Nicotinamide adenine dinucIeotide

phosphate, abbreviated NADP+

fIavin adenine dinucIeotide (FAD)
Guanine di phosphate (GDP)
#espiration in pIants
eIIuIar respiration
The breaking of the C-C bonds of complex
compounds through oxidation within the
cells, leading to release of considerable
amount of energy. The compounds that
are oxidized during this process are known
as respiratory substrates
(carbohydrates).
All the energy contained in respiratory
substrates is not released free in to the
cell, or in a single step. t is released in a
series of slow step wise reactions
controlled by enzymes, and it is trapped as
chemical energy in the form of ATP.
Do plants breathe?
YES
Plants have no specialized organs for gaseous
exchange (Why?) but they have stomata and
lenticels.
Each plant part take care of its own gas-
exchange needs because there is very little
transport of gases from one plant part to
another.
Plants do not present great demand for gaseous
exchange. Roots stems and leaves respire at
rates far lower than animals do.
O2 is released with in the cell during
photosynthesis.
IycoIysis
Glycolysis is the process in which glucose
is broken down into two molecules of
pyruvate (pyruvic acid). t occurs in the
cytoplasm of the cell and is an anaerobic
(without oxygen) process. Glucose is
being broken down to extract as much
stored energy as possible.

There are two major parts to
glycolysis.
The first part :Two molecules of ATP are used instead of
being formed. t is necessary to spend energy to extract
the energy stored in glucose. The two molecules of ATP
are used to push one molecule of glucose up the energy
hill. Two molecules of G3P result.
n the second stage of glycolysis the 2G3P are broken
down into two molecules of pyruvate. Here 2NAD are
reduced to 2NADH, 2ADP are phosphorylated to
2ATP,again 2ADP are phosphorylated to 2 ATP . As a
result 2 pyruvate molecules are synthesized. There is a
net of 2 ATP from glycolysis. (2 ATP used, then 4 ATP
synthesized = net of 2 ATP.)
The fate of pyruvate
There are three major ways in which
different cells handle pyruvic acid.
1. Lactic acid fermentation
2. Alcoholic fermentation
3. Aerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration
Takes place in mitochondria. The pyruvate is
transported from cytoplasm to mitochondria.
The crucial events in aerobic respiration:
1. The complete oxidation of pyruvate by step by
step removal of hydrogen atoms, leaving 3
molecules of CO2.
2. The passing on of the electrons removed as
part of the hydrogen atoms to molecular O2
with simultaneous synthesis of ATP.
Pyruvic acid+ oA+ NAD
+
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Mg
2+
AcetyI oA +
2
+ NADH + H
+
TricarboxyIic Acid ycIe
Iectron Transport System
The metabolic pathway through
which the electron passes from
one carrier to another
The Respiratory Balance Sheet
Net gain of ATP for every glucose
molecule oxidized.
Comparison of fermentation and
respiration
Amphibolic Pathway
The term amphiboIic is used to describe a biochemical
pathway that involves both catabolism and anabolism.
The citric acid cycle (The Krebs Cycle) is a good
example. The first reaction of the cycle, in which
oxaloacetate (a four carbon compound) condenses with
acetate (a two carbon compound) to form citrate (a six
carbon compound) is typically anabolic. The next few
reactions, which are intramolecular rearrangements,
produce isocitrate. The following two reactions are
typically catabolic. -COO is lost in each step and
succinate (a four carbon compound) is produced.
#espiratory Quotient
'olume of CO
2
evolved
RQ= ----------------------------------
'olume of O
2
consumed
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
== 6CO
2
+6H
2
O+ ENERGY
6
RQ= ---------
6