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( )interstellar medium

.
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.

.
. (

) .
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10 20 .
.

% 55
% 24/9 .
H2 .
H2 .
.
( )CO . ( ) O2
.
2009 140 .
. H2

( )HCN ( )N2O .
.
.
. HCO+ . .
.
1935
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O+ + H2 OH+ + H

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HCN/CN- . 10000
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. ( ) (
10 20 ) ( 1000000 )
. ( )Orion
42 .
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:
1- Goldsmith, P.F. & Langer, W.D. Population diagram analysis of molecular line emission
2- Herbert, E. & Klemprer, W. The information and depletion of molecules in dense interstellar clouds
3- Hartquist, T.W. & Williams, D.A. The chemically controlled cosmos
4- Minh, Y.C. & van Dishoesk, E.F. (Eds.) Astrochemistry: from molecular clouds to planetary system
5- Whittet, D.C.B. Dust in the galactic environment

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