Family Planning

Reproductive ability of individuals and couples to

Health
anticipate and attain their desired
Natural Family
Planning number of children and the spacing and
timing of their births.
Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine it is achieved through use of
Device
contraceptive methods and the
Hormonal treatment of involuntary infertility.
Sterilization

Source: Working definition used by the WHO

Department of Reproductive Health and
Research
 Goals of family
planning
Reproductive
Health birth spacing
Natural Family
Planning
birth limitation
Barrier helping infertile couples to
Methods
have children
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 General Instructional
Objective
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
To understand the underlying
Barrier
principles in the delivery of family
Methods planning services in the primary
Intrauterine
Device
health setting.
Hormonal

Sterilization
 Specific behavioral
objectives
Reproductive
Health Relate family planning with the
Natural Family
Planning
concept of reproductive health.
Barrier Correlate mechanism of action of
Methods the various FP methods with
Intrauterine
Device
reproductive anatomy and
physiology.
Hormonal
Describe family planning methods
Sterilization
within the context of informed
choice.
 Family planning
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family Family planning is part of the
Planning
comprehensive reproductive
Barrier
Methods health care within the context of
Intrauterine primary care
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Reproductiv
e Health
Reproductive
Health
Health
(RH)
Natural Family
Planning state of complete physical, mental and
social well- being and not merely the
Barrier
Methods
absence of disease or infirmity (WHO,
1946)
Intrauterine
Device in all matters relating to the
reproductive system and to its
Hormonal
functions and processes.
Sterilization
Ch VII PoA, ICPD, 1994
 Reproductive health
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family implies that people are able to
Planning
have a satisfying and safe sex life
Barrier
Methods have the capability to reproduce
Intrauterine and the freedom to decide if,
Device
when and how often to do so.
Hormonal

Sterilization
 Reproductive health
right
Reproductive
Health
Health right of men and women to be
Natural Family informed and to have access to
Planning
safe, effective, affordable and
Barrier
Methods acceptable methods of family
Intrauterine planning of their choice which are
Device
not against the law
Hormonal

Sterilization
 Is RH right human
right?
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Milestones for Human
Rights
Reproductive Universal Declaration of Human
Health
Health
Rights (1948)
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Human rights are
universal
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
Human rights must be the same
everywhere and for everyone.
 Human rights are
indivisible
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization

All rights should be treated with equal

importance; they are indivisible
 Human rights:
interdependent and
interrelated
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Milestones for
Human Rights
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
1979- Convention on
Planning Elimination of All Forms of
Barrier
Methods
Discrimination Against Women
Intrauterine (CEDAW)
Device
Considered as the international
Hormonal
bill for rights of women
Sterilization
United Nations Treaty for the
Rights of Women.
 CEDAW
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal “discrimination against

Sterilization women violates the principles
of equality of rights and
respect for human dignity “
 CEDAW
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier only human rights treaty which

Methods
Intrauterine
affirms and upholds women's
Device right to health services including
Hormonal access to all Family Planning
Sterilization methods
 CEDAW
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Guarantees women's right to . . .
Barrier
Methods Comprehensive health services,
Intrauterine
Device
including family planning (Art. 12)
Hormonal
Decide on the number of children
Sterilization
and on the number of years
between pregnancies (Art. 16)
 4th World Congress
on Women in
Beijing Platform of
Reproductive
Health
Health Action
Natural Family
Planning
Good health is essential to
Barrier
Methods leading a productive and fulfilling
Intrauterine
Device
life, and the right of all women to
Hormonal
control all aspects of their health,
in particular their own fertility, is
Sterilization
basic to their empowerment.
 ICPD PoA Preamble
Reproductive
Health
Health population
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal
development environment
Sterilization

