Generator Protection

GENERATOR PROTECTION
BY
1) A.ANILKUMAR GOUD (08J51A0206)
2) D.RAJESH (08J51A0215)
3) R.P.RAJEEV REDDY (08J51A0239)
4) Y.ANJANEYULU (08J51A0245)
TURBO GENERATOR
DIESEL GENERATOR
HYDRO GENERATOR
WIND GENERATOR
TYPES OF GENERATORS
SUB SYSTEMS OF GENERATORS
W STATOR
W ROTOR
W TRANSFORMER
GENERATOR MAIN-SYSTEMS
SUB SYSTEMS OF GENERATORS
W STATOR
W ROTOR
W PRIME MOVER
W EXCITATION SYSTEM
W VOLTAGE REGULATOR
W GOVERNOR
W COOLING SYSTEM
GENERATOR SUB-SYSTEMS
FAULTS IN GENERATOR
1. EXTERNAL FAULTS
2. INTERNAL FAULTS
3. ROTOR EARTH FAULT
4. FAULTS RELATED TO SUB
SYSTEMS
1. EXTERNAL FAULTS
I. OVER LOADING
II. UNBALANCE LOADING
III.SHORT CIRCUIT
IV.EARTH FAULT
W PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS
IN WINDINGS
W PHASE TO EARTH FAULTS
INTERNAL FAULTS
FAULTS RELATED TO SUB-SYSTEMS
UNDER VOLTAGE
OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER FREQUENCY
OVER FREQUENCY
REVERSE POWER
LOSS OF EXCITATION
LOW-FORWARD POWER
1YPES OF FAUL1S (S1A1OR SIDE)
VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT
THERMAL OVER LOAD
CURRENT UNBALANCE
OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER VOLTAGE
OVER FREQUENCY
UNDER FREQUENCY
LOSS OF FIELD
REVERSE POWER
UNDER POWER
1YPES OF FAUL1S (RO1OR SIDE)
ROTOR EARTH FAULT
EXCITATION UNDER VOLTAGE
EXCITATION UNDER CURRENT
DIODE FAILURE
PRO1EC1IOA PHILOSOPHY
TYPE OF GENERATOR
GENERATOR SIZE
NATURE OF GROUNDING
ECONOMY
TYPE OF CONNECTION
TYPE OF LOADS
ANOTOMY OF FAULTS
OJER CURREA1 PRO1EC1IOA OJER CURREA1 PRO1EC1IOA
STATOR FAULTS (EXTERNAL )
PLAIN OVER CURRENT
( SMALL MACHINES)
VOLTAGE DEPENDANT OVER CURRENT
(LARGE MACHINES)
PLAIA OJER CURREA1 PRO1EC1IOA PLAIA OJER CURREA1 PRO1EC1IOA
RELAY ON BREAKER SIDE
RELAY ON NEUTRAL SIDE
PLAIA OJER CURREA1 PRO1EC1IOA PLAIA OJER CURREA1 PRO1EC1IOA
FAULT AWAY FROM TERMINALS
(PLAIN O/C PROTECTION)
FAULT CLOSE TO TERMINALS
(VOLTAGE DEPENDENT O/C)
FAUL1 CLOSE 1O 1ERMIAALS FAUL1 CLOSE 1O 1ERMIAALS
JOL1ACE DEPEADEA1 OJER CURREA1 JOL1ACE DEPEADEA1 OJER CURREA1
- WHEN O/C FAULT, TERMINAL VOLTAGE REDUCES.
- RELAY MAY NOT TRIP, SINCE FAULT CURRENT
THROUGH RELAY MAY BE LESS THAN SET POINT
NECESSARY TO VARY THE O/C PICK UP SETTING
WITH RESPECT TO VOLTAGE
STATOR FAULTS
JOL1ACE COA1ROLLED OJER CURREA1 JOL1ACE COA1ROLLED OJER CURREA1
STATOR FAULTS
HAS TWO TRIP CHARACTERISTICS
THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE DECIDES
WHICH CHARCTERISTIC WILL BE
FOLLOWED BY THE RELAY WHEN
A FAULT OCCURS
JOL1ACE COA1ROLLED OJER CURREA1 JOL1ACE COA1ROLLED OJER CURREA1
STATOR FAULTS
I >
kI >
Vs >
Voltage Level
Pick up level
JOL1ACE RES1RAIAED OJER CURREA1 JOL1ACE RES1RAIAED OJER CURREA1
V/Vs
I`/ I>]
0.2 0.8
0.2
1.0
EAR1H FAUL1 EAR1H FAUL1
STATOR FAULTS
DEPENDS ON HOW
THE GENERATOR IS EARTHED
EARTHING OF GENERATORS
GENERATOR NEUTRAL IS EARTHED
- Ior stator protection
- Ior operator saIety
EARTHING OF GENERATORS - DIRECT EARTHING
Stator Windings
RELAY
EARTHING OF GENERATORS -
IMPEDANCE EARTHING
Stator Windings
TYPES OF IMPEDANCES
W RESISTOR
(CURRENT BASED PROTECTION)
B) TRANSFORMER
(VOLTAGE BASED PROTECTION)
