(Linear Wire)

( , )

3.1

l
l
ground

dipole antenna

monopole antenna

3.2

l Helmholtz Equation
n

2 A + k 2 A = J

A=

jkR

V J e R

dv

n : source (far field) 0

source
(At an infinite distance from a source, the fields must
be either vanishingly small or propagating in an outward
direction.)
n

J : electric current density

A : magnetic vector potential

k=

2
= : wavenumber ()

l Radiated Fields
n : E = j A +

1
( A)
j
1

n : H = A

3.3 (Infinitesimal Dipole)

(1)
l
n very small : l <<
n very thin : a <<
l
n Phasor form: I ( z ) = az I 0 , I 0 = constant
n : I ( z , t ) = Re[ I ( z ) e j t ] = az I 0 cost
l Radiated Fields
n

A=

V J e R

jkR

dv = 4 l / 2 az I 0
l/2

e jkr
r

d z A = az

I 0 l jkr
e
4 r

n Electric Field

Er =

I 0l cos
2r 2

E = j

1 jkr
1
+
, = intrinsic impedance

e
jkr

= 120 = 377

kI 0 l sin
4 r

1
1 jkr
1 + jkr ( kr ) 2 e

E = 0
n Magnetic Field

H r = H = 0

H = j

kI 0 l sin
4r

1 jkr
1
+

e
jkr

J, I, A, E .

(2) Far Field Region (kr>>1)

1/2

kI 0 l sin jkr
e
4r

E = j

H = j

E r E = H r = H = 0

kI 0 l sin jkr E
e =
4r

l
n

Prad

I0l
= E H ds =
3
S

Rr =

1
2

2 Prad
2

I0

(W)

2 l
2 l
=
= 80 ()
3

1
n If l = 50
, Rr = 0.316 . Very small!

kI 0l sin 2

n Wav = Re[ E H ] = a r
(W/m2)
2
2 4
r
2

1
2

kI 0 l
n U = r Wav =
sin 2 (W/sr)
2 4
2

l
n

D0 = 4

U max
= 1.5
Prad

l HPBW=90o

3.4

(1)

l=/2 (l/2=/4)

l Far-field approximation :
n For phase terms, R r z cos
n For amplitude terms, R r

l Current distribution

2
I ( z ) = I 0 cos
z = I 0 cos(kz )

l z I(z )

I 0 l I ( z ) dz

rR

kI ( z ) sin jkR
kI 0 e jkr sin

n dE = j
e dz = j
cos k z e jkz cos d z
4R
4 r
kI ( z ) sin jkR
kI 0 e jkr sin
n dH = j
e dz = j
cos kz e jkz cos dz
4R
4r

kI 0 e jkr sin
n E = dE = j
4
4r

cos k z e jkz cos dz

I 0 e jkr cos(2 cos )

= j
2r
sin
I 0 e jkr cos( 2 cos )
n H = j
2 r
sin
n

E r E = H r = H = 0

Prad

I 0 2 cos2 ( 2 cos )
= E H ds =
d
4 0
sin
S
1
2

I0 2 1
I 02
=
Cin (2 ) =
2.435 = 36 .525 I 0 2 (W)
4 2
8
l

Rr =

2 Prad
I0

= 36 .525 2 = 73 .05 ()

I 0 cos2 (2 cos )
l Wav = Re[ E H ] = ar
(W/m2)
2 2
2
8 r
sin
2

1
2

I 0 cos2 ( 2 cos )
l U = r Wav =
(W/sr)
8 2
sin 2
2

sin 3
l
l

D0 = 4

U max
= 1 .643 = 2.156 (dBi)
Prad

HPBW=78o

l Total Input Impedance (from Moment Method)

l

Z in = 73 + j 42 .55 ()

l Reactance
u

u
(Make more capacitive with shorter charge separation.)

u : l = 0.47 ~ 0.48
(thicker)

(thinner)

u For shorter length: Z in = Rr + j 0 , Rr < 73

3.5
l
n Schematic plot

l
l

I ( z ) = I 0 sin k z , z
2

I 0 e jkr cos[( kl / 2) cos ] cos(kl / 2 )

2r
sin

E = j

H =

E r E = H r = H = 0

n
()

1
2

3
4

5
4

3
2

(dBi) 2.156 2.746 3.822 5.162 3.474

1.643 1.882 2.411 3.282 2.225

7
4

3.748 4.026
2.370 2.527

l Rin = radiation resistance appearing at feed terminals

l Rr = radiation resistance at current maximum

10

l Resistance and Reactance for a thin wire

11

3.6 /4 (Quarter-Wavelength Monopole)

l /4

image current

12

l ,
n

I 0 2 / 2 cos2 ( 2 cos )
2
= E H ds =
d

=
18
.
263
I
(W)
0

0
4

sin

Prad

Rr =

1
2

2 Prad
I0

= 18 .263 2 = 36 .525 ()

n : Z in = (73 + j 42 .55) / 2 = 36.5 + j 21 .28 ()

I 0 cos2 (2 cos )
n Wav = Re[ E H ] = ar
(W/m2)
2 2
2
8 r
sin
2

1
2

I 0 cos2 ( 2 cos )
n U = r Wav =
, 0 / 2 (W/sr)
8 2
sin 2
2

l
n

D0 = 4

U max
15 /
= 4
= 3.285 = 5.156 (dBi)
Prad
18.263

13

l Vertical Radiation Pattern

5/8 monopole: lowest angle of radiation
and highest gain

l Finite Ground Effect (h=/4)

r=3/2
r=3/4
r=3

3.7

Conjugate Matching : Z 0 = Z in*

14

l Stub-Matching and Quarter-Wavelength Transformer

n Stub-matching :
n Quarter-wavelength transformer: Z0, Rin
u Matching section : Z1 =

Z 0 Rin

(Smith chart)
.
.

15

3.8

l
n
(Reactance )
(Ground)
(parameter)

l
n FM : Whip
n pole ,

n TV () - (array)

n : http://www.cbham.co.kr/
.

16

n ,

:
.
n HAM : HF, VHF , UHF
u HF : f=1.9MHz, 3.5MHz, 3.8MHz, 7MHz, 10MHz,
14MHz,18MHz, 21MHz, 24MHz, 28MHz
u VHF : f=50MHz, 144MHz
u UHF : f=430MHz , 1.2GHz, 2.4GHz
l : http://www.karl.or.kr/

17