] utrod uctiou '.TIo usk whedu:-r. A.~is~:mle made use of rhe ideu
ii~, ii\tl,li~:~ilJli, roan
culru
ofrm:ii,al d ifferenl"f:> in hils pn n~ led rheory irnplk'> rhar he, [Je'~ih;t11i),." u]ong .,virh. o~:heil:~nde,IH Gr,ef,b, pm"~e:\]sednnk]er~ of ...r{~'. !
;ij.lt:it'u! ee W~l;
Th'll:'! :i1~s:w;:pre~er~Ir.·s~o[)fie [n h i,I:~d H'fi(;~.i.h~es ,USW'(; n~j'glu :'.'!upp()~e ~hl~!t r:h~ ql~.lJes!'ior!, of
r{t{.'~ l)(ll~t:d
3!!i
ill.::
CtruliiCt: d ,~i> £
~[ !]lI!JdefU odghl" rhe t]li~st'iOfl {~{P'r'Uweuld seem ro be ~n~jl)lJlk~~bJot:e die ,~!!td(!!ut' r Greeks Ac b ~(J,wkdg,i ~l,g I' he II i:!ill;()rk,;tlgC'~~~(;.li.h I' II~ (QIICCP'I', ~~~¥o[; [lrlli,,'::~e~:5 W,r;:' !:nl'\,~! fimi of 1,[:Mt:CC:Ss.1fy (0 i!;.xr~mim;"1i,'~I,t'~htr. rhe Gr.ce~s, pGsse.~;scd a. CQli],fCplt'qUl.!.Vflh::II]I[ tit], fl medern filOr.io ml bur usi III!; (U~ rrCf~ terfT~lj:I.lolQ,gy" ~ As; ~~. ~ prel imiliiuJ slrep,. we need ro :spet::llfy SUf~l.e ser Qff:(::,HIUfielj" or' a d~~!ermimue (Q~le(;p;L [h,~r; we 'I'akc (hi\: .!fl.odern nod-oUl of II'7<'U'C Hi s,iElnir~r t;(Ji rhat WI<!S}Hll1 be aMI<! W derermiue wherher [:h~ Gucl,b po,,~,'>t':,;sed !ttl ~trl;llo~ ~,ous or fut~c tiot~(dL~'t~~ ulvale ur eo nCl;p~. \W]~:ile both cubliftd ~~I!id. L.jG]ogk~~1fei~tu.~'eS .li.,Jr~u·c1.(1 l~Q['I(iln~) of ,~~~(C cl!:I!I'iI"cCudy bd~~~ ll,1::rs>t;:d,~ I shall prl,')o,POiSC 1~1iiU we con. rhc ,d,lsc sider tI. hi o,I!O'g,.ic;d. norion of ,eg,.~,comhini.rn,!:; determinism and [;Il,Ilkill.g !Sudll dltlit biol,ogiGd v~ub;[io:Uii;!i in human 1}OPLlhuioH5 .. including :S:LlIpc:dici~d phy;,;,in~m rlmracaerisries
StilCb~.Shi.lir
~~!re It~lke!~'il:sdctei!'fl'li.i!liiTttive~y
wirhnn Ariis-
~~h5.mli:;il' hre[-;ij[["Chy-ofimdlc'cHUI.
~lIPPQSll~g:
totle subscriber; tosucha nnrion arises fromnl] (if hh" l)olldc!,1 i[:h{!!'!J-s[~~,esl)e,dfll~yhis dwo!)'
.mil~!i' eil,hu.'lIlifl,hi: b to
A['i:smt
have
be€.lll1'i!I:JI:'iWi.l['(.,d
fo[
;;)1]
,init~!'i[(:oi!"l~]dl:lrntifi}1l of tI,liGwj)ic ..
I see 1r:. three' ®oren::;: AdsrlOdc 's po~kical, ~'heol)dl:iflg rhar S~!,g,g(:sr.' h:11 iCi[ racialist rhi nki-ITI:g.. '.rhe lii rsr ls [he develepmenr ~lm.oDg clnssienl Greelk inrelleeruals of a C{ll!ill{'@J?1: similar to :r,a,l! d~lti:~pp~fW; tv phl.y an equivalenr role
~Ji5;
There' are,
p1'om:ls.~Iil.g sources
Copyr'ghted materia
'~he-H~rer~r?e'i'iden~eQr rhe (~!l!ss.(:d l.)e"rlQd bears ntH' ~. !<Qo;;'ifl[i,Yr'c'l:J,h'Y.m~I(iCl'nC're'pf' (if i:ilt'ia~1differe:U1lce. The rem ..~i!lTIliQg !I<:,cd(Jn~ uf dil~' paper n'lf.1s.iid~r:tr.hE!'.n'U~llre' and IflJ.le of ~herhoot~t"$ ,()f cllfl1a~e ;'!i!i':~d f!~ttirnl Sh~'iI'Ci'Y lnan 1jutem.I.~i~ dcchlewhetht1.'it' Adstode to fhiiilAk$ [hair nll oreven some l)4ro''(t,,.MfI'l are s]avre:<;· "by fla~u ~'," ,]~d jf :m., whe'~he'rd'~eir :!i.I;[I"jl!'dlneJl!l.~lfl Ibe Ir·emerHet_i Iblll:lgnrj~,ali~l'lduJ'[iom ~m~e--d~cafVOfl.
.l[I t'hei~' r.hi nld liS; mlt1H:IF. that Qf t)cin,£ '''bn:rihnr.iafl.;' A!I'is~!)tl,e emp]~ys, ~hh. oncept .11.'1 c h:is:diseusslous thmug.hol!J!['[h~ .'P(ltiN!C-.L Ar:.i!itod~gl""e!i m [Wo additlonal rheorles tI.mt provide slJggest.iv,e-bas~s fur' l(mlt in... estig arina, .. 1] r,,;;t, i~ <:l~.m,~t~ tJb!~OIy ,or aatinnal or .rn.d,ill~ dHI~[(~[I;c.es,and :Sfi'(otlid,a tl:1eory of naturel s,~~tvety"In tl:1e fullow]ilS parts ,of~:hL$ eS!!>~1!li" fi~st, sec( ion COfilside'rs ~'he ewjdefice ftOm H~:erj!.r~ and ph:jl{~sop!hk\ill uses of: rhe coler-cenns: th.i!l e\'.k~en[e .us .I!llconcimive' concerniag terms such as "black" and "whire," Sl'USg,e:s~.iflg thll'ilr I.m:k of ii:tlt~'.rrestitJ, :1'1.m:i~;~lu,slbn color 1~!o1:lldJJ(_'{ttiv~ of moral or ,0&' l rwel~e<c[uill~d j.ft~erefll;:~. NOrie[he~e$.s" Ol1letloe;!; f:iJ.ll,d! a:~~ oiVt;r;rl,ding ,concern by' rhe Greek s tu cl'Uffete[lti~Ii[t" themsel VoES cl!l~ltul] .•. I·f" nd 1)~.r.bfl,JF!Sethndic:otllJ. fromVlIit.iom ~a nnn-Greek n[l;tlo~ls, (t:Sj~~d:~II}1th~ P'Qrshl:~IS afeer i!'~:!Il't Persilii!!1JWi! r, Thus, it 'rll~tf 'be s~~,gg(ls:red th!l!f.
Greek Hfj{'hl.Jl sad jJoHde.d :in.'l~:hudor~s are non[!~:~~~a:rl m:::oe:pt1Lm:-e (J[ "natural" differences ~!J1!l{J:r~,ghurnaas, ,IS is ~H€"CI[(·d tn ith,e·ir dllnldng :ilJbou( sl;a"es and WQn,l~n. Y~t itl~iIi'presell~ce(lfin.~qu;1:Ut)' in ~:l':l!el( iC:llsdm~:.iofl:\1 and prarriees dot's not appear 10 be linked O:IIHt· W one en rheir C~H~~d'em
f,~ildei,H'
~:hat
~1~)olU
rad<ll
diffe'reml{e!l,; One
oh'ol'lom
c~)nlrlter-e:X:O'lmpIJew
thepropo~d
tjOr'reJiadoII
G f:t:e."iK. izen w'omt'U; t·~]t:~t'WOCl'l.e."n coul".l be the." :S31!1,~~ as ci~l:;:em .r!I{ll~I.·I. dt nIce 'bUI~ \V10iJkl he rt"{iii~idt:'.r~d~:Ifi. Adltl'ij as elsewhere re be rhe social, poLiidciii[, j'lfl.d larel.kj~('Wi:1 itiJ~~d(l!rsHj,!]lf;'n. Ncnerheless, jl: ir:n~.tl·h:~ e :5~J5IJQ.s~~d b lliill (irl;:ek male didi'!en~
wlluldbe
'l~50 fOUJI~~dnon-Greek
mer!1
tht;;Lr
]ntoc:r:iolrs
()f
g'(!,I]CI~iilHzu,ug
G[I;."t.k rthuu.g:hr.," twn linds oo!'t"...~(l:t'nCt:: :may b(' of{C[l:,."{l, in the W;liY of f1~St.jillilg, s klepric:uS:Ii11 on the qu.tM:iuu olf "~~ fOlr rhe Greeks, Pirsr, d~l.e,urnbigi!'i& ous mCilltl i ng8 1(:<:Hln~("t:~d 1\'0r;{)!lo:r.[(;ml~g i:... es !lC~UI~~ iOITiQU 'of ~t ~.i~lkIL.gl.~helWl;:l:':n,5Iki II i.I.1{1
alX)I,:n;·tllliCi{.:llI[ tO~i!)r 01' odlt'lr ~Hllrd
~J:hib~(iphers use the eolor-renes .Ae-}!'66~,. !"itkVcl n~,bt." .• "pale") !~iiofjl::jJ~~~"((5. /!id(~J ("Clark") {(:i' dic-scribe pr;;:rs--(ms.anel Ih:ifi15S. bur [he mcan.in,gs v;u~'. For ,'xam:p[c:,~hc rerrn /(J.tlkrM :sID10W:S a wide .[ljHl~'e uK senses, l.iUme :po:s.uti.v,o::', ethers ue,g1~:ti... 'rhr= ('8tmJ:IT!Lf.L'Y be 'e.'I up'P]j~d HI PCg;S,Q!Ui to signify hcj~!¥ "l~'l.ir" f~t!d "'Ibe~~miful,';btu s:igt!:ltl~)l!U~y. when [he rerm is ~lppli€cl sJ1iQcifi(:al~f [I,) hunan skin wlor, '·Wllillc-skinned;' {MtU{OXIP"U~, !e;,wkrJrlniM is usad rn sig,nity wel'!kll.fl:SS i.n1'n8n,.~s;p~c.iitU~1 of .m.urn,l. chl'uuc:ter.5Pla;w e,rl~ ploys. !~tt:iNll~n the RI!f'uMi-t, :in !In ir.{)'~ld(; rden~;~:lfeto t~ll()se '?,I'h(l"dl()1!l\g~1i :r:t''£~is,ed.by levers noneeheless !~Ire ]~ddf!g if! OO~ls,ciJ!~i!1!>C usliries ,(lZ!if·UU~ii.47'4eh I~~~~.t!~, rerms q rhe
"pale" aflld."pele-skhmed"
In.tty
al~.d
WF'Jtt'ltl>
d.UU;·,l!f.[',e'r.