global interdependence
 ICPD PoA
objectives and
goals
Reproductive
Health
Health
sustained economic growth in the
Natural Family
context of sustainable development
Planning education, especially for girls
Barrier
Methods
gender equity and equality
Intrauterine infant, child and maternal mortality
Device
reduction
Hormonal
provision of universal access to
Sterilization reproductive health services, including
family planning and sexual health.
 National
Commitment to
RH
Reproductive
Health
Health
Governments should:
Natural Family
Planning commit themselves at the highest
Barrier political level to achieving the
Methods
goals and objectives contained in
Intrauterine
Device
the present PoA and
Hormonal take a lead role in coordinating
Sterilization
the implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of follow-up
actions. Ch XVI PoA, ICPD, 1994
 RH
International
Reproductive
Health
Health
Laws
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
1994 International Conference on
Intrauterine
Device Population and Development
Hormonal (ICPD)
Sterilization 1995 Fourth World Conference on
Women in Beijing
 CEDAW in the
Reproductive Philippines
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Philippines signed CEDAW on
Methods July 15, 1980 and ratified it on
Intrauterine
Device August 5, 1981 as a state party
Hormonal States Parties are bound to
Sterilization Respect, Protect and Fulfill
women's rights.
 So what if the
Philippine
government There is
Reproductive signed
Health still no
international laws
Natural Family and CEDAW ?
national
Planning policy on
Barrier
reproductiv
Methods e health!
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 HB 16- 13th
Congress
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family An act creating a Reproductive
Planning
Health and Population
Barrier
Methods Management Council for the
Intrauterine implementation of an integrated
Device
policy on reproductive health
Hormonal
relative to sustainable human
Sterilization
development and population
management, and for other
purposes.
 HB 16
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device overriding problems of the
Hormonal Philippines
Sterilization inordinately enormous debt service
extremely huge population.
 Philippine
population
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier 82.6 million (64 M 14 yrs ago)

Methods
Intrauterine
12th most populous nation in the
Device world today.
Hormonal
population growth rate is 2.36 %
Sterilization
four babies born every minute
population in 2038 - 160 M
 FP: advantages
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning Birthrates Help Keep Filipinos in
Barrier Poverty
Methods Contraceptives, Rejected by Government, Are Unaffordable
for Many in Majority-Catholic Nation
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal By Blaine Harden

Washington Post Foreign Service
Sterilization Monday, April 21, 2008; Page A10
 Reproductive
health care
Reproductive
Health
in the context of primary health care
Natural Family include:
Planning
family planning counseling
Barrier
Methods EICS
Intrauterine
Device
education and services for
Hormonal
prenatal care, safe delivery, and
Sterilization
post-natal care, especially breast-
feeding, infant and women's health
care
 Reproductive
health care
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family in the context of primary health care
Planning
include:
Barrier
Methods prevention and appropriate
Intrauterine
Device
treatment of infertility
Hormonal treatment of reproductive tract
Sterilization infections
 Reproductive
health care
Reproductive
Health
in the context of primary health care
Natural Family
Planning include:
Barrier STD and other reproductive health
Methods
Intrauterine
conditions
Device
information, education and
Hormonal
counselling, as appropriate, on
Sterilization human sexuality, reproductive
health and responsible
parenthood.
 Reproductive
health care
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning in the context of primary health care
Barrier include:
Methods
Intrauterine
safe abortion practices (where not
Device against the law) including
Hormonal prevention of abortion and the
Sterilization management of the consequences
of abortion (PAC)
 Elements of
Postabortion Care
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family The key elements
Planning

Barrier
Emergency treatment of
Methods incomplete abortion and potentially
Intrauterine
Device
life-threatening complications
Hormonal

Sterilization
 Elements of
Postabortion Care
Reproductive Comprehensive medical and
Health
Natural Family
preventive healthcare The key
Planning elements of postabortion care are:
Barrier
Methods
Postabortion family planning
Intrauterine counseling and services
Device
Links between postabortion
Hormonal
emergency services and the
Sterilization
reproductive healthcare system
Reproductive
Health
Changing Policies and
Natural Family
Planning Attitudes: Postabortion Care in
Barrier the Philippines
Methods
Intrauterine
hospital management of abortion
Device complications often focused on
Hormonal medical treatment alone
Sterilization
Reproductive
Health while providers generally treated
Natural Family abortion complications
Planning
appropriately, they sometimes
Barrier
Methods behaved harshly toward clients—
Intrauterine delaying procedures, denying
Device
clients analgesics, making them
Hormonal
pay for expensive medications, or
Sterilization
threatening to report them to the
authorities
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning
MDG 5 – Maternal Health
Barrier Target 1: reduce MMR by
Methods
75% by 2015.
Intrauterine
Device Target 2: Achieve
Hormonal universal access to
Sterilization reproductive health
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning Contraceptive prevalence rate
Barrier
Methods
Adolescent birth rate
Intrauterine Unmet need for family planning
Device

