short and thick peduncle,

accompanied by two

lateral sterile bracteoles.

V.
Haloragis'^
(fig.

HALORAGIS

SERIES.

457-461) has tetramerous flowers,^ most freIn the latter, the quently polygamous, more rarely hermaphrodite. receptacle has the form of a sac with four to eight angles or longitudinal ribs. On its margin is inserted a superior perianth, composed of four sepals, two of which are lateral,^ and four alternate petals,
imbricate or more rarely contorted.
Later the ovule undergoes a twisting movement which renders its raphe lateral. It has a douhle envelope, and is not unlike in form and
'

The stamens
' V

are inserted within

White or

greenish, without lustre,

t.

Halorai/is'FoB.ST.Char. Gen. 61,

31.

Poir.

Diet. viii. 854.

iii.

Lhr.

Stirp.
;

t.

direction that of the

"

common

Box.
its re-

The

other seed

is

early aborted, but

mains are seen for a long time. 5 RoxB. PI. Coram, t. 234. Braam,
t.

66. Endl. Atakt. t. 15 H. Gen. 674, n. 2. H. Bn. Faijer Fam. Nat. 376; Cereodia Murr. Comm. Adaiisonia, xii. 22.

DC. Prodr. Gen. n. 6138. B.

82.

le.

Chi.
et

Git.
t.

iii.

(1780)
Fl.

22. Oliv.

Fl. Trop.Afr.

ii.

491. Gren.

32.Cereodea Lamk.
25.

GoDR. Fl. de Fr. i. .588.Walp. Sep. ii. 100. * For the study of the germination, and also
that of ramification,
tiful
etc.,

Thunb.
250,
t.

1. G;ertn. Frtict. i. 164, Ill.t. 319. Gonocarpus Jap. 5, t. 15. G.irtn. f. Fruct. OonatocarpusW. Sped. 690. Gon1. t.

consult the very beau-

jocaipus
' '

work
also

and
'

Mireel (Ann. Mus. xvi. 447, t. 19) that of Barnoud mentioned above.
of
is

Goniocarpus DC. Frodr.

More

Kn. Ann.

Bot.

i.

546,
67.

t.

12, fig. 5, 6.

iii.

rarely of three or five parts.

Precisely the same disposition

met with

in certain Jussicv

0 Trapa.

When

which have quite the leaves young, the leaves appear to

Sometimes nearly peltate, or slightly decurring under the point of insertion on the
floral receptacle,

have two small

stipules.

478

ff

AT ORAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

the perianth,
in

tliat is, tliey ai'e

two

verticils

epigynous they are eight in number, and superposed, four to the sepals, and four, often

shorter, to the petals.

The

filaments are slender, and the anthers

by two nearly lateral is composed of an inferior ovary, with four oppositipetalous cells, rarely two cells, surmounted by the same number of short stylary branches, at summit
elongate, basifixed or nearly so, dehiscing
clefts.

The gynteeium, rudimentary in the male flowers,

Halorayis idata.

Tii'.

458. Flower.

Fig. 459. Long, sect, of flower.

Fig. 457. Floriferous hr.anch.

Fig. 460. Fruit.

Fig. 461. Long. sect, of fruit.

stigmatiferous papillose or plumose.

In the internal angle of each ovarian cell is a descending anatropous ovule, with micropyle interior and superior. It not unfrequently happens that the interlocular partitions disappear more or less completely, and the ovary, consequently, appears reduced to a single quadriovulate
cell.

The

fruit,

pyramidal, angular or winged,

finally becomes quite dry.

is

a drupe, the thin

mesocarp of which

descending seed, the coats axile embryo, with superior radicle

a fleshy albumen and an and very small cotyledons. Ealoragis consists of herbaceous or subshrubby plants, of which some forty species^ are known, natives of Asia, Oceania, and the
'

The putamen of which enclose

contains, in each cell, a

Labill. N.Soll.
Ic.

t.
i.

53 {Gofucai-pus), 128,
t.

Fl.

64. Benth.
P/ii/t.

Fl. Austral,
viii.

129. JACci.
Voii. Bot. t.

ai:

69. Ad. Bu. Duperr.

I'l.
;

Fragm.

Austral,

68-70. A. Rich.
Fl. Ta.smaii.
i.

N.-Zel. 324.

290, 311 [Gniiocarpus).

iiooK.

473. 1'. Muell. Hook. Icon. t. FiiAXCH. etSAV. Emtm.

ii.

162.

\>.

t.

22

Man. N.-Zeal.

PL

Jap.

164. "W ALP.

Rep.

ii.

99

v.

672

Ann.

ONAGRARTACEJE.
island of

479

Juan Fernandez.

Their leaves are opposite or oftener

alternate, especially at the top of the plant,

sometimes

entire,

some-

times dentate or pinnatid, accomi:>anied hy two

stipules
;

small caducous

often replaced

hy

bracts at the

summit of the branches.

The
is

result is that the flowers,' axillary to a certain point,

cluster.

may above

form a spike or terminal

In the axil of each leaf or bract

either a solitary flower, with or without lateral bracts, or a cyme,

;

or a few-flowered glomerule

the pedicels,

when

present, are short

and often pendant. Meionectes ^ and Loudonla are very near Raloragis, and should
not be separated from
it.

The former
Zoudohia

is

Raloragis on a dual'^ type,

aitrea.

Fig. 462. Flower

(f).

Fig. 464. GyniBcium.

Long.

sect, of flower.

that

is with two sepals, two petals, two verticils of two stamens, and an ovary with two uniovulate cells. M. Brownii, the only species known,^ herbaceous and glabrous, grows in South Australia and

Loudonia^ (fig. 4G2-464), native of the same countries, has dimerous or tetramerous and 4-8-androus flowers, and the 4winged ovary has two or four cells, the separating partition of which
disappears more or less completely at a certain age and
i.

Tasmania.

is

represented

293
'

ii.

537, 538 {Goiiiocarpiis)

iv.

883

vii.

Tasm.

i.

123. Benth. Fl. Austral.u. iSG.M.

Nees,

940.

Preis.iii

PL

Preiss.

i.

224.

Raloragis

Small, yellow, greenish or reddish.

Meionectes R. Br.

R. Br. Flind. Voy. App. ii. 650. Endl. 1197. B. H. Gen. 675, n. 3. H. Bn. Adansonia^ sii. 34.
^

Ge.

3 have shown that this character does not permit its being made other than a section of the genus Haloragis.

We

App. 42, c. ic; Teg. King. 382. Endl. Gen. n. 6139. B. H. Gen. 674, n. 1. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. Glischrocaryon Endl. 377 Adansonia, xii. 34. Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 209; N. st. Mus. Vindob.

LiNDL.

Str. Riv.
fig.

(1846) 722,

Dec. n. 88.

M.

Broivnii

Hook.

v.

Sook. Icon.

t.

306

Fl.

480

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

But the organs
;

only by a vertical filament.

of vegetation in these

evergreen plants

differ

from those of Haloragls.

The

leaves

'

are

and the flowers, arranged in terminal corymbs of cymes, are yellow and rather large compared with those of Haloragis. Three species have been distinguished.^
alternate, linear, entire, rather fleshy

Myriophyllon

(flg.

Myrlojjliyllon verticillatmn.

465) has also nearly the organization of Haloragis but the flowers are moucious, or
;

rather, on the

same

inflorescence, there are

female flowers at the base and male flowers

at the

summit

but not unfrequently her-

maphrodite flowers are intermixed with both.

They are dimerous or oftener tetramerous. The petals are imbricate or contorted. The stamens number from two to eight, in construction like those of Haloragis.*
Fig. 465. Long. sect, of
flower.

In the

male flowers the gynajcium

or
nil,

is

rudimentary

whilst in the female, the petals of

which are often smaller (or even nil), the stamens (when present) are sterile, and the gynaecium attains a full development. The ovarian
cells are four in

number, superposed to the

petals,

many obtuse
the
fruit,

or plumose stylary branches, often recurved.

surmouated by as Each cell

contains one or two ovules,^ in direction like those of Haloragis, and

dry or drupaceous, separates into two or four monospermous

fifteen species
''

cocci.

Some

of this genus

are distinguished

they

'

WMch become
Benth.
;

green or black in drying.

ii.

The

pollen

is

spherical

on the equator,
:

^
i.

Fl. Austral,

471.

Walp. Ann.

four small pores surrounded by a halo

ticillatmn (H.

M.

veriii.

293
'

iy.

821

vii.

938.

MoHL. Ann.

Sc. Nat. set. 2,

Vaill. Act. Acad. Far. (1719) t. 2, fig. 3. Adans. Fain, des Fl. ii. 471. Myriophyllion L. Gen. n. 1066. J. Gen. 18 Ann. Mns. iii. 321.
;

331).
'

The

funicle

may

sometimes thicken above

ii.

the micropyle to a short obtiirator.

ScuKVHU, Handi. t. 296. G^rtn. Fruct. i. 331, 68. Lamk. Bief. iv. 189. Tvrp. Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 217. DC. Prodi: iii. 68. Spach,.i<. Biiffon, iv. 446. Nees, Gen. faso. 8, t. 13. Endl. Gen. n. 6135. B. H. Gen. 676, n. 8. H. Bn. Payer Fam.Nat. 377 Adansonia, xii. 35.
t.
;

Fenta}jterophyllum Dill. Nov. Gen.

teris

7.

Fentap-

Hail. Flelv. i. 454. Enydria Velloz. Fl. Flum. i. t. 150. ? Hylas Bigel. (ex Endl. loc. cit.). Purshia Eafin. N.-York Med. Repos, ii. 361 (not DC. nor Dennst. nor Spreng.). tirshia Auctt. (erron.).' Pelonastes Hook. f. Lond.

Journ. Bot. vi. 474. MuUofulion Diosc. oukandos Celt, (ex Adans.).

Beli-

220. Er. et Sav. t. Brew, et Wats. Geol. Surv. Calif. Bot. i. 215. Wight, III. t. 1U2. ToRR. et Gr. Fl. N.-Amer. i. (1840) 528. C. Gay, Fl. Chil. ii. 356. Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. ii. 572. Hook. Icon. t. 289. Hook. y.FI. Tasvi. i. t. 23 Man. N.-Zeal. Fl. 66. Benth. Fl. Austral, ii. 486. Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 634. Thw. !(. PI. Zcyl. 123. Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. 754. A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. 251. Gr. et GoDR. Fl. de Fr. i. 587. Walp. Rep. ii. 98 Ann. i. 292 ii. 537 vii. 943. ^ Divided by Torrey and A. Gray {op. c'lt.)

Labill. N.-EoU.
PI. Jap.

Ennm.

164.

into 3 sections

1.

Sphondylophyllum (Tobr. et

ONAGRARIACE.E.

481

nrc aquatic herbs, with alternate, opposite, or vcrticillato leaves,

linear or oval, entire, dentate or pinnatifid

merged.

In Mijrlophijllon

and pectinate when subverticUlatnm, the flowers occupy the axil

of these pectinate leaves, larger than themselves, whilst, in

M.

spl-

catum, for example, short bracts replace these leaves, and the whole

emerged inflorescence constitutes a terminal

rulcs.

spike.

The

flowers in

the axil of each leaf or bract, are solitary or united in small glome-

This genus belongs

to the

warm and

cold regions of all parts

of the world.

Serpicula

'

(fig.

466, 467) has also nearly the flowers of the

i^re-

ceding genera, small, moncious,

axillary

and disposed
Serj,ich

in

cymes or

in

glomerules

the
,rpe,.s.

number

varies at the level

of each leaf.
flowers of

One the cyme

of the
is
;

male
the

with a long pedicel

so

others are sessile or nearly

and female.
concave

The male
sepals,

flowers

have four

four

petals,

and

four alternate, oppositipetalous

^

stamens, or from six

to eight stamens.

The gy-

Fig.

4Cfl.

Flower

(^J).

sect,

Fig. 467. Long, of flower.

nsecium

is

there rudimen-

tary and sterile. In the female flowers, the inferior ovary is surmounted by four sepals and four petals. The stamens are rudimentary or without anthers, or even disappear entirely, and the ovarian cells, separated by incomplete partitions, contain each one ovule of Haloragis. Serpicula, of which three or four species,^ from the marshes of Asia, Africa, and tropical America, are distinguished,
consists of herbs with opposite or alternate leaves, narrow, entire or

dentate.
Gr.)
2.

Sphondylnstrum (Tokr. et Gr.)

3.

PlUuphyUum (Nuir.). 1 L. Mantiss. 16. J. Gen. 318.Lamk. I/!.t. 758. -PoiR. Diet. vii. 122 Suppl. v. 136. DC. Prodi: iii. 65. Endl. Gm. n. 6136. B. H. Gin.
;

cavity of the petals to which they appear superposed but that is only a consequential appearance they are really alternipetalous. ' A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. 250. Wight,
; ;

675, n.

4.

H. Bn. Pai/cr Fam. Nat. 377.

Berg.
Ft.

lau-

rciibcrgiu

Cap.
;

EpiUlJics BL.Fydi'. 734

"

350 (not H. Bn.). Mus. Lu/d.-Bat. i. 110.

In this case they are often lodged in the

1001. Tuw. Eiium. PI. Zeijl. 123.- MiQ. i. p. i. 632.Hary. and Sokd. Fl. Cap. ii. 572. TuL. Aim. Sc. Nat. sr. 4, vi. 125. Oliv. fl Trop. Afr. ii. 405. Walv. Sep. ii. 98; Ann. ii. 537; vii. 941.
Icon.
1.

Fl. Ini.-Bat.

VOL. VI.

31

482

A^iTUBAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

'

Proserplnaca

(fig.

468-471)

also consists of aquatic herbs.

The

leaves are alternate, entire, dentate or pectinate and pinnatifid, like

those of Mi/riopIn/JIon.
solitary or

The
;

flowers

'

are hermaphrodite, axillary,

grouped in cymes

they are often trimerous or more rarely

tiie

tetramerous, and differ from those of

preceding genera by two principal characters

:

the

petals

are wanting,

and the

stamens, superposed to the sepals, are the

same in number as the

latter

and reduced

Frost 7-piimca pahtstris.

Fig. 469. Flower

Fig. 470. Long,

sect, of flower.

Fig. 471. Fruit.

to

a single verticil.

All the other im-

portant traits of their

those of Haloragis.
ceptacle
is

organization are
floral reits

Thus, the

concave, bell-shaped, and

cavity
Fig. 468. Floriferous and fructiferous branch.

is filled

by the aduate and

inferior

ovary, the cells of which, three or four in

number, contain each a descending ovule, with micropyle interior and superior. On the margin of the receptacle are inserted epigyuoiisly the sepals,

which are valvate, and the

superposed stamens, the filaments of Avhich are short and erect and the anthers basifixed. Two species^ are known, from the Antilles

and North America.

VI.

GUNNEEA

SEEIES.

Gunnera* (fig. 472-475) has polygamous or moncious flowers. In those which are hermaphrodite (fig. 475) and generally dime

L. Gen. n. 102. J. Gen. 68

t.

Ann.

Mm.

iii.

t.

24 (not P. Br.).
^

30. Lamk. III. t. SO.- PoiR. Diet. viii. 117 Suppl. V. 369. DC. Frodr. iii. 67. Endl. Gen. n. 6137. B. H. Gen. 675, n. 6. H. Bn. Payer Finn. Nat. 377. Trixis Mitch. Fph. Cur. N,it. (1748) n. 23, c. ic G^rtn. Fruct.\. 115,
320,
;

Small, greenish or brownish.

i.

3ToRR. et Gr. Fl. N.-Amer. A. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 175.

''

(1840)

528.
vii.

L. Maiitiss. 16, 21
405,

Gen. n. 1272

Amn.
iii.

495. J. Gen.

452. Lamk.

Uict.

01

ONAGRARIACEM.
rolls),'

483

an ovoid or compressed sacciform receptacle, the cavity of which contains the adnate and inferior ovary, and the margin of which bears the perianth and andi'ciiim. First on opening are seen
there
is

two small projections, anterior and posterior, ordinarily considered as sepals, and on the sides, alternating with these projections, two
Gunnera
chilensis.

Fig. 473. Portion of iniloresoence.

Fig. 472. Habit (^).

Fig. 474. Flower.

and regarded as two Superposed to these two folioles are two epigynous lateral petals.stamens with free filaments and basifixed, erect, bilocular anthers, dehiscing by two longitudinal nearly marginal clefts. In the female The gynjecium, flowers they are more or less completely aborted. which totally or partly disappears in the male flower, is composed of an inferior unilocular ovary, surmounted by two stylary branches, subulate and charged with stigmatic papillae. Near the top of the
folioles,

much more

developed,

when they

exist,

ovarian cell

is

inserted a single descending ovule,^ with the micropyle

superior and lateral to the placenta.

soft pulp,'^

The

fruit is a small

drupe with
one

and the jjutamen, crustaceous and

801. Endi. Gen.
1889.

fragile, contains

Suppl.

ii.

863

III. t.

B. H. Gen. 676, n. 7. H. Bn. Paya- Fam. Nat. 379 ; Adansonia, xii. 38. A. DC. Prodr. xvi.

Perpensmn Burm. Prodr. Fl. Cap. 26. Panke Feuill. Obs. ii. t. 30. Misandra CoMMEBS. ex J. Gen. 405. Disomeiie Banks et Sol. (ex Fokst. Comm. Gtt. ix. 45. Gavdich. MilUgania Hook. f. Mock. Freyc. Voy. Sol. 512.
sect.
ii.

597.

Sometimes, however, trimerous. These would be sepals if the alternate teeth proceeded only from a marginal projection the receptacle. They are sometimes cucullate, and may also, doubtless, be three in number.
'

(See Adansonia^
'

xii. 38.)

Ic. t. 299.

Paiikea

rst.

Fl.

Pseudo-Gumiera 6 [Nat. For. Fid. 1857). CEkst. Gumieropsis kst. Misaiidropsis

Nov. Cciitr.-Amer.

Anatropous or peritropoua (?). ^ In G. chilensis, the fruit of which ripens pretty well in our conservatories, the exterior membrane of the drupaceous fruit is orangecoloured.

kst.

loc. cit.

31-2

484

NATVRAI, HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Its coats
is
'

deseendiug seed.
tlie

cover an abundant fleshy albumen, at

consists of evergreen herbaceous

summit of which
suj)crior radicle.

lodged a small embryo with short cotyledons

and

Gunnera

plants,

sometimes much developed, numbering some ten species, which

antarctic regions of South America.^

inhabit southern and eastern Africa, tropical and cool Oceania, and

the

Andean and
G>()>tiera

All the parts

are often scabrid or hispid.

perpensa.

The rhizome
;

is it

thick and short or slender and creeping

bears alternate leaves, called radicle, close,

petiolate,

sometimes accompanied by stipu-

liform bodies of variable appearance,^ with

limb entire, or crenelate, or lobed.

flowers are colleeted in spikes or
clusters, the axis of

The compound

which

is

slender or thick,

simple or with numerous ramifications closely

pressed together.
Fig.

In the moncious spe-

Long. sect, of hermaphrodite flower (I).

47.'.

cies,

the female flowers are most frequently

at the

lower part of the inflorescence, and

the male above

branches.

each

may

also be

accompanied by two

lateral

VII.
Ilippuris*
(fig.

HIPPURIS SERIES.
;

for its flowers,

47G-481) represents the lowest type of this group hermaphrodite or polygamous and irregular, contain only a monundrous andrcium and a gyncium with a unilocular The receptacle is sacciform, like that of Gunnera., and its ovary.

mouth
'

is

entire or slightly sinuous.^

In the anterior part of the

des PI.
ii.