[[I
:simil~t .f:flS,h:i.on, i\ti~9tOt].€ '8.m.ploy.s 'tli:t~:s fu[ be.ing Pt\~~.£k:i:[lneld or d"lr.b·gkiF!ln.M i~. t~.f. . e:r.e~~~.("'e w!)m~n in h~s 'bio.l,og ic.. ~.WQd:s, c.la.i.rn.i!n.gllg;h[ -sklnacd Vi-~om.!en<c~ypkn]:Ly 1[:0 a re'm:lninf'" and d~ltk'·:5kinned WO.m~n, more masculine in narnre (0" t/Je c,~tf1'"j'ttti(j"# ,of Anh!Mflr ill. 20, 72SdJ2-4)." Fi!lt\L1y" it! .;1h:.Jr.:p-bp.i£'.J, 'VM,. 4. Ari\;,tO~]ill employs the term
"
15
Copyr'ghted materia
.1:[1 ,&is(,HSS.lOIl nbOUI essences f1nJ ~]cddent~1![ compo~Jl1ds. l;';lere the' compound ~l term. >rivIElPO)1toV' II:ItUIru'i1, a-,tlilN'(]/l'!Jn /flllt,WN f'p~~e man") :i!il m 8~.g:ni.f~ISi[lmeth.i.[J:g rhat Is not a real lLmil!i:Y, bur Cll:dy~("C,i,d~l1it~~!,~.y ne thi:~;' whar ·'p~le man" s,ignaie~ IS :Iil.ot o a.get1l.l],I:~I.:~>ubM:;1t1C,e and so lacks an I'.lssenct; {I O:2:9b 50-1U::l Olill ~ ).W:SIt!U~Jr rhus .infer ! ~ha~ for A~,isfl.Jde :i:J'il!I.c()t:' in sk:; u~COI,()Ii':fl~i[s:~o bel,()i:iS 110 rhe essence of Vi"ih'lt' i~'IS~'{i be human, Th~ sercnd k.ind {)If e.dd(t:tlce ~l1I'Iitf~I,:;'S, [rom ('ljn..s,kl~r,i.u~OI]1 of the litt"il:~y offivid~IiI;Ct, collcernirl!g non"Greets:. [nrheard:ulie periocl~whe:!l Greeks: wrhe ~1!lxaJ[non-Greeks, spe-d 6.mUy ahonr peu'f)lf:' from .AJdca, they :lteve:l!~ .l.iiuh~ orno il:[l.hf:'r~.t~d.cultural Of Rldrul pt'E'jud ice, 7 E,,'!@ ~~ ~t! dtl." j'"f;vhC'!@!ltUtry, rhe b itst\o,ri~ln Hi' rodoeus :m"'r(l;'!:I!sli~tlc. :if ~U~ bias )";. ~.g:i1if)5if .AI'f!.'1:cfmS"RPtdi clt.mons~ril~es d!~(in~;hm!1r hi~'1 'w()rrk ~rei'llrinft.'res( j~~~he hL~ti'Fr:y ofilne, E,lB;Y[);li:i.I[JS.1l H~· also Ife,purt5 fu.v'O:f'l,l,bly on "Edl~'DPg;;l,[I!!i,'" 1I.i:-e,[ff) ii!~.fe'[[lng il:hDSe ttl peoples fi:o:m Libya. ~t~d :Et,gn1t (JU.rM"i,t}·., 7 .. 6'9-70). He e..::pl!dt~)' des(:!!:~bcs; Llbya.f1 ,!Efhiop,i~l.m!:5.il'> a. d~~lrk"!!ldnf!Ie<I, curly-haired, lonf;"llved peop:le {Hht(}ri~!. 7.. 70", ::11. 17), iUiI,t11 Ill! a(:~d~[:r:on ~(} re]KHLlllll!;; {)Il [h~ilrr wem.pOM lIillITid. dmlhill~.El.!. he~lllitlrr'~:fi, rhar "the E [hiophlliil~' in qUii;':>tlrm .. .;iLrfsaild to be' rhetal ~~It ilrld IliTU)'!iI[ [iuct:ivoi;' peop.le ~.11the 11([ wOlrM" ClJiJIj./,,.ifJ, :). 20). Herodorus seems, ~'O reflecr rhe mere {))lmpmeX, (·OSI:lJoPQ,linl.fI ;rrifinj:d<:mwm:-ds nou-Geeeks found elsewhere in <I!:'d!!!ic' [her:,lUJ:re, ;15: in Homer, who ide,~.Ili;,e:!\.'·'Edl.iopla.[I~" {Oti)'.P.J'Il)J, I. .22~4,. UiaJ, r. 423)i.9
IM.J~.t}J
moo
One sheuld dL'it~,ngil'ihh, bi'lWIf¥CI:,. between W:l:ll:it GClet,1k Wd!ier,s. have t,'fjl S~~I al)om d~e Eth iop!:;l.m. or Egyp'~ia!~~ fl'o!'JliiJ hal~[h,el! !lIlYabcnt lr]v:d ,~~I1I;IL~ [mll!l Asi,., MiJ~Gr:. w res €S~J{:'(.i:a:U}' Irl~[fP~[5irm!i., <'IIU! ~o <'1:.. le5S~iF; d;e.&l.II~"€', the Mc;d;es" DlWlringaml af[·e-r rhe wall'
whlll Pe:rsilR ('500---449 :Bcr~),e:l:p~.i.ddy :ho1>dlf. '''mc.li~Jislr'' c(lnf,gor,ies ;jtp~Je~~Jr Arhenlan , ,il~,l 'wrh~ng ;[OO~.u nOli-Gi!ieel::s, fhe r1H)S·r common (J,t 'Wh.ich !:,'l, rhe d~~::tl (~ITeg,Or:r of G refk-&,u'fk~"ial!, w Ahhl~u~ ~.i [he [~rll!l bi'll:'bil!ll1i:!ltl" {~[l~]Unfo-:;.,. ,tul}WtW ~ n.r.iglimdly w,e~l.lIrttny n(m~G[1Gt:,k";Sf)~~tlodif)jJ: ptnplle,. ill rhe :~fth ('i;;fi!t'Uf.')' (he (1tUiiil, h used W referre u:u:;;mbCr:i·t~f:i'pii;:(,jiiic,edn~k ,grt.:ilup:5, or i.l(nionnUI~jes, $u('li <1:it'bc Pershtns" As VI~it'i(HJS M;:ho:~.mi h;;n~e il'ii:'Cel~dIt ~ho()w!~. IF ~'i;;rrn il~ pressed H hr: in~'(l' {Q~"~$lt'II~J ilJi!:O,lged uri!ng ! he l G rcc~. (oull i'(!l w ith [111:; c:r,s;l;an~,a.s At hen i~ln~ddil[.li,·nudlly1l't,":S,hnpc: rhe P,!;tfli,ilul.z,' idenP d~~! as "barbarian" In order ro pDlf~:r.~<lletilt: cofliJih::f. :iLiTIl('u.~lrl!Jtr,d.ii\ml. ethnic terms, dlt:,rehv 8tr\;l~g;dl~:L1lug Greek luui.()lnaHs.nL By mc~ms 'o:f; [he G:W}l.R.---'/)&I'IJ.czr.it.UJ oprto~itiQn,
oj
Pt:ttSi1,~HS as
As.i~lt·j:oL';b~til'bf.~I([.i~ln:s,"p.~il,l[il~.g
Hlo,ngs ideLydj~u!s ~'1i!:!d. Me·des ~~\ bekag dj.f~r:JCtl!:r~:tt,d v~l:ri.olli.l3[r ~~ ru!iu:fi)pl'r,!;l.t.(~. cff-c.n~jm~r.;;,at' ~I;:r\']~i;: in illU:li.l!il'C'. XC:I1.oplm[tc.~' c:ri~'k,i:lm of his [-eUow IC'N·i.u1~r~s 1iIUi'i.gi;:SIs, rive: " .... du;:y learned useless luxuries l~'tom the tyrdimm:!i ...• thl?~i G!'m.€ to their mccti,U].g p]ncc· h~ p~~J!'plc <cIQ~:ks.. .. 11ill[:l~Hi.!\g rheir ('():tl''Nc:1r [(loeb, ~u!d dre~ilid~~dl sceured ' lu l,lInguen[s" r(DI.c'~~. and Keaua, (9)..-;t, 2 nTh3). !i!1he excessive se.~~~SlUaUty, 'Ulj;do !'oeJ]~m:l~ s .[lI~~C)""of rhe L~I'd.i~'l:flis rep.IT'e5!!i1IJ!r,e;Clim .15 d.lle derails f,l.bOlut the.it luxury: d,l~purple gi:I!!r.I'l'l;~:i~~S; Jon£; IClili:r, u.r"d use per.ftune. ]'hc 1i:1I.':g,fU';vC for.c(~ of~hi:'l :t't.~p'resew:Hdon becomes more t'vlde:f!t when ''\lj'C ~on~~J-,'1:rl!! wid~~']~t~elf·de:s('dbed G[~t~khn!l~:t~us it m~t.'~CI!lHI~,e,~elf-oo·lHfo].~eJ.. and democraeic thalt eme[B~d from rhe Greek Hremtutr'C of th:i$ ,I?.:ttg.,od. G:~cek.'.m,gedli" :iUl fi!ilr'['ki!.li:u~,C!!)I1Sdl:1.H·e:s {[ ierd~e soorce (.It :r,epceSC'IJit',m:iOcl ii;isia,g the
or
One
16
Copyr'ghted materia
phl}";. Tj:Je
PU-Ji:<1HS,
(:te:pii;rn:d.
as p~ii.li:ll£
L.,~;:1i
tilt!
{)PPOSJ:(I~of[lVi~,stit qualities
:H .." 1;,."-,, ,II: ,~IU,', _. L.'L. ',"III~'~,i!':i'
.. "Gt::~,wd.
SiJjJ.temaq .se.em.s~() pe~iSt .t:mm the .!ifd) d~i'(Hl-£h t:hel.'b~rt'h <G'ent'l!;!ry. h.~ spi~e ·oJ erfr;'-"'-1'C-~l"'l'li .,,,~,,- ~"'D""d· - b'IJ' ""'" ['['1';'''' Greek e''i''~ ,n.'L. ,. '1..11..", ·~lih':ll1·II.,...""M "1'-11'" -I0 ~,'1'.---.'1-1 ;;,f/l"""nm"""',·· ,",!IJ .. ",~'- .. ""''''-1]'<'-1- 0- n, ,n ..". l~.:lliII~.L.~ lL"- .. ',1" "'0'
of rhis nttitude [Iu~ybill Sll1enln the nsrioa ~bat non-Greeks n:re Jess worthy [h~ltl Gru:e~s, a:rlns.o need to be ruled blj! G:reek~:I' as i~e:xpressed .in '[he ~ine "Ir ~s [)H:ing ['hal' Greeks .tJlll~ehlmb:lri~lffii.s." (l1o:pflci.poo,v "'E:iiJ,Jl'o,Nli£ ctPXEt-V dK,6;~. Euripedes, fpb.ifl,f!?lia .di A ldi,; ] 4{)O),'u ~ :M;ol\!in.g beY'ond dri'l~na, rrbeide:r. of(:~!ln!.~l-1 ~Uqd! ,e~'hnk dids,m is rej::.e.2!-~~d in C'~r~i'!in Ph,mmd..; di,_:log~tB!i:whif.re,. for exa.ffilTIlple'" Greeks ,m,d ·"I~.cibarhi.m:" oiit>esai,d ttl be: [J1,uu[',rlil
cf!.cm,:ies, toe),bc<lon:g ro d.iiTerent kil:ids" Oir gr.Re,i6 tifp~'f1I·e;s, ~.,nd Jilt" Greeks ~m,esr;ry Hl he""hy OliUI!J.re ~M:rb~u'i;Ii;~" {RlIp!t~ik .• 469b-7 Ib: Lil'~i~~. 692e-9.3e,
ofmb;,ed
(l!l·t,l1f,\~UUlJ'.
2'45d-€, il'e-s,p~cd~reily}n 'Lhe-K.e !ltat~mel:J[s. 1.liprpeJu-o he SW:"~11Irfoltv.'.;,,,r(,l t e'xpr€ssiom;. ~~f the :Si:fl.nd:atd o(~reek ~;I~ri$.nml, Yet Irshould bemlJ:fiT~d tllflit Pllllm~~own vi.e\?i'S nn the l\~uhje(t of "bilil:bi'ld~i:!s" are 'iL1jmplif;;:,ii'lO~' e-asil}tsurnm;'l~,iled, and d'lis, fQr~wo re~~o,m, fl;;rn(, ~ · C<"Hl:!iid,eprrio~~of his orhee dl,HhJllim,"S intlk,ues !:'~m·tPh'H) !Jury ,emplo'y rhe oP~J.Qs.~'!'i!\ltl!!If G~t:k-h't~r:b,-~ri('l:!l rll':lfI.€'_f: dtJifl'li<1li!i(.-, rather i:h;II~,~,itlll.tjilk pllrpO~efj;.!t! Secuud, :il~ the <ilt felf P.r,l.lh;(:;tS, PI~;~~)h.~m[ileJf 'd~k.i:-;:est~l1,eOI~lXj!!:it'h}~-;:1 ( between Greek ami "l)f_~I~ll~tr.iaii'l" he dH11: elsewhe ~e 1!!'voke::;, d ••.i !I1][!g dw( "bllrrb~~i!' ian" is no~ ::1 real Y~'VQ~ f!:!C1HJ(r).. 01:' !:!i,U mal k iud .II~' ~i mh thlll think(;I~S (-'r~wh~~1 th~lI' d ivid,~ th~' IlllJfElIf.1i11 :1'.;1.('(' UUlt(} I[WO lrJoi,utS, t;lbll_g Greeks ~U;. Ol,~e homjJge:l1i;eorus,gm~lp, n'illIdi (:0ik:~n8"har~)f,~rlans" as ~umhelr,. ~I~SO(~U ~l"
ne
C11Ulllljg [hOiSt:
~IgrOUtl of ind.ivjidnals.
Whf)
ki nd
l"ICOlItlf<E
thc:r
~Jc:1,;: !I;.[ecl ,eh3~tI';i.ct)f~rhlt'it"Sr.~qi1:~:r;Cod ~10 ~ . l~ll~kl.~ ehem u ~Iii~lt;d:they {'Oiii,SJt uee l,l.1.iil,IlY g rou.fJS t iUid do rl(M' i'lJ~rLrea "Ol'Jl!'1~(ilr). ~i~n~~mg~ (P'r)iJd't'l'ifj.262,d O-d6). ~Ifw'e {Xl'I~~klt:r bc' g~~I~.[Oi!l ~ ]}k~l,Jm.: Id .• ling ~o ~Iu~ OPI)(}:sil;ioIlof Greeks anel "b111:u bi1l.rll'lu s" ]~I Gfcc;k thought prJ.o,r to Aris torle, two killdis of dlf(cllcuc-t:I:ITu::i[gt·, ~o 001.11:' Idlu(l of distJ:~cdoo Il:nay be Isbeled eulrural or bd~.lv.~ora,l,as fb,r (~XAll1.~p.IC',Whl'f.l G:r(l~'ks '~:hllnk thiU: AS~1~Hbarb~l.dilmls.:'>lJ!:ellil ilL., rhe lyci.iiUl!'!, 01" Mt'des deess {)1~lll.I;(;:~ul.ynd beha!i'~: a .~ mt.nlod.c-nl!tdy-vo'1ith t·~l(!iir·m'~.:1I:l ~mth ~('dng 11.5 .if therewere 1]0 el;.fI:~[1t!'Il!;e bet'!f'l'l'f:: iii :~llijjJ~.iMi:iity and djivitiiry,.~1 Alliml:ii::~:r. .kil.ld of d1sdliCtiOi:i Is eleHrI.~ pclirkal, tl!$whcti Greeks dil.i.nl[~[I1U: tHub~d'U1. 'p~o'P~!;S ]ike- rhe Lrd im~s" Medes ()I: P~roi~.II~sar~ {;'QrHC~U ]icV]r~fl under tf!Fmlll.l.ms. In tbis it(l·gm:d, olle m;~,}'note Herodotus' view of the b.:1:ed'I2:5,: die')' (h{l(l~(!ruletship by' ;l I;yrmn ~l~!d SI) c~l:!ibit~l I;I~ijdt of bc·i.~~g Loth lawless Olnd Itubrisric
L
OW
;)I.
