Quadrature Signals: Complex, But Not Complicated

Paper by Richard Lyons

Quadrature Processing
Quadrature signal formats Also called complex signals Used in many digital signal processing applications such as: digital communications systems, radar systems

The Development and Notation of Complex Numbers

Imaginary axis (j) This point represents the real number a = -2.2 +j2 line -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Real axis 0 2.5 This point represents the complex number c = 2.5 + j2 2 +2.5 line Real axis

(a)

(b)

Figure 1. An graphical interpretation of a real number and a complex number.

Different Forms

Eulers Identity

Benefits of Polar Form

Turning trigonometric equations into the simple algebra of exponents Math operations on complex numbers follow exactly the same rules as real numbers It makes adding signals merely the addition of complex numbers (vector addition) Most concise notation
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1 j= actually mean? ` Euler, going beyond real numbers, showed that complex numbers had a clean relationship to the real trigonometric functions of sines and cosines. The j-operator means rotate a complex number by 90 degrees counterclockwise

What does

Property of the j Operator

Representing Real Signals using Complex Phasors

Wait for It!

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Whats the vector sum of the Two Phasors as they Rotate?

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The Cosine

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Representation of Quadrature Signals in the Frequency Domain

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Phase Relationship

Those bold arrows on the right of Figure 9 are not rotating phasors, but instead are frequency-domain impulse symbols indicating a single spectral line for single a complex exponential.

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Why a Single Impulse?

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Interpretation
This figure shows the big payoff: When we use complex notation, generic complex exponentials like ej2nft and e-j2nft Are the fundamental constituents of the real sinusoids sin(2nft) or cos(2nft). Real Part In-Phase Imaginary Part Quadrature Phase
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The Math, the Majesty, the End

Quadrature Sampling

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Questions?

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Thank You

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