Soft and purple in G. chilensh.

Ahans. Fam.
75,
t. 1.5.

566.

Hellen.

Diss, des

"-

R.

et

Pav. Fl. Pa:

i.

t.

44. Raotji., Choix

lie

Mus. Liyd.-Bnt. ii. 100, 171. Hook. f. Fl. N.-Zd. i. 66 Man. N.-Zeal. Fl. 67 Fl. Tasm. 125 Fl. Antarct. ii. 274. C. Gay, Fl. Chil. ii. 362. A. Gkay, Un. St. Exp. Exp. Bot. i. 629, t. 7S, 79. Hauv. and Sond.
;

Bl. Bijdr. 513;

;

PL

t. 8.

13ENN. Horsf. PI. Jav. Mar.

;

Hippm: Abo (1786).- J. Gen. 18; Ann. Mus. iii. 323, t. 30. Lamk. III. t. 5. Pom. Diet. Suppl. iv. 373. G2ERTN. Fruct. ii. 24, t. 84. Eeichb. Iconogr. t. 86. DC. Prodr. iii. 71. TuHP. Diet. Se. Nat. Atl. t. 220. Nees, Gen. ii.

fasc. 8, t. 14.

Spach,

Suit, Buffon, iv. 443.

Fl. Cap.

ii. 571. Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 405. Phil. Ann. Sc.Nat. sr. 4, rii. 90. Hook. Icon.

Endl. Gen. n. 6134. B. H. Gen. 076, n. 6. H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 378. Limnopeuce
Vaill. Act. Acad. Par. (1719), Dill. Nov. Gen. 168.
'
t.

l.Pinastella

t.
ii.

489, iS)Q.Bot.

100
'
*

V.

672

Mag. t. 2376. Walp. Rep. Ann. vii. 941.

Olis.
iii.

The marginal coUar

is

especially

prominent

Of
L.

luicertuin nature.

outside,
7,
t.

under the stamen.

Gin. V.

11. Retz.

1.

ONAORARIACEM.
flower
is

485

inserted a stamen,^ the erect and subulate filament of

which

supports a basifixed, bilocular, introrse anther dehiscing by two

longitudinal
is

clefts.

unilocular and surmounted

The ovary, lodged in the cavity of the receptacle, by a slender, subulate style, charged

with stigmatic papill.

little

On
is

the posterior wall of the ovarian

cell,

below the summit,

inserted a single descending anatropous

Hippurls vuljaris.

Fig. 477. Flower

Fig. 481. Long, sect, of flower.

Fij;. 476.

Flower
leaf.

Fig. 430. Fruit.

Fig. 479. Long.

sect, of flower.

with axillate

ovide, with miciopyle interior and superior.^

finally little fleshy,

The fruit is a drupe with crustaceous monospermous putamen. The

its

seed contains under

radicle,

coats a cylindrical embryo, with superior

surrounded by a thin fleshy albumen. Of Hippurls^ one or two species^ are known, evergreen herbs, with rhizomes creeping The aerial branches, simple, erect, are clothed with in the mud. numerous verticils of linear entire leaves, the number in each verticil being variable.* The flowers are axillary, solitary and sessile. This genus has been found in the fresh and brackish waters of Europe, temperate and northern Asia, and northern and antarctic America.

As here
nation.

comprised, this family

is

one of those named by concate-

Pretty well defined, in 17-59, by B. de JussiEtr,^ under the

it

name
'

of Onagrce,

was extended by Adanson,''' who recognized most

etCcR.Fl.N.-Aincr.i. (1840)
ii.

There are sometimes abnormal flowers which

(fig.

are diandrous
-

478).

754.

Gk.
ii.

et

Godk.

Fl. dc Fi:

531. Boiss.i^/. 0>-. i. 589. Bkew.

i.

On

the characters of this ovule

et

Wats.

Geol. Surv. Calif. Sot.

215.

Boiss.
vii.

andonembryogany, see Vf<G.J}ot.Zeit. vii. 329. TuL. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3,
xii. 67, t. 5.

Fl. Or.

754.

Walp.

Hep.

ii.

98; ^;(.

941.
* ^

lIoi'.MSiST.

Ann.

Sc. Nat.

From
A.L.
Fam.

four to twelve.
J. Gen.lxs..

sr. 4, xii. 65.

>

C.

Gay,

Fl. C/iil.

ii.

355. Tork.

des PI.

ii.

81 (1763).

486

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Epilobmm, Circa, Melastoma, Alangivm, and even some
it,

of its affinities iu ranging with

Lndivigia,

and Trapa, some

Bubiace.
it

Mijrtacece,

A. L. de Jussiku

extended

it still it

further, but rendered

altogether heterogeneous

by including in

some Ternstrmiace

as Visnea,

some Saxifragacece as Vahlia and Escallonia, a part of the

Combretace,^ some Santalace as Opliira, Santalum and Sirium,

with several Myrtace, Melastomace and the Loasece as allied genera.

But he did not

separate Haloragis (Cercodea), as did R.

Brown ^

in

1814, recognizing at the same time that the Earolage ought to be

placed close beside the Onagrariece.

His opinion was adopted by

De

Candolle,*

who

divided the Onagrariece into six tribes, one of

which comprised the Macr, and the Halorage, regarded as a distinct order,* itself divided into three tribes. The whole embraced twenty- four genera, from which must be withdrawn GaUitriche, two doubtful genera. Pleur ostemon^ and Onosuris,^ and five types doubly represented. The number of genera retained at this epoch numbered
therefore only sixteen.

In a

series of observations,

and exact
great

analysis, Spach,' recognizing the little

models of patient homogeneity of the

as so

genera retained by

De Candolle, thought

it

necessary to

number

of divisions

which might well be considered

make a many

distinct genera, but

sections, following the

and

J.

which we prefer to make only subgenera or example of Torkey and A. Grat,^ Bentham Hooker,'" and most others" who have recently been occupied
retain twenty-four genera, comprising about eight

with this group.

We
to

hundred

species, distributed over the

whole world, but especially in the tem-

perate regions.

Only two of them, Trapa and Loudonia, are limited Haloragis would be exclusively Asiatic and Oceanic had not one species been observed in the isle of Juan Fernandez. Nine other genera are common to both worlds but
the old world.
;

'

Gen. (1789) 317, <'rd. 6

Ann. Mus.

iii.

315.

'

From which

unfortunately the apetalous

typos have been removed as far as possible. 2 Fliiid. Voy.ll; Misc. Works (ed Benn.), i. 21. * Mmuire sur la Tamille des Onagmries
(1829)
' "
;

" there are some genera (ex yet to be certain " Toim. et Gk.) which cannot be recognized (B. H. Gen. 787).
;

Moiiographia On/iyrcnnon, Ann. Mus.

sr. 3,
;

iv.

I-rotlr. iii. 39,

Ord. 74.
258.

Op. cit. C5, Ord. 77. Rafin. Jtmrn. Phys.

Buffon, iv. 340 (1835) Se. Nat. sr. 2, iv. 161, 270 (1835). FI. N.-Jmer. i. (1840) 486-531.
321
;

Suit,

Ann,

Ix.^xi.'C.

'<>

' llAjiif. loc.

cit. Pleiirandra'RkmK,

95 (not Labill.).

These are

FI InrJ. perhaps noiAoss

impossible as

" Lindi.
thert).

Gen. 785, Ord. 70 {Onagrariea^. Vei. Kingd. (\US) 724, Ord. 278

{Onagrnce). Y^^D-L. Gm.1188, Ord. 2G5 {iio-

inaccurately observed, but

it is

ONA GILl RIA CE.E.

there are

487

some formed almost exclusively of American species, the most considerable being iiothera. To America exclusively belong eleven genera, six of which are monotypes. All the Lopezie inhabit the south-west of North America and do not descend beyond Guatemala. Hauya and Gonfjijlocarpus have been observed only in the warm parts of Mexico Heterogaura and Eurharidiavi like Zauschncria are exclusively Californian. Loiulonia and the section
;

Meionectes of the genus Haloragis are

types, such as Hippuris
to the cold regions of

all

Australian.

The aquatic

and Mi/riophyllon, ascend, on the contrary,

south as

Europe, Asia, and Nt)rth America. As far New Zealand the family is represented by llaloraglsj Gannera,

and by the latter to antarctic America. Trapa natans exists in Denmark and in Siberia. Myriophyllon extends from the Azores and Algeria to the Orkney Isles and Sweden, and Hippuris, found in the Shetland Isles and Hebrides, exists also at the southern extremity of America. Ludwigia belongs to the warmest parts of
America,

and Africa, and by Dantia palustris (Isnardia), the extend from the Cape of Good Hope to the Faroe Isles and in America to Canada.
Asi;i,

The organs
inhabit
;

of vegetation in these plants present an infinite diver-

sity of character, often according to the

very different

localities

they

they are however nearly always herbaceous plants, annvials

or evergreens, sometimes shrubs, but never in reality trees.

Their

organs of floration and fructification exhibit great variations, on the most important of which is based the following division into seven
series
I.
:

notheee^.'

Flowers

regular or nearly

so.

Ovarian

cells

multiovulate.

Style entire or more or less divided at the summit.

Fruit dry or fleshy.

II.

Seeds without albumen.

GaurezE.-

Flowers regular.
often

9 genera.

complete) uni- or biovulate.

inferior tiferous

Ovarian cells (complete or inOvules descending, with micropyle

at

and superior.
extremity,

Style not deeply divided or entire at stigniaindusiate

base.

Seeds descending,

solitary or few, with or without albumen.

2 genera.
7.

'

Oiinrjr^

DC.
DC.

loc. cit.T-Fiiclisec
loc. cit. 1.

DC. Mem. Oiiagrar. DC. foe dl.

2.
?

Jiissii

GauncB Endl. Gen. 1195, tribe

(En

Muntinita:

thcie (part) Spach, Suit, Bt(ffun, iv. 33S.

488

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

CiRCE^.'

III.

Flowers
stamens.

regular,

oftener irregular,
,

2-4-mcrousi.

with two

fertile

Ovules l-oo

descending or ascending.

Style simple.

Fruit dry.

Seeds without albumen.

Ovules descending (ordinarily solitary), with micropyle interior and superior.

Style simple, capitate at summit.

IV. Teape^.^

Flowers regular, 4-merous, isostemonous.

;

4 genera.

Fruit dry, indhiscent, spinous.

Seeds without albumen

1

embryo with two very unequal cotyledons.

regular, 2-4-merous, hermaphrodite or

genus.

V. Haloeage^.^

Flowers

polygamous, often small.

Style with distinct branches,

number

as the ovarian cells to

same in which they are superposed. Ovules

Fruit

solitary, descending,

with micropyle interior and superior.

Seeds albuminous.
regular,

finally dry, indhiscent.

VI.

GuNNERE^E.*

Flowers

4 genera.
small,

polygamous,

2-3-

androus.

Style with two branches.

Ovule unilocular, uniovulate.

Fruit drupaceous.

Seed albuminous.

Embryo very

small.

VII. HiPPURiDE^.^

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, monanStyle simple.

fleshy,

genus.

drous (exceptionally 2-androus), unicarpellate.

unilocular, uniovulate.

Fruit drupaceous,

little

Ovary with mono-

spermous putamen.

Seed descending, with thin albumen.

genus.

Affinities. The Onagrariacecv might be defined as Lythrariace with inferior and, as often said, adherent ovary. By this character they are also separated from the Metastoviace or at least from the

greater part of them.

By

it

they

much resemble
ovary
;
;

the Myrtacc and

the Bhizophoracece with inferior

but they have not the

and when the latter have ovules definite in number, they are descending with the micropyle turned upwards and outwards. The partition separating the cells being more or less completely wanting in the Onagrariace, they thereby approach the Gombretace, to which early writers, as
glands with odorous essence of the former

we have
'

seen,

united them.

But
6.

the

descending ovules of the

DC.

loc. cit.

2. Endl. Gen.
Nat.

1194, tribe

65, Ord.
Geii.

72. Endl. Gen.

1195, Ord.

266. B. H.

CirceacetB Lindi.. Synops.

Si'.iCH,

(1829) 109.

Lopezit
TiC.

673, Ord. Gi.JIyf/riibia! KiCH. Ana/, du

Ann.
2.

tic.

sr. 2, iv. 162.

Ifi/iirocari/cs

-Endl. Gen.
Onagr.
="

1197.

Man.
iii.

Fndt, 34. Cercodiacece 3. Diet. Sc. Nat. vii. 441. * Gwinerace Endl. Gen. 285. DC. Froth:
xvi. sect.
ii.

596, Ord. 72.

i.

E. Bu. Flind. Vuy.

ii.

549. DC. Prodi:

Link,

Emm.

(1821)

5.

ONA GRA RIA CE^.

Combretacece have also the micropyle exterior.
It is so

489

with the

Araliacece which, in flower, would resemble the Onagrariace.

The

Cornacc, whose ovules, definite in number, have the micropyle directed as in the Ilalorage, have not the divided style and they
are nearly all

woody with isostemonous

flowers.'

Uses."

These are few

The
;

nearly

all

the Onagrariace are without

mucous juice. Epilohium rosmarinifolmm'^ was considered emollient and slightly The ancients believed astringent it was mostly applied externally. that the infusion of its root tamed wild animals and that its decoction In the in wine sweetened the temper and gladdened the heart. present day, the inhabitants of eastern Siberia and Kamtchatka are
active properties.

greater part are gorged with a

said to

mix an

infusion of this plant with an alcoholic drink prepared

from the petioles of the great Cow-parsnip (iTerac/e7ft/S^)//OHrf///itt7;i),

which has

a soothing effect.
also

In Sweden the buds of

this Epilohe

are eaten as are

the

young shoots prepared

kind of thread
is

like asparagus.

From

tufts of the seeds a

prepared in the polar

regions.

The same
is

properties are attributed to

E. latifolium and,
(fig.
it

in the north of Europe, to E. tetragonum}

Girca lutetiana ^
;

443-44(3)

also considered mucilaginous, resolutive

;

is

applied

baked

to

hemorrhoids

its

action appears

nil.

The nother have

rather variable qualities.

Onagra

or (Enothera hiennis'' (fig.427-429),

a species believed to have been brought from America to Europe a

couple of centuries since, is a pot-herb the root of which is eaten baked with other vegetables or in salad, or preserved in vinegar with sugar. Other American species have an edible root, particularly (E.

muricata, suaveolens, grandifiora, and parviflora.

In Brazil,

' Callitriche has also been referred to this family; but to justify its admission, it must be

Fl. de Fr.i.bS'i.
iii

supposed, I think, that the free ovary is surroi*ided by a receptacular sac, at the summit of

E. angustifolimnJjAKii. Fr. E.Dnduiiai Vill. C/iamrcerionpaliistreScoF. Lysiinachia

Fl.

282.

E.niii/ustissimHm HertoIj.

Chamccnerion dicta angmtifolia C. Bauh.

*

which there is no calyx, or only, as some authors say, an obsolete one. It is an error to suppose
that Callitriche has four uniovulate cells like Ealoragit ; they are only half cells it has also only two stylary branches.
;

L. Spec. 494. L. Spec. 494.

E. frigidum Retz.
t.

Sm. Engl. Bot. ramoxsimvm Mcench.

'

1948.

E.

^ L. Spec. 12. DC. Prodi-, iii. 63. Geen. et Goon. PL de Fr. i. .586. C major L.imk. Fl. Fr.

Endl.

EiichirUi.

6.38,

640. Lixdl.

Veg.

iii. 7

475. C
t.

vulgaris

Mnch.
t.

Kiiigd. (1846)

724. Rosenth.
Collect,
ii.

Spi. PI. Diaphor.

L. Spec. 492. CEd. Fl. Dan.

189, fig.

446. Mill.
40, n.

OOC, 909.
'

Jcoii.

2.-00. Prodr.
i.

iii.

4.

H.TiNCK, Jacj.

.30.- Gu. ct God.:.

Gken.

et

Godr.

Fl. de Fr.

584.

490

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

and
in Chili
;

affinis,

acaulis and mollissima are reputed aperitive

is

employed in the treatment of wounds. some species of the section Jitssta are employed in fomentations and cataplasms in America and tropical Asia. L. diffusa,^ an Tndian species, is an exception, its various parts being anthelminthic and diaphoretic. Its root is emetic its leaves are administered in milk as anti-dysenteric its seeds are given in honey against hooping cough L. fercnnis ^ has all the same properties. The root of L. erigata^ is considered a stimulant. L. htrta, odonervia, octofila, of India, angustlfolia and Blumeana, of Java, have the same uses as L. rcpens,'^ the most known of the Asiatic species, common in Cochiuchina, in India, and emthe root

and vulnerary

The Ludwigias

are slightly astringent

ployed,

mixed with

castor-oil, in the

treatment of scurf and other

is

affections of the scalp.

In the Antilles, L. Swartziana

recom-

mended

and wounds. L. peruviana is prescribed as reducing poultices for tumours and abscesses, especially on the glands. L. inlosa is used in Para as a potherb and fur dyeing (yellow). L. scabra and Gaparo^a serve for dyeing black in Brazil ink is sometimes made from them. In the United States, L. Montinia aUernifolia is, on the other hand, known as an emetic. ^ has a fruit the pepper-like flavour of which is found, though in acris a less degree, in other parts of the plant it is used at the Cape in diverse affections internal and external. The Fuchsias have berries, often small, but edible. Those of F. excorticata " have an agreeable perfume they are said to be dainties with the New Zealauders The bark is said to be astringent birds tat them in this country. and rich in gallic and tannic acids. F. denticvlata and other American species have also fleshy and edible fruits. F. cocciiiea (fig. and macrostemma are slightly astringent; in Chili antiphlogistic 438) decoctions are prepared from the branches and leaves and adminisF. raxemosa * is considered, tered as refrigerants in cases of fever.
in the treatment of ophthalmia
;

"^

Jnnsia diffusa Forbk. Beser. Fl. crg.-arab.

iii.

210. DC. Fiodr.

^ ]i.

53, n. 8.

Link et Ott. Abb. t. 46. DC. Prodr. iii. 30, n. 20. Hook. f. Man. N.-Z. Fl. ii. Ih.BU.Iirg.
t.

Spec. cd. 2, 173.

857.
'

Skimnra
iii.

excorticata FousT. Prodr. 1G3.

ii.
/''.

L. Mttiitiss. 40.

L. trijlora

Lamk.

Diet.

iii.

AiT. Hort. Kew.

38.

8.

Bot.

Mag.

t.

97.

613.
*

DC. Prodr.
J. ndsceii-

Junsiica rrpeiis h. Maiitiss. 381.

pctidula

Salisb

Nithima
;

magellanica Lamk.
coccinca

F.

Schnev.

dens

L. Mautiss. 69?

Cubosptrmiim palustre

i^kiuncra cocciuea ^it^scil.

' Lamk. Diet. ii. 565 ///. t. 282, fig. 1. Plum. ed. UuuM. t. 133, fig. I. DC. Prodr.

LouK. Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790) 275 {Uaujmi). See p. 469, note 3. 6 Ju T.Sujjpl.2n. hitivL. But. Beg. t.87.

n. 18.

ONAGRARIACE.E
in the Antilles, a good

491

remedy

for vurioiis maladies of the digestive

canal and the lymphatic system, intermittent fevers and blennorha.