t-,r,ani.'.mlr~u;:r
[hill!!~ ruling
i::11CJl1,selve-5
(Flif.tfiri.w, L
Ari:5IEOde amI
.Bj;h~'J(}S
"[he abov-e-m{!·.fll'i().ned disdnct':iO'l$ cme'rging (mm, dll':: fif['h~ al1idfounh~ae-I1t'~lf}!i.ilc~ltuee widl reg;al'd re Greeks nnd "barbarlaus" !['-eml]:ln .relcY{tln.t w!fu.en one CON.lII:!S to
17
Copyr'ghted materia
{)f "bm~b9dm:'ls"j[l
d]t,
s,l1l:r.vey of (he
(ont~xts
to
of :lhJ]su~fl!ge shOWS!lIhI~l,t Ihe does ner make It flmdiliilnHHlit~11 (if thjs w{),[k fi ads d]ult :h!l: relies u~;>()n. ;li:UJ th~tpi\,lt of ~~:rms,jn$t"e;ld, g,h1fdng the weiBb~' from G:t'm:ik.-,{;arM:tian tlO ~ pair d~iU emFI,Hls:i:ze:> ~,
WIi],fji,the f[e'qil]€tl,ty
~,l,el!l!!ie-sto :sign.l(y
'[he sccial
of a
asa "trarion," ·'~tlpJjr;/' 0·1' "tribe, ,,1l3 He of![e~~ 1l!l:!H~S rhe (,erm ti8vo; (ilthi/ill') in {jIJ~~s:iI.':h:mnJ 'lto;\.],S (~fh} N} signal the C(!IU:r.,lSC berween a g:NJlllp of peop.le Uv:irug togetheif who possess Inws and. ~. comrne [I poUtinu[ end, and 'rl'1ClSewho Ilivl.'filf! social ar!'a!!:g:e!!H!Il' s wjltho~trc h~ a~!d iP~lrpmw. ~~ r w 'PorArl5,~Qlr~~,81'!}i,11'~J 1'e:f.ers~'Q :1 fGrm of 5l0ch~1().~JiXil!f!i"'!I!!i9~.l dl,af li'tcks p'l.1lhk~l insd~ t'L]ii(lfll~,,;rl 5oci,'fty ![ha,t we mlBht conslder tOJ be "~ne'·lli~olhk:;;!r· rlioilUUi'e,w'he,reas in p.fJli;J a~Vi'a)'~'i refers to a ;slodetr Ij,',d,f~g uader ('Q;!:t1I!n~OIi.l~\\"S for the salk,;; (jf 11,C'onHnO~1 end, which he ~def!dl~,e;s ~ Idving (he c:ompj,er,e-,.e')lCeaeilillr hUfn,m ]if~ (l3,;:N5b7-9). \\Thm: n Arlsrod,e liJ("u~ On IIIl d:k;;ti,:I:I~uishiil:l,~ ~lfJ(jlj,~ isa ;!;lm:r'~I~1 conc,epd(}[l of die' .~ood .iire; in
So,. IW~I:rS~le:ll.an amaflC'e of villages, even one rhar possessed [liglreen:lE:tu:s,for fOlr.ltne!:'Cf !H11d tI.efe~]:!le. WQlUk] nm' )'e~ .r,o'!l$dn~'(~ pulls o 280b30-32)., For i! /!On:I' r;fq~]]lres" ~!."S'~ ,of ._11, shered i~ ag[eet!i'~,~nt${~•.B..', On ,cornnfi~,~:f,C'e),il~ltt'tflf!l,ti[f~'~;~;lifl':llong B::ro~IP1i:,WnUnOll1 f~~;ii'li';a'~s a.~~d paseimes 0 2~.sOh35-]8:), and ~II~o, comi1l1l;onpnlrl;H:~$e: "fbi: [~ d,t'}, l~ dle lYdrt';I.~ers~,l.il;l of (ammes and 'ViH"8 e:-; tiJ[,~cOITJiph::~e' and ~'>elf~','mftide'!'ll']ifle:'(12S0b40-128bl), \'\Y]II1t. A ris:rOtl(,' p~.I'c,r:j'i'~S to b~ tl'pi(Cal flf etimc, () If pre'"p[)~it j("Jl sock;~ ies"is :'Ii.. !ack of
rhe
J
:il"
P~l~!)()~e~; fll:IiI,~~bfilMiir (0 be equivalenr he . 10 mere ~~u;:f:reql~lell:q!' t111)(~ of the (WD (Nrn:i. .un Ari:!;:~(de's 'Work, use we .hl.ld a shUit illi '!i:iS!lgt [mm ~:l~.t :s,rn.cI~~I!lird leiI'm, brJ.rYarn'f f'ha,rhat,ifl:m"), 10 the neWt-I: t~~r.:rllll" ~rbjlrM., The Jirs~ ohsetv<1r~,on ('0 .Ill~ ske Is th~lt the rerra ,t!liN();f ~lPIX~lHS!'!!bij!1H hdf
o.rganll.ed
.in!>liifIHh)lI]s
IJ.m;U1IC€~,,,l4'
If '\\'e
~fl.~ll~OglH~'
'W]1(}~C,.
bc~rbrmi' ;,lPP(;,I!l"S in n,d1ldljlie~I~' few p;;lfI~",ges iu rhe wtM,k ",md i~~only 'r:b[i~~' of rhese pilt."Si4':l":S dC)L';s, .Ari'~wtlc cllfiploy" harbarian" w:uth i[~~ pni.ft'd opp!J1>,u.i1t: [t!t:m ,."'G ret'k" U252'b8., 12':85a2IJ-21, l2:95al1-13)" SQ, alrheugh .Ad;';iwr.llc ejJn",lo}'~, the standard oppoo ~f~,on of G nll.d?-iJ:fftrlttJriatl In hisIX)I ..tic,~I.~: ~il~ ~se,h: \'5'[ ri k~s il'h~s.~mh,o' ;~ apl'W;:~I:r'i r ing (In ~!€'[llil outmoded ;jj:'!;[illtrio:!l fool' AJt.I:Sl'otle" This usage 11ilI1:.lI]i' Fdkct Irhc bc~~.C'.!itof Plnw'5 crieiclssn :ilh P'J1Wr.ttJ" 262(~. {\(il~,ct:r,ndfi~d];(~ uorion thtllit"bi!idj~r],t'!,i:i" 3~!ii,i.j]les
.m.el)c:l.~1 u a
ueHI(.ial"
O(CU!FIf'!:nC,i;:~5 '0£
and ~dmr},j1.1.1he Po!itin ·5~mJ 1[0 .t with d!!~l:wjt!S,\ roUdc~1J[ contrast berweeu .siUd~[ botb
lJrNl,.gl'&-J
11 p!'iJ"dmll.lgj'c;d couerast, :Employ~.!Il,~the disriucdou b~twe'~11 ~IIJllt)$ and po/h • .t\..r.i~rorle fOCiLI.-S£iS upon tbe wuy in whirh n cui Ii: ural gr·oup Of "people" larks rbesoeial !l!.](~11 oEtical! ftSr. It'W:jOf!S 1,"~'C]ll p isi~'e '0 be ('0 f1!si'dc:reda gC!tt:l iue cley-sraee, or f",li;t (12S2blS:-20, 1,26b2-'9}, So" for ~x,tmplc. ~!i mere iI.SB:n'.g~ue ~;JoCl)~JIC'~cvcl~~n of l huge numbers, diO~~ ,conS,l'hl,lit~c i] p!PJi'S, [hmJJgn l[ ma~' wcU CQUrT!r as an dbtt/).~." A~i1in, [1m f:~ <:OifI.mulJi]ty(1),W:ipt.i:st,d of.;;1: number ·of 5m;]:U.'F,il,I,;.!.~~, hound! t'O£jeth!lr by trade and mun,!la~, Hr!'i."lI.uage mily be sdf·s'l,!lfl:idenr. fm surv:ival, bur A.,iswde ·l)o~Ji5.idJerSSUiCh au
II.fj.gregate
'[0 be m.ec.fe.~.yan
liv.i[Jl_gdl~ goo.d
H~e
,:poi:i!J, sJfTl:ee' 1£ j:u:b rhe cum mon end of d]:;);t d~:~i[lJ,g~]ls.I:t:!lH:j; the IfJli:F 326b L-5}. l'or this reason he' ,,:lMoos
()thJU}J •
.:I:l!l.d not
18
Copyr'ghted materia
[ll]t' Jm./f!i~j. daimi,~s dll1r. sim llar vein, he t.h.inb. rhac la,rge n,tUl,g'nJS, HI,;~ t.hlU of the P'e'nd~lli'is, ;l:ru :t}'pical.~,y defici~:rnt ill (hie r,iight p ():I.;titi~l in,st:i~ ii:utlo[ls,.ailid as smch, he qu..-diii.ri::5 tl:lI'~iTIls .1.tu/f,. :~nd [lJOr[:(ls city-stures. So, fOlli ~:x;jtm:p.I~, : .he fmclsd~!u fj~'l''lie,or "natioft!;.,'· wh.l,d1l m'e ca.pttb.le of ii:icre.1..'lins t'heir powe:!' 1:ei~J [0 f",,,'Qii' despecic rule, :AS he thinks Scyi:i.li'l:ru;S;, Persians, 'lI."hradalJ!s and K.e:~[:s (10 0324il!9-:l(2). S.ililc~ for Aristorla desp'Jdr rule :ics :t~~ -er ,ius.! ,0:1:' "po,~id(nl" .. rule, h:i:s c:r.il1kisrn oJ JpOiWerfld"naT-ions" i$ madeevldenr U32.:4b26-17), ~n all the ab(]l".e'.li!rIem~,o Il:~d USiCS of ct1m'o.~,.A:ri!;rr(ldeconrrasrs Ilm:~' funn of Greek SQd~ty i!~NJI po~i6ral culruse, !1:]!nlil1.'~Y•. {h~rlqi'-st~f.i~, (lrpf!ii". wid! tl'!:flf of :nliH~y 11011Greeks (e.g .., SC'W~~~kl!~:;:" P~:rsi~n!i,,'rhri'l:d;a,r!!~,(jlr K!elf~),who il!t'e dU~~l'I:c"fe'!"i<':fd li.. ~5, ~rn8 under ,), deh.d:e'ilit J]]od,~ of po.1ide" I g'[Jyeti:un·enrt.. But why .m.:ugh[ rhls d,~fitieot}' m:cnt? One susgest;lcu I as ~'O wh)~ t"C'!:Hi n elf~#i bi ~to d (;'''FeloPi)~)litiei~I,I'li'!S'i)oo ...k~ed :Iiii Book vn, ,dHl~~I;,e!:''7" where hf dj~c!J:;;ses ~he" e.£Je~l;.~ djOO<lH~ {)fl nar iG~;]1 d),lm!i:Te'!", Here' Ill'; of
the
.A!!'f'dil.:il~I':iS.;
,groups"
to be
6l.!m'ff,
,f)f (Iiman)' e:xp.lii.i[J1the~p€(:itlc ('lelJ(~!encies .1ili a peop.le'·$dmracl:er, i'II'Iil,dthh iiil:l. nlrn:lcmu:rn:!l Jilt why .r.enai:l] gl!'!L~uF)lS; p<;'CJ1J1e fir hu:kpi!)Li~'ki'!~, .Bo'l'err:tt\fi(1e(&n:~~i.{~llH((. ~pr.liurita-i' 1327b26), Yer since (he queselen w~1~~h(;,f,:1im are ilnd p-hy:;;iol{)~:k,d d i~[}o,5:i(ulo.n~ f~dl'y dererru h~t, :nhH i~v ~(), ecome rhe b
hrc(]{lrbed ~m~" rf) bethatvriitiious tJ'1)~
idea
allfll'SS
bri.e.~ li',. it gifl~,kfu.tted lind! t'ht~nG"X( Adstt}de seems toe.o:;IUil'~t, be]t~g a. f"e~ (iti:l~111 oew ~ iIII cerrai II
ItO
bekl~
X):itl!~~g;e~, Book 1. (1111>. 1. 4,), 13. These LJ~ISS[1,ge:-;;,1,p~Jenro ·nHjln~~lU1e die clearest In f r of "!t:;ad:s~"f1lillkill~ in .A!:'h~tde's po~kk~l~ writing i~l!Jofh;r 11She seems ~'O be
t~.la:l :SO.I!tI~ P~UI)~~ (e.thifli)
belong
to rhe
gN)llP
N~tfil,led··'h:ulnt6anl;,.'J
lind d:mt
rhese p(~oplleare Whtl~ hcrerms "slaves by uaeure." Tli.:iis h]lferpl·,e~,atio.fii. ls :iit.itiITld~;.lt'dly f(j~Hi~~ ~'II.ti'_lug:hQm' I:he s(')CiO~).dMJ' ]j~'crr.anJjre, btu hi iH:iI ~,~!t~QUt k\1 dlilrk~hic~,. ,~ I :sbOliU sll~.bs~~,[llttCIU~)'~5how, .FhD~.tHy" the,!'(! JJe~l~I.<;;!i']g(~:IO !'I.~ald!lg 'l~JS~~ rhe :I(nC'C~'iV.i]l. ()f [~,l9Jill~ap~qpu.'lSr;.~'rlHtrjh,f.i'1 f'b~li~h1H.ic'·} dC.'iCfibl' whru A[iStOt.k~ ~ah~$ b~ archaic, w w
orr' "'p:r:iiJln id\l~/'pn!cti{cs
'~: 'll~~' r 'QI~
llill0:[1 ~;'::I"~ kl
rr ron-
(}YIl'n'lodcd or 1J!11~:sopbusdlt".rlf~d,In
P'iJ,l;'~icr, L 9" tor ~Kmrnlplc. A r.isi!odC!' .mt:ILTt.i.OI~lS, 1lJ. barrer economyas dLs.t~l.ln .6r.bnll a rnonlCiI:'~~r.y ceo'i1(1of:ii~y ~UiJtl c~ti!@.Hl:its ftilS 1~i],.ld.i:t~8 !;1.lll,O~i,g .i~Hltiy'·har.bfur],!'j,IiI)(:l)ples'i (12S7~an AF.jial.n" in II. 8:, he :rde:trS 1!:Oimc.i.'cm lm:WSC{lH(;1c.rn1ifl.g such !hiliig:"i ~I:;'i, nuqd n,g WC-lipons ~.~[!J,d putchasiug wivc:!s us "eyedy eimple Hod bltl,ritm,tic" :prac[.I.cc:!s{1.268b39\....-1iO) .. till t~tt~ P,!S!H1£CS dlscussed, wesee dtiU Ads.todeen~l)lo:ys the St~t]I_{_hU'd ,apposit!Jm
G.reek anti. "barbaeian" .ill hi:!! po].i;[i(a] wor.k, hut .finds mo:r.c use fora contra~t ~.t'llk~w bli of h:i!> Own. dev]s.i.lllll: •. d.l1lit betw0(Hl. ,{?tlmojf:\[Id po/iJ .. H1li'f.i,l]l~ notad this, .~~. (]~J(~sdl)n :ndgl\t be !t~]i~~d bet:her A elsroele smrUlS£ les in :r~di!Llkdng.Cttegode~j' nenerhew less, by ut.>in,£ rhls new ro~t.!:"M~,. F'Qr~ ft' .!ll~ghtbe ~l:rS'lCd d~,;\tA!:'lS:('{iIde':; d~s:slfJ('mio'f! 'Of peopk'1 inN), ~~!btJfand ./W/~iJ 'CQnI1!O[~!i "racise' Hoe of dlOllgh( .i.iD!:iio,rar as he p!refer.$ a
~e'tWl;:~lrl
fife pmne
N)
,mhe:t kind, ;1i:mLd x:plicidy f~[~,Ues in € be('om.i..~u,g enslaeed c~.nder ~)'rafin1es,.This ebiecrnany
e'[[il:l1Jc
]eilld!sus rn c'Oin!i:l!der lurrher the eelation of cl.imilltl!c to 10 Po!iii t:;f., 'ViI, 'J,
non-Greeks
a]jl~~.