Hormonal Antenatal care coverage (at least

Sterilization
one visit and at least four visits)
 Contraceptive
prevalence rate
Reproductive
Health
Health
proportion of women using any FP
Natural Family
method
Planning
prevalence rate has not changed
Barrier
Methods
in the last five years
Intrauterine 2006: 50.6 %
Device 2005: 49.3 %
Hormonal
2006: 36/100 married women
Sterilization were using modern family planning
(FP)
Family Planning Survey, 2006
 Adolescence: WHO
(1989)
Reproductive
Health
Health Adolescence is the transitional stage
Natural Family of life between childhood and
Planning
adulthood
Barrier
Methods Adolescence: 10-19 years
Intrauterine
Device Youth: 15- 24 years
Hormonal Young people: 10-24 years
Sterilization
 Phil:
adolescent
Reproductive
Health
Health birth rate
Natural Family
Planning
“kids with kids”
Barrier
Methods one out of four women become
Intrauterine
Device
mothers by age 19
Hormonal 83.1 % are living-in
Sterilization 2.6 % are not in union

2003 National Demographic and Survey

 Unmet need for family
planning
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
married women who would
Planning prefer to avoid a pregnancy but
Barrier
Methods
are not using any form of family
Intrauterine planning
Device
gap between some women's
Hormonal
reproductive intentions and their
Sterilization
contraceptive behavior
 Unmet need for FP
(Phil.)
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family married women of reproductive
Planning
age (MWRA) :1985-1994
Barrier
Methods Total - 26 %
Intrauterine
Device
Spacing – 13 %
Hormonal
Limiting – 13 %
Sterilization due to lack of access to family
planning services
 Unmet need for family
planning
Reproductive
Health
Health “married” cover all women in
Natural Family unions or who have regular
Planning
partners
Barrier
Methods no regular partner and who may
Intrauterine be sporadically sexually active ?
Device
adolescents - high unmet needs
Hormonal
social norms
Sterilization
existing public policies governing the
provision of contraception to single
women
 Unmet needs for FP
(Phil)
Reproductive
Health
Health
husband's fertility preferences
Natural Family
Planning acceptability of contraception
Barrier
Methods perceived risk of conceiving
Intrauterine
Device
husband's perceived health risks
Hormonal perceived health risks
Sterilization
Casterline , Perez ,& Biddlecom (1995)
Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population
Association of America, San Francisco, California
 Birth control
Reproductive
Health
Health
Natural Family
Planning
also known as contraception;
Barrier
Methods designed to prevent pregnancy.
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Ethical imperatives
Reproductive
Health
Health 1. right to make choices whether to
Natural Family reproduce or not
Planning
voluntary participation
Barrier
Methods 2. to have access to legal, safe,
Intrauterine
Device
effective, affordable and
Hormonal
acceptable methods of family
Sterilization
planning of their choice
Informed choice
 Informed
choice
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family based on human right
Planning
process by which an individual
Barrier
Methods arrives at a decision about health
Intrauterine care
Device

Hormonal based upon access to, and full

Sterilization
understanding of, all necessary
information from the client’s
understanding
 Informed
choice
Reproductive
Health
Health proper use
Natural Family
Planning
contra-indications
Barrier
effectiveness
Methods need to protect against STD
Intrauterine
Device possible side effects
Hormonal possible interactions with other
Sterilization
drugs/conditions
cost, availability
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Family planning
methods
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family Temporary
Planning

Barrier
Methods Permanent- female/ male
Intrauterine
Device sterilization
Hormonal

Sterilization
 Sterilization

Ovulation
Prevention
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning IUD

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device Barrier
Methods
Hormonal