C) TRANSFORMER
D) (CURRENT BASED PROTECTION)
RESISTANCE EARTHING
Stator Windings
CURRENT
RELAY
TRANSFORMER EARTHING (VOLTAGE BASED)
Stator Windings
VOLTAGE
RELAY
TRANSFORMER EARTHING (CURENT BASED)
Stator Windings
CURRENT
RELAY
TRANSFORMER EARTHING (OPEN DELTA)
Stator Windings
VOLTAGE
RELAY
OPEN
DELTA PT
VOLTAGE
RELAY
EAR1H FAUL1 EAR1H FAUL1
STATOR FAULTS
WHEN A FAULT OCCURES CLOSE TO NEUTRAL,
WITH IMPEDANCE GROUNDING, THE
E/F CURRENT MAY BE LESS THAN THE
PICK UP THRESHOLD OF THE NORMAL
E/F RELAY OR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
S1A1OR EAR1H FAUL1
EARTH FAULT NORMAL RELAY
100 EARTH FAULT SPECIAL RELAY
SENSES ABSENCE
OF 3RD HARMONICS
S1A1OR EAR1H FAUL1
0
TO 100
(Close to neutral faults)
Stator Windings
CURRENT
RELAY
a
If
V
II aV / R
S1A1OR EAR1H FAUL1
Measurement oI third harmonic voltage
across the earthing impedance
Use oI low Irequency voltage injection
between star point & earth
LOSS OF FIELD IA CEAERA1ORS
GENERATOR WILL OVER SPEED &
OPERATE AS AN INDUCTION GENERATOR
(OVER SPEEDS OF THE ORDER OF 2 TO )
GENERATOR WILL CONTINUE TO DELIVER POWER
WILL DERIVE EXCITATION FROM THE SYSTEM
STATOR CURRENT WILL BE 200
THERE WILL BE HEAVY ROTOR CURRENT
RESULTS IN OVER HEATING
PHASE ANGLE BETWEEN
ANGLE VOLTAGE & CURRENT
IMPEDANCE REPLICA OF
ANGLE - PHASE ANGLE
- 360
O
-
I
-
Z
0
o
(360
O
) FORWARD RESISTIVE
+30
o
FORWARD RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE
+60
o
FORWARD RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE
+0
o
FORWARD CAPACI1IJE (LOSS OF FIELD)
+120
o
REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWADRD CAPACITIVE
+10
o
REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD CAPACITIVE
+180
o
REVERSE RESISTIVE
+210
o
(-10
O
) REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD INDUCTIVE
+240
o
(-120
O
) REVERSE RESISTIVE + FORWARD INDUCTIVE
+270
o
(-0
O
) FORWARD INDUCTIVE
+300
o
(-60
O
) FORWARD INDUCTIVE + FORWARD RESISTIVE
+330
o
(-30
O
) FORWARD INDUCTIVE + FORWARD RESISTIVE
R
X
Z
LOSS OF
FIELD
NORMAL
LOSS OF FIELD
PRO1EC1IOA
R
X
Z
LOSS OF
FIELD
NORMAL
K1
K2
LOSS OF FIELD
PRO1EC1IOA
REJERSE POWER CEAERA1ORS
GENERATOR WILL BECOME MOTOR
HARMFUL TO THE PRIME MOVER
( STEAM TURBINE WILL OVER HEAT)
(DIESEL ENGINE WILL EXPLODE DUE
TO UNBURNT FUEL)
(HYDRAULIC TUBINE WILL HAVE CAVITATION)
IAADJER1AA1 EAERCISA1IOA
- APPLICATION OF FULL VOLTAGE AT
STANDSTILL
COASTING TO STOP
BEFORE SYNCHRONISM
- PRESENCE OF UNBALANCE VOLTAGE DUE TO
FLASH OVER AT IONE OR TWO POLES OF BREAKER
GENERATOR FORCED TO START AS
INDUCTION MOTOR RESULTING IN MECHANICAL
DAMAGES TO PRIME MOVER AND EXCESSIVE
HEATING IN THE ROTOR
V/Hz PROTECTION
- INCORRECT VOLTAGE REGULATOR ACTION
- LOAD THROW - OFF
- SUDDEN OVER VOLTAGE / OVER FREQUENCY
RESULTS IN OVER FLUXING OF GENERATOR
AND OVER HEATING
GENERATOR PROTECTION PACKAGES GENERATOR PROTECTION PACKAGES
CURREA1
MC11
MC61A
MC61C
IM30G
IM3G-V
JOL1ACE
MV11
MND11
MVP-01
DIFFEREA1IAL
MD32-G
SC14S
RO1OR
UBO/CR
SYACHROAISIAC
SCM21 / SPM21
ISLAADIAC
UFD34
UM30
MW33
LOAD SHEDDIAC
UFD34
MW33
MX7/
REX-8
LOAD SHARIAC
RRS