i,(],C'il~ ]e·... of de'... l(Jp~ el e d€pe'n,(ls upen 11ti:l('o:ry iIlvn.lvthe e.f~e(:t'of d:hm·t~'eiLJpOrli human 'mlo~;!'tli!llg
7 where
~l ~il~J!(;,"Mhm srlses
wb!l{ sorr of
~idc;il~1 i>t:'t,~~ {lIU jI(.JiJ shoul;;ll 'p(lS:~e-iI$ (132J'hl.S-2m. The I'Imcl>Wift Ari!l~'OI,h~,givesidel'id(~e$ tWO milill, qualiries of,e,hal',iliCn::r t'hnt' t:,ill.'i:ile~-;-liI (}ugl'ir 1m hJ'\i'e.: "sp] ri reel ness" (a'L'~,QelMI~, ,t!rutJulIJie'ltJ) IIl!G "ineel ~igence;·(8~I:(VOin'!t~.i<;)6~., dtlnlrN."It,tk{IJ, ] 321b36-S). "fu,l1owiil.g t.hl~ d~.lii'i"Ad:&i:p:~Jct:· Q~lt::r$ 3. w,dim.c;~ilf;a:f:r !~H'n,'i. of dlJi~~d~m;ue ~ht'or.yof It!iljUJ:J,, or CJ~doD:l'.ill], d,ilIe:rer~ce,s," In '()mLitl>t. he~I"lil)l['~tiirl:!l ~:lHu Pt"C)I)~:es (1I~kJ:/.i1")
l'I~u(h !lpli!rill' (eruJH)~, 1htl~I#}$); and I~!o~'elil!')ltgh ]l~ekpoUir-kfll g o:"'l"rll:li:lilnft',.W~l ~ft""a.'ii p!:(")p~.t:S1lo'm, i'lm'ter pl'lrt:'i ()[ rlIt: Wtjrl.tllac,k :~'pi.rit :a.I~ido, :s,uhm.ir u) tyfi'l:tH~y and t:"~lls:I,IIVt:~ f s .cr.iJ(·~m: n.3.2ih23-,H );~15He disdiil8U.i~hes ~:hew~llkl, un,gove.".iliEtbl,e i)e()''p~jesfr,oj:J~, rhe li:io:~d. ('~in~,"'ti;;"S ';'!E~lropel'l!lI:S,'; a~~~tI lQ~1;': frtlm ~hr;~loue'l:' dima[!I;;S as ,.A;\iill:~l~>' U 32Jb24. ,l5 d 13nb27 t'2~p~imlly, and p.i't..,jkt~tb]y,. we fill~dl[h~~,t bctwc;;(!"u tin' (!;{ ~.tt:ifie ,[eg IO.~l~. of ~!Jtd and hem 1~ethe iilt(:U!; o·frhe wo r.k~:i.l]~lib.ifeil biy the Greeks, who, alone !\}o;!:scss thekhl.d
fr{i!.~.l
coMer
wodd
~I:rv'e f]'OO
i.I:II.·dUge~,t('t:(5'1i.l1:\b(YLIt£,
be'{:al,;l,se' !~hel'pry,'i<.~s:5b()i[h
:!ipirhedn~s~
A pre1i~:!)jlmty quesdon to' be asked ('tmcc.!''Hjl'!g Adnodc's cl i!'I'M.toe:t.heoq' concerns irs orli!,;in: ir does B(lt arise wid~ Arititod~ but in fat';I loc-1l:rs·docsc :;;.imi.bdrrw iUlJ I~'l'r]ie:r t.OOi~t.iS(;1 in tlhe med.~.tld tUiditi.OIJI, .tS weU :;ii!< 1i Ibtie:f [£fe.re:m':e ~]!$5tlti:li:iti.l]lj,j diQJ]~;t{: Ito Ch'lm.ot't1e!: ir~, Phl1;I)"S t~I!PIJMir:: IV (1''5e-3,6i~),. The £ifd~~(1c:mtH:'Y H~p])()Cnl!.dc wad!;" A.lr:1/ W/"""t"I'S,, Plaa:!S./i) 'i\;1,hj'Ch aPf"Cm:'~ [Q be Ari:!j[Qde':5 mQtle.l. gi"rC!i iI. scieneific, n~tllffiti!'it.k ~'l.COOl;lnt .of the eJi'e'ct of d.i.rM.ate and googmphy OR human I[ r;j]it~. i£ldud.lng phy.sic.ll.l. and .m.ofr.tI. (e,1uure~~ Another .. {)'r.ig:i.lilii,~. C:(J[ljm~ctio[l te Arist'Jode':\i, f~COOUIlt:m.i~!i'· be Sophiisit.ic sources, SOl:ne of whkh i'tt1C~l:5:sochllted wh;h. t'be cli:ln!l!t;c thc'Ol:'y of l:l~dOII~]~ Ch,;1t!l(ter as we]!. j.O PQI.' our pi]q~se!ii" we ShllJ] draw UpCiIIl t:he Hippocratjc teearise for' its exp.re;s])o [I
of the djm,t~t€
sonal d~'Ing.e!i
d.l~ot)'"
{"lioHIi,te,S
y.U!jj;1i:Jo.~
Sbilpe:"
in the semea
and
w:hk-.llin
ir!thld~~g, bodily
S;eCd(}fl" Il'h~'wor'.k
size,.
d ispo:sidoDJ
.[urn ghres else ro other efrfl2'CIi:S" ·of hr~ OiH\O (h:tl!:l'f~ct!(f]:'" h. the ;()pe'[I~.i:l18
~e('S out
Asi:;'I dUiefSl ,.'e'ry nUlch from .. EIiI.rope 11;'8 ee thenmuee 1][ sll Ihitil.:gS, b(ld~ wl fhrelj)'~:rclw r.hE:pmd I!U;I~~ [hE: ermh '~11(l It} thl'illihahi(·.~m~ ~lf _ .. ,. rhe ~lIum ry .~!imi Ider !mel [~~~,di~.I>:)= ~~,d()!iiS· f Itll~ ~.Il!l!H~bh!l.tlJts a!sQ arc m(~rc' g~~lde ru:id.I~&:lpnS.~;(l1ll3:~C'.'~~ ·.rh-l;;~·l!,!s~ (if tI!is i~, Q d... U~ffipe:r:u~;n.~l)f~h() ~ :f)f."l!S():Il~, (~"C, ] 2)
fhe .rhiefre!l.MHii
~~nd more
fi.emh: l!:i(:h::lmctel:'
dHitl EUii'tl-
'I!x.'ml:s is the 'Uni{~!r.mJi~r uf llll.' 511:lll>UrlS, which £i]I~W no !!r:iQkl:J.[ch<il.rWt.':Sei[ht'lr lC!'w.m.l:!i hlllCit or UlW.L&S coM, IJI!I:~ lI.re 'QqWi~Je-., FCIII' rhere O(CLlr 1'100 .Ille.t'lltJtI~:s:hClU:kS1 mly' ...io!.cm t~l]:r
20
Copyr'ghted materia
p,h~;cs:fJml !(hm]g~whkh
mr rnCiifelil~dJ
Ill) ,';~re(l,~
ttl
lra fierce
r';l;5Sio:n
than
is u
~:mtOn~(;ltmIO'Lli:
~~iilmo11[l!as.:s"J.;.]' (~'"
16)
the Aslal.l [em p~r3ml2'(Ilr , Europeans are ungOll'c.r.:Lu;;lb[.~:"the wHil and Ufl:!,Odillbk:-, i.tild!t'l:.e P'[i,;Si>JU:F:Hil_te occult In i>udtl a iCUtili>tltlllti!O'l], {Oi.' .f[equ~i:Ut e:.\)dt'iil',m,enl: (ilf the .mill>d! ,induccs 'Wildncss" 'Imd el:~i~l,giJ,lli5,hesSOCi9bi I,ityflml mild ness of dispos.i.dou" I~s;e('. 2'3). °r,he- allirh![)[of rherreacise them ge:['tCI~Ii?:e!l abour ahe ilifFeein.s ehamcreescf [he
[0
mn ,oonHa:sr
twO"
~I::ilrd~
sll!ips" and rhe Ashlt11!, less ~Q due [Q :fI dim,u:e duu '"~iI'ldnc~sindolence'" :!lind {'Or t:M:'l : ~{IS!O[l. bel1.nas Bnrepenn b;trblbdiaml mote w~ld:ik,e11:~~:fm AS.hln,s: (set, 23)" In the Hip'. po(mdc work, v;:(ii'hibllhy of dim,:Jt(l' produces dlspoo~tjiOliit~l. diniirl(j'i~C{.".\l ;~[I i)CO:pIG'~; characrer; On rhe-one hand, the' cold! climnre mil.koe".~ '~,mpoei]tl:s PO:S.5>e:llS n. k:in,d o])f wild E 'be~.Uge['ern~er.br;~[l~e;]ds tu C,Dll.r'_ge1lil"i:S d bpO:!i idlHill, wh i~e' the IIi.Hd.d imate of As:,i<ilm:1~kes
As iaes such as ro be gQ:~dc and dim ill. E A 111 obviouspa~dkd eld:~rs ~JoIilirWre(l-!1 tlmBiiPpocr<.'!.t:k ilndA d~wn.d!!~,rg~~c((lU!g,tS CQ!!(:I;;!:~.~ng rhe re~~d9Q be~'wee:~d:imnT~ '!1nrl Ql1mml disp~)5!~lrio~~. i ')::er ~heihr!lH:1; ,,]i,sQ d mws ;iI. C(-):clrre'httlv'e(:ftlU,q€ f{lor "h~lt;ilUer'inthe .rion]Jrici'llll reg1me~
",dU:!'H!'menare mld th~~rw:iJU f'joverfH:!d
P:>' ki.llg.s"
dle}j .mlWl[:
d'ld.l!:S(Ullls
.~re t".riLSl~'!I'ed,
elf
dl{~tl" th~taro' :f:r"-ll'~_~:ml~;Ii:t:~ll.l!1 d;lJ!,g:!l't:>, ~h!lil: ;OW!!. m:nmm,;mdl :m)t. ffH" 'filiI sallQ' fm
or odw;r:;
flrlO[il'i~L',
WlLlri1l[,l!i:l" (sec,
The qU~cSl';ionwh~~he!:'Ad~l!'orle,
~',o{),. fi!!d~ ,1
{(M;I~j-e(.'i~iil)l!1beeweeu
~mHt;i(.~rdregime Il1ld
II be t{)iLl!(~hcd li[:l!I.)!lfi if], the 'e(~]I,l~llf>iCHII"bt:.low. Hltcleiti VII. r" A dS~:Ofl.eS\iggcSl'.I) rhar pol.it':b:~J r,t.tdI~n.'tis ~he rtJuit ~i;fldiHl'~ the t',~Llij!:e Qf narural d bposjri~n Of dmr?KT~ r, For he tuji~ell cocreJat iOlr~, erwee u As.kln n~]don~ b ;/I,II.d t ,'rnnilY; "the,. ]m:;l<1spi.r.ir, w.hichis why they Cfmtll[](j!! Iro bemkd and t'll]~,h:l"t(]" (diOi'IJ~o) 8~(mep &Pl61J~\tf.tl(oi·oovll.ec6O'v·'I:fta~n,reh3i:, 1327h23-9'). Yet he also claims M, JII '~he' sam.e 1'NL'l1i1Ige' ~haJ.' A~dans "hr,rv(; i~nd.Bgen~ minds, :lrl,d ;Ul;; (j,k:uUcd lin 1(: m:linl' OJ27h17-9t .11.];h~Jirp contrast to 11[I!l'UIPc:'aB~,. "W~IO ;.]il'~ Iull of spl.lrjit but d~ficienl:in t ltWc[Uf,!:c.!H:e ti.!id skill' (~f.t ':nmfli~ 't~'lI'iJ EliJrf;_n~llV O~j!!lQil ~H_~'I!' f,o~ ~:Xll 'n. ,6~Q;\l0'~; ,6~ p ~Vm:~G"i!EI?~' K'ak 1;-Ej('\i'IlS., l32:-b24-25). As A.r,i:Hi)irk :lice!! It, ElI,:Irn~m rr:,ibC5 J.[1~ char-
,I
m:r'edz~d. by al[el'i:c~ss.iivd)!wUd
{U;e&Oep ft, de,'"thir.#}, tbey O,:l27b2]I-J6}. The pOSSf"gc iU~ said [.0 he ~:)OI:'[l "'ih[J[[·hiu·~an" and '·':s.~a'l'ish,"whi]~ Ey.mpc~m!S ari€; indeed 'l)21:1'ba'r.'i~l11i'i.t j •• l'ld ~I\8t nor d~5cr;bed M "!davIsk." Thet:e.fote, D;2'1.I]£:, rnle rli!l bet· of J "barbarian" tribe, ~ O~·!!~lt k'!1, is !~olre !~(l'ii.1g1~t10 nHlk.e someone h~1ve rhc ('h.il:ro~ter: of eel; sll!l.lO''t.,01:'be a "SliiV~ by uaeuee" in, A.rismde's :re!l':ms" No·.ne[heies;s:" since ,A,rl~mde here SJEa(e'~ dmr sonu!! bar-
remain fr:cc Jack PQILituctt~. Olfg~l~1 i Z~~t.io.~.l :mdll,[ciilGI(FN.lib,le [l;f ru~,iJn,g hi V~l. 7 ~bu!lp.re.&(mts ,tWO views of"hfl.r6f'lrial~s": Astl!i,!!.:'l
d1,c),
barians
;"!,[\!'
;100
those who.m.
"~~ "slnves 'by t:mnue" in iEloo'k,I~ ,ells 4, ~, and l:.t If so, rhe n ir [Ji]ay be' ~,u:gU!?('~ that A:;;,bm;·lcm.[h~l.!rhms" are. prec.l:;;~lJ'ilhose barbarians whose narure is such as ro require their bai ~ ruled desp:lt.itd]y .. ]!J! a SernlS!!Jl, the climate accou ~Jt ; B
Copyr'ghted materia
7' seems 1.'0 Sl!:tppol';['~'h:us {''(I:rH:hlsku:u: ~he' hot. cH mm'e .i aduees 1[lk.i.~ld of gll::ntJeness i[im±diIT}, in the Asian d is.pooiI.io!lli (hal' !iUpports DlE'mm.:ing e'm~;].... by Asi,ll[1 ed tybllllU" It !lilight be thDU:ghil, t:n~r!o'i{l'Ite> that ,Aris:tmille d]l:inb: d~j.t }l.;SijlJlS should be enslaved b,r Greeks to, woitk JI1 G!i'e~k dlth.'J . .B1ilt~lthOlug~ sO.m.e scholars h~\!'e main~aiflleclJ '~Msjl~tlerp1'eliu:.j()n,:);~ ir (aces flo number of Jp!'oMems .. ·[i.l!F~f d.if~'ClllJidf's, a~ ~.'e'{l:5t, iolId~efrom t!he :ugu![l,ellt of 'Ill. 7 i!:l1;;U u]1l,detm.ine the mucl,usknJI that A,skms must 00 naru ral 'S~.~~'i'cs~Orrisrctle, ~u ~dd~l;io.tI. etherrests ilL OH'l!;,jde VII. '1 C;'Isr eloubr 'onrhill> t'1 ~a['io'n, o"I!ndehese will be ex~mil]ed in subsequene SiCcdOlli!i rhepeper, F'U.l1Ot,. of theacrual ;1r.g1l!me:ntin VILi m:;~kE'.~l1orefe[\~I1I[,~ to n:al'ltr:,·d slaves, "),~!ly tal rhc As.it~n dj$pos'idon ro be ··Sl;li".'lsih" if! dHt sense ofbeil~!g: ,rypicnnyrul.Q,d
\r[~,
and
byryr:r,lfH':'.