The Gunveras are also astringent plants their juice becomes black when exposed to the air and stains iron a deep black. G. cJiilensis
;
'

(fig. 472-474) is employed in Peru to dress and dye skins. Its roots and leaves are useful as astringents, hemostatics, and antidiarrhtics. The thick and fleshy petioles are used as vegetables. At the Cape

G. j>erpensa^ (fig. 475)

is

reputed stomachic, vulnerary;

its

stock

is

prescribed in
liver.

dyspepsia and afi'ections of the digestive canal and

In Java G. viacroccphala^ bears fruit esteemed as stimulant. TJie Earolagece are little employed. In New Zealand, Haloragls
is

micrantha*
cillatum

noted for the odour of

its

leaves.
il/,

In Europe and
vcrtl-

North America MyrlophjUoii, particularly

" (fig.

spicatum^ and
;

464) are considered antiphlogistic

(fig.

the stock serves

to polish soft

wood. Hlppuris vulgaris'^

slightly astringent.
cially T.

476-481) is held to be formerly had the same reputation, espeTrapa

453-450), a species rather
is

nutans^

(fig.

common
raw
;

in our

fresh water, the

is

embryo of which

eaten cooked or

its

flavour
is

sweet or slightly astringent.

It is said to

be indigestible, but

nevertheless consumed
It is said to

in considerable quantity in the

west of France.

have been eaten by the ancient Tluracians instead of bread,

in a part of
it

as

it is

now

Sweden.

In Limousin a boiled food

leaves,

is

prepared from
it

not unlike a thick chestnut porridge.

At Venice

is

eaten as nuts.

The stems and

fruit

sometimes serving as
In China, especially
is

fodder, are

employed in reducing poultices.

the
of
T.

around
the same

Canton,

hicornis

used for
'"

fuod

in

way

at

Saigon that of

T. cochinchinensis

is

commonly

Lamk. Did. ii. 61 III. t. 801 a. Eosenth. A. DC. Prodi: xvi. s. ii. 598. G. scabra R. et Tav. Frodr. Fl. Per. i. 29, t. 44. G. pilosa H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp.u. 24. Faiike
'
;

lers

however represent
L. Spic.

this specicsas absolutely

op. cil. 909.

inodorous.
^

DC. Prodr.
Fr.
^
i.

iii.

1109. Schkuhb, Handb. t. 296. 68, n. 1. Gren. ot Goiiu. Fl. de

op. cit. 909.

Anapodophylli folio Feuill. Obs.

{Pangue, Nalca).
-

ii.

741,

t.

30

588.

Rosenth.
i.

L. Spec.

1410. DC. Prodr.

587.
3.

n.

4. Gken.

et

121. Thunb. Fl. Cap. (ed. ScHXJLT.) 32. Harv. and Sond. Fl. Cap. ii. 571. DC. Prodr. n. I.Bot. Mag. t. 2376.Flitum jifricanum Calth Faltisiris Folio Pluk. Fhgt. Perpensmn blitispermum Burm. Prodr. t. 18.
L. Maiitiss.
ap. 26.
3

Godr.
1

Fl. de Fr.

L. Spec.

DC. Frodr.
i.

GoDR.
*

Fl. de Fr.

L. Spec. 175.

Bl. ex Rosenth.
R.

op. cit. 909.

f.

Lamk. /W. t. 75. et GoDR. J'lf. A J?;-, i. 589. Rosenth. op.c/C. 910. ' L. f. Suppl. 128. DC. Prodr. iii. 64, n. 4.

iii. 71, n. 1. Gr. et 589. Rosenth. op. cit. 999. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 25. DC. Pto(^)-. iii. 63, n. 1. Gr.

Br. Hook.

Man.

N.-Zcal. Fl.

66.

T.
86.
'"

chinensii

Lour.

Fl.

Cichinch.

(ed.

H. tcnella An. Br. Goniocarpus citriodorits A. CiNN. M.J. Hooker, and several other travel-

1790)

Lol'r.

luc. cit.

492

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

T.

sold in the markets.

for the

bispinosa

'

is

cultivated in groat quantity,

same

jjurposes, in the lakes of the valley of

"

Cashmere, and

T. quadrisjyinosa

in the waters

of Silhet and the Indus.

Many

Onagrariuceave ornamental, especially the nother as, among others those of the sections Godetia, Boisduvalia, esteemed as annuals, and
the species with large white, pink, and yellow flowers, which often

open only in the evening and exhale sometimes a sweet, sometimes Some Epilohes are ornamental, and are disagreeable odour.

planted on the banks of ornamental waters. Myriophyllon, Hippuris and Trapa, are used to furnish aquariums. Several species of Gaura, Clarhia, Zmischieria, the Fuchsias and Lopiezias, the flowers of which are often very beautiful, and Gunncra, cultivated for the

beauty of

its foliage,

are highly esteemed.

'

Eoxn.

ri. Coram!),

t.

234; Fl.
64,
t.

Iiid. i.

449.

Jones, Asiat. Res.

=

ii.
i.

350;

iv. 253.

Eheede, Hurt. Malab.

ii.

33.

Shringata

Eoxb. Fl. Ind.

451.

Rosenth.

op. cit. 910.

GENEEA.
I.

NOTHEREyE.
hermapliroclite

1.

nothera

L.

Flowers

regular;

receptacle

tubular or clavate, sometimes long lageniform, enclosing adnatc ger-

men and produced above

the apex of the latter either very slightly

(Godetia, Eulobus, Sphrostigma\ or to a less or greater length and

there cylindrical or obconical and bearing perianth and stamens on

upper margin.

Sepals 4 (2 lateral), valvate, deciduous.

Petals 4,
;

alternate, sessile or very slightly unguiculate, obovate or obcordate

contorted in prefloration.
oftener shorter
;

Stamens
;

8, 2-seriate,

the oppositipetalous

filaments free

anthers iutrorse, 2-rimose, short or

oftener elongate.

Germ en
;

inferior,

crowned with an epigynous disk

;

thin (or 0), sometimes rather thick

plete or incomplete

cells 4, oppositipetalous,

com-

style slender, at
;

elongate, entire, 4-lobed or 4-partite

cells 00
,

apex stigmatose globose or Ovules in lobes elongate.

Fruit

subhorizontal or ascending, 1-2-seriate, anatropous.

erect or sometimes

refracted {Eiilohus), capsular, coriaceous or sub-

ligneous, oblong or clavate, 4- or polygonal, costate or sometimes

broadly alate

wings vertical dorsal

;

1-4-locular, 4-valvate above

valves loculicidal, in the middle internally sepfrom seminiferous columella sometimes evalvate. tiferous and solute Seeds od often ascending, naked or appendiculate to chalaza testa embryo exalbuminous slightly sometimes {Blennoderma) mucous or for entire length
; , ; ;

fleshy.

Herbs
461.

or rarely undershrubs

leaves alternate,

sessile or

petiolate, entire,

dentate, lobate or pinuatifid; flowers axillary to

leaves or bracts at top of twigs, sessile or pedicellate, solitary or

more

rarely 2-uate or few.

p.

{Warm and

tevip.

America^ Tasmania.)

See
2 ?

Gayophytum
;

A. Juss.

Flowers

(nearly of nothera) small

or very small

tube of receptacle not or scarcely produced beyond

494

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Sepals and petals
sterile
4.

germen.
lous,

Stamens
;

8, of

which 4 oppositipetasub-1-scriate;
;

sometimes

anantherous
;

anthers of fertile ones subglo,

bose.

Germen

2-locular

ovules in cells co

style

capitate or clavate at apex.

Fruit capsular small linear

;

valves 4,

of which 2 wider internally septiferous in the middle

but 2 narrower

not seminiferous.
lose.

Seeds

oo

ascending, externally smooth or papilleaves alternate linear entire subener-

Slender annual herbs

flowers
loest.

vate;

(small)

axillary solitary,

very
p.

shortly

pedicellate.

(Warm
3.

parts of both Americas.)

L.

Ludwigia

Flowers
0.

See

465.

(nearly of nothcra)

3-5-merous

receptacle cylindrical or turbinate,

not produced beyond germen.

Stamens twice as many as petals (Jussia) the oppositipetalous smaller, sometimes effete or rudimentary or equal in number and alteruipetalous filaments rather short inserted under margin or between lobes of epigynous disk. Fruit capsular, septicidal or rarely membranous, indhiscent, sometimes
Petals entire, 2-lobed, or
; ;
;

dehiscing by apical pores

larly divided.

ribs of valves often dilacerate or irregu;

Herbs or rarely undershrubs or shrubs

;

leaves alter;

nate or oj^posite

stipules sometimes

minute or glanduliform
;

leaves

axillary solitary or in short terminal racemes

bracteoles 2 lateral,

inserted at greater or less height on the pedicel or germen.

Other
re-

characters of nothera.
4.

[All trop,

and temp,
of

regions.)

See p. 465.
;

Clarkia Pursh.

Flowers (nearly

nothera) 4-merous

ceptacle produced shortly above ovary (EudarJcia) or long in narrow

cylinder

(Eucluirldiiim).
entire

number unguiculate,

Petals same in Sepals 4, deciduous. (Phostoma) or oftener 3-lobate. Stamens

2-seriate
;

8, inserted in throat of receptacle,

the oppositipetalous
;

smaller or rudimentary

anthers deformed or evanescent

filaments

of fertile alteruipetalous ones sometimes enlarged interiorly at base

by elongate process
base of style.

of disk.

Disk annular epigynous and surrounding

;

Germen

4-locular
;

ovules co

Fruit capsular coria-

ceous, loculicidally 4-valvate

solute from columella.

valves septiferous in middle, oftener

Seeds

ascending; punctate or papillose,

sometimes marginate.
herbs
;

Other characters of notlicra. - Annual

elongate,
entire or

leaves

alternate

denticulate

flowers

axillary solitary, sometimes (from leaves being changed to bracts)

terminally spicate.
5.

(North-west. America.)

Zauschneria Presl. Flowers (nearly of Clarkia) 4-merous receptacle 4-gonal, above germen adnatc within suddenly infundibu-

See

p. 466.
;

ONAGUARIACE.'E.
liformly dilated.

493

Squamules 4, interior to receptacle, of which 4 detlexed oppositipetalons, and 4 erect alternate. Sepals 4, yalvate. Stamens 8, 2-seriate; anthers Petals as many obovate, 2-lobate.
introrse, not revolute.

Germen

4-locular, oo -ovulate
;

style at

apex
Seeds
;

stigraatose capitate, 4-lobed.

Fruit capsular

cells 4

(complete or

incomplete)
CO
,

valves septiferous within, solute from columella.

oblong, at apex (to chalaza) long hairy.

A small ramose shrub

See
p.

leaves alternate (or the lower subopposite) sessile elongate, entire or

denticulate; flowers axillary solitary.

6.

(California.)

467.

Epilobium

L.

Flowers

nearly of Clarkia (or iwthera) 4

(
;

Chamcenerium) receptacle not or very slightly produced beyond germen. Sepals 4, valvate, deciduous. Petals as many, obovate or obcordate. Stamens 8, sometimes deflexed
(

merous, sometimes subirregular

Chamnerium). Germen 4-locular ovules ascending, 2-seriate apex stigraatose 4-lobed, sometimes clavate and finally expanded fimbriate ( Grossostigma). Capsule loculicidal and seeds long
;
;

style slender, at

hairy to chalaza (of Zauscltneria).

Undershrubs
;

or herbs; leaves

alternate and opposite, entire or dentate

in terminal spikes or racemes. (All cold
7.

flowers axillary solitary or

and temp. regions.)

Seep. 467.
;

Hauya Mo. &

Sess.

Flowers (nearly of nothera) 4-merous

Stamens
8, 2-seriate
;

receptacle cylindrical enclosing adnate

germen and produced above to

Petals 4, sessile,
filaments subulate,

infundibuliform tube.

Sepals 4 coriaceous, valvate.

contorted or imbricate.

anthers elongate, introrse, at base aristate-appendiculate.

4-locular
;

Germen
woody

style long erect cylindrical, at

apex stigraatose subgiobose

Fruit oblong

scarcely lobate.

Ovules in
;

cells oo

ascending.

capsular, loculicidal

valves 4, septiferous within at middle, thick

strong

recurved,
oo
,

solute

from

4-winged
;

seminiferous

columella.

Seeds

ascending, above alate imbricate

cotyledons of exalbumi;

nous embryo oblong fleshy compressed.

axillary solitary sessile.
8

A tomentose shrub
;

leaves

alternate petiolate, ovately oblong entire, whitish beneath

flowers

{Mexico.)

See

p.

469.
receptacle of

?Montinia

L.f.

Flowers dioecious 4-6-merous;

4, 5,

male flower
Petals

short.

Sepals short, dentiform, not contiguous, persistent.

much

longer rather fleshy, highly imbricate, deciduous (in

0).

female flower

Stamens

inserted under central thickly cupu-

lar disk; filaments thick subulate, apically inserted within connective;

anthers oblong, finally extrorse, 2-locular, 2-rimose, recurved after

496

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Recejjtacle of female flower very concave oblong, en-

dehiscence.

and not produced beyond. Sepals and petals (of Stamens 4, 5, inserted with petals, conformed to those of males but smaller and sterile (?), sometimes rudimentary (or Disk epigynous rather thick, 4-5-gonal. Germen inferior ?). style short thick, 2-fid branches at dilated apex widely reniformdiscoid papillosely stigmatose. Ovules in 2 cells (complete or incomclosing gerraen

males) epigynous.

plete) 00

2-seriate.

Fruit capsular

subligneous

oblong-clavate

valves 2, finally solute

from seminiferous columella.

flat,

Seeds

co
;

oftener few, imbricate, margiuately alate and 2-auriculate at base

testa papillose
;

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo

straight or
;

curved

radicle thick short.

;

A glabrous

shrub, thickly branched

sublaneeolate

branches sulcate
female solitary.
9.

leaves

alternate

petiolate,

entire
(?)
;

acuminate veinless; male flowers in terminal corymbiform racemes

{Cape of Good Rope.)

See

p,

469.

Fuchsia Plum.

Flowers

hermaphrodite, sometimes polyga;

mous

(nearly of Hauya), 4-raerous

receptacle around adnate

germen

globose or ovoid, produced above to cjdindrical, obcouical, infundi-

buliform or campanulate tube (coloured).

times

Sepals 4, continuous with

Petals 4 (some;

tube (coloured), valvate, deciduous with receptacle.

0),

inserted in throat of receptacle, patent or reflexed

con;

torted in prefloration.

Stamens

8,

2-seriate

filaments

slender

anthers oblong or linear, oftener exserted.

locular
;

Germen

inferior,

4-

style slender elongate, at

apex capitate or obovoid entire or

oo -seriate.

4-lobed stigmatose.

Ovules
testa

co

Fruit baccate, often

co
,

pulpy, crowned with scar of receptacle.

Seeds
;

sometimes few
fleshy.

angular or reniform

membranous
;

embryo rather

Small trees, shrubs or undershrubs

leaves alternate or opposite,

;

sometimes

verticillate, entire or dentate

flowers axillary solitary or

cymose, sometimes in simple compound or cymifcrous terminal (Both loarm and pedicels long, often slender, nutant. racemes
;

temp. Americas.)

See

p. 469.

II.

GAUREiE.
germen adnate within to tubular more rarely 3, valvate, deflexed,

10.

Gaura

L.

Flowers

hermaphrodite regular; receptacle long

clavately lagcniform, produced above

sometimes curved neck.

Sepals

4,

ONAGRARL^CE.E.
deciduous.

497

Petals 4, moi-e rarely 3, alternate, inserted in incrassate

glandulose throat, equal or slightly unequal.

petals in number, 2-seriate
;

Stamens double the

filaments free, declinate, sometimes in-

creased within at base by a scale of varying shape (a process of the

disk)
;

anthers linear-oblong, introrse.

;

Germen

inferior, 4- or
;

more

rarely 3-locular

cells

complete or oftener incomplete

style slender,

and girt with an annular or obconical indusium. Ovules in cells 1, 2, descending; funicle rather long; micropyle at first superior and introrse.
oftener deflexed, at
stiginatose 4-lobed or 4-partite

apex

3-4-locular, woody, coriaceous or apex sometimes 3-4-fissus. Seeds 1, or few, descending; testa membranous; albumen oftener scanty fleshy; cotyledons of rather thick embryo straight, undulate or complicate. Perennial or annual herbs, sometimes subshrubby, glabrous or
slightly drupaceous, at
;

Fruit 3-4-gonal, incompletely

pilose

leaves

alternate,

petiolate

or

sessile,

entire

or

dentate

flowers in terminal sometimes capitate racemes or spikes.

[Warm
(smaller);

North America.) See p. 471. 11 ? Heterogaui'a Eothr.

receptacle obconical,
valvate.

Flowers

nearly of

Gaura

scarcely produced above germen.

Sepals 4,

Petals 4, unguiculate.

at base, in pairs or singly opposite sepals

Stamens 8-10, not appendiculate and petals the oppositi;

petalous often sterile

fertile alternipetalous

anthers cordato-lanceolate effete

ovate subcordate.

anthers of
;

Germen

4-locular

style
cells 1

simple, at apex stigmatose dilated, not indusiate.

(of

Ovules in

Gaura).

Fruit ovoid gibbous, 2-4-locular, by abortion

1-2herb
;

spermous.

Other characters of Gaura.

;

An

erect annual
;

leaves alternate

the lower petiolate, entire or sinuate

(Californda.)

flowers iu

terminal racemes.
12.

See

p. 472.

Gongylocarpus
above germen

Cham:, and Schlchtl.

Flowers

4-merous
to

receptacle at base enclosing adnate or leaf,

far

germen and there adnate

to

branch
tube.

produced

slender

cylindrical

Sepals 4, inserted at top of tube, valvate.

alternate, contorted.

Petals same in
;

number

Stamens

8, 2-seriate

the 4 oppositipetalous
2-3-locular; style thin

shorter;

anthers ovate introrse.

Germen

girt at base

with epigynous disk, at apex stigmatose capitate.

Ovules

in cells

1,

descending; micropyle introrsely superior, finally lateral.

Fruit subdrupaceous adnate to branch and petiole, turbinate or subglobose,

finally

dry

cotyledons of straight
VOL. VI.

putamen embryo

2-3-locular.
flat
;

Seed exalbnminous

radicle superior.

An
32

annual

498

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

herb

stem and branches reddish or plum-coloured

;

leaves alternate

petiolate ovately lanceolate denticulate

flowers axillary solitary or

{Mexico.)

in terminal few-flowered uniparous spikelike cymes.

See

p.

472.

HI.
13. Circsea L.

CIRCES.
re-

Flowers

hermaphrodite regular, 2-morous;

ceptacle sacciform ovoid,

enclosing adnate germen and produced

shortly above.
finally reflexed.

Sepals 2, lateral, inserted at top of receptacle, valvate,

Petals 2, alternate with sepals, imbricate or con-

torted in prefloration.

Stamens
cells lateral

2, alternipetalous,

epigynous

fila-

ments slender; anthers short; cells introrse or submargiual, rimose.

Germen

1-2-locular

style slender, at

apex stigmatose
cells 1 (or rarely

subclavate or capitate, shortly 2-lobed.

Ovules in

2), ascending, incompletely anatropous; micropyle extrorsely inferior. Pruit ovoid coriaceous, indhiscent, uncinato-setose without, 1-2-

locular.

Seeds in

cells solitary, laterally inserted

flat

within

cotyledons

of exalbuminous embryo fleshy

compressed, radicle short inferior.

;

Glabrous

or pilose perennial herbs; stem simple or slightly ramose

;

leaves alternate petiolate ovate denticulate

lateral racemes, simple or slightly

flowers in terminal and

;

ramose

pedicels patent, often

finally deflexed, bracteate or ebracteate.