Sterilization
 Temporary family
planning methods
Reproductive
Health traditional – coitus interruptus
Natural Family
Planning
natural FP
Barrier artificial
Methods
Hormonal
Intrauterine
Device IUD
Hormonal barriers
Sterilization permanent- female/ male
sterilization
 Coitus interruptus
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning withdrawal ; better than nothing
Barrier failure due to:
Methods
Intrauterine
not early enough withdrawal
Device there may be sperms present in the
Hormonal fluid that a man produces when he is
Sterilization excited even before ejaculation
 Natural
Reproductive
Family
Health
Natural Family
Family
Planning
Natural
Planning
Planning
Barrier
Methods variety of methods used to plan
Intrauterine or prevent pregnancy, based on
Device
identifying the woman's fertile
Hormonal
days
Sterilization
 Fertile window
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Natural Family
Planning
Planning
Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization

Probability of Pregnancy from Intercourse

on Days Relative to Ovulation
 Natural family
planning
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Natural Family
Planning
Planning
Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Natural family
planning
Reproductive
Health Basal body temperature
Natural Family
Natural
Planning
Family Calendar
Planning
Barrier Cervical mucus
Methods
Intrauterine
Lactational amenorrhea
Device
Standard days
Hormonal
Symptothermal
Sterilization
 Basal body
temperature
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Natural Family
Planning
Planning
Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal mechanism: temperature changes

Sterilization abstinence up to 3 days after rise in T
effectivity: 80 %
 Calendar method
Reproductive
Health predict ovulation using a woman's
Natural Family
Natural Family menstrual history
Planning
Planning
Barrier
effectiveness: 87 %
Methods
disadvantages: prolonged
Intrauterine
Device abstinence; need to monitor cycle
Hormonal before use of method (8 mos.); no
Sterilization
protection against STD
combine with barrier method
 Calendar method
Reproductive
Health record menstrual periods for
Natural Family
Natural
Planning
Family
about 6 - 12 months.
Planning
Barrier subtract 18 days from the
Methods
shortest and 11 days from the
Intrauterine
Device longest of the previous
Hormonal menstrual cycles
Sterilization
 Compute for the fertile
period
Reproductive
Health A woman with menstrual interval
Natural Family of 27-35 days.
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Natural Family
Planning
Planning
Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 The Ovulation
Method
(cervical mucus
Reproductive
Health method)
Natural Family
Natural Family
Planning
Planning
Barrier
basis: changing quality of cervical
Methods secretions
Intrauterine E effect - six days before ovulation,
Device
mucus clear and elastic; ovulation is
Hormonal likely to occur the last day that mucus
Sterilization
has these properties.
P effect - thick, sticky, and opaque.
 The Ovulation
Method
(cervical mucus
Reproductive
Health method)
Natural Family
Natural Family
Planning
Planning
cervical sample mucus obtained
Barrier
Methods with hand
Intrauterine
Device onset of cervical mucus symptom
Hormonal up to 3 after the last day of fertile-
Sterilization
type
effectiveness: 78 %
 Two Day Method
Reproductive based upon the presence or
Health
absence of cervical secretions.
Natural Family
Natural Family
Planning
Planning
Secretions
Barrier
Methods today ?
Intrauterine
yesterday?
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Standard Days Method

Reproductive
Health cycles interval: 26 - 32 days
Natural Family
Natural
Planning
Family fertile days: 8-19
Planning
Barrier efficacy:
Methods
95% with correct use
Intrauterine
Device 88% with typical use
Hormonal use with the Cycle Bead
Sterilization
 Cycle beads
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Natural Family
Planning
Planning
Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Lactational Amenorrhea
Method (LAM)
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Natural Family
Planning
Planning
Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device
woman is not fertile and
Hormonal
unlikely to become pregnant
Sterilization
during full lactation or exclusive
breastfeeding.
 Lactational Amenorrhea
Method (LAM)
Reproductive
Health maximum protection :
Natural Family
Natural Family menses not resumed yet
Planning
Planning
bottle feeds or regular food
Barrier
Methods supplements are not introduced and
Intrauterine baby is less than 6 months of age
Device