,1:](i.t'ft'r'fi.1 't'tffPC
i!i.If.s~fJm~re
onlY' if ,t\rbmtle has one meaning {If tlil.e ter.m Jt'.Iuhu C':s.b~ve'·}" hut dds: ls !iI(l[ rhe (,15~ as Ar.:iM'ode ,emlpll(~y;sdo~d~' to reterso lli'Iat':fYI)cO'P[(;\vho are clc~:i'l:, ,1~IJr ~Jatti,rnl S]1~"'CS> !H,]c:'h m; rhe fM'm:i;!lgd~15'£ described if! hjsidea.l regime (Books: VU"VllD . .second. it~dlf)'lltgh Atisotod;e rhinks that AfiiilllilllS Ifl;e'k !;;pitl[, he also (i~lillfn:S th:ii[li:rn]l~f :11:')0 pn:')f;es~
i[lt!('I.lige~.c~'
ri{llQk
(Jii1:Hf1iiJ), and
:iiti;'
highly
~k'lledllil
{,r;l!frr:;;:
n 327b2''1'-9),
which
Imr;dly
h~.[eIHgerl!::e ·Qf the "11;;UUiL~r slave in hb: c:~!!im~~ibtJI.!!~rhe ni~nlm]di['(:;rf.~~t~.:-; af~'ong n"H~:O 1U1I.gtou~r:l..'i In VII. 7 hii' ~:lod.lnlfJ:I:hia!t dl~ ~;arne (IUitfe:r'l?uc'~'Sun t-Gl;li'Il::rei:';'t,~ mefit~ t::h'oli~: (~,:;dil~anM)i]lgElHijj~~lf1S iHi~ll AsiRili's alse ex:ist'~~mo:i:ig: Greeks f~i> t~ whele (t,)27'b33-34). Ir lQn~Jw'" rhar Greeks !f~Jsse~~the same I!'Mlge (If natural dispo~][ions iu I[~,lt'if:clmlf:'H.:t~'f- 1~.IIi('huld.ilJfj:a dl$fJOSition r.o :s.I:l,,,isl.m:~&s - th:u nOII-G!t'~e'k "barbacians" do" The ,g.lIM.'[;est' di:fln,c~!lt:r fQr' [he 'vie'!'!.' d.i~t' ,smne', 'Or !~n,hhil~pe()l)~·e.s:li.re "'namml i slaves" cO.~~.Lt::.[:[iS L'i!"U~ w~II~~l1er III h :r.efiN():m:ah[~ to rhluk [hill[ :!IH.mCOti.t'I.;l!;:;kililig.~ spur~ rhe ired d.:i~PQij;ido(i and ~)Ii;)ilSeij.!i;jii!'l,g i[wel.U~eM,c\: :~s ~lll~.t~cUt"i\l. ii!1;"!'y('. C.i}I1:l;kk~d !:ilg rhe IJi~:st\j!;(~ L Final.ly. A!:"i~mde
:se~.~Qmh!'CQ!TIJ)![Ior:!.'d~e$
gc:nr~ bl~~'~:he~.~(~IIJf ~plj ~redness Tl~"u: !ll;lk~~ Asians na~ural :-J1;n"~:.s,.~j 'T11,hi s;uggest ~;() r I~ mught 5.C'rilll plll.Il!l!>I.hle iL1lI m.r~kiug ;I, pSfd:m~.og.icr1l. ("(!II,nC:Ct~f~'U~. betWit't,:H III. k:u:i:I.J.nJ uarurel dnmkliry endslavlshoess, bur rhe (0'11 IJICCrrlD I] Is negsred by Book Lchs 5, and 13,. where ~he l~alu~~l sla v e 1:5drdilul~d. in rtl;!!rDlS of <1. rarlenal IO~'(h~'~i.beit'ad!i'e 'i.!~Ci~.p;I.C.i'!'y,~~IOrt i1 : by IciU::kof ~p.ir.it('dne5's,. ,and no such 'C'9~I,m~cti9'~11 :suggt:"S'[cd In the!' ltex:L Bm perhaps one I:S eeuld fou.is Oll~ the oti.'iclr ~Hdfi)f rhe ((]uf!,tklil a.ltd l.•r,gi,;i;efor .;:l: UJi.k berweeu the Iurelligence lli5(,r:i'b~, I:Q A51h1.~l!Sand ~]~eir lack of dcli,bc:radvc cilp,td.~~I_ B,!,.u:IL'he c'\'MI;!:r~{,l; it: m surh ,~connecrio Il remains h.igMy iuconclusive, for (;¥£11 :lfuhl:' .ki~.'ol OIl' .inudl.I15COIlC!e bei]l~ re{'C.!",wtJ ~'O, helle is men~~)'·oJ~ terh !~i([(tl son - as ~~Pl.s been sll£;:gestle.d: - nonetheless, it S,i,gIL1i6~!iI. d.j:srin~,ti ...~].}!' .m~tI,t#1'C<lpadry thi1l!t isat ..... iu':d HI the '1lCcoun:t :In .Book.~ of (he u JiS Cllatm~[ :!;,lilW. pl[llrthe.IJn.().r~,. At.iSWt~'B :not.m.al.l)l ~ml)Jo"s d;fl,~/i~iil; 'otuft'1' 'to the mind t nr it!) the thinking fHC1tdt:r ~n .s:ew~:t.fiI:~j ,[Utd tlds tlsa,£Je {Ionst it uees a eleae obsHlde re the p:r>t')IJ)o'.!icdrcadi!1!,s" M'{HC sl')e{ij~aiH~I.Ads~:odc uses ~he I~e:!'~n ditjn(Ji~1 ~1:r!{.1, i~s !!'cl[i.dves . (diIU{;)Uib.O'i, i'iarW(!Nliuu) in hi~ f'S'ychoiogy in ejdloe,r: of ['W(llwa!i''S .. hl Irs sene'raJ emploprn:~nt. di"""ftt4 :oot(;ts 'tto rhe {,f~'Llltr oJ though!: t1S :such, whe.oo rhe t(;[jEl is U$('(I to fjlJs.. dn,:guish onc' of ehe human fill:::u.h~;e:!i, such es nCiJnidon. Sle:l~e·'peit'cepdon" des:irle,,~,Q(,'][ rno['l.Gn, or .1.magl.l1".a;dDIlL (D.;r Aui!IU:, 40Sb3,. 11])9,413b13. ·fl4M !. 41)at-8, . .1H3;i118.l, l~or eX~m1JI?1e:,hlil ;('klims~ "tb~ sou[ ~s the O!:~£ in ·of rhe ;]bove:mer:u::ioMd fmiLCltit.Htil • " • of
22
Copyr'ghted materia
:fi~J;I!:.I!'.ir.iolf~.; sensnr:iou,
other
li.ik.e ;t6:ffQ;',
w!he'n h~
/',o[;!1'1', '!.Oytc~,6;;;:.l()glsf.lttJS,\i'01}S.
d€sct]i!:oriiS ~p(:\d.j](JU}' rmm~:U1! t<l!j)<i1ddss of iJ:fuinlkitl£, U).~ A.ilfi11:rfll", 40-':latf', 4.1<1b1 S. 41 ~ilS., 42 .bl1 5,>429,a2:}, 4Ha2.~i~]~ihip!jj:tj(i, l02~'b2j" Ptd;l.t{'j, 1370(40). ,$.0,
fot eX<lmp~e, he S·,lY.S" ~yirm:~H!fi[itnal"t!l [ me<lll rhnr "rhe'£1fdI)Y the soul th~n~s, ~~dMJ':1[!"t!4il] [
rhe
f;'li::~~.~[y or
~:S.
~.r'J! il.'>f!eCi:'
not el]iJ.ployeCl
ir!l. D~'
,tl.tlinlii'
a kim.d of
thii~1k~t,g cO'!l~is~~ng ~rely~t! !l !Hmuw n~ch!~iL;.1k~!ow~~dgj}tera aafr. k!1lo'wlcdg~ leaves m '~he-dn.i~s mnde by dloes:e lQI[~rpr~T~rs of the P(}ii#I!'.!,VIL ! p'iliSS'ag:enmn;!JppCl~r~'~, They
l1Iil.idl]t.l:i.ilI. thar [he I.:i:ile <lttdb~ld:ng!! l.fIteHiiBen[ III i nds 1~[1Id.!>'kiU 11:1 ('t[l.ft"'·' i[oAsl;l.l1I!> (:~,32]b21-,2S} :shmi,l.:.'!lbe i:.e;'ldple~)'f1ft'ltie<:lll:V,. wh,h the twO :items s!gni~f:ir.lg; the same
narrow ;rech~ic~di!u,eIH,ge:~.,e ~'i[ld !lg~hi!lJg else, Eli' r~s{:!"ic~ji;1AB sei!1S~of rhe rhe ilJf!ll((,,'''i I:iII this: O((,II,I].t['€',IiiI)C€·. rlh:e~.,s.eelk [0 'C{i!I~llieCt rhis claim :ti~,]itli[AShtliils" i bel of spilld[e,clIlli€::l~wfth rhar of n~tUr-Jl] ."l!.:l'l!'e1fyil:ill Bonk]. Bur theflt;flrg'~'I[tWl:illt fO~lncler:s Otl fi! laek of •. 'e':I:~.'Uid i>tlppClil'[ for :rellJdl'~llg tlia~i)i,~ rhiis IHU'f(IW sease. 01[1.rhe (OgllUl!rry:, In tbe ~e:{mi,\1~vkl!!;;:~lC'e D'(!AltilN¢ for i.~l.~·e'~p{~·~ing teem (iiri!tt~';tf"'S m~~L~~iHJ;l in rhe ""Retl~w[ i.nt,~I~ii~cl~,ct'''i5 ,:I.~ady l:y~d.t'IM:iI. ThQrefo[~, quite ap'o'ii,f[fiilfi.l1!il d.:1riit:yg.ng i:hl' :S:£1'ISi~ ~inWb~c]11 .A:!iial:i~may be sakli t'j) be slaves, the; ~11[~'dbtldonof "inrelligeace" m th!f"Ol (udy con[u~~,n&5ehe issue. ~7 is iace Asj,lml:i possess hi! ~em8em:e (d;"ifHli'l), and ~i~l,ceI~M.'i{,;'Ill}<,.dry i:scorl'r,;"l.;;u~d \'i~th(rl$~.i,t~(I[.i¥~~'bl man f'Jt.iom'l'~d~'()ll!~:I.H, d~lr:r£ is. 'llfHhi il~ he-~' tI ~::r€{tlf h\1 ll!iil.plyifllg ~:h~l[ Asu~:I.l'S are (he narural sla... s described ,1111. e P.rJiliia. Book J.~s If one mainfhii!!Afj,. :'l
re:r11Tl for"iIH€U f'ljlll~,.
he fO'lilml t'~~t"wher,t'. b T
end,
c:X::iml.il'iU:AiI;'i~~ .
N arure' '.'
I
wel~ kl~{)W:II. [hfiJr IIUcicnr. Gr(;eik. po~.hk.ill.s()(i~~ies were ,s,~;ave !iiOCi~'~lCS whh n v'(!:rys.izt'~uhlc prtl:p!.J.rt.iOII~. of th~ ct",s.idt"Ht popuhltiol1 b(!1!l1g 'C:<HII.lpti::;tlcl b,y slaves of om~ oCC'~i~Jii~tiQ:I:i. lHI,OI~:bi,e.r,:!~ it Js hard to detcrmii:ic wheth(;r. lr,ad,rd orerhnlc {it t;1IitIe.r'e:i:iCC[i: ~I.S
:SL.:l!d.~ (;'{lJiI rib urcd to d~c ru;)r'c,pCilLl~(1e f ~h'i'c.rr .. A U'5d H,i!,\of ~thn.icgri.JU!.p~ o Adlf:lJliiaH slaveswere cl.t~l/!'1m m.g!,g;h.t 5ugl;;:~7~t eonnect IQ[i]1 between ibB.i n:g a
r~l)ln wh~d~
bt1rbHf~i~m mld
slave, ~md.yet histQ:rh::.~II)' Ad!l~!~,j"ms obtai!1!C!Jdmuie[ slaves t.l'lroUigh cmKJlueSt l~o!lil ~otMl Gmek and :1ll):Ll-(i:reek c~de:s_,m (J:n;;ek'l. aceepred (11;:1:[[1;:1s:.l:itVl;;ll' as PlU'i: Qf [he >sod;;u[ and po.I.~.t.~.cul. Cllhuru., f~PiP"uu.[l!i:lF ne~dil].g no rUSOnW jUiS!i:iiy the :pfM[.ice On ~'1d,&iil:iom.:~, r,tChl~ g;rI,YIj,nd:s"Nor dkW Ch,;l:Hd shrvei!')' e:;"h~'lns.tthe nUlcgOi!'}' ilS rhere exlseedas well eeher d~.sscs o,f persons "between S hwe: ~lf!(1 free" who !j;}fl)ll'id.cdrhe ki nd of ro~lf!ii:lird ~~11b()!:
needed by rhe ~'~1pic:alGreek ·c.hT,·smte'.~1 . The idc.rltl.iiCfi:t.kHlbetw(:filli 5lf.!'v~S;:i,nd"bf,l,rbfl,fians'" t:h:f~t(l.m.e:rg(;s;fr·o.m..htb€llI.li.i;[l
liit ..
