Contents
Overview Preliminary Study Site Visit & SI Planning Pile Design Pile Installation Methods Types of Piles
Contents (Contd)
Piling Supervision Pile Damage Piling Problems Typical Design and Construction Issues Myths in Piling Case Histories Conclusions
Overview
What is a Pile Foundation It is a foundation system that transfers loads to a deeper and competent soil layer.
PILE CLASSIFICATION
Friction Pile
Load Bearing Resistance derived mainly
from base
Friction Pile
Overburden Soil
Preliminary Study
Preliminary Study
Type & Requirements of Superstructure Proposed Platform Level (ie CUT or FILL) Geology of Area Previous Data or Case Histories Subsurface Investigation Planning Selection of Types & Size of Piles
SELECTION OF PILES
Factors Influencing Pile Selection
Types of Piles Available in Market (see Fig. 1) Installation Method Contractual Requirements Ground Conditions (eg Limestone, etc) Site Conditions & Constraints (eg Accessibility) Type and Magnitude of Loading Development Program & Cost etc
TYPE OF PILES
DISPLACEMENT PILES
NON-DISPLACEMENT PILES
TOTALLY PREFORMED PILES (A ready-made pile is driven or jacked into the ground)
DRIVEN CAST IN-PLACE PILES (a tube is driven into ground to form void)
Solid
Concrete Tube
Steel Tube
Steel Pipe
Concrete
PREFORMED PILES AUGERED PILES TYPE OF PILE STEEL H PILES TIMPER PILES BAKAU PILES SPUN PILES PSC PILES STEEL PIPE PILES
LEGEND :
JACKED PILES BORED PILES
RC PILES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
MICROPILES
8 x
INDICATES THAT THE PILE TYPE IS SUITABLE INDICATES THAT THE PILE TYPE IS NOT SUITABLE INDICATES THAT THE USE OF PILE TYPE IS DOUBTFUL OR NOT COST EFFECTIVE UNLESS ADDITIONAL MEASURES TAKEN
<100 KN SCALE OF LOAD (STRUCTURAL) 100-300 300-600 COMPRESSIVE LOAD PER COLUMN 600-1100 1100-2000 2000-5000 5000-10000 >10000 <5m BEARING TYPE MAINLY END -BEARING (D=Anticipated depth of bearing) 5-10m 10-20m 20-30m 30-60m MAINLY FRICTION PARTLY FRICTION + PARTLY END BEARING TYPE OF BEARING LAYER LIMESTON FORMATION WEATHERED ROCK / SOFT ROCK ROCK (RQD > 70%) DENSE / VERY DENSE SAND SOFT SPT < 4 TYPE OF INTERMEDIATE LAYER COHESIVE SOIL M. STIFF SPT = 4 - 15 V. STIFF SPT = 15 - 32 HARD SPT > 32 LOOSE SPT < 10 COHESIVELESS SOIL M. DENSE SPT = 10 - 30 DENSE SPT = 30 - 50 V. DENSE SPT > 50 S < 100 mm SOIL WITH SOME BOULDERS / COBBLES (S=SIZE) 100-1000mm 1000-3000mm >3000mm GROUND ABOVE PILE CAP WATER BELOW PILE CAP NOISE + VIBRATION; COUNTER MEASURES ENVIRONME REQUIRED NT PREVENTION OF EFFECTS ON ADJOINING STRUCTURES UNIT COST (SUPPLY & INSTALL) RM/TON/M
a a ? x x x x x ? a ? x x a a ? x x x a a ? x a ? x x x x x x a x a ?
a a a ? ? x x x ? a ? x x a a ? x x ? a a a ? a a ? x ? x x x a a a ?
a a a a a a a ? ? a a a a a a ? a ? a a a a a a a a a a ? ? ? a a ? ?
? ? a a a a a a ? a a a a a a ? a ? a a a a a a a a a a ? ? ? a a ? ?
0.3-2.0
? ? a a a a a a ? a a a a a a ? a ? a a a a a a a a a a ? ? ? a a ? ?
? a a a a a a a ? a a a a ? a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ? ? a a ? ?
? a a a a a a a ? a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ? ? a a ? ?
a a a ? ? ? x x x ? a a a a a a ? ? a a a a a a a a ? a ? ? ? a a a a
1-2
x x a a a a a a a a a a a a a ? a a a a a a a a a a a a a ? ? a a a ?