[Europe, temp, and frigid

North America.)
14.

See

p.

473.

Diplandra Hook, and Arn.

Flowers subregular, 4-merous;

Stamens
;

receptacle globose at base and produced above to curved cylindrical

tube.

Sepals 4, inserted at top of receptacle, valvate, deciduous

Petals 4, alternate, unequal, imbricate.
2,

(coloured).

epigynous, superposed anteriorly and posteriorly to sepals

free
cells
;

filaments
;

anthers oblong introrse, 2-rimose.

oppositipetalous
;

Germen

inferior, 4-locular

style simple, at

apex stigmatose truncate.

valves

Ovules in

cells solitary,

descending

micropyle introrsely superior.

;

Fruit capsular coriaceous subglobose, loculicidally 4-vlvate

solute from
alate
;

4-winged seminiferous

axis.

Seeds comiiressed widely

(?)

testa papillose
flat.

embryo
long.

cotyledons (immature) of exalbuminous

;

pubescent shrub

leaves

opposite and alternate

subsessile ovately oblong; flowers in a terminal

raceme; peduncles

[Mexico.)

See

p.

474.

ONAGRARIACE.E.
15.
vate.

499

Lopezia Cav.

Flowers nearly of Diplandra

;

sepals

val-

Petals 4, unequal, imbricate

the 2 posterior narrower, glan-

dular within above claw.

Stamens

2,

epigynous

the anterior sterile

petaloid free or occasionally adnate with style and receptacle (Seme-

iandra)

the posterior fertile

;

filament free subulate or (Semeiandra)

highly gynandrous
rimose.

anther introrse, or more rarely subextrorse, 2-

Germen

inferior subglobose or obconical, 4-locular, some;

times crowned with minute disk

in cells oo
,

style, etc., of

Diplandra.

Ovules

oo -seriate in internal angle.

;

Fruit capsular subglobose,

from apex loculicidally 4-valvate

columella.

valves solute from seminiferous

;

Seeds

oo

obovoid (sometimes joined in pairs)

testa

rugose granulate;

embryo exalbuminous.

Glabrous

or pubescent
;

herbs

leaves alternate or partly opposite, petiolate, dentate

flowers

in long or short racemes at top of twigs

Guatemala.)

See

pedicels slender.

(Mexico,

p.

474.

IV.
IG.

TRAPEZE.
hermaphrodite,
4-raerous
;

Trapa

L.

Flowers
little

receptacle

cupular, enclosing adnate base of

4,

germen
,

(in great part free).

Sepals

valvate (or lateral a

exterior)

persistent,

sometimes spines-

cent at apex.

Petals 4, inserted at base of subepigynous undulate

or obtusely lobate disk, sessile, undulate, imbricate or contorted.

more rarely
;

Stamens

4, inserted alternately with petals

filaments
in

subulate

anthers ovately oblong introrse, 2-rimose.

Germen

great part free (at base only inferior) attenuated to slender style
capitate at stigraatose

apex

cells 2, lateral.

Ovules in
Fruit

cells solitary^

descending
osseous

micropyle

introrsely

superior.

stipate

witli

adnate calyx and receptacle turbinate coriaceous, ligneous or sub;

stipate to

middle with 2-4 spinescent incrassately indurate

sepals and from base to

apex with
;

style, indhiscent,

by abortion

1-

spermous.

Seed large descending

above

cotyledons of

membranous adnate spongy incurved exalbuminous embryo unequal one

testa
; ;

abortive minutely squamiform

the other very large fleshy

of seed
;

radicle

superior (in germination perforating apex

and

fruit).

Floating herbs

rhizome elongate

leaves 2-form
;

the lower sub-

merged opposite

rootlike pinnatisect

the upper emerged floating

;

rosulate, petiole inflated spongj-,

limb rhomboid dentate

flowers

500

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

{Europe.,

axillary solitary, shortly and thickly pedunculate.

warm

and temp. Asia and Africa.)

See

p.

476.

V.
17.

HALORAGE^.
hermaphrodite or polygamous
;

Haloragis Forst.

Flowers

receptacle concave turbinate or conical, in male flower less concave

4-8-costate or angular.

Sepals 4, inserted in

mouth

of receptacle,

sometimes decurrent or subpeltate, or more rarely 2 (Meionectes),

valvate.

Petals same in number, alternate, concave or cucullate,

sessile or unguiculate, imbricate or tortuous

(sometimes

0).

Stamens
;

double the number of petals, 2-seriate

anthers oblong

filaments short filiform

or linear, often 4-gonal, introrsely or laterally 2-rimose.

Germen
number

(in male flower rudimentary or effete) adnate to receptacle

;

within inferior

cells

2-4, complete or incomplete; styles equal to

of cells, stigmatose or plumose at

apex and within.

Ovules
Fruit
alate,

in cells solitary

descending

microjjyle introrsely superior.

drupaceous slightly fleshy or nutlike, indhiscent, angular or

1-4-locular.
fleshy

Seeds 1-4, descending

testa

more

or less copious; cotyledons of

;

albumen axile subcylindrical embryo

membranous

short or very short

radicle superior terete.

;

Herbs, sometimes
and

suli-

shrubby
serrate,

at base,

ramose

leaves opposite
(?)
;

alternate, entire or

minutely stipulate
(Australia,

flowers in racemose terminal spikes,

sometimes pendulous; bracts 1-florous or cymiferous; bracteoles 2

or 0.

New

Zealand,

warm

south-east. Asia,

Juan Fer-

nandez.)

See

p.

477.
Lindl.

18

Loudonia

Flowers

nearly of Haloragis

(larger)

receptacle 2-4-pterous.

Sepals and petals alternate induplicately

cucullate 2-4.
erect, persistent.

Stamens 4-8 (or 12?), 2-seriate; filaments short

Germen imperfectly

2-4-locular or finally 1-locular;

;

styles 2-4, stigmatose at oblique

apex

ovules 2-4, inserted under

apex, descending.
ceous, 1-spermous.

Fruit 2-4-alate or 2-4-gonal subclavate coria-

Seed richly albumiuous

elongate.

Glabrous

radicle of axile

embryo

perennial herbs (turning black or green

;

when
leaves

dry)

rhizome woody

branches erect robust often simple

;

alternate line r entire subfleshy

flowers

in

terminal
p.

compound

cymiferous corymbs.

(South Australia.)

See

479.

ONAGRARIACE^.
19.

501

Myriophyllon Vaill.
;

Flowers

monoecious or polygamous,

4-merous
sulcate.

receptacle in males slightly, in females very concave, 4or

Sepals 4,

female flower smaller).

more rarely 2. Petals 2-4, imbricate (in Stamens 2-4 or 6-8, 2-seriate; anthers
sterile, rudi-

elongate basifixed, laterally 2-rimose (in female flower

mentary or
at apex.

0).

Germen

entire,

2-4

locular, in

short effete or 0); styles as

many

short,

male flower very generally recurved, plumose

descending
;

Ovules in
testa

cells 1,

more rarely

2,

raphe dorsal.

Fruit nutlike or drupaceous;

flesh scanty;
;

Seeds oblong

membranous

putamen crustaceous. albumen copious fleshy embryo

;

axile cylindrical.

Glabrous aquatic herbs;

;

branches often floating;

leaves alternate, opposite or verticillate, entire or dentate, serrate or

pectinately pinnatifid
pedicellate,

flowers in axils of leaves sessile or shortly

;

sometimes in terminal bracteate spikes; the lower female the upper male the intermediate often hermaphrodite. {All warm
;

and

cold aquatic regions.)

See

p.

480.

20.

Serpicula L.
;

Flowers (nearly of M>/riophijllon or HaJoragis)

Sepals 4 and petals receptacle of males very short. same cucullate or concave. Stamens 8. Rudiment of gynsecium Receptacle of female flower short styles 4, more or less developed. Stamens rudimentary sepals 4 and petals same. sacciform subovoid

monoecious

or 0.

Gyneecium,

fruit, seeds, etc., of

;

Haloragis.

Low creeping or
;

decumbent branched herbs

entire or dentate
sessile
;

leaves opposite and alternate, subsessile

flowers (minute) axillary glomerulate

1, p.

females

males few or

long pedicellate.
481.

{Africa, trop,

marshy Asia

and America.)
21.

See

Proserpinaca

L.

Flowers

hermaphrodite (nearly of Halo-

ragis), 3-4-merous, apetalous,

styles, ovules, fruit, etc., of

3-4-androus.

Germen

3-4-locular

Haloragis (or Myriophyllon).

;

Glabrous
p.

aquatic herbs

stem decumbent at base

;

leaves alternate lanceolate

dentate or pectinately pinnatifid

or glomerulate.
(

flowers (minute) axillary, solitary

Antilles.)

Wa;rm North America,

See

482.

VI.
22.
tacle

GUNNERE^.
;

Gunnera
concave

L.

Flowers hermaphrodite or moncious

compressed, enclosing

recep-

obovoid or

adnata germen.

502

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

(?)

Sepals

2,

3,

dentiform, unequal or equal,

(?)

sometimes scarcely

perceptible.

Petals

2,

lateral,

longer membranous, concave or

2,

cucullate (sometimes 0).

rarely
1, 3)
;

Stamens

opposite to petals (or more

filaments erect short, sometimes strong; anthers basi-

fixed oblong; cells 2, laterally rimose.

Germeu

inferior, 1-locular

styles 2, subulate or capitate, richly papillose.

Ovule
(?)

1, laterally

inserted under apex of cell, descending, anatropous or

peritropous.
;

Fruit drupaceous or coriaceous

crustaceous.

subglobose or 3-gonal

putamen
farina-

Seed descending

testa thin

ceous

embryo minute

subapical.
;

Perennial

albumen copious
herbs,

scapiferous,
;

glabrous or hispid or scabrous

rhizome often thick creeping

leaves

alternate, all radical, appeudiculate stipuliform

sometimes intermixed;

petiole often thick

limb ovate, suborbicular or cordato-rotundate,

flowei's (very small) either spicate, or

sometimes subflabelliform, simple or lobed, often coriaceous fleshy

rugose
;

nerves strong

densely
;

crowded on the twigs of a thick compound branch, 2-bracteolate {South, inflorescence 1- or oftener 2-sexual; male flowers above.

and

east.

Africa, Java,

Oceania,

Juan Fernandez, Andean So^dh

America.)

See

p.

482.

VII.

HIPPUEIDE^.

Flowers hermaphrodite or more rarely poly23. Hippuris L. gamous receptacle concave ovoid or subglobose, mouth entii'e Perianth 0. Stamen 1 (very rarely 2), or unequally crenulate.
;

epigynous, anteriorly inserted at top of receptacle

subulate
inferior,
;

filament erect

anther

ovate

basifixed,

introrsely

2-rimose.
style
cell,

Germen
subulate,

adnate to

receptacle

within,

1-locular;

entirely stigmatose.

Ovule

1,

inserted under apex of

descend-

ing

niicropylo introrsely superior.

;

Fruit ovoid drupaceous, slightly

fleshy
fatty
;

putamen hard.

Seed

1,

descending, embryo slightly fleshy

radicle of straight axile terete

;

embryo

superipr.
;

Glabrous

aquatic perennial herbs

rhizome turfy creeping

branches erect

thick simple; leaves verticillate (4-12-nate) narrow linear entire;

flowers (very small) axillary solitary sessile.
north. Asia, north,

(Europe, temp, and

p.

and

antarctic America.)

See

484.

LIX.
This family,
its

BALANOPHORACEiE.
limits of

name

to

which have been greatly extended, owes (fig. 482-485), in which the the genus Balanophora
tlie
'

Balanophora

dioiea.

Fig. 483. Male flower.

gyncium much
organization,

resembles, in
of

its

that

Hlpiyuris.

The
(fig.

flowers are unisexual, monoe-

cious, or dicious.

In the males

482-485), the perianth has

from three to six ^ and often four valvate divisions,^ above which the
receptacle
is

produced in a small

column which bears extrorse anthers. They are either the same in number as the parts to which
they are superposed, or rarely in

much

greater

number.
clefts.*

They
form,
feFig. 482. Habit (male).

have two
male flower
it

cells of variable

dehiscing by two
(fig.

The

484-485) is naked;

consists of a free, stipitate ovary, attenuated to a simple

1

and entire

FoKST.C/iSi-.ffcH.t.
i.

Diet.
viii.

355

Endl.
XX. 93,
163.
t.

(1822)

50. J.G'f.445. Lamk. 742. L.-O. Rich. Mm. Mus. 424. Gpp. Salaiiophor. 29, t. 1-3.
III. t.

321.
dijlis
-

Cynopsole Endl. Gen. n. l\9.Sarcocor-

Wall.

Serb. n. 7249.
or petals

'

Rarely two.
Sepals
(?)
(?).

Gen. n. 718.
3-6.
f.

Griff. Trans. Linn. Soc.

Sc. Nat. sr.
iSoc. 3,

t.

Wedd. Ann.
Trans. Linn.
Act. 2
;

xiv.

From

10 to 30 in B. pohjandra Griff.

Hook.
75

xxii. 44, 426,

4-8,

B. EiCHL.
t. 1, fig.

Congr.

Bot.

Par.

form.

Transverse, or longitudinal, or hippocrepiThe pollen is formed of globular, 8ub-3-

(1867) 138,

1,

DO. Prodr.

xvii. 103,

gonal seeds, bearing three warty prominences,

5111

NATI' AL
Il

UrsTOltY OF PLANTS.
is

style.

In the single

cell

of the ovary

a parietal and superior pla-

centa siipporting a descending, anatropous ovule, reduced to a nucule.'

The fruit is drupaceous with a fleshy layer generally very monospermous putamen, and the seed filling the cavity of the
consists of an
is

thin,
latter

abundant

oily

albumen, in the upper portion of which

lodged a very small embryo."

Balanopliora consists of fungiform fleshy and parasitical plants^ of

very peculiar habit.

They have

a simple, lobed or ramified tuberous

rhizome, often sprinkled with star-lobed prominences from which

,

J.

spring the aerial branches,

coloured yellow or red and

covered with scaly bracts,

alternate, or

opposite and

connate, with parallel ner-

vures

terminated

by

cyliudro-conieal, claviform
or globular floriferous receptacle, clothed

with flowers* 482) or both

of one
sexes.

(fig.

In the latter case,

the males are below, and the

Fig. 484. Female flowors.

females

above,

much

more numerous-and smaller,

'^^i^^ii^^^r' The males are pedicellate, often rcflexed and accom-

panied with axillate bracts.

The females

are in small spikes often

terminating in an enlarged, globular or claviform body.^

dozen

sometimes little developed, with the exterior coiit smooth. Suspended by a unicellular funicle, it is composed of a nucule formed of a small number
'

Yellow or red. has heen considered as the summit of the secondary axis, and the name of spadictl has heen given to it (Eiciiler).
*

It

of eelluUs.

(On the structure of the gyna:!cium

i.

'

W.

Sjicc. V.
i.

177 {Ci/iioiiiorium).

see HoFMEiST. I'lii-gsh. Jalub.

Btilr. .585, 49,
2
t. 6, t.

110,

t.

18; iV'

PI. Jar.

87.

Schott

et

Bi.. Emim. Endl. 3hlei. 12.

14,

Jo; Ann.

Sc. Aat. sr. 4, xi

JuNGH, Noi\

jlcta Acarl. Nat. Cur. xviii. Suppl.

G, fig.

48-56.)

It

is

formed of a very small numher of

cellules (often
"

two

or three).
{.Acer,

On

the roots of very various trees

(f), Hiicufi/ptim,

2. Rovi.E,7. Fl. Bimal. 330, t. 99. Thw. Eiium. PI. Zcijl. 293. Aen. Jlook. Icon. Ung. Ann. Wien. Mtis. t. 205, 206 (La ng.'dorjfia) ii. t. 2. Becc. Att. iSoc. Ital. Sc. Nat. Mil. xi.

i.

203,

t. 1,

Quercus, Bibhcus, Firus

rire;/a,

197

N. Gim-n. Bot.

Itiil. i.

05,

t.

2-4. Benth.

Tliihttvdia, Ayaliacett, etc.).

Fl. Austral, vi. 232.

BJLA NOPHORA CE/E.

species of Balanojjhora have been distinguislied, found in the

505

warm

regions of Asia and Oceania.^

Sarcophyte sanguinea,- a red and fleshy plant, growing at the Cape, parasitic on the roots of Ekehergia and Acacia, would appear to have
the same general organization as Balano-

phora, but for

its

much

flatter

gyncium

Sarcophyte sanguinea.

and its ovary being sometimes uniovulate, sometimes hi- or tviovulate. The male flower (fig. 486) is composed of three or four valvate sepals and an equal number of superposed stamens, inserted in the centre of the
flower,

formed of a thick

free filament

and
Fig. 486.

Male flower

(}).

a capitate multiovulate anther, dehiscing

a great

by
its

number

of small pores.'

Its

male flowers are solitary and

female united in rounded capitules.

]\]gstwpetaIo)i
*

has also a periauth formed of three folioles.

In

the male flower they are quite united at the base, and the two posterior are so to a greater height.

Their prefloration

is

valvate and
is
;

the posterior

is

smaller than the two others.

The androecium

formed of three stamens superposed to the divisions of the perianth but the anterior is sterile, rudimentary or even entirely absent,
whilst the two posterior have anthers with two
into
is

cells,

each divided

two

cellules, dehiscing

by two longitudinal

clefts.^

In the centre
is inferior,

a rudimentary ovary.

In the female flower, the ovary

late, trilobed
'

surmounted by a long slender style and a superior, tubular or urceoand caducous perianth. This ovary is organized like
(Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Eichl. Prodr. 149), a plant growing parasitically on the beech and Fittosporum of New Zealand appears to resemlle Balmiophora and also Langsdorffia. It has naked male flowers, reduced to one or two stamens withbilocularanthers,andfemaIe flowers formed of an ovary surmounted ty two or tliree narrow scales and a filiform style, with obtuse stigmatic summit. The flowers are dicious, and the inflorescences are divided into numerous small catkins forming a sort of terminal corj'mb. The internal organization of its gyncium and fruit are unknown. 2 Sfarm. Kuiigl. Vet. Ak. Handl. Stockh, xxvii. (1776) 300, t. 7. ScHOTT et Endl. J/c/f/;. 11. Endl. Gc}i. n. 714. Griff. Tians. Linn. Soc. Wedd. Ann. Sc. Kat. ser. 3, xiv. xix. 338, t. 38. 173, t. 10, fig. 34-38. HoFMEisT. N.Beitt: i. 581,
Daetylantkus
t.

Taijlorii

t.

13

Ann.- Sc. Kat. ser.

4,

xi. 45, t. 4, 5, fig.

Soc. xxii. 425,

75, fig.

43-47. Eichl. Act. Congr. Par. (1867) 138, t. 2, fig. 21, 22; Prodr. 126. Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Teatt. Arch. i. 89; T/m. Soc. xxii. 37, t. 1 90. Hahv. Gen. S.-Afr. PI. 300. Hakv. and

Soxn. PL Cap. ii. 574. IchthyosniaWthdtmanni ScHLCHTL, Liiinit, ii. 671, t. 8 iii. 194. ^ The pollen grains are globular, smooth, and
;

have three pores.

385.
336.

Harv. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. i. ser. ii. G. S.-Afr. PL 418. Endl. Gen. t. 19, 20
;

Suppl.

i.

n. 717'.
f.

Hook.

Trans. Lin.

Gkiff. Trans. Linn. Soc.idx. .Soc. xxii. ,Sl,t. 1 B.

t.

Eichl.