cnlr.y sources of the ·d:l:S'silralpediOd i5O., fl(),rcd, p![lesc~u in A:r:isnui,e's work, III Pdi.l.t.r:j~ as m .. t, f{):r~)mm.pje" .Ad!itodeL1l:!l'~:S. a concras u, (i rl'Cit ... lmJtJar:l4.tl" 1!R order [0 show that barbarians Im..l.~ !:h(~son of nature ilIh1H makes them :~~bleobe enslaved by Gi!"e\~ls.Thi-~ " r
nbeur
I.~.n'ilt: ~)e~wcen "'I:ml!'l:m:riiln" Hild ".si.mrc·· m~ly he t'ho~gln ()If' ~1S.S'"opponif]£ h.h' if! iSlc',nSl!O 1.'1 ·'.IJ!atural daves." lnI. 2: such that the rwo chapters rhen form a !i,in_gleargum.ent.,
If SO; this discussion would COilS:!! irure ~l f(H.lillITlt(~:["e:x:a.mp~,~, rheprevious asserrian rhnr to Ar.istcd~ oH€!tfInoclear ±deT1:tii:h:;~u'l:o [I ibl'tw.ee:n "bllrbf!idimS" and" nfiii:Ut:!i,I. s.htv,es." '.~;o ~1..<;cet'lilij~ whether ~'.hjs il'e~i(Hn8 l:ti p[!I!l.i!sibl.e, one needsm [coli:: .m.{);~· f;ilrtfull¥ m: rbe 'It;gLJme:~u in p,f).litir~, ]. L '.rhi:5paS!5,'~.g:ereveals rhat Ar.ismde"s pdm:uT film is [0 ;;t,rgue fer a "tl!iltllrn~," poH.t;,ml it'r~t1Ik;~.ngdlrilt b(' ;thinks ·t~illrlbn1t.i(~:li1s"19;tJoru: insnfar as tb~j'idcotify w1orneo :l11.{l!laves, Fm Ar:isH~("[e, [he pil'oper :r8!nk~ng- :in descend~'ng order consist's s offr,ee men" fn~e wome,mi., chi1dn~[1mTi~slaves, Tille argument in L 1 de~)ifnd!i,I1.t~ii:"" upun n :p'flm:ipl~ C()~lL"(H·~lg.ng rmi!"uro h1~viHg single e:~"ds (~~252ib:II-4)'. and secoud, np(l~-!the c'~aim d~aT: bf,l.fhill!fi~i!s '''~Igt:c'k ~~~1.T~r,;1I. iii nde{" ('tb ~ViJ"f.!.{~IPX,i()i\, iI~' ~;(:I1:r1Jjo:1\!, :~.15 M), Q 2 Ar.i:stode (l:HiI;cludes I[h'l;~ ~liI:&tou£h ib~c,rh;i[i.m m~ll1. t,l,ke' WIOITIIe-1JIand. di~'I'es iii!> eql.l!~,Hy l.nfe'· it!{~t 2)'2b~.}, he Sll®g'~~~s thail~~U ·o'f~h(:'m - men and w!l)~H~~,;'I~ike - are "slaves" b~~l.!:s-e they ]f~C,"k !l!<1nlm~ r~1[e"!:,.4~. cnnsinues Ihf,l.~ifbe"i.n~ b:,!~lr~~i~ul<lind heing slave a. He
~U;~,
3QU,~c.Ov l1v,12'5,2b9),
lebarhanans''
on [0 ~lf~:m;;'rhsr the rwo Ib[,li!,i'~ the S,l!'n1;: ~H!lfIU.r1(;,,~tld in f~lQ.'"~ [~~n:'r fef'(;:rence~"btHU hii;i: h,,[b.~[:i~ans {~(;fl'i{m:St"i;a:f€ he- .::Jlo{'io; id~II:~tif~'tb€ [W,i). En [heS~i~~e'l~irnr chaJpi'€r. dud uor t 2, ArL~t:ol;lle i:iowhere :rnemii,()n!l bel.lil~ bm:b~~dai:i~j:1·deve:,IDJ)ilng Irllie ;.iJ:r8umel~it'S al)um:: being il!t~~ur.al :da.v"t,. uor does hot de~C'[i be ;~H rhesewhn are ~1~bOl.fia!1 1~S slave· I]ke in
vn.v,
[111 .Ari:n:od,e':o; owa ®t"tO'lIII(, ofw:hr,u makes ,II[ jilUSt [iF) be tuled despod..t"i.Hy, his emph~i~ sis lies in rhepossessic», (W laek, (Jr ,1 cal~f1riq" [01:' dleIiibeollr,.ion, c)r .~QUA:t}m~ lM'N.tl[~/); •. B,t'fnrt W~ d,rr.ic];c wlu'f"h,tt for .A.ristodt' [he Cltpm~i('!lfnr ,dcliht'r~'riolu l~.:; ir.!\dfdt::terlllill~d by ~Ul ru.fildt,r,IY~[;!8raclal or: edu1.j:r t:h~.!t!J~tler,We need 1>0·'li)ifis.J:dcr hls t'httU'JI of Ili:'i!ni:ml. { sh~Ycil'}' .!"n'tJ'n;:do~~:ly, A~'i:'l1'(itl~ t!r<l;WS h]s fi.!:"S~' ~k:"ni'I'kw (if." mL(~!riu] :di1J.\:e lu L 4 {)~)I rhe b,V}h of (onHnoni":li IIdd views aDO'W: .siowl,;:s: U) .. sb.vc ls a ~')[JSSes:~~OI~ (iKti1~ft,.k.tl.fj,\\U~)' of the a.Hil'r~f.'![C:!ii[!I)t (d, 11255b30-2), (2.) .f,l, SIf.lV~ ~s :S!l:lbo.rd.in;-ul(::" the: mi1iSt!!r in m8~lte,:::r." ro
cencernl
[]JE:1~r;:~ ia.lil (:~p6; ~ltS,. J)'f">ffxh) as 'O;M~pos;(:(HI to pr.tR~net ~OiJ (roo:[,lq C'I,..;, f!~'1iJ,),
(d.
] 2)4a)-9), (3.) 11,'5. a po:sse~~i.olfl, file .sb·... ~,~ e· ]ike ehe I~i;tr~o·JR wl:l,Q~e~bcIOll1g,.ing wl.I.Q]ly to am}[:~mr (cf. u .25"ht9-~. 3) ....... llth .r~gml[d :to ~Jw.Iir~t claim. the notion (If bC'ing !l PQ:;W session i!l lrl!odllficd b'y~~., Ii ~It12531:.;3,2, :s()dii;l~ we read .,\! sl,il~e Is iii, son of LiY.i;~1.8 pOi5:lil;S:5km'" (6 5.oui.oC; il':rii~a;, n ~~~lV'ux:uv).4<! In ~he:i;C'c()~~d da]ffi., Ar:j~mr[e disl:hlgl;;l!hhe~ the' dtntc's pmpB[ .fu.llctio.rn,as 1[:~11=5_p'hr:.[€ of "m:tiug" (prmdj). n:rI.d.Hot that ot "m:il~d.u.g" V~E.'Jh), 1~p]'~re ~l~I}"]'C'.stdctinJ~ bis discussion 1;;1) ~:>C!:SQmlt r hotl:l.t"lhokl .s~r.I'¥'es, This o 4) is s,i,g:ll1i6:cant :in dl;)IJ{'iNi!.fQllrth.-ceutur)) AIi1ii'1en", mrllny i'illl\~es,wGd{;ed ollf-5lidc [FIe ho 1,15 ebold {~4,l; ba![l.kill.g, to.m.murc'1',4~ and variousskilled cmCts'ii;"), The- restti:cii:iD[I of 1l1:~tum[ ..• si.'tl.'CI!'Fto' these whose fiu,nu:io!] is ru:~i~tB:(l.nd~lQ~ produc::'h~"g !!UB1:leSf!l t'h~lt rhe fhc(l'r~' has :N_O eeleveuceto !i(I{"1tQ:!,Y Shl'\i'(!S ,efor C.::\:,"U1;~ jJk, dwlSC i~v·o hie~1 i!li~l k! it~g),puM ic slaves (who worked in rhe civ.k b[l.i1dill,g:~iilnd. [em.p.I~5),. rradesmea, 001" 1"'0 skilled c;:mf['Sme:n.. (;i \Wiil:h [{''.Il:~lDd to the thi~d ck •.im, tllile :flSym.m.(;tt.iciid .. ruLi~dor.l.(l,r s.l,ay~ t(:l llj,t1;StlOiit .is ('U'.mL"' PiJIiiI'Cd tl() rhar 'of pan IX) ~..dl;()k; jli;lS,t as n part' is H p,1rt' {If s(!Iw!cddng:" IlL who,le'~sQ rhe slave beto,ngs wholly Ito the maSHlJ! ,U:1:54an 1-13t;rhls ("I [la.1ogy,. lilo,wc!i'lBf,is rather inad. eqjiun;t,e, first. because ~l whol~:;l:lso is :1. whole- :l1!il 1IJ~l:~ltiO'!lJ 1;(1 :iit:S p~1!!:~', and second, ~Ull .•se
Copyr'ghted materia
the- argument ,~hif[:s bei1wit'€.mi. ~itrm::n]tii,I.1~nd l~g!lil Senses Qf beklill;g~nifl"'H'[fI! order to 8ce rhe fo~!u~ ~r.j,OI:[ for' the d9:~m t;h~~t dl(:: ~la\l'(:'is, !K)mC()Irl.e' 'w ho b'Y~:lf1:tjii.!me doe:::; nor belo~.s; to hJjm:!N~.lf 1[0 i]norhe;r: U254al.1-l5), we rurn 1'0 P~lH;l"s" L }" !hut The accounr ·of ilfutUi::.J!~ s.la,vliit}'in. I. 5 prOte-li;d[s by a S(:llt.leS ,(;,f:.i;Mlol~ri(>s ab{lUt (;Jj&~H~~ ar~d bein.s ruledrhnr fl.hll 10 foc"W~'he sense .i ~~ whk:h rhe sh~lie'~s ruled: humans rii:!~e anim ..ls, :5iDul m]es: body, .[1Ti.iliB:i lect rules desh:e"rn;a[e rules femaile.So , jusr m. the :SiD'll!!. d :m~:rs from ~;~];~ ibod~' and bJi natu 00 I:uks tim bod,!, ( Il2'S4t.l3i1.-6), w:ithi n thu SOu I..itseU, r.e:l;.~(lr.l {n,ottl} dUrer.s f:r'C'Hl'.l des:i~ (OP'E~],~" on'1t·;i.r), :Ul,d ib~~ n<1'~:~ii,re·r..U~'e!l. [he des.:i:rh~£: pnrt' 015·~:b6-9)' A~h,.r:ode hereme'ndons [Wi) kinds ,(},f~un:tl.g:rh.{I[ ·ofrfu~ s9t:d .~v~iI'[he body:, find rhar of reason (j"'~T eItliU!llomi. These t,J;'lU are 1110'[ the ume, but (H~r:inguish~ld as t hG i:'llh,; of <~ :m~_StG·,r,. rl.d of ~ Slr~~jt~S;mCI!, i'('J'sp~c~ ~ lve~.y (~PI~ '~~1Jt:rn:Q'n!C'lii, rlhI'Ql'il.t.; &Ttbf! ,(!tpzr'i rroh llKllI~ rfJ·.fJt pontH!.!i~ 1:2:5,~ib;;-4J. The d ~lf[l;'iI'el)l\Jeto.• Ar.iSii:'ode lies .lfl dl<lt: [he tLlih~'IIf a .~it;;\i~~,m;an. what fu~ i1~[rt!'!I.s;"~){~:~.itk;l] .rule," 'l.i.ITI!i <It rhe g.(Jod of rhe ruled 0255,b20,. l277bl'...;9, 133~3-6). h;en~:!S w the rule ofrhe maStle"f,.··'dt.';!ipn~i'G n1!l(:,'" ai~:s
sl1!01,1M he nlled
dli~t:,j.mon,~ bmnfln~ some dUTe!: fw·m, Q~hers as much Wi~~(_n~[ ft{)lln hndy Or hmilflllu frmu alil~mlIO'ii~ And thes€ <ire "tIH)~€ whol':C irlU~:I(lri(}n i~ :to as,,,, ih~ii:r •. 'bo~nei>'"(12:5,4bl1-HH, Giver. th~l. ehe best' tfLl.r!~:diilfi ~hat' rhf}' ean d~)~sm l"e";r,jl(),r"i:il 11IIH~rm;a.1 labn,r,. eben such ~J>ei:'li:()~TI~ should be n1.l.ool il:i [he v.~.y ,~)f d.ell'l)otir rule, fl:i!:I.drhese w(mhllrbefl be slaves 't.y. !'l;,l![me"i' 2'~4bl.s-20). The pmblem wlrhrbe .r.J~<'l!t'o'!.Q(e:rlt:iOdt' of ~'iI;lig :~I Hi p~:rforml 1:113Hl,li'iIl ~al)()1: ~.f: r.hflt it reil uc,~.~U) ha .... ug Ii, c,t;'fr1ai III iki nd !)f ~ 'body.', Of Il.i:l.'vifl.g eerraln Lil:iil~l!!if~!lft::j!um~:-;,W'.hi.ch t\,lrr.iSf:ode Jarer e~t\i[:s d{J!tllb! eu ~'".. . ~te~t'fl'ilmill~"Jd'ii'eJTI'lrik(;l] .. n~!r I:he I~nk beeween 11.01.Hliln'L~ sl!llY,(;:;I; and boollily I!::wi{:~ Js hJrSt· :sr.. ed~ narural ~I;ave.s,aft: ,rrl!}f.(: Hk·e rhe body tha.I~. the .!iOUrn, iIli{)lrt Lih the lM!$:r than u tihe In:i:iJUHI, and rhls r.~jit:\(:~s t'bei:a f~inoLdOi1 ro be wo:rj;:il'ilg w~th thdr [)(lIdi:~, Ad;swdl~ ..
'~il)!)i:!!, pl~)''S.l.~.~~: I!\;:c;t!:\lfnS I,
oe'II',t,,':I·1cflIb:rgt:.,> ,
Ilil,'UIllife's l~lIf])ClIlt'
dle
(Olmr;:(II'ion
berween
I[)(
]]I.'r!>j('"d~~}' y IUIQdllg b
lhm:
d IffeT,~·nt, C[[~1H:.i ng rhe !x~dr flf the ~ labor :lIml the free man useless ,for rhar lind of work
fl't:,:',r: lind
·~~,aYC
(l2541b21-30}, Thefirc~t dll'ltt'l'l!tt{:ritlu::iQH ,of "nntural" sla ... s; rem iuisoenr oft-er~tti 11 d~ii[1 ~c:'(!kin,g e k,tt[S to justify Am(,ll'j,~m $1,aYt·[l'.,pr(;!f.i.IIJSt'r$ to unravel ~jl ,s;uh~,t:(]IUt;:i~t lim:-s 011$ s.tcm~ .. to he realize tb~lt 11!. Lo(~ il)ijj,dic~~dolli efa ti~IIUi.i"lt:1 S:~iIVC Is Jltif!(letlU~~H:: ilJ:!!.ttir.e does [iOt alw.iY·S cxhib:li:: .ksdf .IH i() Il:u:w,m:i. ma~~:lfr,;.Si:adQn!j,.A!') ]~L; 1l0[CS, "s,(lm~ people have [he !.:rody of" frCl'linilol.llI, ,0 [hl:l[s" the soul" (I 254b32-34). 3;[km}W~Ngil~g the pQ-5:~~bil;ty that a PI:l[SOI:l.';s :physi"id ,C!~doW~le!~tS !!~(\et~ uo,~ ~e au ~!K~.inld(ln of her Jtltci!:!Jill cl!:J·t:'i\1!(:tr·('" iff SO; d~e!~
]K{v.ing apo'i\'I~·.rJl!lllh,od~rmptic;s ;nothin.gd~term i lnate ahoillt a sJa¥e dc:sigm~d frllf maemal ·c,j'f,·;'r"" ~ .. 1 '·1'·)' ·'ql",·IIII,.. w"~l im !"iI,,,, .t;-'T.' ·1"""' [1',.::. ~I .. "" ... · ,~:oc··r'··.~'l"l,~-(·~I·('J~' c-"",m"!)""·II""lo'''' :;0 I .~.. [)fJ .. ,,-,.,n'lil.lL,1 ' ..... ~ ll.t, .[}:t iii......... ll.. .. u. o,!