Hormonal
failure rate: < 2%; 5% > 6 months
Sterilization
 Symptothermal
method
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Natural Family
Planning
Planning
Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Effectiveness of Natural
Family Planning Methods
Reproductive
Health
accuracy of the method in
Natural Family
Planning identifying the woman's actual
Barrier fertile days
Methods
Intrauterine
couple's ability to correctly identify
Device the fertile time
Hormonal
couple's ability to follow the rules
Sterilization of the method they are using
 Natural family
planning
Reproductive Pros Cons
Health
Natural Family
Family alternative method for inhibit sexual
Natural
Planning
Planning couples who prefer not spontaneity and
Barrier
to use contraceptive requires extensive
Methods devices. periods of abstinence.
Intrauterine no medical side effects less effective if cycle is
Device irregular
Hormonal easily reversible no protection against
Sterilization STD
inexpensive, no medical
check-up needed
 Barrier methods
Reproductive
Health
prevent sperm and egg from
Natural Family
Planning meeting by physically blocking the
Barrier
Barrier two.
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine barrier methods are the oldest
Device
and most widely used forms of
Hormonal
contraception worldwide.
Sterilization
 Barrier methods
Reproductive
Health Male condom
Natural Family
Planning
Female condom
Barrier
Barrier Cervical cap
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Diaphragm
Device
Sponge
Hormonal
Shield
Sterilization
Spermicide
 Male
condoms
Reproductive
Health
(“rubbers”)
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier 85 % effective
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
most effective barrier method –
Device condom and spermicide
Hormonal combination
Sterilization
failure : improper use, nonuse,
breakage or slippage.
 Male condom
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Male
condoms
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device
best way to prevent STDs
Hormonal
latex, polyurethane (plastic),
Sterilization
animal skin
 Male condoms
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Male condom
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Male condoms
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
Don't Leave Home
Without Your It !
 Female condom
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Condom for women
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Female condom
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Cervical cap
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device
limited sizes; prescription ; reusable
Hormonal
requirements: pelvic examination, Pap
Sterilization
test, and fitting by a health care
provider
 Cervica
l cap
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device Contraindications: abnormal Pap test; history
Hormonal of toxic shock syndrome ; STD; inflammation
of the cervix
Sterilization
little value for multipara because the
stretching of the vagina and cervix makes a
proper fit more difficult and failure rates are
high.
 Diaphragm
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Diaphragm
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
use cream spermicide
 Sponge
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
Intrauterine
Device soft, disk-shaped device; polyurethane foam
Hormonal fits over a woman's cervix
mechanism: slow spermicide release over 24
Sterilization
hours and serves to block and absorb semen.
effectiveness rate: 84 % nullipara
 Sponge
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Side effects and health risks
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods vaginal dryness, itching or
Intrauterine soreness
Device
allergic reactions to sponge
Hormonal
materials
Sterilization
difficulty removing the sponge
no protection against STDs.
 Sponge: how to
use
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Insert before coitus or up to 24
Barrier
Barrier
Methods
Methods
hours ahead of time
Intrauterine moisten with clean water, insert
Device
until it rests against cervix- check
Hormonal
with fingers
Sterilization
Keep in place six hrs after sexual
activity
 Spermicides
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning
Barrier
Barrier active component: nonoxynol-9
Methods
Methods
foam, film, sponge, cream and vaginal
Intrauterine
Device
suppository.
effective rate: 65-85%
Hormonal
best complimented with other barrier
Sterilization method
no STD protection, allergy, short acting
 Lea Shield

Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning silicone, cup-shaped bowl completely
Barrier
Barrier surrounds the cervix without resting on
Methods
Methods
it.
Intrauterine
Device no fitting needed ,one size fits all
Hormonal effective when used with spermicide
Sterilization advantages: one size, reusable, can be
left for 48 hours after intercourse
Reusable for 6 months
 Lea’s shield
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization
 Barrier methods
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning Pros Cons
Barrier
Barrier reversible and easy require advance planning
Methods
Methods
to discontinue
Intrauterine
Device protection from decreased sensation
Hormonal STDs

Sterilization condom and cervical cap and diaphragm:

spermicide: difficult to insert properly,
inexpensive; OTC leading to higher failure
rates; prescription.
Reproductive
Health
Natural Family
Planning

Barrier
Methods
Intrauterine
Device

Hormonal

Sterilization