Brain Imaging

Team Ben

Image: http://www.med.yale.edu/library/historical/cushing/gallery.html

History
May have been started by Leonardo Da Vinci injecting wax into an ox brain. Sir Charles Bell exposes the anatomy of the brain in a series of watercolour Drawing by Harvey Cushing ca (190010) plates from 1823. Images shifted from the artistic to the photographic in the 1900s. Walter Dandy introduced ventriculography in 1918 it enabled surgeons to pinpoint a tumour using X-rays. In 1927, scientists were able to visualise blood vessels in the brain for the first time when Egas Moniz pioneered cerebral angiography.
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/science/eureka/article7012173.ece
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http://www.drawingsofleonardo.org/i ages/brainphysiology.jpg

http://www a thist.u n.edu/ lasses/AH3315/sp ing2007/I ages/Leona do_Ventri les.jpg

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http://sciencebl gs.com/neurophilosophy/Charles_Bell_Antomy_of_the_brain_Plate_3rd.jpg

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_angiography

Structural

Photos
You can just take pictures of the brain

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Post mortem
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http://alzheimers.about.com/library/blbrain.htm
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http://www.utdallas.edu/~kilgard/brain.jpg http://i.livescience.com/images/080418-human-brain-02.jpg

During surgery

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http:// indyourowngodda nbusiness.co /wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/brain.jpg

Computed axial tomography (CT Scans)

How: uses a series of x-rays Use: Evaluating brain injuries Produces: 2D slices of brain showing density Pro: Quick, easily available Problems: Radioactive, lack of detail, expensive

http://www.jnch.nic.in/CT-Scan.jpg

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http://co http://www.strokecenter.org/education/ais_ ri_vs_ct/oit-ct02-4.jpg

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

How: Magnetic field/radio waves Use: research, finding tumors. Produces: 2D/3D detailed images Pros: very detailed Problems: No indication of function, time consuming
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Functional

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Electroencephalography

How: records electrical activity, ERP Use: Research Pros: cheap ($50k-$100k), detailed time wise Cons: Poor spatial resolutions, surface based
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Magnetoencephalography
How: recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents in brain Use: Research/ diagnosing epilepsy Produces: measurements of electrical activity Pros: measure in realtime, good localisation, millisecond to millisecond Cons: poor localisation of deep sources, expensive $1.5million

Single Positron Emission Computer Tomography

How: Uses gamma rays from radioactive tracer Use: diagnosis and patient monitoring in both neurology and psychiatry including neurological diseases (dementias), epilepsy, head trauma, neoplasms and cerebrovascular diseases. SPECT can be used to complement any gamma imaging study, where a true 3D representation can be helpful. E.g. tumor imaging, infection (leukocyte) imaging, thyroid imaging or bone imaging.

Positron Emission Tomography

How: measures emissions from injected radioactive water Use: Medical (oncology) and Resarch Produces: 2D/3D image Pros: Good localisation 1cm Cons: very expensive $4mill, radioactive substance used, poor time course 40 sec

fMRI
How: magnet measures position of oxygenated blood Use: Research and diagnosis of stroke Produces: 2D Slices Pros: Excellent localisation (2mm), Cons: mixed time course 2 sec, loud, claustrophobic, $1-3million