!.!. 11 " II.I..;II ,I.+..IW ...... , .iI]!.;","II.,..o.."!.:..'! ,~.. 'UJ!.:."~""", 'I..· .... 'L. ,lIllI.H
Aristcde's
.nl,!,tll]:E~'·
()I:! ,i\
p;5ychoA
lO:.E;!io.-J]:H~'he:r:than
:if
0[1(;
1J<,.I,o[llJl:r~ to
peruei'\!~~
(1254Ib21-23')'
~I
dm:mCil'eri:zatlo.11I wh.ich
relieves
Thus, the nm'I,li.rn.l. sLave ~s dc.~.flcd :i11 ~eil'm$ of ~~psychQiog:i(:a! d.e.fidellcy~ .i.l"l!tmducc!l 3, ~llmbe'r of .tru.rth:l1."rpriJMems" F!fSt" wbJ:i]e :It prl?S!lure on the physl.m.l. 0.1" bi:ologicru u.iter..lol1. .it does not go ;!In), w.m.y In
seeo nd prd.)~,em.~s,
thbU·S~~~~o.-: ;l
[l;ll("l!lrn[ lave does nut, .infio[, always, have the kund of body fit forlaloor:, h Is !!mdem" s
h;;)w oi1illit is to dm:!!'lr.m.i:h.e WfulOlltl soul is ilt!I:1JM ·of beingmled, ...A:So At':ii~ttQrl:le c notes, "the Intention of t1r~tul'~ to ifIillk:~the bod ies uf :frw mlri:11!and s[llves d.iffrii:re.l1.t " • "though is: ~lS a m~!.~i!'et:' ti1L~1 Qifl1f~'i~~he ·of OP\1:los:it:ec(i~nes,nbl)J'U~',s,ln.\'e,~. have rhe ooJ;es {If free men ,1[]I,d! f[\~.e' men the souls onl¥" (1154b27'-3.4). 1,1] e,[fen" rhen, [,ryhJl,g [oJ dlsi:lf.lgl!l!us:h rhe ~~ltl[lm~ slave US~IIJg o~~llli' iii, ph~7Siu~I.• bodily criterion ils ltmd~~~mu(t,and i.!tH,:m,Pt;'~iB 1[0
Of~'()Olel]JliI;':'s
soul e'ven :r.ru::w:: since ..h ~s !lor 1t.'> e,fl:.~lr10 see' [he SQ, fl 2:5tib39-] 25:5;'11).
dH~ ,mh{tffii!l{,l}
Cil[:l<il.(:·.ity,
COflC{l!T!S
lis; ~,li:I{lil,:d
it would
i]!o!S£,"Ssesrca!wlI.A.tinode ,t'.·trlf!Ot i(lleny r.c"asm~ to n1't,mr.al, da;ve~ .... ,nd JljM.in~ ta ifl Irhei!: 1:~,!Jrna!i!d[Ji',. Wbile hie does ~,(H de~y reason assnch ID!i!,!u!lt'd $'~'l."~' he itr.:t:("tmptS - un!\'UICO~S~f~lU)" -·w d ~s.tll~ L[i~h !ftt;tdJ of Ci'lpiIClt}' for rnr.iolu:Jal thin kit.lI!J ~rmo:~I~ i hilJ m ;'),111:1;" !!i1~IClhli]:~'[1i11 narun .. I~;I::rli'e~ I'Ojl$e~~ i1I,he-l!ilW'Ie:s~ leve:~Cfl[mdll:y • .A h ie'[1I:tfhy of n~~.thies for reasen :1:10 d,t,;\:'e~oIM:d10 L 13,; where Ar:iii>.ode stares d:mt' free men, free '.... w.lnen lu!d chiJd[~n. ,md ::-;~<w!:$ all pos:s.eSij rhe s,ame .p~ns ·i)f rhe soul ~r;ldon,ll .. nd jrr~~tion,ll P"[~~tlnH th(;!/, dOI:IQf; p'f)S!il~fl;S; rhem i'~~, he !iI;:ifii'l€ W:1Y{ I.2:60~] 0-12}. ~II So,. ,ih h!i}ugh r t~heslaee hit:1la, ren.'1~HI:~:~g: .lJ'an:of ~h.e soul, he d{,es i,~m."havethe delil~)ei:'i_'J~h~e .I.,;!ir~r~t an;' (,i;'I 6l,)f~".Q~G;"i~.!)Ui;;::e;tt;l c1\,b I}I;iOi;\.;etJr1~i;~6\!, 1J60,~121 In (.101!M·~~!;.'i~ the 'C:aeof ~ to .. s he slf.n{~, rh~ li;lm:.ti{' h~$ the; d rd.u b~lmtil .... efaculr y. bnt.if:: is"w i ~ 11:0~u 8I!,IlithO I".i U)'" (a ti.1l'~o\!. rtklttfNl)' and '~le rmR~e] d,lild hits ir bm ,ilt is,".i[l:tnJlj.~p.len:" (8:.:t:~"fS> aU}M)., (I 260:113-~4)"~ Ari!H'OI;~'e's {leni:!1 ofde]iher.o.!d've t~olP11(;'i('!l o rhe s~a e by n,tW!l1e should t ...
be ~~furlpa.wd ro his di~:urn in L ~ 1[~J.aI[ tht:: !I~;ilye"p~.LCdC:ip;il.tC5 ill rt:aSml mnJy f.D tht· ~X(~ut ufJ)trf.:e.iv~lru,g, :ir. bm' does IIQT ~X!lilS(~ij..irt. LfrlUyrZ1 (l 254b22-.2.3,)..lJlf: lsscclalra '1';nl~ins
~Iil'l,ii,;C,LI1~)O'I; ~'d,eUbe.~ili~e," h ili.t't~'~~ f~lb~:_ I~~I;-e:I.'y"I;he S.~'I"·I;; has to d ~:Ubcf'iI!:le ~JI oHicr- ~Q Ol!r!['Y O\U: ~h~:t}rt~:~:r5{;If die S m.a'S[t!'r~i!]v; slavehas u) ulldt:r ...rand tht'I~;Ul'lill\t:ami. rna [mc;r .In,,,,,, ieh a ci;,'rrfl,i It ordered h arr:uou~s, ro be done, and for SUfl.J. msb,.rel~sofidlliig. al~(Ji~MC'fli(i:s seems inevitable. Furr;~1l:l:1i.~!~: diiU ,ejieJ:l jifw~ .III ~'Omel!!l" dUI:t'r.lht;;narural ehermere,
;S.ill(iC
It II'I,;:e' iiI:
A:ris.~odc' elairas
{'O
profi~l;rIJm
"ru!t:$ont:x~ ~ldmonition'" of dl~ master (t ]J,]26f)b5-7)." he docs ~IO( cloulu ~_:s1<1'''''(!:5 c~.llmcky {o:r riJll]d.t: rst~ltidij;ig. '","!;'btu: A:!':,i:5rorie s.«:m:s 10 ha:\'e in Bllml . In .SiJI~ing '!:liiH rhe narural ,dl1l!'i,i'c., Il!!':c dIC tf~~ wom.~.m, .Incks
1lt1;[!Jltul,
rcascn. Thus. Aristorlefiuds dUfe!:{lnCC!!'1ullOX!g W~lyS t{l exercise raaiona] !rJe[jjbern'rkm (l%mlt-rtj)_ .In a ';\t~r~l. !j,hl:'I'cdoes d,ehberate !inSQfar a" rhe b~ orsha undsrsraads (lTiHJ! p~r(eive;.~the dicrares ,of the master or mil'ii'!lruss (~:Ul.d.ma~r eViI["
usre d~e relation of rne;l(!S to some 's.p(~r~fic eu(L BIi]t' there seems to be !l~lo~be:1l'sense of d'e[ibe~~ldf!g .t!.t~di~i:!l~his sense (!if ~he '~~}(iici~y wbicb A!"i$~{)r;]ehinks ifhi\:~ d~e mt~tt!'Bl[ t slave, Iike thewoman or the dli~d.,~n unable rcexerelse .. [1:1. the restricted sense, delib.. e:C;1lt:loi:l. in1;\fj~¥(;cSllrnctiell.1 [~SOtl,~~ about m.Ct]Or!lS ]10. tig:ht of (It1i~'s kt1ltlwledge {If rhs gC{ld, and no[' m,erdy the ('~lpl'ldql' co re.J:S.QI1 Ol;!j,t',pm.{"~k~ me.~1fIst'(l Siomc' end, ,~l!SSCI.!,g~ gl:'~Is.tedby A.ris,[!Dde's discussion oflmlSitrume:[ift~~~ pmcd[':i\ll. reason :1m) Nit'f)rJ/~d)((,t:!:t Etlf}t'J"
][L 3 (,e'.g., 1112612-20) .., Considered illn this
:rrfi!:!i]'C'I'"
26
Copyr'ghted materia
Ni,ro1."i't.tb'C?~11 Ei:I:!,;'fJ~
Ilke
WOl1le:ml;
aUld
canaot havt:: jl tomp~,(f~iIlt cOI.'1e(fp~iQuofd'la' humaa glood, Ig>e0[' she '''dell berare" in ~he!"e~~ d~[,ed" nonfwd ... sense of ~he rerm. ~s e
C;UJ.fIOr.
:Bi)W~V,er, .if A:t'i:>itnldeis u~ir:llg a normativ~~~n~~ of CI~]ibelJltiotrlii[l1 Pditir:i, F. 13 whe:n .11,('; d'ilui(';s, rhar ni~ttimls.I:!l,ves [J(~SS(l$'S !1, dd~bci!ll~~j!i'~ rR'Cijl~,tl\. it I~:pl~ats dJ1.1;~ aor Qr!I~1 slaves hl!lr !l),(J~[ l~op]e - indlJding mrlle' and fem,de chlzens - musralso be :'laid f(1 i.;i,ck ~he '111~i{~;j[y f{).1f ~;~,tJ,(m;~J (~elilber~~d(m]. Siru:e'\i'Ety ft\v p~op~e can h<'-lv~~~ h~:~ Cnni. (tp!'IUlJl ,nf rhe ll'Ljm.~]l:ig~x!'dl!iu:,Af.iswt'J~e,. rhel:i, Vtr;'" fifW peop:~e ((-1:(1, be said 1'0 deHbe.r~ , are 1n the resrelcred sense of d~e eerm, 5(, Fnnhe:l1'lm)r~; slnee J1lOlSl people, Oreek.1l aud non~Gf~eks fl.li~e, :'1:1'(; ~I[I~,lb],~ U} d,~Bb~tll~eIn [he ~t'I'lct sen~~,i'l' f'Qn('')ws that rhe i1Inf~.'~)ri.t.)! j~eop~,t" ihofiliid he ruled hy mher s, )1 '[.his i~'l('I, I}aril.{~'(J!)(:k~ll,resulr, .AflJ] ,I (If : f~llr.d'it::r l'i:'{)hi em] ar,ises::ilt we aSSUi!::1,e dll.![I~,Clll\:1fl,g deLibei",H',joi~ in the :~,Hkt~ sense ~:inIJWie:-> be-jug fi!~m 'be em!~~lved. \\"1;: 'C:UI~ Hare va rious senses ()fwbar ]1; Is m be ru led, '['Of. if we • {Olll$kh:f I[illt' C<is,es, of th~ fl1;,€ won'i,,ull ,~ll]~1 Iti:nll;child d.1litArIS,ii:ot:ilc;: tai:-;€$llIIll L 5 and t B, we Ilflill::hI.;iUW.,hll,~t" wmne~TI Ul:lld chHd.rerl are i'ii.~iI,('idy d.eflldent in "deliberarieu," ~heF i~[i::' Hll,(':,cl as "free" perseas by eieher p(Jlitil',~1 ~}r' ro:~'al rule, l~e~pecl'i"'~]f,.!:!Q~' by d.~Spj]tj;(" I'I,lik[I2'5 9a40-h2), TI~,e[di.l(1e.la.cl!:ing fun dd.iberad 'I' I;' {'3pa('i r.ri~ Ilij[by ]i(~i';:lf :'>L:i!l:rk:h:~lrlr fr,r 'be~llig:] oarursl sl~.",e,Le., c~tt' sorr or perso:il w11.o· j,,,h(H1Jld be IrriUll..~(1bif~!
masrer,
This resule
Iiruess
£i:);Ed't:',SpOr:IC fl.d~fl\Pl'Il
t!)
I!l:_'it f,ktcds~I.SI:
;,doit~e,'j8
the
P~i.'lSltglCin
nor f'O,~~owrhnt sur:hlPers.o.I~~ should bt' ,mk·d d("Bpode!!!'Uy;.r.'(~thc,r.'~h~~I].,oYf![~ly Oil' poHt~eul.l'Y. Ar.J.::lt'ode Inny. indeed, think t1mt r A.:;i:m~sbck bl{}'w]ed.ge of [he good.,. ;'Il'Icl so, Ml;: u~}i}hl,C' (\0 clclloer"ue :in. ~:h,e' sense o:J""'Ilc;.]opedn N.i.,;;. Etbi.,J VI. bUll accurding to such a !s~~ulld"Lrdrnot on]~' .ksians hutt: i
;jj~dibc.lC'M·t' in d~t'[(;'~t!l'.in'f;"(~ sense, iIDOSthumaas ~l]t(lil:Cl;hclr-
G.re(:ks~~!]d
d'l!e narrow ~eU:'l~, HaIW~"i.·ef" as W;;L'i PQ~,nlted. QUIt., Adsmde HIOWhc[csays rhar rh.e majoritt·yo of l:m.m.:il.IJIS should be em,J(IVOO and ruled d;(,:s:poi(ic;d~y, ;JU most, hisaccoune iimpl~.ie$
'~hat pe(\!p.~e~!l!dd!~g knowledge of the good. :shouM be .['t1:~Cld;" .5(~m'(j j'a.fhi,()7,l.; [e.li'V:i:r;l'!!:: h: G~!iJ. wh!l;!Ih,e'f th~)" wc;ft;lld ~, rl,dedfu51 Grr~e'k (itizenW{lm~u Q[ eb1ldreH are ruled - in .a. PQEt:ic~ll. Or :roya1 wu.y - or In i~ despotic wa~1 "1259~/iO-b2).'Gon~'<l!I1f'.m1.tl.y;. from the h:m!:r,p:rCI':1I1l')fi oJ 'VII, '7 cl:l~i!nklg r'h;uAsi:lI:,"lbili.d'~lri:il.ns·' hick i~c.Ub-er'aif.ion .• fuoth:in.s
folJow,s; a OODt' the In. which rhey shnuld be ruled: irremal n~ umle:[c!!'m.i,ne:diwl1e['her the.~1 should be ru.~.ed.despodc;l[~,!i'.' Of poBdcal~}' er .royal.IJ!"as fme wm:nco[l and. chUd.Hln are ruled, The quesrlonshus arises :a<;, n)who. :if ~Il}'\(lllie, is. cOHside.reJ (11) be iii. ~,U:l,)lr,ds:la!!,c W A!lhUTI;S, ~l~nDi[ bejn~ sin,gled out hy the rexr, .A .remainllrng: pOlls.ib]~:ij[y concems whether: Ariswde t.hi~lb dmit ba:rclxtllifl']lS, ill! lJ,'Ilm:r{JI m:'t~ 1l!~ln'lnl~. c~l;;;l''''($;' jl [!XlSs~ge 'illl Utl,lI dmt 'l)IHille{:i[~ ubn:rhuh'l:ns'" whh":;:hvls,hn.ess" nH!.ke~ th~s ;;11)]mjs:ib~e $!J£tges[:la.fio In Ut 14, A eiste r h." Is d:i:!ii[',imi~l!l.i.shiingvarleus :k:ilJld:g poU:tka~,I:eSI me, arid. he g'oe!iiom to Hmk 'of d('j$~~(jtl:sm 1l!'!d b~~r~rir.!!!s in ~~sng~:(l's:dV'~ ily: "fkHl~~~dH!'!s b,: nature IT!.Of'~ Shlvish W M'€
W:J:!I'
27
],11li (~::.mn'e"f tl~r.u. Gret.:lk.s ,:i~ihd I): ,hO'S'I]II:iII ,A:s ~~. more sothan chose lill. Euoope~ fhm;~,he}lendl!l!:'e d'~PfJ'[k rule wh'hmu: ,cl~s,ra sre" (l28:58!20-.22). [Ehll~ ~.HiilIh~ p~~SS;1l~:~dev,eIDtpS" :hesho'Iil,lS rhar It is !IlJO[ to tht' purpose of shmwi n:g tlf:l!~u: [mfba:rI:!\HS d!'i .;Ittb an: I:tlik~ llloiiI:IUIt'<l1S,!fI".'t;'S iiYf Book 1. R,luhet" Aris:tode: is: here;:::'(H~!rtH"]~,~~dHI d:~si!':itlgui:sh 'Vi\!!']()l~Sni'pf1i of "d~~gshi:psj de:!l,ir~!~gH! :s in,g le O~!~~ I\:;~Qdof kingship rhnr !os ,(;,IQ~~to [yMn ny;, bur srill ~I~~d (Hi] ,law, and ~,l,eJ~dJIll.l1'. He tl'liimlk:oi rhar befil:lids :ur [ a F;~{)I~B~h(l' menard I ies (~fbath~!i'iHI!S (] 285'l~1,6-2 2). p~~hfliP$ ~1~,¥i~I!i; ~:rs~;:!n P killgS!1 ips
(1i!1J~~~.,\!i;"(~:m:pOl" d&~liiJffi~>fifli)
if! m~nd. 'rherf,fu,n~, (he IDJ!,mof rhis p'l,s,~ag:e ]s H',I d:rnw:" pnlidcal, n(l~ a mdi~I" CflIi!.}.W1S( ben;V;fe~) the I(.lh~~"'de~~' Ir~~ Greekll' wirh d~Je n~de'li'e:~oped,despolk fQr.~. (If!:,I!JIj:~lg of e
r11M he' ,~:sso,j.ate:s wirh "barbarian" !lode'ITY;
,P.n.lillt''$ examlnes li)()'lilk.lIly d~,.{ged topk~ s~llch ml the roles of slaves ~,:uHl WOIi:1'1I~1liDI,rhe :lraltc:::; the reSu hs.lw oII~:I['s aN:i:l'U)rc; CO'I\'e-l1it~cm<il~. ,[hfUlI~eljl.ls,io[)m,i.[fl flmfU Dl,ii: :.