-
BC1
BC2
B1 B2 B3
G1 G2
G3
PT1
PT2
PT3
CT1
CT2
CT3
BUS-1 BUS-2 BUS-3
PULSES FOR
GOVERNOR &
EXCITER
PULSES FOR
GOVERNOR &
EXCITER
PULSES FOR
GOVERNOR &
EXCITER
LOAD SHARING OF GENERATORS
LSR LOAD SHARING RELAY
Fig. -1
L
S
R
L
S
R
L
S
R
L
S
R
L
S
R
L
S
R
GRID ISLANDING SCHEME
REVERSE POWER RELAY

LOW FORWARD POWER RELAY
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
DIRECTIONAL O/C + E/F RELAY
dF/dT RELAY
UNDER FREQ. RELAY
OVER FREQ. RELAY
VECTOR SURGE RELAY
DG
GRID INCOMER
TRANSFORMER
PLANT
LOADS

Fig. -2
SYNCHRONISATION
OF GENERATORS
SYNCHRONISING IS THE PROCESS OF
ELECTRICALLY CONNECTING
TWO AC POWER SOURCES WITH
ROTATING MACHINES
WITHOUT ANY DISTURBANCE TO
EXISTING SYSTEM AND
WITHOUT ANY DAMAGE TO THE
EXISTING SYSTEM
PARAMETERS GOVERNING
SYNCHRONISATION :
VOLTAGE
FREQUENCY
PHASE ANGLE

B1
B2
G1
G2
PT1
PT2
COMMON BUS
SYNCHRONISING OF GENERATORS
SCM 21
RESULTS OF INCORRECT SYNCHRONISATION
FREQUENCY ACTIVE POWER FLOW
HIGH FREQ. TO LOW FREQ.
PHASE ANGLE 1OLT TO THE SYSTEM
FATIGUE TO SHAFT
DAMAGE TO BEARINGS
OVER HEATING OF STATOR
VOLTAGE REACIVE POWER FLOW
HIGH VOLTAGE TO LOW VOLTAGE
TYPES OF SYNCHRONISING RELAYS
CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY
AUTO SYNCHRONISING RELAY
AD1USTABLE SETTINGS FOR F, V, -
MINIMUM V,F FOR CB CLOSURE
DEAD BUS / DEAD LINE SELECTION
CB CLOSURE ONLY IF - IS DECREASING
BREAKER OPERATING TIME
MINIMUM RECLOSING TIME
2LINE + 1 BUS CONFIGURATION
U/V + O/V PROTECTION
SYNCHRONISING TROLLEY
CHECK SYNCHRONISING RELAY
AUTO SYNCHRONISING RELAY AUTO SYNCHRONISING RELAY
IN ADDITION TO SCM21 FEATURES:
INC / DEC PULSES FOR GOVERNOR
INC / DEC PULSES FOR AVR
AD1USTABLE PULSE WIDTH
PULSES PROPORTIONAL TO F, V
KICKER PULSE CONTROL
ANTI MOTORING CONTROL
REVERSE SYNCHRONISATION
DG
GRID INCOMER
TRANSFORMER
PLANT
LOADS

GENEATOR PROTECTION - BUILDING BLOCKS FROM L&T
PROTn.
RELAY
DIFF.
RELAY
SYNCH.
RELAY
LOAD
SHARE
RELAY
GRID
ISLAND
RELAY
SCHEME FOR :
AUTO START, SYNCH.& LOAD SHARING
GRID ISLANDING & LOAD SHEDDING
COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE FOR
CENTRALISED DAS AND CONTROL
Fig.-3
PC SYSTEM
WITH
SOFTWARE

Generator Protection

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Generator Protection

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REVERSE POWER RELAY

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