Act. Congr. Par. (1S67)

1, fig.

10

prodr. 124.

PlepliarocJi/aniysFRESL. Epim. 245.

PI. 315 (not

? Sci/ialiiim
^

Harv. Gen. S.-Afr. ScHOTT and Endl.).

Pollen subcubical, tubercular.

506

NATURAL HISTORY UF PLANTS.

that of Sarcophijte, and becomes a dry or scarcely drupaceous fruit, the single seed of which encloses a cellulose oily albumen and a small apical embryo. Two (?) species of Mijstropetalon are distinguished,
'

fleshy
Cynomorinm coccinemn.

plants

of

the

Cape of Good HopC,

parasitic,

coloured,^

with branches covered with scales and terminated by spikes of which the male flowers occupy the summit

andthefemalethe base.
In

Cynomorium

'

(fig.487,488),ofwhich

only one,* Mediterranean,^species is known

Fig. 488. Long, of fruit.
sect,

Fig. 487. Flowers

the organization of the

(',').

gynsecium
is

is

nearly

the same as in Balanojjliora

;

but the female flower

more complete.

It comprises a

deep receptacle, the cavity of which lodges the unilocular, uniovulate

cell,

and
?)

its

margin bears a perianth of from two

to eight folioles
is

(sepals

coloured like the rest of the plant.

The ovule

descending,

very incompletely anatropoiis, with micropyle directed downwards

The style is terminal, nearly cylindrical, canalicusummit stigmatiferous obtuse or slightly enlarged. These flowers become hermaphrodite when to the parts just enumerated is added an epigynous stamen, similar to that of the male flower. The
and outwards.'
late, at
'

Harv. and Sond.

iii.

Fl. Cap.

ii.

574.

Walp.

AtL

ii.

330.

Boisgel.

il/ft. t. ii.

(ex Pritz.)

A}in.

511 [Blepharochlamys).
or yellow.

Red
3

MicHELi, Nov. PL Gen. (1729) 17, t. 12. L. Gen. n. 922 Amn>ii. iv. 351, t. 2. Adans. Jum.
;

80. J. Gen. 445. Lamk. Diet. ii. 241 434 (part) IlL t. 742. !>. C. Rich. Min. Mus. viii. 420, t. 21. Endl. Gen. n. 717.
des

PL

ii.

Tkatt. Thes. t. 30. Guss. FL Sic. ii. 561. Bertol. FL Hal. x. 4. MoR. FL Sard. iii. 446. Webb. FL Canar. iii. 431. Willk. et Lge. Prodr. FL Hisp. i. 223. Parlt. PI. Ital. iv. 382. C. purpureum Rvtr, Sert. Tianseh. Mem,

Suppl.

ii.

Acad. Ptersb. xiv. 72.

Wedd. Ann.
fig.

Se.

Nat.

sr.

3, xiii.

186,

t.

11,

MiCHELi, lac. cit. Adans. loc. cit. 549).

5

Eunomorion
Italy,

C.

purpiiremn officinarum Diosc. (ex

Sicily,

43-47; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. iv. (1857) 613, 796; Arch. Mus. x. 269, t. 24-27. Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc, xxii. 29, 33, t. 1 A. Schnizl. Hofmeist. N. Beitr. i. 572, t. 2 Iconogr. t. 39.
;

Found

in

Spain,

Sardinia,

Greece,

Malta,

Morocco, Algeria, and other

Palestine,

Mediterranean localities, in the Canaries, in and Arabia, in Soungari and in the

"
'

Pringsh. Jahrb.
4, xi. 37,
* C.
t.

i.

4, fig.

Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 109, t. 10 35-38. EicHL. Prodr. 122.

;

valley of Cashgar, etc.

eoccineiim

L. Spoc. ed.

4,

89.

Desf.

FL

Often four or five. Furnished with a single coat.

BALANOPHORACE.F,.
latter has,
'

507

on a short receptacle, a variable number (1-8) of claviforra coloured sepals (?), and a posterior stamen,' with cylindrical fila-

ment and

introrse, dorsifixed, versatile anther,

having two

cells

each

divided into two cellules and dehiscing by two longitudinal

clefts.^

monospermous, and the seed, adherent to the pericarp, contains under its coats an abundant oily albumen and an ovoid embryo, with pointed radicle, formed of a
fruit is finally dry, indhiscent,

The

small

number
^

of cellules.*

G. coccinenvi is a reddish fleshy fungiits

form

parasitic plant/'
rise

From

rounded and cylindrically ramified

rhizome
scales,''

ascending aerial branches bearing alternate, imbricate

and several are terminated by inflorescences in the form of

thick oblong cylindrical catkins.

their

The male

flowers are sessile on

common

receptacle,

are inserted on small secondary branches

and the hermaphrodite or female flowers they are accompanied by

;

coloured bracts.
Langsdorjjia' ought not to be separated from the preceding types,
if

we admit
;

the opinion of Hofmeister on the constitution of the

for this

gyneecium

author says that the unilocular ovary contains

only a single descending ovule.^

of two or three valvate folioles.

The male flowers have a perianth The stamens are two or three in
with monadelphous
column, and extrorse anthers

number, superposed
filaments,

to the folioles of the perianth,

united

in

cylindrical

dorsally united, quadrilocellate and dehiscing

clefts,

by two longitudinal

confluent above.'^
is

In the female flowers, the unique prismatic

ovary
1

crowned by a projecting edge, representing a short epigynous

s

AU are

rarely wanting. Rarely two (Parlt).

Mart. Eschw. Journ. Bras.

;

ii.

178

t.

5 (not

Leandr.)
with

Nov. Gen.

et

Sp.

iii.

181,

t.

298, fig.

^ The pollen is subglobular, smootli, three small warty prominences.

Also containing

oil.

''Fungus nicUtenais Auctt.

F.
t.

mauritnnicus
37, fig. 8.

rcrrucosus ruber Petiv. Gazoph.

F. typhodes iiburnensis Till. Cat. Sort. Pis. 64,

t. 2.5.

Schott et Endl. Melet. 12. Ung. 1, t. 209. Ann. Wien. Mus. u. t. 4, 6. Endl. Gen. n. 722. Wedd. Ann. Sc. Nat. sr. 3, xiv. 187, t. 11, fig. 48-51. Hook. f. Vmis. ii. &c. xxii. 39, Hofmeist. N. Beitr. i. 576; Ann. Sc. Nat. t. 9. sr. 4, xii. 40, t. 4, tig. 38-42. Karst. Nov.

F. typlioides coccineus melitensis Bocc.

t.

Ic.

Actanat. Cur. xxvi. p.

ii.

903,

t.

63, 64.
2,

EiCHL.
28, 29
;

et

Descr. Sic. 81,

'

43.

On

ties,

the roots of very different plants (MyrPistachios, Lucernes, Salsola, Orach, MeGrasses, etc.).

Act. Congr. Par. (1867) 149, Mart. Flor. Bras. Balanoph.

xvii.

t.

fig.

9, t.

1-3

Prodr.

140.

Senftenbergia

Kl.

et

Karst. (not
basilar

Hot

Cord.).
'

' Variable in form according to the part of the plant which bears them (the peduncle of the inflorescence is destitute of them). Those im-

Eichler considers the placenta

and

the ovule orthotropous, and intimately united

with the

waU

of the ovarian cell.

The

placen-

mediately accompanying the flowers are claviform, truncate at the summit; to the partial
inflorescences

tation, in this case,

would be the same

nearly globular,

as in the

Heloside.
'"

are often

interposed obliquely

The poUen
2, 3,

is

smooth,

peltate bracts, with oval head.

with

or 4 pores.

508

NATURAL HISTORY UF PLANTS.

summit stigmatiferous not enlarged. monospermous putamens, and the oily
is

perianth, and a simple style at

The

fruit is drupaceous, ^yith

albumen envelopes an
height.

axile embryo, occupying about a third of its

The only

species of the genus, L. hi/poga,^

a parasite,-

Avith tuberous rhizome and ramified aerial branches,^ surrounded

by

a basilar volva covered with persistent imbricate scales, terminated

by a unisexual
the female

or bisexual cluster or sjiike.

The male

flowers are

pedicellate, sometimes intermixed with

flowers are sessile

plant inhabiting all tropical

rudimentary gyngeciums, and and closely packed. It is a parasitic continental America.

it

Thoitnuigia saiujuirtea* inhabits tropical western Africa;

has

generally been placed in the same group as Langsdorffia, although

the internal organization of
its

gynsecium

is

still

unknown.

Only

the tube which represents an epigynous perianth in the female flowers

is

here

much more

elevated around the base of the style, and in the

male flowers, which have from 3-0 stamens with filaments united in
a fusiform cone,' the perianth
is

replaced by linear-subulate scales,

from two

to six in

number.

It is a red-coloured parasitic" plant, the

flowers of which are in short spikes or dioecious capitules.

This family, as
here assign to
it
it,
;

we have

said,

has had a larger extension than

we

comprised in

a considerable number of other types have been particularly those designated under the name of

Loj'ihophyte, Heloside,

and

Scijbalie,

which have, principally

in
"

the organs of vegetation, a great

witli the

number of characters in common genera we have here retained among the Balanoplwrace.
and
free central placenta,

But by

their unilocular dicarpeHar ovary

the genera

we have separated approach much

nearer the Loranthacece,^

'

Mart.

Inc. cit.

L.

ruhigiuosa

Wedd.

liiEBM. Forh. S/caiid.

180. T. jajieirensis

L. janeirensU L. C. KicH. Thdiiningia mexicium Natursf. (1841) SeuftenLiEBM.

Christ.
17,
loc.
cit.

Pollen globular 3-gonal, smooth with three verrucose prominences, scarcely visible. Parasitus anonymus Isert, loc. cit.
' It must be remembered, moreover, that those characters are found in a great number of parasitic plants not green, to whatever natural

bergia Moritziana
4(i0.
^

Kl.

et

Kaest. ex

Liiinien, xx.

On

several Palms, Figs, etc.

group
^

Yellow or reddish, rich in waxy matter. * Vahl, Dansli. Sehk. Skrivt. vi. 124, t. 6. .ScH. et Thonn. Bcskr. 431. Hook. r. Tram. Linn. Soc. xxii. 42, t. 3. Eichl. Prodr. 141. ffcfConophyta pwpurascens IsERT, Reis. 283. umtostrobiis Endl. Gen. "6.

they belong {Orobraticheir, Mnnotropen, Leiuiace, etc.).

this point,

Oichide,

Without being able actually to insist upon we indicate the numerous analogies observed between the Loranthace and Balanophore on the one hand and the Conifer on the
other.

We know that the gyna^ciuni

of certain

BALANOPIIORJCEM.

509

plants often par;isitic and hence possessing characters of hahit and

colour similar to those presented

Avas given to the latter in

by the Balanophorace. The name 1822 by L. G. Richard. ^ The genera

those of uncertain
place.'^

previously

known were

left

among

Jussieu
In

does not mention Sarcophyte, established by

SpAEMANNin 1776.'

1804 Vahl'* made known Thonningia, the relation of which to Langsdorffia was plainly discerned as soon as the latter had been published by de Martius.^ Harvey discovered the genus Mystropetalon only in 1839," and J. Hooker esorihed Dactylanthus in 1856

By

Gynomoriwm, Balanojjhora, and especially Langsdorffia and Miistropetalon whose ovary is inferior, closely resemble Hipjmris, and it is next to this that most botanists now agree with J. Hooker,^ Weddell, Eichlee," etc. to range the unicarpellar Balanophorace. They are moreover easily distinguished by their parasitic character, their colour, their male flowers, the simple organization of their ovule and seed, etc. Except Balanophora^ of which a dozen species are enumerated, the
its

gynsecium, the

latter, as also

genera of this small family are monotypes.'"

In reality therefore

it

comprises only scA^enteen or eighteen species, of which only one,

Gynomormm,

is

European

another,

Langsdorffia,

from tropical

America, and Dactylanthus, from

New

Zealand.

In tropical and

southern Africa are found the three genera Sarcophyte, Thonningia,

and Mystropetalon

whilst all the Balanophoras

known

are from

tropical or subtropical

Asia and Oceania.

even been considered as a naked ovule, and the Gymnosperm theory haa consequently been extended to them. It is by
Bniitnnphorc has

'

Mm. Mus,
But
it

viii.

404.

-J. Gen. (17S9) 445.

^
**

was not

pulilished

till

1810.

the study of the female organ of the Balanophorece with central placenta, of their ovule
their

Act. Holm.

x.\vii.
ii.

and embryogeny, that the same parts of the LoranthacciC and Coniferoi will bo more satisfactorily explained and vice versa so that, as we have already said, if the latter are gymnosperms the former must necessarily also be considered
;

* *
'

Eschw. Jonrn. Bras.

Anil. Nut. Hist.
i.

(1818).

Trans. Ziiin. Soc. xxii.

8 Lac. cit. 21.

'"

Dty. Frorlr. xvii. 119.

There are perhaps

t%vo species of Mi/stro-

as such, etc.

pctahii.

510

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

of vegetation have been the object of
red, or

The organs
searches.i

These plants, of a white, yellow,

substance,*^ starch,^ or

numerous rebrown colour,

are generally of a fleshy consistence, and their tissues are often filled

with a waxlike

an astringent juice which gives

thera certain therapeutic properties.*

They

are perennial or
or rhizome
;

more

rarely monocai'pous.

The subterranean stem

is

tuberous,

simple or lobed, sometimes cylindrical or branched

it

fixes itself

directly to the roots of the foster plant, penetrates its substance,

and

attaches itself to

its

tissues in various ways,^ without,

(?).

however,

uniting with them by true suckers

It is

parenchymatous and
surface of the rhi-

traversed in different directions'' by vascular bundles, forming a system

sometimes very ramified and complicated.

The

zome, in Balanophora, bears papill consisting of simple or divided

masses of cellular tissue, traversed by a passage

numerous and

in

form

of a cro'J3 in B. dioica,

they are very and are supposed to

;

be intimately connected with ihe respiration of the

true stomata have not been observed
exist
;

plant.'''

there are rarely hairs,

floriferous

The which

however in certain Langsdorffia and on the

axes of

Thonningia.

Weddell

describes the fibro-vascular bundles of the

TJnger, Ann. Wieit. Acta Acad. Nat. Cur. xviii. Suppl. i. 229; xxii. 117. Poleck, iJirf. Griff. Trans. Linn. Sue. xx. 96. xxii. 161. AVedd. Mem, sur le Cynomorium (see p. 503, note
'

Tratt. Linno'a. i'li. 194.

ii.

according to the

mode

of insertion on the foster

:

Mils.

38.

Gpp.

JVou.

plant, in three groups

those in which the

vascular fascicles of the foster root terminate

definitely in the tissue of the parasite at

some

distance from the point of insertion cular systems of the

in

the vas-

3).
6,

Hook.

f.

Tians, Linn. Soc. xxii.

t.

2, t. 3, 4,

8. Chat. Anat.
"

93, 95, 99, 105

vi. 529.

(part).

SoLMS, Priiigsh. Jahrb.

J.

two plants being in no part immediate affinity those in which the connexion between parasite and nurse is solely by
;

Hooker

indicated the

wax

cellules in
t. 4),
t.

the intervention of a cellular tissue

those in

Bttlaniipltora [Trans.

Linn.

Soc. xxii.

and
in

which the

fascicles of the foster root are con-

EiCHLER (Mart. Tl. Bras. Balanoph.

Langsdorffia.

2)

tinued with those of the rhizome.

Weddeli,

This suhstance exists also in Thonningia. It has been called balanophoriitm and alanopjiorine. It renders L. hypoga so
combu-stible that tapers are

made of it at Bogota,

has pointed out that the two latter modes of insertion are united in Cynomorium. He describes, in the latter, radical suckers and tuberThe former have only a central cular suckers.
vascular fascicle
;

and torches in many parts of Columbia. ^ In Cynomorium, Sarcophyte, Mystropetalon. * Cynomorium coccineiim yields by pressure a reddish, bitter, and styptic juice described by BoccoNE as astringent in cases of sores, contusions,

the latter corre.spond to grafts

on the largest roots. " Nothing more variable than the disposition of the tissues in these
grafts."
^ The disposition of these fascicles becomes more regular in the cylindrical rhizomes.
7

htemorrhage,

dysentery,

etc.

The

Knights of Malta are said to have prepared from it a. powerful remedy for wounds received in battle. A dental opiate has been prepared from it, and an astringent decoction said to be
succes.ifully prescribed for certain ulcers.
' J.

JuNGHUHN

says

(Ao!J.

Acta

xviii.

Suppl.

223),

and the observation has been constantly

it

repeated, that B. glabra does not bear these

papilUe except in cases where

the same root as B. elongata.

springs from

Hooker has

classed the Balanophorca,

BALANOPHORACEJE.
rhizome of Cynomorum^ as " numerous,
tissue, so as closely to

511

filiform, straight or slightly

flexuose and irregularly distributed in the interior of the cellular

resemble the bundles of the same nature in a

Monocotyledonous stem from which they are always distinguished by their parallelism." He has seen these bundles continued from The bundle is formed the body of the rhizome to its ramifications.
of

two

difi'erent

elements

elongate cellules analogous to young

;

woody

fibre

and containing fecula

and, at the narrowest part of the

bundle, rayed or scalelike vessels passing even to reticulate vessels.

The parenchyma of a large number of Balanophoracece is permeated by hard or stony cellules or fibro-cellules, punctuate, and with walls
traversed by numerous channels in the direction of their thickness
;

they abound
etc.

especially in Langsdorffia hypoga, certain Balanophora,

In Langsdorffia, Eichler^ has seen branches of a rhizome formed of a parenchyma consisting of elongate cellules in a vertical direction, and traversed lengthwise by twenty or thirty thin fibrovascular bundles, disposed on a transverse circular or elliptical section,

according as the organ

is

cylindrical or compressed, nearly

equidistant from the centre and the surface, here and there anasto-

mose, but corresponding to the general plan of organization of DicoThe vessels are loosely reticulate, rayed or punctuate, but tyledons.
not annular or
spiral.

Prosenchymatous

cellules, containing proto-

plasm and voluminous cytoblasts, are interposed with the vessels,

'[J'^G'eh

named, this tissue jiseudoparenchi/ma.

The

cellular tissue is

elongate in a vertical direction and

consists of smaller elements near

Those quite superficial are often elongated in subulate The soft cellules hairs, formed of two cellules placed end to end. of the parenchyma are ordinarily punctuate.
the surface.
J.

Hooker^ resumed and verified the

Balanophora^

principal points of the internal

structure of

He

thinks that in

genus the rhizome continues to having put forth numerous floriferous branches in a single season, dies the following autumn, whilst in B. involucrata, for example, the rhizome may live a long time and flower every year. It requires several weeks for an aerial branch to emerge from the rhizome and
for
1

grow

many species of this many years, and after

Arc/i.

Mus. X. 277,
11.

t.

26.
t. 2, fig.

'
"

Hook.
See

f. loc. cit. 13, t. 2,

Bg.

4.

EicHL. Mart. Fl. Bras. Balanoph.

S, 5, 6,

also,

on this question, the memoir of

II. fig.

Hook.

Y.

Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii.

t. 2.

GosrrERT, cited above, principally plate 28* and 30*.

12

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

flovvers.

bear

Balanoplbora

is

a good example of a type in which

is

the vascular tissue of the parasite

root,

continuous with that of the

and

J.

