I.

Posifive Infeger Exponenfs

A. Definition of the Positive Intefer Exponents
The positive integer exponent implies how many copies of the base
are multiplied together
For Examples,
X X is written as and read as three cubed.
The positive integer exponent is a repeated multiplication of the same
positive number. The operation is called exponentiation and the
expression is known as exponent notation. The power involver
two numbers, the base and the exponent .
. Properties of the number with the positive Integer Exponents
The exponentiation operation with positive integer exponents has
special properties, such as

!roperties:
et m, nZ and o, b Z#, then the properties below are hold
I. Multiplication property o
m
. o
n
~ o
m+n

Z. Division property o
m
: o
n
~ o
m-n

. Exponentiation property (o
m
)
n
~ o
m+n

4. Multiplication and exponentiation property (o.b)
m
~ o
m
.b
`

b. Division and exponentiation property
u
b

m
~ o
m
: b
m
, wifh br 0








Z. Megofif Infeger ond Zero Exponenfs
a. Negative Integer Exponents

So far, you have learned the properties of numbers with
positive integer exponents. How about the numbers with the
negative integer exponents? To find out the answer, study the
following explanation!

Observe that o
4
: o
o
~ o
4-o
~ o
-Z


u
4
u
6
~
u X u X u X u
u X u X u X u X u X u
~
1
u X u
~
1
u
2
So, o
-2
~
1
u
2


From the above example, we can write the definition of a number with
negative integer exponent as follow.
Definition:
or every o Z#, o r 0, and the positive integers n, then o
-n
~
1
u
n
or o
n
~
1
u
-n










. Zero Exponents

et m, n ore fhe posifive infegers ond m ~ n, fhe o
m-n
~ o
0
To defermine ;ero exponenfs of fhe numbers, observe fhe
foIIowing formuIol

o
0

~ o
m-n

~
u
m
u
m

= 1

Thus, we way define number raised to the porwer zero, as follow:
Definition:
or every o Z# and o r 0 fhen o
0
~ I








. Expressing the number in standard form (Scientific Notation).

n doing doing scientific researches, scientists often use very large
and very small numbers. For examples, the light velocity in the air is about
,, m/s, or the mass of an electron is about
.,,,,,,,,,,911 kg. We can simplify the
writing of such numbers in their standard form by expressing them in
exponent with base 1, known as scientific notation.

Definition:
A number N expressed in scientific notation is the product of an
arbitrary number a (between 1and 10) and exponent with base 10.
Mathematically, N = a X 10
n
, where 1 > a < 10 and n is integer.













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