0.5-2
? a a a a a a ? a a a a ? ? ? a a a a ? a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
1.5-3
a a a ? ? ? x x ? a a a a a a a ? ? a a a a a a a a ? ? x x x a a a a
1-2.5
GEOTECHNICAL
0.5-2.5
1.0-3.5
Indicative Rates : Mob & Demob Supply Drive Cut Excess, Dispose + Starter Bars Movement Drilling in Soil Drilling in Rock API Pipe Grouting Pile Head RM 50,000.00 RM 33.00 / m RM 30.00 / m RM 200.00 / Nos RM 50,000.00 RM 42.00 / m RM 32.00 / m RM 200.00 / Nos RM 20,000.00 RM 200.00 / Nos RM 110.00 / m RM 240.00 / m RM 120.00 / m RM 85.00 / m RM 150.00 / Nos
Site Visit
Things To Look For Accessibility & Constraints of Site Adjacent Structures/Slopes, Rivers, Boulders, etc Adjacent Activities (eg excavation) Confirm Topography & Site Conditions Any Other Observations that may affect Design and Construction of Foundation
CROSS SECTION
BH BH
C1, 1
BH
Seepage
C3, 3
Water Table
Stage 2: Detailed S.I. - Boreholes at Critical Areas Interpreted from Stage 1 Stage 3: During Construction - Rock Probing at Selected Columns to supplement Stage 2
Pile Design
PILE DESIGN
Allowable Pile Capacity is the minimum of :
1) Allowable Structural Capacity 2) Allowable Geotechnical Capacity a. Negative Skin Friction b. Settlement Control
PILE DESIGN
Structural consideration
Not overstressed during handling, installation & in service for pile body, pile head, joint & shoe. Dimension & alignment tolerances (common defects?) Compute the allowable load in soft soil (<10kPa) over hard stratum Durability assessment
capacity fcu = characteristic strength of concrete fs = yield strength of steel Ac = cross sectional area of concrete As = cross sectional area of steel
Collection of SI Data
0 0 2 4 50 100 150
Depth (m)
6 8 Upper Bound 4
10
12
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Collection of SI Data
Depth Vs SPT-N Blow Count
0 0 2 4 6 2 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0
Depth (m)
8 10 12
Upper Bound
Depth (m)
8 10 12
6 14 16
Lower Bound
Design Line
18 20
10
22 24 26
Design Line
12
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Pile Capacity Design Geotechnical Capacity Piles installed in a group may fail: Individually As a block
Pile Capacity Design Geotechnical Capacity Piles fail individually When installed at large spacing
Pile Capacity Design Geotechnical Capacity Piles fail as a block When installed at close spacing
qsmob
qbmob
5mm
Settlement
Pile Capacity Design Factor of Safety (FOS) Partial factors of safety for shaft & base capacities respectively
For shaft, use 1.5 (typical) For base, use 3.0 (typical)
Qall = Qsu + Qbu 1.5 3.0
Calculate using BOTH approaches (Partial & Global) Choose the lower of the Qall values
Qs = skin friction
Qb = end bearing
Qu = .sus.As + sub.Nc.Ab
Qu = Ultimate bearing capacity of the pile a = adhesion factor (see next slide) sus = average undrained shear strength for shaft As = surface area of shaft sub = undrained shear strength at pile base Nc = bearing capacity factor (taken as 9.0) Ab = cross sectional area of pile base
0.8
0.6
C/Su
0.4 Adhesion Factor 0.2
Su (kN/m2)
Meyerhof SPT N
0 1 5 10 15 20 30 40
fsu=2.5N (kPa)
0 2.5 12.5 25 37.5 50 75 100
fsu=.su (kPa)
5 12.5 29.75 41.6 47 51.15 69 91.5
4 4
4 4
Qsu
Depth (m)
8 8
8 8
12 12
12 12
16 16
20 20
No risk of block failure if the piles are properly seated in the rock formation
Hf
OGL
Fill 0
s
Clay
3 Month
WARNING:
No free fill by the contractor to avoid NSF
Effect of NSF
Effect of NSF
Clay
Qsu
Clay
Qneg
Sand Qba
15
Settlement Curves & Axial Compression Force
14 May 98 15 May 98 18 May 98 21 May 98 04 Jun 98 09 Jun 98 19 Jun 98 02 Jul 98 13 Jul 98
20
25
30
35
Datum = 36.300m
40
Qult FOS
Qult FOS
(Qneg + etc)
Design for total settlement & differential settlement for design tolerance In certain cases, total settlement not an cases issue Differential settlement can cause damage to structures
Consolidation Settlement
pi =
Where
1 0 qn B
Eu
pi = average immediate settlement qn= pressure at base of equivalent raft B = width of the equivalent raft Eu= deformation modulus 1, 0= influence factors for pile group width, B at depth D below ground surface
1 0
Jacked-In Piling
Types of Piles
TYPES OF PILES
Treated Timber Piles Bakau Piles R.C. Square Piles Pre-Stressed Concrete Spun Piles Steel Piles Boredpiles Micropiles Caisson Piles
RC Square Piles
Pile Marking
Pile Lifting
Pile Positioning
Pile Joining
Spun Piles
Steel H Piles
