NOISE REDUCTION TECHNIGUES IN ELECTRONIC LDA aL Ly efms)yle i rar ieieyey 4 Henry W.OttNOISE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES IN ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS SECOND EDITION Henry W. Ott Distinguished Member of Technical Statf AT&T Bell Laboratories WILEY A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY & SONS New York ® Chichester * Brisbane * Toronto * SingaporeEverything should be made ay simple as possible, but no simpler, Albert Fiasiein, 1879-1953 Copyright © 1988 hy AT&T Bell Laboratories. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ine. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously ia Canada. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted uy Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for Permission or further information should be addressed! ro the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Ott, Henry W., 1936- Noise reduction techniques in electronic systems/Heney W, Ott. — - Ind ed Pp. om. “A Wiley-Interscience publication. Includes bibliographies. ISBN 0-471-85068-3 1, Eleeteonic circuits—Noise. I. Title ‘TKI867.5.087 1988 §7-22483 629 315'3—de9 Printed in the United States of America 201918 17 16 15 14PREFACE Much has occurred to affect the field of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the 11 years since the first edition of this book was published, The two most important developments are the proliferation of digital clectronics in the consumer marketplace and the establishment of rules on emission control from digital systems by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), As a result interest in the subject of EMC has increased dramati- cally The first edition covered basic theory and emphasized reducing the susceptibility of electronic systems. There is now a need for information on controlling the emission from electronic systems, especially digital systems, and on low-cost techniques for providing EMC for consumer praducts sold in a competitive market. In addition there is increased concern about the susceptibility of electranic systems to electrostatic discharge. This edition was written 10 address these issues, Virtually. all the material contained in the first edition is still applicable and has been retained. Three new chapters have been added on the subjects ‘af noise and radiation from digital electronics and electrostatic discharge Chapter i was rewritten und now includes material on the FCC regu- lations. Chapters 2 to 7 were updated and contain new material: Chapters & and 9 are unchanged; Chapters 10, 11, and 12 are new. Chapter 10 covers digital circuit noise and layout, Chapter 11 is on digital cireuit radiation, and Chapter 12 deals with electrostatic discharge. In addition a new appendix has been included on FCC EMC test procedures (Appendix F) L would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those whe took the time to comment on the first edition of the book, and to those whe encouraged me to write this second edition. In particular, 1 would like to thank Scott Roleson, Bob German, and Dr. Clayton Paul for the many fruitful discussions we had on the subject of EMC. I owe a special debt of appreciation to Eva Carter for her superb editing of the manuscript. A special thanks also goes to Dan Johnson who worked out all the problems in the first edition and pointed out errors. Finally, I would like to thank all my colleagues who took the time to review this manuseript and make useful comments and suggestions. Henry W. Orr Livingsion, New Jersey July 1987 vilPREFACE TO FIRST EDITION This book covers the practical aspects of noise suppression and control in electronic circuits. It is intended primarily for the practicing engineer who is involved in the design of electronic equipment or systems, and also as a text for teaching the practical aspects of noise suppression. The concepts of noise reduction presented in the book can be applied to circuits operating from audio frequencies through VHF. More emphasis is placed on low- to mid-frequency noise problems, however, since these are the least documen- ted in existing literature. Some of the most difficult and frustrating problems faced by design engincers concern elimination of noise from their circuits or systems. Most engineers are not well equipped to handle noise problems, since the subject is not normally taught in engineering schools, and what literature is avail- able is widely scattered among many different journals, Solutions to noise problems are usually found by trial and error with little or no understanding of the mechanisms involved, Such efforts are very time consuming and the solutions may prove unsatisfactory if the equipment is moved to a new environment. This situation is unfortunate, since most of the principles involved are simple and can be explained by elementary physics. ‘This text began as a'set of lecture notes for an out-of-hours course given at Bell Laboratories and later presented as part of the in-hours continuing education program at the laboratories. The appreach used in the text is design oriented, with the amount und complexity of mathematics kept to a minimum. In some cases, models representing physical phenomena have been simplified ta provide more useful results, By making realistic simplify- ing assumptions, results having clear physical meaning are obtained The organization of the material is as follows, Chapter 1 is an intro- duction to the subject of noise reduction. Chapters 2 and 3 cover the two primary means of noise control: shielding and grounding, respectively Chapter 4 covers ather noise reduction techniques such as balancing, decoupling. and filtering. Chapter $, on passive components, covers the characteristics that affect the components’ noise performance and their use in noise reduction circuitry. Chapter 6 provides a detailed analysis of the shielding effectiveness of metallic sheets. Chapter 7 covers relays and switches and discusses methods of reducing noise generated by these devices. Chapter 8 covers intrinsic noise sources that result in a theoretical Ixx PREFACE TO FiaST EDITION minimum level of noise present in a circuit. Chapter 9 discusses noise in transistors and integrated circuits. At the end of cuch chapter is a summary of the most important points discussed. For thase desiring additional information a bibliography is also included. In addition, Appendix A discusses the decibel and its use in noise measurements on voice-frequency analog communications systems dix B (presented in the form of a check list) is an overall summa more commonly used noise reduction techniques. Review problems far cach chapter can be found in Appendix D with answers in Appendix E. [wish to express my gratitude to Mr. S, D, Williams, Jr. who collabo- rated with me on an original set of notes for a neise-control seminar. work provided the sced fram which this book grew. Tam also grateful to the many students whose enthusiasm provided the incentive te continue this work. Special thanks to Mr, F. P. Sullivan and Miss A. L. Wasser for their technical editing of the manuscript. and to Mr. L. E. Morris and Mr. D. N. Heirman for their many helpful suggestions. In addition I would like to thank all my colleagues who reviewed the manuscript, for their useful comments. Finally, | would like to express my gratitude to Bell Laboratories for their cooperation and support, Henry W. Orr Whippany, New Jersey July 1975 CONTENTS SYMBOLS xvii 41 INTRODUCTION 1 Designing for Electromagnetic Compatibility, 4 EMC Regulation, & Typical Noise Path, 16 Use of Network Theory, 19 Methods of Noise Coupling, 22 Miscellaneous Noise Sources, 23 Methods of Eliminating Interference, 26 Summary, 26 Bibliography, 27 2 CABLING 29 Capacitive Coupling, 30 Effect of Shield on Capacitive Coupling, 33 Inductive Coupling, 37 Mutual Inductance Calculations, 40 Effect of Shield on Magnetic Coupling, 42 Magnetic Coupling between Shield and Inner Conductor, 42 Shielding to Prevent Magnetic Radiation, 50 Shielding a Receptor against Magnetic Fields, 52 Shield Transfer Impedance, 55 Experimental Data, 56 Example of Selective Shielding, 60 Coaxial Cable versus Shielded Twisted Pair, 61 Braided Shields, 62 Effect of Pigtails, 63 Ribbon Cables, 67 Electrically Long Cables, 69 Summary, 70 Bibliogranhy, 70 xi