Hooker has

seen, in

macerated plants of B. dloioa, the

vascular bundles, condensed at the time of vegetation, group them-

from the base of the divisions of the plant in the rhizome to the inflorescence. The root of the plant on which B. fungosa grows being destitute of medulla, he has seen the
selves in continuous masses

branches which

it

appears to send into the parasites furnished with a

of these branches terminate abruptly at

medulla, and the

wood

some

distance from the base of the rhizome.

cylindrical masses of cellular tissue, contained a small

rayed or imperfectly spiral vessels.

of
as

J.

The branches, terminated in number of Hooker rejects the opinion

Gppeet and Unger, who consider the rhizome of Balanophora a body intermediate between the foster plant and the parasite.
lines,

In B. involucrata in germination, he observed in the axis of the

rhizome faint and transparent

without

formed of elongate
rudiments
of

cellules,

wax
;

or

stone,

surrounding the

vascular

bundles

and, without seeing examples,

he presumes that these

root.
;

bundles descend thence to the vascular system of the

The rhizome
times,

is
it

however,
'

most frequently destitute of ajjpendages someThe appendages of the aerial bears scales.

branches
fungals.

are of various kinds.

At

the base

is

a sort of case or

volva which has been compared, erroneously, to that of the higher

Higher up, the

scales,

which occupy the place of

leaves,

are alternate, opposite, free or more rarely connate.'^

They

are often

wanting on a considerable portion or the whole length of the branch below the inflorescence. At its level, on the other hand, the scales
ordinarily reappear, often enveloping the entire inflorescence in early

age, then changing their character and becoming narrow or claviform

under the flowers, sometimes peltate

floral

at the level of the secondary

groups, as in Gynomorium.

Bracts and bracteoles are often

absent under the female flowers.

'

These often emerge from the rhizome

as

an

'

In Balanophora ihvolucrata
t.

Hook

f. [Tiaiis.

adventitious bud.

Linn. Sue. xxii. 30,

4-7).

GENERA.
Balanophora
:

1.

FoRST.

Flowers monoecious or

dioecious.

Male
to 60

flower

perianth 3-6-phyllous (coloured), rarely 2-phyllous, valvate.

to folioles of perianth or

Stamens equal in number

more (up

in crowded sub-6-gonal cellules, singly 1-rimose), connate in a capitule; filaments connate in central column; anthers 1-2-locuIar, sub-

rotund and transversely rimose or hippocrepiform, sometimes linear

erect, longitudinally

rimose or 6-gonal and rimose.

naked
1,

germen

ovoid, attenuate in slender style, 1-locular.

Female flowers Ovule

inserted under apex of cell or short (1 -cellular) funicle, descending,

;

anatropous pauci-cellulose

integument
;

0.

Fruit nucamentaceous

Seed putamen hard, 1-spermous. completely filling cavity of putamen, descending albumen copious grandicellulose, oily embryo superior very small subrotund pauciexocarp thin siibcrustaceous
;

cellulose.

Fleshy
or
;

fungiform parasitic plants (coloured); rhizome

stellately
lenticellate,

tuberous

elongate

simple

or

lobed

or

branched

floral

branches breaking from rhizome

aerial, at

base

sheathed in volva, clothed with imbricate alternate or rarely opposite,

free or connate scales or

naked above

flowers in a terminal spike or

;

globose or elongate more rarely clavate capitule

inflorescence 1-2;

sexual

male flowers in 2-sexual

inferior, rather larger pedicellate

female very small, in 2-sexual inflorescence superior, shortly racemose or spicate in secondary axes, sometimes subverticillate " and

growing together in a subhomogeneous velvety

layer," ebraeteate
;

or minutely granular

secondary axes small, not floriferous at apex and

dilated to a clavate (spadicellate) body.

(Wai'm Asia and Oceania.)

33

See

p. 503.

VOL. VI.

514

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Dactylanthus Hook.
f.

2 ?

Flowers

dicioiis

naked

males

consisting of 1, 2 stamens; filaments very short; anthers subovoid, 2-rimose. Female fiowers consisting of bare gyncium (of Balano-

phora)

internal structure

plant, in appearance like

and fruit not known. Balanophora rhizome

; ;

fleshy parasitic

(starch bearing ?)
1 -sexual
;

tuberous, irregularly lobed

short basilar
;

aerial floral

branches

vol va
inflo-

scales

imbricate, ovate or oblong, persistent

of amentiform ebracteate
(?)
;

rescence terminal

consisting

spadicules

disposed in a subrotund

corymb

flowers (very small) ebracteate.

{New Zealand.)
8.

See
;

p. 505.

Sarcophyte
3, 4,

Spaem.

Flowers

dieious.

Male

flower

perianth 3-4-lobed

lobes concave within, valvate or subinduplicate.

Stamens
base
;

opposite folioles of perianth and adnate with

;

them

at

filaments cylindrical erect

;

anthers terminal capitate multi-

locellate

cellules

irregularly

poricidal.

Female flower naked.

Gormen
1-locular,

short sessile, crowned with short discoid papillose style,

1-3-ovulate

ovules
(?)
;

descending anatropous subovoid,

funicle short,
little

reduced to an amniotic sac

obtusely 3-goual.
pericarp
;

1-cellular.

Fruit

scantily drupaceous (similar to

germen and a
oily

larger)

putamen

Seed

1,

descending, completely filling cavity of

;

albumen
oily.

small-celled

Fleshy
;

large-celled,

embryo subcentral globose

plants
;

(coloured)

rhizome tuberous

generally lobed, esquamate

aerial floriferous branches sheathed at

base

with short volva

scales
(?)
;

persistent

flowers in a terminal

bracteate ramose raceme

solitary

secondary branches ebracteate bearing

male flowers or capitate female flowers connate at base.

(South. Australia .)^SeG p. 505.

4.

Mystropetalon Haev,
3-phyllous
;

Flowers
;

moncious.

Male flower

perianth

folioles

unguiculate

cochlear-subspathulate
;

unequal, connate at base, valvate

2 posterior more higlily connate

anterior a little shorter narrower.

Stamens

3,

opposite folioles of
;

perianth
fertile
;

anterior sterile smaller or scarcely perceptible

;

2 posterior

filaments slender adnate to perianth at base

versatile
;

anthers ovoid
rimose.

extrorse,

cells

2,

2-locellate,

longitudinally
:

Female flower recejjtacle ovoid concave, enclosing adnate germen and bearing perianth inserted on margin above; folioles 3, connate at base in pitcher or tube, free
sterile.

Gymccium rudimentary

BA1AN0PIWRACE.E.
above.

515

Stamens 3
;

sterile,

opposite foliolos, minute, or

0.

2,

opposite

posterior folioles

the third very small or

Germon

inferior 1-

locular

style slender cylindrical elongate, at

apex capitate stigma-

tose, subentire or slightly 3-lobed.

Ovules 1-3, descending, inserted

(?)
;

on short
sac.

1 -cellular funicle,

anatropous, reduced to an amniotic

;

Fruit scantily drupaceous

albumen fleshy
oily.

Fleshy
?
; ;

oily large-celled

putamen thin. 1 embryo superior ovoid small-celled

Seed
,

descending

(coloured) parasitic plants, starch-bearing

;

rhizome

...

aerial floral branches scaly

flowers in a terminal 2-sexual

spike

males above
;

females below more numerous,

1-bracteatc

lateral bracteoles 2

female portion of inflorescence

much

longer

than male.
5.

(South Africa.)

Cynomorium
;

See 505. Micheli. Flowers polygamous.

p.

Receptacle

of male flower short

folioles of perianth (?) 1-8, oftener

unequally
rarely
;

distant bracteiform linear-clavate (coloured).

(?) 2]
;

Stamen

1, [or

filament slender erect subulate

anther introrse, versatile

cells 2, introrse, 2-locellate, longitudinally rimose.

Germen

rudi-

mentary oblong clavate

at or

canaliculate, obtuse at apex.

Eeceptacle of

female flower ovoid very concave, enclosing adnate germen, bearing

under the margin of the perianth bracteiform

folioles similar

to those of the

inferior, 1-locular

male flower (sometimes more rarely 0). Germen Ovule 1 co -cellular, style simple stigmatose.
;
,

inserted under apex of

cell,

descending, incompletely anatropous

micropyle downwards
to

coat simple.
(as

Hermaphrodite flower similar

thin
;

female

stamen

in male flower) epigynous, interior to

perianth.

Fruit nutlike;
;

pericarp

subcoriaceous.

Seed
;

1,

descending, filling cell

of ovoid

testa rather thick

;

subcorneous oily

radicle

embryo acute facing micropyle

;

cellules small oily.

(Red)
;

fleshy parasitic plants

rhizome tuberous ramose, clothed with root-

like processes of various

form

aerial floral branches scaly, partly

naked
sessile

flowers in cylindrical or oblong ovoid terminal spike

males

on common receptacle
European,
Isles.)

hermaphrodite and female small few

in secondary axes, racemosely

regions,
African,,
p. 506.

cymose

(?),

bracteate.
the

(Mediterravean.
Sounga.ria,

and

Asiatic,

East,

Carmry
6 ?

See

Langsdorffia Mart. Flowers monoecious. Male flower folioles ovate marginate concave, perianth 2-3-merous (coloured)
;

332

516

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

;

valvate

2 anterior, the third posterior.

folioles
;

and opposite

Stamens equal in number filaments connate in cylindrical column

;

anthers dorsally coherent, extrorse, 2-loeular, 4-locellate; clefts 2

longitudinal, confluent at apex.

Receptacle of female flower hollow

linear-prismatic tubular enclosing adnate germen, above produced to

irregular epigynous margin (perianth

?)

Style

terminal cylindrical
;

simple, stigmatose from middle.

micropyle extrorsely superior.

of style, sparsely drui^aceous
;

Ovule in cell 1, descending (?) Fruit at apex umbilicate with scar putamen rather hard. Seed filling
;

putamen
parasitic

albumen copious
plants,

large-celled oily

embryo subglobose

axile, situate higher

than centre,
or
less

small-celled.
;

Fleshy

(coloured)
;

more

pilose

rhizome tuberous lobate

branches sometimes long cylindrical, creeping or ascending; aerial

floral

branches, girt at base with lobed volva, higher clothed with

;

acute imbricate scales

flowers in spikes or 1 -sexual terminal ovoid

;

or subglobose capitules

males free ebracteate pedicellate (sometimes

gynsecia)
;

intermixed with abortive

united
together

females

sessile

ebracteate,

above or in their whole length.

p.

[Both

trop.

Americas.)
7. ?

See

507.

Thonningia Vahl.
Male flower
:

Flowers

dioecious

(nearly of Langsof

2-6 separate linear-subulate squamules. Stamens 3-6, 1-adelphous; column thick

dorffia).
perianth (?) consisting
conical fusiform
;

anthers extrorse, 2-locular, 4-locellate, 2-rimose

Female flowers (externally of Langsdurffia); perianth (?) epigynous longer tubular internal structure (as of fruit) unknown. Fleshy (red) parasitic plants; rhizome ("from tuberous centre?") ramose branches creeping cylindrical tomentose floral branches
valves thin.
;

aerial springing laterally from branches or lobes (" adventitious ");

volva, scales, terminal inflorescence, etc. (where

dorjjia.

known) of Langs-

{Trop,

ivcst.

Africa.)

See

p.

508.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA

CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME.

Angolam, Adans., 271 Angolamia, Scop., 271 Acanthinophyllum, Allem., Angopbora, Cat., 321, 368 Anisopbyllea, R. Be., 295, 307 154. 203 Acanthochlamys, Spach, 227 Anisophyllum, Don., 296 Anisotes, Lindl., 431 Acca, Beeg, 356 Achy mus. Solan D., 198 Anogeissus, Wall., 268, 283 Acicalyptus, A. Gb at, 313, 358 Anogra, Spach, 463 Acmena, DC, 357 Anstrutbei'ia, Gaedn., 307 Acrandra, Beeg, 356 Antberylium, Vahl., 434, 454 Acrossilntbus, Peesl, 382 Anthodiscus, Maet., 47 Actegeton, Bl., 11 Antliodon, R. & Pa v., 47 Actinodiuin, Schau, 324, 370 Antiaris, Lesch., 157, 2li6 Adamaram. Rheed. 284 Apbananthe, Pl., 143, 191 Adambea, Lamk, 455 Apbanomyrtus, MiQ., 336 Adeiiaiia, H. B. K.. 433, 451 Apotenum, Bl., 410 Adenosepalum, Spach, 386 Aquilaria, Lamk.. 102, 123 Adenotvias, Space, 386 Ai'jyrodendrou, Kl., 263 Adolphia, Meissn., 63, 92 Arillastrum, Pancii., 320, 366 Aetia, Adans, 263 Aijuna, Jones, 455 Agallochuni, Rumph., 102 Arongana, Pers., 384 Agassizia, Spach, 464 AiTudea,A. S.-H., 392 Agasta, MiERS, 374 Arthrosolen,CA.MET,112,136 Agatliisanthes, Bl., 271 Artocarpus, L.. 151, 202 Agonis, DC, 316, 360 Ascyrum, L., 358 Alaugiuni, Lamk, 271, 286 Aspidandra, Hassk., 167 Alaternus, T., 53 Aspidocarpii^, Neck., 83 Alcanna, Gjebtx., 456 Astartea, DC, 317, 361 Alicastruin, P. Be., 211 Asterantbos, Desf., 333, 380 Allantlms, Tnw., 148, 196 Asterocarpus, Eckl. & Zeth., Allanblackia, Oliv., '101, 423 38 Allantoma, Miers. 379 Asterog3-ne, Wall., 40 Alnaster, Endl., 224 Asteromyrtus, Schau., 362 Alnaster, Spach, 224 Astra, Schau., 373 Alnus, T., 223, 257 Astrotbeea, Miees, 395 Alpliitonia, Reiss., 56, 79 Ataxandria, Benth., 350 Alzatea, R. & Pav.. 4, 32 Aubletia, GiERTN., 376 Amanella, MiQ., 442 Aubletia, Lour., 83 Ameletia, DC, 442 Aulacocarpus, Beeg., 313, 359 Aminauia, HorsT., 440, 459 Aulomyicia, Beeg 353 Amomis, Beeg, 353 Avellana, Bauh., 227 Ampalis, Boj., 146, 193 Azima, Lamk., 11, 44 Ampelocera, Kl., 144, 192 Anaelissa, Endl., 101 Anamomis, Geiseb., 309 Babingtonia, Lixdl., 361 Ancistrolobus, Spach. 385 Baclibousi.i, HooK. & Harv., Androgyne, A. DC, 233 321, 368 AndrosaBmum, All., 387 Badamiii, G.eetn., 268, 283 Androstyliuni, MiQ., 395 Bckea, L., 316, 361 Aneuriscus, Peesl., 402 Bagassa, Aubl., 155, 204
Abbevillea, Beeg, 355 Abeiicea, Bell, 142, 188
,

Balanophora, Foest., 503, 513 Balanops, H. Bn., 240, 261

Balaustion, Hook., 317, 361 Balboa, Pl. & Tel, 399
Ballardia,

Monteouz., 366

Balsamaria, Loue., 410

Balsamona, Vandell., 453 Banava, Camell., 455 Banksia, Domb., 453 Banksia, Foest., 138 Baraultia, Steud.. 291 Bairaldeia, Dup. -Th., 291,303 Baningtoiiia, Poest.,326, 374 Batis, RoxB., 198

Baumannia, Spach, 463

Beaufortia, R. Br., 318, 363 Beaubavnoisia, R. & Pay., 401 Bejuco, Loefl., 13 Belionkandas, Celt., 480
Belvala, Adans., 137

Desvx., 331 Bercbemia, Neck., 56, 80 BertboUetia, H. B., 331, 379 Bertolonia, Spkeng., 401 Betula. T., 220, 257 Betulaster, Reo., 222
Belvisia,

Betulaster,

Spach, 222

Bbesa, Ham., 39 Billiottia, R. Br., 360

Billottia,

Colla, 363

Blackstonia, Scop., 402 Bleekrodoa, Bl., 151, 201 Blenuoderuia, Spach, 464 Blepbaristemma, Wall., 295,
3(16

Blepbarocalyx, Bebg., 309 Blepbaroclilaniys, Pkesl., 505 Boaria, Griseb., 37 Boisduvalia, Spach, 464 Boscia, Velloz., 131 Bosqueia, Dop.-Tn., 160. 210
Bosscberia, Vr. & Tetsm.. 212 Botryoropis, Peesl., 326 Bracl)3-sipbon, A. Juss.. 101 Bratbydiuni, SpACH, 386 Bratbys, Mut., 388 Brebissonia. Spach, 470 Brindonia, Dup.-Th.. 4U6
Britoa, Beeg., 355 Broccbia, Maue., 19

518
Brosimiiiii, Sw.,

INDEX
209

(IF

GENERA JND HUB-GENERA.