Size : 200mm to 400m Lengths : 6m and 12m Structural Capacity : 40Ton to 1,000Ton Material : 250N/mm2 to 410N/mm2 Steel Joints: Welded Installation Method :
Hydraulic Hammer Jack-In
Steel H Piles
Drilling
Borepile Construction
Advance Drilling
Borepile Construction
Borepile Construction
Drill to Bedrock
Borepile Construction
Borepile Construction
Borepile Construction
Borepile Construction
Completed Borepile
Borepile Construction
BG22
Rock Auger
Rock Chisel
Harden Steel
DRILLING EQUIPMENT
Cleaning bucket
Coring bucket
Soil auger
BENTONITE PLANT
Desanding Machine
Water Tank
Mixer
Slurry Tank
Drilling
Lower Reinforcement
Completed Boredpile
Borepile Cosiderations
Borepile Base Difficult to Clean Bulging / Necking Collapse of Sidewall Dispute on Level of Weathered Rock
Micropiles
Size : 100mm to 350mm Diameter Lengths : Varies Structural Capacity : 20Ton to 250Ton Material : Grade 25MPa to 35MPa Grout N80 API Pipe as Reinforcement Joints: None Installation Method :
Drill then Cast-In-Situ Percussion Then Cast-In-Situ
H-Section Shoe
Piling Supervision
PILING SUPERVISION
Ensure That Piles Are Stacked Properly Ensure that Piles are Vertical During Driving Keep Proper Piling Records Ensure Correct Pile Types and Sizes are Used Ensure that Pile Joints are Properly Welded with NO GAPS Ensure Use of Correct Hammer Weights and Drop Heights
Pile Damage
Damage to RC Piles
Tilted RC Piles
Piling Problems
Results in
High Rates of Pile Damage High Bending Stresses
Seriously damaged pile due to severe driving stress in soft ground (tension)
Cracks& fractured
Results in
Negative Skin Friction (NSF) & Crushing of Pile Due to High Compressive Stresses Uneven Settlements
Solution #1
Use Oslo Point Shoe To Minimize Pile Damage
Pile Joint
Extension Pile
Solution #2
Detect Cavities through Cavity Probing then perform Compaction Grouting
Presence of Cavity
Building Collapse
Pile Plunges !
Solution #3
Carry out analyses to check the settlement compatibility if different piling system is adopted
Cracks!!
Renovation: Construct Extensions
Settlement
Hard Layer
SPT>50
Piling in Progress
Piling in Progress
Soft Layer
Soft!
Hard Layer
SPT>50
Cracks at Extension
Solution #4
-Strip footings / Raft -Floating Piles
Settlement
Exposed Pile
Fill
Comparison
Building on Piles Building on Piled Strips
Fill
Fill
Bandar Botanic
Myths in Piling
MYTHS IN PILING #1
Myth:
Dynamic Formulae such as Hileys Formula Tells us the Capacity of the Pile
Truth:
Pile Capacity can only be verified by using: (i) Maintained (Static) Load Tests (ii)Pile Dynamic Analyser (PDA) Tests
MYTHS IN PILING #2
Myth:
Pile Achieves Capacity When It is Set.
Truth:
Pile May Only Set on Intermediate Hard Layer BUT May Still Not Achieve Required Capacity within Allowable Settlement.
CASE HISTORIES
Case 1: Structural distortion & distresses
CASE HISTORY 1
Distortion & Distresses on 40 Single/ 70 Double Storey Houses Max. 20m Bouldery Fill on Undulating Terrain Platform Settlement Short Piling Problems Downdrag on Piles
Distresses on Structures
Void
70
Piling Contractor A
Offset 36.2m
Offset 13.1m
Offset 13.1m
60 R e d u c e d L e v e l (m )
Offset 13.1m
Building Platform
Original Ground Profile
50
? ?
N=34
40
N=30 N=5
? ? ? ? ?
N=40
30
N=29
? ?
N=25
Filled ground Original Ground Hard Stratum Borehole Pile Toe Pile Toe of Additional Piles
160000
200000
80
Piling Contractor A
Piling Contractor B
Offset 9.1m
70 R e d u c e d L e v e l (m )
Offset 9.1m
60
Profile with SPT 'N'30 N=34 N=28 N=41 Building Platform
50
N=30
? ?
40
N=5 N=29
30 0
Filled ground Original Ground Hard Stratum Borehole Pile Toe Pile Toe of Additional Piles
40000
160000
200000
Prevention Measures
Design:
Consider downdrag in foundation design Alternative strip system
CASE HISTORY 2
Distresses on 12 Double Storey Houses & 42 Townhouses
Filled ground: platform settlement Design problem: non-suspended floor with semi-suspended detailing Bad earthwork & layout design Short piling problem
e > Vc
V <V
PILE
PILECAP
BLOCK 2
Prevention Measures
Planning:
Proper building layout planning to suit terrain
Design:
Consider filled platform settlement Earthwork layout
Construction:
Supervision on earthwork & piling
SUMMARY
Importance of Preliminary Study Understanding the Site Geology Carry out Proper Subsurface Investigation that Suits the Terrain & Subsoil Selection of Suitable Pile Pile Design Concepts
SUMMARY
Importance of Piling Supervision Typical Piling Problems Encountered Present Some Case Histories
FERRARI S PITSTOP WAS COMPLETED BY 15 MECHANICS (FUEL AND TYRES) IN 6.0 SECONDS FLAT.