PuEsn., 466, 494 Clavimyrtus, Bl., 313, 357
Clarkia,
Cleistocalyx, Bl.,
Clercia,

Cariniana, Casae, 328, 377

Carpinites, Ung., 250 Carpinu.s, T., 227,' 258

Broussonetia, Vent., 146, 195 Bruguiera, Lamk., 290, 303

Bucephalon, Plum., 195

Suceras, P. Br., 283

Caryophyllus, T., 313, 357 Caryospermum, Bl., 39

Cassine, L., 4, 34 Cassine, Mill, 4, 33 Cassipouiea, Aubl., 294, 306 Castanea, T., 233, 260 Castaneopsis, Bl., 233 Castanopsis, Don, 237
Castilloa,

358 Velloz., 47

Buchenavia, EicnL., 268, 283 Bucida, L., 268, 283 Burchardia, Neck., 356 Bureava, H. Bn., 263
Butoiiica, J., 32(i

Cletbrnpsis, Spach, 224 Cloezia, Be. & Ge., 366 Clusia, L., 395, 421

Buxus,

T., 16,

48

Catalissa,

Ceevant, 157, 207 Miees, 413

Cacoucia, Atjbl., 263 Csia, Velloz., 79 Cahotia, Kaesi., 395 Cajuputi, Adans., 362 Calaba, Pldm., 410
Calius, Blanco, 167 Calla;ocarpus, MiQ., 237

Callistemou, R. Be., 362 Calophylica, Pkesl., 87 Calophyllum. L., 410, 428 Calopyxis, TuL., 263 Calothainniis,LABTLL., 318,363 Oalucechinus, Hombe., 237 Calusparassus, Hombe., 237

Calycampe, Berg., 353 Calycolpus, Beeg., 310

Calycorecte.s,

Lamk., 267, 283 Beeg., 313, 359 Calycothrix, Meissn., 372 Calylophis, Spach, 463 C'alylophus, Spach, 463 Calymmatanthiis, Sceau., 371 Oalyplectus, R. & Pav., 457 Calypso, Ditp.-Th., 47 Calyptrantlies, Sw., 311, 355 Caljptrantbvi.s, J., 355 Calyptromyrcia, Beeg., 353 Calyptrop.sidium, Beeg., 356 Calysaccion, Wight, 426 Calvsericos, Eckl. & Zeth., 127 Calythrix, Labill., 325, 372 Oambea, Ham, 375 Cambogia, L., 406 Canipboromyrtus,ScHAir.,361 Campomanesia, K. & Pav., 311, 355 Camptotbeca, Dcne., 271, 285 Campylopus, Spach, 38(> Campylosporus, Spach, 386
Calycopteris,

Canipylostemon,'VVELW.,16,47
Canalia, Schm., 127 Cannabis. T., 162, 218

Canotia, Tore.,

7,

Capriticus, Ga.sp.,

42 212

Capuia, L., 134 Carallia, RoxB., 291 Cai-diogyne, Bue., 148, 197 Cardiolepis, Rakin, 53 Careya, RoxB., 328, 375 Carica. MiQ., 212

Combretum.L., 263, 280 Commersona, Sonne, 326 Commersonia, Commers., 38 Celastrus, L., 5, 36 Commirliea, Miees, 401 Celtis, T., 142, 189 Comptonia, Banks, 245 Cenchramidea, Peesl., 396 Condalia, Cav., 58, 84 Cepbalotlopbi^, Bl., 196 Coiiocarpus, G/EETN., 268, 284 Ceratostachys, Bl., 271 Couocephalus, Bl., 161, 215 Cercodea, J., 477 Conopbyta, IsEET, 508 Cercodia, Muee., 477 Conothamnus, Lindl., 362 Cercophora, Miees, 378 Cookia, Gmel., 138 Ceriops, Aen., 290, 302 Cordylandra, Pl. & Tel, 396 Cerocarpus, Hassk., 358 Coridium, Spach, 386 Cerquieria, Beeg., 353 Coimonema, Reiss., 56, 79 Cerroides, Spach, 233 Cornelia, Aeduin, 440 Cervispina, Mnch., 69 Corylus, T., 225, 258 Chtaome, Pl., 192 Corynostigma, Peesl., 466 Chamjejasme, Amm., 135 Coupoui, Aubl., 335 Chamlaucium, Desf., 322, Couratari, Aubl., 329, 378 369 Couronpita, Aubl., 329, 378 Cbamsenemim, Tausch., 467 Cous.sapoa, Aubl., 162, 215 Cbamissonia, Link, 464 Covellia, Gasp., 212 Cbeynia, Dbumm., 361 Crantzia, Sw., 16 Chicarronia, A. RiCH., 284 Cratericarpium, Spach, 464 Cbiratia, Monteous, 376 Cratoxylon, Bl., 365, 393 Cblamydauthus, C. A. Met., Crematostemon, Hoet., 424, 135 448 Chlamydobalanus, Endl., 233 Crenea, Aubl., 451 Chlorouiyroii, Pees., 426 Criuva, Pl. & Tel, 395 Cbloropboia, Gaudich., 196 Cruviopsis, Pl. k Tel, 396 Cbiysocblarays, Ppp., 401, Crocoxylon,EcKL. & Zeyh.,33 423 Crossopetalum, P. Be., 34 Chrysoliga, W., 450 Crossophyllum, Spach, 386 Cbrysoi-rboe, Lindl., 371 Cro.ssostigma, Spach, 468 Chrysostacbys, Pohl, 263 Crossostylis, Porst., 293, 304 Chuiicoa, Pav., 268, 284 Cniinenaria, Maet., 60, 86 Cbydenantbus, Miees, 374 Cryptadeni, Meissn., 128 Cbylisma, Nutt, 464 Cryptandra, Sm., 62, 90 Chymococca, Meissn., 113,137 Crypteronia, Bl., 438, 458 Chytraculia, P. Bb., 355 Cryptostemon, F.MuELL.,370 Cbyti'alia, Adans., 355 Cryptotbeca, Bl., 442 Cliytroma, Miees, 379 Cubospermum, Lour., 466 Cicnko\vskia,REa.&RACH.,21 Cudrauia, Tec, 155, 205 Circa?a, L., 473, 498 Ciulranus, Ru,virn., 205 Cbirisia, R. & Pav., 218 Cuorvca, Tel, 13

Catalium, Ham, 291 Catappa, G.i;etn., 268, 284 Catha, Endl., 36 Catba, FoHSK., 3, 31 Catbastruin, TuECZ, 5, 36 Catinga, Aubl., 357 Catunis, Loue., 148, 196 Ceanotbus, L., 57, 81 Cecropia, Lobfl., 162, 216

Clusiantbemum, Vieill., 406 Clusia.struin, Pl. & Tri., 396 Clusiella, Pl. & Tel, 400, 422 Ciiei)roide.s, Spach, 134 Coapia, Pis., 3S2 Coccifera, Spach, 233 Cochlanthera, Chois., 395 Coleophova, Miees, 129
Colletia,

Commees.,

62, 91

Colubrina, Rich., 55, 78

Comarostignia,PL.& Tel, 407 Corabretocarpus, Hook. f. 297

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Cuphea, P. Be., 433, 453 Cuplueanthus,SEEM.,313, 357 Cyatliodiscus, HoCHST., 132 Cyclobalanua, Endl., 233
Drapetes, Lamk., 113, 138 Drosanthe, Spach, 386

519

Cynomorium, Micheli, 506, 515 Cynopsole, Endl., 503 Cynoxylon, Plum., 269 Cystogyne, Gasp., 212

Drosocarpium, Spach, 386 Drymispermum, Reinw., 104 Dryoptelea, Spacii, 142 Dryptopetahim, Aen., 304 Duabanga, Ham, 435, 455 Dubyaia, DC.,458 Dumartroya, Gaudich., 196 Duvernaya, Desp., 453

Eugenia, Micheli, 312,357 Eugeniastruui, Geisei., 358 Eugeniopsis, Beeg., 311,355 Eulinostoma, Meissn., 105 Eulobus, Nutt., 464 Eumelaleuca, H. Bn., 362 Eumyrtus, H. Bn., 310 Eunesaa, B. H., 450

Eunotbera,ToKE.

& Ge.,464

Dactylanthus,

HooK.

F.,

505,

Edgeworthia, Meissn., 111, 133 Dacty lopetalum, Benth., 295, Eusarcocolla, Endl., 100 Elfeodendron, Jacq. f., 4, 33 30G Euonymus, T., 1, 30 Elia, Cambess., 385, 393 Dais, L., 109, 129

514

Euosanthes, Cunn., 370 Eupellacalyx, H. Bn., 305 Euquapoya, H. Bn., 400 Euryomyitus, Schau., 361 Eusalacia, H. Bn., 47

Dantia, Pet., 466 Daphnanthes, C. A. Mey., 134

Eutristania, B. H., 364 EUobium, Lilj., 470 Euverticordia, Schau 371 Elodea, Spach, 386 Blodes, Spach, 386 Daphne, L., 111, 133 Elscholtzia, Rich., 378 Daphnikon, PouL, 13 Fabricia, GaiETN., 314 Embryogonia, Bl., 263 Daphnobryon, Meissn., 137 Daphnopsis, Maet. & Zucc, Kmmenosperma, P. Muell., Fagites, Ung., 250 Fagus, T., 237, 260 130 54,76 Fatioa, DC., 455 Encleisocarpon, MiQ., 233 Darwynia, EuDG., 323, 369 Fatoua, Gaudich., 150, 200 Encliandra, Zucc, 470 Davidia, H. Bn., 271, 285 Fatra. J., 283 Endodesmia, Benth., 393 Decalophiuin, TuHCZ., 322 Paya, Webb, 246 Deeaspermuin, PoEST., 310, Endonema, A. Jnss., 98, 101 Fegonium, Ung., 250 Enkleya, Geiff., 130 353 Feijoa, Bekg., 311, 354 Entelia, R. Be., 442 Decodon, Gmel., 450 Feliciana, Cambess., 356 Enydria, Velloz., 480 Demidofia, Dennst., 291 Fenzlia, Endl., 311, 354 Epicarpurus, Bl., 198 Denhamia, Meissn., 5, 36 Eckl. Epichroxantha, & Ferolia, Aubl.,211 Denhamia, P. Muell., 5
,

Dessenia, Adans., 127 Diarthroii, TuECZ., 112, 136

Zeyh., 127
Epilithes, Bl.,

481

Ficus, T.. 160, 211 Pleuria, MiQ., 201

Diatoma, Loue., 291

Dicranolepis, Pl., 107, 127 Dicranostachy.s, Tbc, 162,

Epilobium, L., 467, 495 Erema, Lindl., 318, 364

Florinda, Noronh., 38 Ftidia, Commees., 328, 375

Forrestia, Rafin.,

217
Didiplis,

Rafin, 440

Didymeles, Dur. -Th.,244,262 Didymophora, MiQ., 212 Diplachne, R. Bb., 371 Diplalangium, H. Bn,, 273 Diplandra, Hook. & Aen.,
474, 498
Diplestlies.

Hahv., 47

Diplocos, BUK., 149, 199

Diplodon, Speeng., 458

Diplomorpha, Meissn., 134 Diplusodon, Pohl, 437, 458 Diica, L., 110, 132 Discaria, Hook., 63, 91 Discostigma, Hassk., 407 Disomeiie, Banks & Sol., 483 Distegocarpus, S. & Zdcc.,228 Ditheca, Wight & Aen., 440 Dobera, J., 12, 45 Dodecas, L., 432, 451 Dofia, Adans., 132 Dorstenia, Plum., 149, 199 Dorvalia, Gommes.. 476 Doxoma, MiERs, 375 MoNTlioux, Draparnaudia, 365

Eremanthe, Spach, 386 Eremopyxis, H. Bn., 373 Eremosporus, Spach, 388 Ericomyrtus, TuECz., 361 Eriosolena, Bl., 133 Eriosycea, MiQ., 212 Erosma, Both , 212 Erytbrobalanus, Spach, 233 Erythrogyne, Vis., 212 Eschweilera, Maet., 379 Esculus, Gat, 233 Eubeaufortia, H. Bn., 363 Eubetula, Eeg., 223 Eucalyptus, Lhe., 320, 367 Eusastanea, H. Bn., 237 Eucastanopsis, A. DC, 237 Eucelastrus, H. Bn., 37 Euceltis, H. Bn., 190 Eucentrus, Peesl., 36 Bucharidium, FiscH. & Mey., 467 Euclissa, Endl., 101 Euclusia, Pl. & Tel, 396 Eucuphea, Khne, 454 Eudesmia, R. Bb.. 867 Euendonema, H. Bn., 101 Eufagus, A. DC.. 239 Eufuchsia, H. Bn., 470

81

orsgardia, Velloz., 263

Francisia,

Endl., 370

Frangula, T., 53
Frauenhof'era, Mart., 6, 40 Ge., 365 Fremya, Bb.

&

Friedlandia, Chah., 458 Fropiera, Hook. f., 439 Fuchsia, Plum., 469, 496 Funifera, Leande., 131

Funkia, Dennst., 281

Galactodendron, H. B. K., 211

Gallifera,

Bauh., 245 Spach, 233 Galoglychia, G asp., 212

Gale,

Galumpita, Bl., 191

Garcinia, L., 405, 425 Gaslondia, Vieill., 357 Gaura, L, 471, 496

Gauridium, Spach, 472 Gauropsis, Peesl.,466 Gayophytum, A. Juss., 465,493 Geissolonia, Lindl., 19, 51 Gelpkea, Bl., 358 Genetyllis, DC, 370 Genoria, Pees., 451

520

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Haplopetalum, A. Gray, 304
Hargasseria, A. Rich., 130 Hargasseria, Schied.&Depp.,

Getonia, RoxB., 283 Gimbernatia, R. & Pav., 284 Ginora, L., 432,451 Ginoria, Jacq., 451 Ginoria, Sess. & Mo., 450 Gironniera, Gaudich., 143,

Isopbyllum, Spagh, 386

190
Glaphyiia, Jack, 314
Glisclirocaryon, Endl., 479 Glossopetalon, A. Gbay, 7, 42

Glossopetalum, Scheeb., 10 Glyptopetalum, Thw., 3 Glyschi-ocolla, A. DC, 101 Gnidia, L., 108, 127 Guidiura, Spach, 134 Godetia, Spach, 464 Gomidezia, Beeg., 353

Gomphanthei-a,PL.&TBi.,396 Gonatocarpus, W., 477

Gongylocarpus, Cham., 472,

497
Goniocarpus, DC, 477 Gonistylus, Tetsm. & Binn,
105, 124

Gonjocarpus, Kcen., 477 Gonocavpus, Ham, 263 Gonocarpus, Thunb., 477

Gonophyllum, Eckl.& Zeth., 128 138 Goodallia, Benth., 130 Heteropyxis, Haev., 444 Gouania, L., 59, 85 Heterostemum, Nutt., 464 Goupia, AuBL., 10, 44 Hexachlamys, Beeg., 357 Greggia, GiEETN., 357 Hippocratea, L., 13, 46 Grias, L., 376 Hippiiris, L., 484, 502 Grislea, Lcefl., 433, 452 Holoptelea, Pl., 142, 187 Gruropsis, Peesl., 466 Holosepalum, Spach, 386 Guaiava, T., 356 Holostigma, Spach, 464 Guapurium, J., 357 Homalocalyx, F. Muell., 326, Guiera, Adans., 267, 282 373 Guiiiia, Chueg., 411 Homalospermura, Schau., 314 Gunnera, L., 482, 501 Homoioceltis, Bl., 191 Gunneropsis, est., 483 Homoranthus, Cunn., 324, Gupia, J. S.-H., 10 370 Gustavia, L., 328, 377 Horau, Adans.. 281 Gymnagathis, Schatj., 362 Hornschuchia, Bl., 385 Gymnococca, Fisch. & Met., Hovenia, Thunb., 55, 77 Humulus, T., 165, 219 138 Gymnosporia.WiGHT & Arn., Huttum, Adans., 326 Hydrolytbrura, Hook, f., 443 5,36 Gymnothyrsus, Spach, 224 Hylas, BiGEL, 480 Gynotroches, Bl., 293, 304 Hypericum, Spach, 387 Gyrinops, G.etn., 104, ll^3 Hypericum, T., 386, 394 Gyrinopsis, Dcne., 103 Hypobrichia, Curt., 441 Hvpocalymna, Endl., 317, Gyrolecana, Bl., 233 361
Hmatostrobus, Endl., 508

130 Harmogia, Schau., 361 Havonga, Dup.-Th., 384, 392 HaroDgana, Lamk., 384 Hartmannia, Spach, 464 Hartogia, Thunb., 4, 34 Harveya, Plant., 132 Hauya, Mo. & Sess., 469, 495 Havetia, H. B. K., 4(X), 422 Havetiella, Pl. & Tel, 399 Havetiopsis, Pl. & Tri., 398 Hebradendron, Ghah., 407 Hedaroma. Lindl., 370 Hedraianthera, F. Muell., 37 Heimia, Link & Ott., 450 Heliantbostylis, H. Bn., 155, 205 Helicostylis, Tec, 208 Helinus, E. Met., 60, 86 Helminthosperma, Thw., 190 Hemiptelea, Pl., 142, 188 Hemiquapoya, Pl. & Tri.,400 Henslowia, Wall., 438 Heterogaura. Rothr.,472,497 Heterolsena, PiscH. &, Met.,

Jambosa,
Jeblia,

DC,

357

Jambosia, Rumph., 313, 358

Hoet., 474

Johnia, RoxB., 47

CoMMEES., 357 Jugastrum, MiEES, 379 Jungia, G.EETN., 361 Jussia, L., 466
Jossinia,

Kalengi, Rheed., 164 Kalopbyllodendron, Vaill.,

410
Kamptzia, Nees., 366 Kandelia, W. & Aen., 291, 303 Kanilia, Bl., 303 Karwinskia, Zucc, 54, 76 Kayea, Wall., 409, 427 Kelleria, Endl., 113, 137 Kierschlegeria, Spach, 470 Kissosycea, MiQ., 212 Kneiffia, Spach, 463 Kokoona, Thw., 4, 32 Kosaria, L., 200 Kuuzea, Reichb., 318, 364 Kurrimia, Wall., 6, 39

Lacerda, Beeg., 356 Lacbara, L., 128 Lachnea, RoY., 108, 128 Lafoensia,VANDELL , 437, 457

Lagerstrmia, L., 435,455

Lagetto, L., 131 Laguncularia, G^etn. f.,267,

281 Lamarchea, Gaudich., 318, 362 Lamarckia, Endl., 33 Lampropbyllum, Miees, 410
Lanessania, H. Bn., 158, 210 Langsdorffia, Mart., 507, 515

Lanigerostemma, Chap., 385

Lasiadenia,

Benth.,

109,

129
Lasiodiscus, Hook, f., 61, 88 Laureiibergia, Berg., 481 Laureola, Spach, 134 Zeth., 34 Lauridia, EcKL.

&

Lavauxia, Spach, 463

Lawsoiiia, L-, 436, 456 Leandria, A. Gbat, 309 Lecytliis, Lfl., 330, 379 Lecytbopsis, ScHR., 378 Legnotis, Sw., 306 Leiopyrena, Spach, 190 Lfiosycea, Miq., 212 Lcitncria, Chapm., 242. 261 Lepidobalanus, Endl., 233 Lepidopelnia, Kl., 49

& Pat., 37 Haloragis, R. Be., 479 Haloragis, Foest., 477, 500 Hambergera, Scop., 263
Hnkea, R.
Hambergeria, Neck., 263 Hapalocarpuni, W. & Arn.,

Ichthyosma, Schlchtl, 505

Ilex,
Ilex, T.,

Gat, 233 230

Imbricaria, Sm., 361 Inopbyllnra, BuEM., 410

Iridap.s,

Commers., 174

442

Isnardia, L., 465

INDEX OF GENERA AND SVB-GENERA.

Leptospermum, Forst., 314, Mailieria, Cambess., 311, 355 Maurocenia, Mill, 33 360 Lepiirandra, NlMM.,206 Mayteiius, Feuill., 6, 37 Megadendron, Miees, 374 Leucocarpon, A. Rich., 36 Megapteriuiu, Spach, 464 Leuconocarpus, Speuck, 403 Meionectes, R. Br., 479 Leucosmia, Benth., 104 Melaleuca, L., 362 Lliotzkva, ScHAU., 325, 371 Melanium, P. Be., 453 Limnopence, Vaill., 484 Linodendron, A. Gkat, 130 Melanocarya, Tn;;cz., 3 Linostoma. Wall., 105, 125 Mevilla, Anders., 453 Lipophyllum, Miees, 395 Meniebea, Sonner., 326 Lithoearpus, Bl., 233 Merlolix, Rafin., 464 Llavea, Liebm., 21 Mesua, L., 409, 427 Lopezia, CaV-, 474, 499 Meteoruis, LouK., 326 Metbyscopbyllum, EcKL., 31 Lophopetalum, Wight, 3 Lophostemoii, ScHOTT., 364 Metrosideros, Banks, 319, 365 Lophostoma, Meissn., 107, Meyropeltis, Welw., 204 126 Mezereum, C. A. Met., 133 Lophozonia, TuEcz., 237 Mezereura, Spach, 133 Lotopsis, Spach, 190 Micrantbera, Chois.. 401 Loudonia, Lindl., 479, 500 Microjambosa, Bl., 357 Ludwigia, L., 465, 494 Micromyrtus, Benth., 326, Ludwigiaria, DC, 466 373 Luma, A. Gbay, 310 Microptelea, Spach, 140 Lumnitzera, W., 266, 281 Microrbarnnus, A. Geat, 58, Lupulus, T., 165 84 Lyciopsis, Spach, 470 Microrbarnnus, Maxim., 53 Lygia, Fasan., 135 Miorotropis, Wall., 4, 31 Lysicarpus, F. Muell., 366 Middendorfia, Teautv., 440 Lysimachia, Bauh., 447 Milleporum, Spach, 386 Lysimachion, Tausch., 468 Milligania, Hook, f., 483 Lythrocuphea, Khne, 454 Misandra, CoMMEES., 483 Lythrum, L., 429, 449 Misandropsis, rst., 483 Mitrantbes, Berg., 355 Mitraiia, Gmel., 326 Macahanea, Aubl., 413 Molina, Commers., 93 Macarisia, Ddp.-Th., 293, 305 Mollia, Gmel., 361 Maegregoria, F. Mtjell., 44 Momisia, Dumort., 189 Macharisia, Endl., 293 Momisiopsis, Bl., 189 Macklottia, Koeth., 314 Monetia, Lhr., 12 Maclellandia. Wight, 456 Monoxora, Wight, 354 Madura, Ndtt., 147, 196 Monteverdia, A. Rich., 37 Macoubea, Aubl 413 Montinia, L. F., 469, 495 Macromyrtus, MiQ., 357 Montrouzeria, Panch., 404, Macrophthalma, Gasp., 212 424 Macropsidium, Bl., 309 Mooria, Montrouz., 320, 366 Macropteranthes, F. Mcell., Moronobea, Aubl., 403, 424 267, 282 Mortonia, A. Geat, 7, 41 Macrorhamnus, H. En., 54, Morus, T., 144, 193 76 Moya, Griseb., 37 Macrostegia, TnEcz., 138 Mullofullon.Dios, 480 Maillardia, Feapp.. 146 Miincbbaussia, L., 455 Maiten, Feuill., 37 Musanga, R.Br., 162, 217 Malaisia, Blanco, 196 Myginda, L., 34 Mammea, Plum., 408, 426 Myrceugenia, Berg., 310 Mangium, Rumph., 457 Myi-cia, DC, 311, 353 Mangle, Pluk.\., 287 Myrcianthes, Beeg., 309 Manglesia, Lindl., 363 Myrciaria, Beeg., 357 Mangostana, GaiETN., 406 Myriandra, Spach, 386 Maquira, Aubl., 157, 209 Myrianthus, P. Beauv., 162, Marcorella, Neck., 53 217 Marialva, Vandell., 401 Myrica, L., 244, 262 Marlea, RoxB., 273 Myrinia, LiLJ., 470 Maileop.sis, H. Bn., 273 Myriopeltis, Welw., 204
,

521

My riopbyllon

Vai ll ,480, 501 Myriophyllum, L., 480 Mvrobalanus, G^rtn., 268, 283 Myrrhinium, Schott., 312, 356 Myrteola, Beeg., 309 Myrtus, T., 308, 352 Mystropetalon, Harv., 505,
,
.

514
Mystroxylon, Eckl., 33

Ngelia, Zoll. & Mor., 59 Nagassarium, Rumph., 409 Nageia, GiEETN., 246

Nagbas, Herm., 409 Nahusia, Schneev., 470 Nania, Miq., 365

Napoleona, P.Be AUV., 331, 380 Naueleopsis, Miq., 157, 208 Nectandra, Berg., 127 Nectandra, RoxB., 105 Neerija, RoxB., 33 Neesia. Mart., 131 Nelitris, G.ertn., 353 Nematopyxis, Miq., 465

Nematostigma. Pl., 190

Neinatosycea, Miq., 212 Neriopbyllum, B. H., 364 Nesa, Gommes., 432, 450
Nesiota,

Hook.

f.,

61,

87

Nimmoia, Wight, 410

Noltia, Reichb., 55, 78

Nordraannia, FiscH.

&

Met.,

130
Norysca, Spach, 386 Notbofagus, Bl., 237 Notophsena, Miees, 91 Noyera, Tec, 157, 208 Nyssa, L., 269, 284

Ochetopbila, Miees, 91 Ocbrocarpus, Dup.-Th., 408,

426
Ociraastrum, RuPR., 473 Octolepis, Oliv., 105, 125 dematopus, Pl. & Tri., 399

noplea, Hedw., 80 notbera, L., 461, 493 Ogcodeia, Bur., 209

Oligospora, Pl.
Olinia,

&

Tri.,

399

Thunb., 48

Olmedia, R. & Pat., 155, 206 Olympia, Spach, 388 Ompbalantbera, Pl. & Tel,

396 Onagra,

461 Rafin., 486 Ophispermum, LouR., 102

T.,

Onosuri.?,

Opisanthes, LiLj., 466 Oreopbila, Nutt., 30 Oreoptelea, Spach, 142

522

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Phyllochlamys, BuE., 149, 199

Ortegioides, Soland., 442 Ortliostemon, Berg., 354 Osbornia, F. Muell., 322, 3C8 Ostrya, Micheli, 229 Ostryopsis, Dcne., 227 Ovidia, Meissn., 112, 134

Oxycarpus, Loue., 406 Oxymyrrhine, Schaf., 361 Oxystemon, Pl. & Tri., 395

Spach, 224 Pliymatocarpus, F. MnELi., 363 Physocalymma, Pohl., 437, 457 Pliysopodium, Desvx., 445 Pileanthus, Labili., 325, 371 Piliocalyx, Be. & Ge., 314, 358
Pliyllothyr.sus,

Pseudolmedia, Tec, 157, 207 Pseudonu>i-u, Bur., 146, 194 Pseudosorocea, H. Bn., 161,

213
Pseudostreblus, Bur., 149, 198 Pseudotreculia, H. Bn., 204
Psidiopsis, Berg., 356 Psidiura, L., 312, 356
Psilsea,

Miq., 127

Pilo-sperma, Pl.

& Tel,

400,

Psilosolena, Peesl.. 132 Psiloxylon, Dup.-Tn., 439,

Pachylophis, Spach, 463 Pachysandra, MiCHX., 19, 49 Pachysandria, Hook., 49

422
Pimelea,

459

Banks &

Sol., 114,

138
Pimenta, Lindl., 310, 353 Pinastella, Dill., 484 Piptocelus, TuECZ., 21 Piptochlamys. C.A.Met., 135 Piratinera, Aubl., 160, 211 Pirigara, Aubl., 377
Pisaura, Bonat., 474 Plssiantha, Hook, f., 305

Psoropbytura, Spach, 386 Psorospevmum, Space, 384,

Pachystima, Rafin., 3, 30 Pachytrophe, BuE., 193 Paiviea, Beeg., 355 Paletuviera, Dup.-Th., 303 Paliurus, T.. 58, 83 Pamea, Aubl., 268, 283 Panke, Feuill., 483 Pankea, est., 483 Papyrius, PoiE., 195 Parartocarpus, H. Bn., 154,

392
Ptelidlum, Dup.-Th.,
5,

35

Pterocelastrus, Meissn., 6, 38 Pteromyrtus, H. Bn., 313, 357

Ptilopbyllum, Nutt., 481

Ptolina, Nutt.,

441

Punica, T., 333, 381 Pursbia, Rafin., 480

204
ParasBonia, MiQ., 143, 191 Paratrophis, Bl., 146, 194
Parietaria, Leschen, 201 Parsonsia, P. Be., 453

Plagiostigma, Zucc, 212 Planchonia, Bl., 328, 374 Planera, Gmel., 142, 188 Platonia, Maet., 404, 425 Plecospermam, Tec, 148,

Endl., 5, 37 Pyrcspermum, Miq., 39 Pyrrantbus, Jack., 281

Putterlickia,

197
Plenckia, Reiss., 7, 41

W. & Aen., 5, 36 357 Plokiostigma, Schau., 8 Plutonia, Noeonh., 104 Podosycea, Miq., 212 Pceciloneuron, Bedd., 410,427 Pogonotrophe, Miq., 212 Poiviea, Commees., 263 Pokornya, Monteouz., 446 Pentapteropliylluin,DiLL.,480 Polyacantlius, Peesl., 36 Peplls, L., 440 Polycardia, J., 6, 38 Perebea, Aubl., 157, 209 Polygonum, PoiB., 164 Pereskia, Velloz., 13 Polyphema, Lour., 151 Peiicalymna, Endl., 314 Polythecandra, Pl. & Tel, Peripterygia, H.Bn., 39 395 PerissiLS, Miees, 413 Polyzone, Endl., 370 Perpensum, Buem., 483 Pomaderris, Labill., 61, 89 Perrottetia, H. B. K., 6, 39 Pontoppidana, Scop., 378 Petalocarpum, Ddp.-Th., 35 Portenschlagia, Teatt., 33 Petaloma, DC, 291 Pouiouma, Aubl., 161, 214 Petaloma, Roxb., 281 Prieurea, DC, 466 Petalopogon, Reiss., 87 Primulopsis, Toee.&Ge.,463 Petersia, Welw., 328, 375 Proserpinaca, L., 482, 501 Pevra, Commees., 263 Proteophyllum, Spach, 190 Phteostoma, Spach, 466 Pseudais, Dcne., 104 Phaleria, Jack, 104, 124 Pseudalangium, P. Muell., Pharmacosycea, MiQ., 212 273 Phloiauthera, Pl. & Tel, 396 Pseudocaryophyllus, Beeg., Phylica, L., 60, 86 310 Phyllocalyx, Beeg., 357 Pseudogunnera, rst., 483
Pleurostylia.

Paryphantha, ScnAC, 373 Pasania, MiQ., 233 Passerina, L., 113, 136 Pautsauvia, J., 273 Peddiea, Haev., 110, 132 Pellacalyx, Koeth., 293, 305
Pelonastes,

Pleurandra, Rafin., 486 Pleurocalyptus, Bk. & Gr., 319, 365 Pleurophora, Don., 431, 449

Quapoya, Aubl., 398. 421 Quartinia, Endl., 443 Quelusia, Vandell., 470
Quercinium, Ung., 2.50
Quercites,

Ung., 250

Pieurostemon, Kafin., 486

Plinia, L.,

Quercus, T., 230, 259 Quiina, Aubl., 411, 428

480 Peltostigma, Pl. & Tel, 407 Pemphis, Foest., 437, 456 Pena, L., 95, 100 Pentadesma, Sab., 404, 425 Pentagonaster, Kl., 364 Pentaptera, Koxn., 268, 284 Pentapteiis, Hall, 480
f.,

Hook,

Quilamum, Blanco, 438 Quisqualis, L., 266, 280

Raddisia, Leandr., 47

Rademacbia, TnuNB., 151

Radojitskya, TuRCZ., 128 Ramatuella, H. B. K., 268, 283 Receveura, Velloz., 386
Regelia, Schau., 363 Reissekia, Endl., 60, 85

Renggeria, Meissn., 398

Rengifa, Ppp., 398 Retamilia, Miers, 93 Retanilla, Ad. Be., 63, 99 Retinaria, G^eetn., 59

Retinostemon, Pl. & Tel, 396 Reyno.sia, Geiseb., 84

Rhacoma,

L., 5,

34

Rhamnella, Miq., 53

Rbamnidium, Keiss., 54, 75 Rbamnus, T., 52, 75 Rheedia, L., <108, 426 Rbeediopsis, H. I5n., 407 Rbinostigma, MiQ., 406
Rhizophora, L., 287, 302 Rhodarania, Jack., 311, 354 Rbodorayrtus, DC, 310, 352 Rbyacopbila, Hochst., 443,

460

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Rhyma,
Scop., 409

523

Rhytinandra, A. Gray, 273 Richiia, Dup.-Th., 307 Riesenbachia, Presl., 476 Rima, Sonner., 151 Rinzia, Sceau., 361 Robur, Space, 233 Romnalda, Thi., 13 Roscyna. Space, 386
Rotala, L., 442 Roumea, Wall., 133

Singana, Aubl., 413 Sipboneugenia, Berg., 357 Siphonodon, Griff., 7, 40 Sitodium, Banks, 151

Sympbyomyrtus,ScBAU.,320, 367 Syndris, Lindl., 230

Synaptolepis, Oliv., 107, 126 Syncarpia, Ten., 319, 365,

Skapbium, MiQ., 105 Skinnera, Forst., 469

Sloetia,

366

Teysm. &BiNN., 151, Syncia, MiQ.. 212

Syzygium, G.aRTN., 313, 357

Eubachia, Berg., 355 Rubentia, Commees., 33 Rudbeckia, Adans., 284

201 Smythea, Seem., 57, 82 Soala, Blanco., 413 Soaresia, Allem., 214 Solenostigma, Endl., 189 Sonneratia, L. P., 328, 376 Sorooea, A. S.-H., 161, 213 Soulangia, Ad. Be., 87
Spacbia, Lilj., 470 Spallanzania, Neck., 377 Sparattosyce, Bur., 161, 213 Spermolepis, Be. & Ge., 366 Spbasrandra, Pl. Tel, 396 SphEerostignia, Ser., 464 Sphalantbus, Jack., 280

Sagaretia,

80 Sahagunia, Liebm., 161, 214

Ad. Br.,
56.
Salacia, L., 15, 47 Salicaria, T., 429

Talguenea, Miers, 63, 93 Tauibouca, Aubl., 284 Taraxia, Nutt., 464 Taxandria, Bentb., 360 Taxotrophis, Bl., 149, 198 Taxotrophis, F. Muell., 194 Teicbmeyera, Scop., 377

&

Temu, Beeg., 309 Temus, MoL., 309 Tenorea, Gasp., 212

Tepualia, Gbiseb., 319, 365 Terminalia, L., 267, 283

Lindl., 364 Salvadora, Garc, 12,46 Sanamunda, Clus., 135 Sarcoeocca, Lindl., 19, 49 Siircocolla, K., 97, 100 Sarcocordylis, Wall., 503 SarcodiscQs, Mart., 213 Sarcompbalus, P. Be., 55, 77 Sarcopbyte, Sparm., 505, 514 Sareynpia, H. Bn., 365 Sarotbi-a, L., 386 Schfferia, Jacq., 6, 37 Schidiomyrtus, Schau., 361 Schizocalyx, Berg., 313, 359 Scbizocalyx, Hocbst., 45
Salisia,

Sphenocarpus, Rice., 281 Sphondylastrum, Torr., 481

Spbondylophyllum, 480
Sponia,
Sponioceltis, Pl.,

ToRR.,

Commers., 190

190 Spyridium, Fenzl., 61, 89 Stackhousia, Sm., 8, 43

Stalagmites, Muer., 405 Stauroclusia, Pl. & Tri., 396 Stelecbospermum, Bl., 413 Stellera, GiEETN., 135 Stellera, Gmel., 112, 135 Stenantbemum, Reiss., 62,90 Stenocalyx, Berg., 357

Schizocarya, Space, 472 Scbizomyrtus, H. Bn., 359

SL'hizopleura, Lindl.,

363 Stenoebasma, MiQ., 218 Mart., 114, Stenodiscus, Reiss., 89 Stenosiphon, Space, 472 138 Scholtzia, Sceau., 317, 361 Stepbanodaphne, H. Bn., 107, Schousboca, W., 263 126 Scbrebera, Retz., 33 Sti-avadia, Pers., 326 Schrebera, TnuNB 34 Stravadium, J., 326 Schuermannia, F.Muell., 370 Streblus, Lour., 149, 198 Schufia, Space, 470 Stromadendruni, Pa v., 195 Schweiggera, Maet., 399 Strongylocaly.'c, Bl., 358 Sciadophila, Pbil., 84 Struthia, Rot., 127 Scopolia, L. F., 133 Strutbiola, L., 113, 137 Stylapterus, A. Juss., 97 Scutia, CoMMERS., 57, 81 Scybalium, Haev., 505 Stylidium, Lour., 273 Scypbaria, Miees, 62 Stylis, PoiR., 273 Scypbosyce, H. Bn., 159, 210 Styioceras, A. Juss., 19, 50 Scytopbyllum, Eckl. i&Zete. Suber, Space, 233 37 Suber, T., 230 Sellowia, Rote., 440 Suffrenia, Bell, 442 Senftenbergia, Kl. & Kaest., Sychiniura, Desvx., 200 507 Sycocarpa, MiQ 212 Seringia, Speeng., 35 Sycomorphe, MiQ., 212 Serpicula, L., 481, 501 Sycomorus, Gasp., 212 Sheadendron, Beetol., 263 Syllysium, Met. & Sceau., Sbringata, Jones, 476 357 Sicelium, P. Br., 47 Symraetria, Bl., 291, 445 Simmondsia, Nutt., 19, 50 Sympbonia, L. p., 4A)2, 424
Schnobiblus,
,

Terpnophyllum, Tew., 407 Tetracrypta, Gardn., 296 Tetradia, Dup.-Th,, 454 Tetrapasma, Don., 91 Teti-apora, Sceau., 361 Tetrastemon, Hook. & Aen., 356 Tetrataxis, Hook, f., 435, 454 Tbeapbyllum, Nutt., 39 Tbecanthes, Wikstr., 138 Thilco, Feuill., 470 Tbiloa, EicBL., 265 Thonningia, Vahl., 503, 516 Thryptomene, Endl., 326, 373 Tbymela, T., 112, 135 Thymelina, Hoffmsg 127 Thymopsis, Space, 388 Tindaparua, Reeed., 198 Tita, Scop., 306 Tolypeuma, E. Met., 450 Tombea, Br. & Gs., 376 Tomex, Foesk., 45 Tomostylis, Montrouz 445 Tonsella, Scbreb., 47 Tontelea, Aubl., 47 Tovomita, Aubl., 401, 423 Tovomitopsis, Pl. & Tel, 401 Toxylon, Rafin., 196 Tracbycarpus, Pl. & Tel, 101 Trapa. L.. 476, 499 Treculia, Dcne., 154, 204 Trema, LouE., 143, 190 Trematosycea, MiQ., 212 Trevoa, Miers, 63, 94 Triadenia, Space, 386 Tribuloides, T., 476 Tricera, Sw., 19 Tricbocepbalus, Ad. Br., 87 Ti'idesmis, Space, 385 Tridia, Korih., 386 Trigonocarpus, Wall., 32
,
,

524

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Uromorus, Bur., 194 Urostigma, Gasp., 212 Urtica, Thunb.. 201
Wicburea, Nees., 90 Wikstrmia, Endl., 112, 134 Willemetia, Ad. Br., 78 Wimmeria, Schlchtl., 6, 38 Winterlia, Spreng., 440
Woodfoi-dia, Salisb., 433,

Trigonotheca, Hochst., 31 Triplandron, Benth., 396 Tripterococcus, Endl., 8 Tripterygiiim, Hook, f., 7, 41 Tristania, E. Br., 318, 364
Tristaniopsis,

Tritheca,
Trixis,

Be. &Gb., 364 W. & Aen., 440

Mitch., 482

Trophis, P. Be., 146, 195 Trophis, Ketz., 198

Trymalium, Penzl., 61, 88 Trymatococcus, Ppp., 202 Tubanthera, Commees., 78 Tubo-Avellana, Space, 227 Tupelo, Catesb., 269 Tylanthus, Reiss., 87

Velaga, GiEETN., 455 Ventilago, GiEETN., 57, 82 Verticillaria, R. & Pav., 426 Verticordia, DC, 324, 371 Viuentia, Allem., 284 Vigiera, Velloz., 466
Visiania, Gasp.,

452

212

Vismia, Vandell., 382, 392 Vittmanuia, W. & Aen., 78 Vyenomus, Peesl., 1

Xanthe, Scdeeb., 396 Xantbocbymus, RoxB., 405 Xantbostemon, E. Muell., 319, 365 Xylopleurum, Spach, 463

Ugni, TuEcz., 309 Ulmus, T., 140, 187

Walpersia, Reiss., 87 Webbia, Spach, 388 Weibea, Speeng., 295, 307

Zauschneria, Peesl., 467, 494 Zelkova, Spach, 142, 188 Zinowiewia, TuECz., 5, 35 Zizypbus, T., 58,83 Zugygium, P. Be., 355

END OF VOL.

VI

OltBEKT AND KIVINGTON, PRINTERS,

ST.

JOHN

SQUARE, LONDON.

M-

New

York Botanical Garden Library

QK97

Billon,

.B3 1871 v.6 gen H./The natural history of plant

5185 00092 9735