Aristode's seme sllfivt:'ry jiusl!'Hj,ed" HIJdaJI!()['II:i Illg even [nret ~~i ~Jn~till WOll1lfilJ. n fIOli,l~pm.n h:.ipio\w ry role in [hepo/t". In Hgb~ flf d~e eheu-eurrenr crit'idsm gf [heM.~'soclal teles pml.!"ided by other p~.'I.il,os~)plll;;.tS ~I,!.l'dl a~ PI,ftllo. Ad~t()[k"s ... w~, rrlll,!l:;'~ b~ se~1'I 1:1$ C(}IIS!"IF!i':Ii:[i'iJ'~ and To1;'H'O~ k
g::res:li.vc.. Ia ptlr.dcuhtlt, rhe rhe{uy' lof rL~Uln!il :!:.Iav,er)! gh'''~'C.1U~Stjio,r C()lJcernii:fJ Lilg~':ilt.' of its h.l:st'Orl.~id ~~PIJ,.HC1!I~,iu:il. rhe .Amt::r.~ca!St1,g&.i:[jl$r N~~dv~' ~ilil ,Ai11t;!l',ie~f~1i and Africafls., ~~s a.rg'U1J!:tlIbyrbe .sp,ud~h p~1 i~,Q('iICJpht';r•. Se;pcl.l 'licd:,., OIg:lIIllSl' Lm. ColSo1LS. iJle r·on[!I;!tr~;o 1'1 ..~'"
betWll't:nWcMcrll 1L',1fI!dsrr pt;!lkic!S and.
Ari;s.wth;·~,
t~:I[;Q:ry ofs~<IJ'Ij'tfy
~in the
.m.mdr,:[n
period :~t'~!dsc the slJllppos.it:iou tlmr Adsnnl!t' l:iJm.sdffor.14Cd ~1..~i.nlk etween t:nr.:iif:\.~,idcn~ r b t if ~I and 51.[ v'C.ry, Thcte,~:n.!ale\l'jde'll('e in Ari:!llml: Ie's P,(llili1,'J1 is :lUnlbj::;:l;J!.~Ql1;S. ro:c' i~ :'ll~PlJO:rJ;S
ion b~twc;~u SIJiJl'C[tJ~IH~ ·'b[~rb~~it':nsni' some l~ss~~gii?S.but: .f1J.iHl'~ to bear it. .om in most. The djif~ :l.rl li.C'~dt'y of linclj~]g ,} i(Q~~sis!'(;n!:Hnk Ib~rwecll !being bm'b~1,danand be.ing :shr~r.i::;ih, taklinJ;
cOli.dl.licdr.lg cmu:;~ ~,i(NNi ,n11 the
CJ(lonI.1eIi;tl0n" .app!!'~'1lrillil.g n,> ofif~,lt <IJ (:,0unect
rhar idler€'
~5 .m1,Q
essential
ccnnecricn
bct~¥e(j:ul bdii1S(l b'lrbnl!jj~lt1 11m.! bei~Jg 11 M~uml S:~i\yt: S ince OtiC (tltl he n LJ;\rb~ldilil and nm :s.!avlish '(ltS, VU. 7sh(!lw5')" the £O:l'mc[' is nor suflid~ut ,fo~ rhe latter, Fu!t'ther:, since no deteliLded., wnt.h.lding t(l<Xi!: srares that be:iffilJiJ: a natural :sI(I.,"(~ e111i:1tl.ls lbGinga barbarian it ~Ipp~l,ts th~~t being b~\rb~~f~lnl:lis ner ~\ m.~tr."S:S1U:y cond ition fcu· beillj,!;
W1!ttl!i."!!l
slave,
h ,~~m~ ~9 fQUo'w, t~~~n., dlirt!;'i\]lo~ver is iOI. i1i1tl,1[H] slave m~iy !bt;c]ithe:r' hilrbi'ltrLIIJ! Qr' G:ruek. with d.l,{: det.is:l.v'~ f~ttor :~:Ot.AtlM:o<t.I.I..'i llbe;il1~ ;:10 .1.lJ:te[IJ:8.~ .matk'l2t, .h,.Y~ni!a dlilli~ de'i.c,r in (]cHbc~ldve al;UiifY. A.1.(houg.h one Jif~d:s p;.t.'Mm.:ges ~~~,Books t 1l HI. :14, ~l:fld Vit i rhar SE:tUC a loose C{H1neCi~O[l between beJ.rug barbarlan arid, be:lmlg "slawlsh" (e.g .., ]2~2b9", these f"a:S;S:I,g~Sr.'I!:iJn ,es~aIhJ±Sha Sttiu :id.€ntifi(~ti(l[l I:H±'tW~'!HJJ b~:iIL8:l:mr6@t~ t lan ~uld a :r~~~ IJr.aIS~ilf ..re, Ai:l!lrd1cr d:ifllcl!;!h'~' Unk:insrhe pil!ssaB;es on barb8!d[~ns wil:h those on :~,~,averyi,s. hat the th,eory of narural S:~:iI:'Te[). :U:'gl1BCl far JITI! .Booik 1, enos 4, 5,. and t L, docs tlOt' (Ow,:-,J;1-ptuaUy 'OOI],tlCCt slilvery :~ml barbariaas, aor does it rclare baitl,g ;l!. member of one" (Io( ehe barbfl:ru~ns t'!(li,,!I?S~,:!lay Sr:yrd'J.irun ,0r T.I1.r.il,c.i~}:tl~ w~th ibeil~S ilf &b....c "DJ! naru re ... .ililld, f~itl}OllB;h .A.ri.SIode :s:p&"iti~s A~uatll bi!l:rb!ll,dnn!i as bE'l[l~ ··!!iI~lVl:s.h·' " In
28
Copyr'ghted materia
P,(Jiili.ft, being
vn,
7,
]1(.': also
claims
rhar HUl!'Olpcau
hlU"bar~"'uts.~emll:ill free
11i!_1)[
i9.ll.d
t;!n;e:rtsl>l'l'eii,
pol:iidcaUy,
W!ti~e he nllLUJstn;]l[ Europe;]ln Iha,rbari:i:[I!Slack [h~ ;1lbiUty ao ruJe themselves defiJt:ieliilt in iru~tHgt:l1lre::l!:Iil.d il!rt" be does
~l(wl]~t
of
IF!liilltitlf:id.
SIf!V1~ryin
P,~t:ii;.f..r.L 4-5
,J(J~S
notchar-
i1 H!ltl:J.r:ilI.;slave .h~ terms of being It ';I;,!lrbnriiu)'" ar il[], bi;!t in t'erms of J~D.r rarlonal cidibemtion, on tile paml.l,el wli:r!l f~ee w'Omen <lmild chi 1d fCI], '[hr. problem fOl.lnd In pklf:itl8 w~i.gbt On this m.~u:"\'llir is rhar (J1m,fl' niil:~lF,lac!.; dc,1 ilre:r.ad"",e ('8!pm:i,ql and l)eol8Jiu ~~.ne!.~~]a"!'edj,I1,Qt subjec[ :ro de.spol'lt· rule, ']n~erdnrej hIck of d.eHbe:C1u:io n C:lllllllu;[ be the det,~[mJlfljng eha [i1icteriSI:Ic diU ibeing '~l!b~eo. be I~n~~.a!i~d.. or t N ('~.t! Aristotl~'s emission in '~'~I~lf!B:a n~d(l!t~ll gmnp d~Ht' he c<o~l:s;id!(ll~~to be"'f1rtUtlrl~1 slaves'' 'be' ~lr('f'1ibmj~] (D il. I~c'kof k~~ow~ed&.:eof'!;'~~'.iQY$ reibes ~nd ,tllllW!f:l!i, a!j, ~he" ~e'x!,' of d~e' Polir.,i-a· de m.{loIl1s:tl.'.;;i;~~s, .m:e-ndOi:li.llfI£:iI V,l[,l ~[}' of ~;[hnk g [ta,lp~,. such <!t~ Til 11Iit:iIfIil5, : :SC!i'~hl~'U!S"Kel~;!i,Ibeeiaas, and ''C~i:I'Q.wb~t'fid~ll!t:l(rkf!S Stich ptwples, as d~QSCwho o.tight fO he slaves, So, being ~ •.f>~!lve· narure isnnr ,O:b"'lG'I.l~51.Y~1'$5QC.ifl~Q:~ wid~ SG~lle edmdiri: by
or mci~1lmemhe-~h:ilpo
the' elm'i!acte'r (Jf narienal ,f)[e;dllliilc g[ll~;~IIP$ rhar he doe" dlIllliW, espe(iAlly l'h(;).~se 1111he pass7J.,g·tIn Vll. 7 0327b23-33)." aee berrer ineerprered :~:i:lIlgh!' of ( '~beir o!,;{)nl;!:';!:l~ !j,pedfi,cpo I~~lcnl reBi!TIot:!i;A :J,~ !xJI~~~)er ro :re,l.d:in,B VU;, 7d,ljimi ng d!<l~' of A:siill~S !Illil!>i: ;ii.I.\\\rf,ty~ he: ruled despotiClAI.I.) bt"Cfl~Uf>L?(if ih~.I:f l;ijek of ;Sp.iiiit fflu:St i,gH(J:OO
The tef~:ffllilte"U), lines :ii:111 rhe
diil!if'<lel,',er,
difCer.fiH:f.S fOfLul,dam.(}fl~
the
A!lhl!~:s, ,~tld E'u!)o!~I.~~:-; 11hm founJ 1IJnO!~lg the Greeks; "rhe nOt~~O!l'~ 1!re ll''i:~~if:lhiit:.] the of G.r(,(':k5 1111510 .11s.p.~i'liyrh~ &1111,1e {llifft~ rences l~~ rellatiou tQ one aUloill;(:,r~ jo)![}M'i;!' hfl'l;'(,:a nature ~:l':l!S!r 1$one-sided, while ethers are well,I~lb~!ended inrelseion (10 bmh ·nf rhese (~~[:Jilf:h:ies" (:~,~27Ib3,-34), If [his ~s. grJLn[f;!tJ. d~e'~~limare ,(.-;I~llntU he the' I()~).~.!ldel'e!l'mJII IIOtIIIf.' of (he e 1l111UiIjJ:l'i;lJ~ d.ispf)s:il.ions ,uf As.hut" lund EUl'tj[)'tili:li!'S, SiIIIU'~' 'G.tt't.b disp~ay the $~me :t':liluge iJ.f
(liL:Six;siidCirt~!11 dur(.'rt'~,Cl;;S, as jJo barharisns. Afild se, ~tfrhe eff~ets uf,c.lifl1!~('ton ,e:~il~tl',:tCt~(;:L' il~ noc: Ij~lr.irOlrm ?'I(,[~~S.rl!(.;o.p:~e~" w()o~!M ap]>!;itr dMtfl]1l1ilt:C ~:t\'iiClfh !JIO~' he .caLi. of .1~ r .. se 'bad duu;r'l(~:i,;:.r:, uor, f!II<I.lly. 011:1 {':~i!l.m~e e bhu:n~d 161:'Wh:II~' Ad5('I)d>e eonslders d~'f:i.('k!:nl; b ~'QJI.[i,c~d.t:c.g.i ,leS, 1i.h It)'r.:ullll)'. It 3!ppe;M'~,rh:irill:r.l$(o [ie' Iiuds [I~mt pol.:itiloil. fCg.imel~ n rhemsel ... effi:cr rhe d,i~rm:n:it of the ciriaeus, Te:li:~ui!!l. te~ evidence lor rhis n!us~IJ fO'flili1et'&
'~:iQ:ni!j. fo~~nd in V, 1 TI.wh~r('; Ari!'i.nJl[~eh discl!!.ssiug how ry.mnni:C05, Qomc 'm be ~-m'!S~.n'r:d
by
~~~I
gC~I.eta!l., tyttUIU
.l ildcds:iion iu~d i.llC,[!.I)1l/cit :oor il!cdOfi ~tr.not~J1:: cir ~:t:e.~~cs,S:Oth"'t ~heyvd:[llli~,(l~ rhe
d~r{)iWI1,
be over-
Vu.iol.ls
piL5lj~lge~
C1!f
~1C'[-C'slll,g;t,;OCS1[rhc ('Q'~n:C(il':iOIl
berweeu
be.ingl:'l!;Iic;d
by' r)rmHlly
being :sl;IV:i2'I~~m"ILI.I1.I(!.iiSlL!l.reJy,.t;lirlJ. lumlbll.e ito acr (1311b 7 -9, ·b20-11. h2.4-2:5., 1.~, l4~~2,-2:5}" The (']i!'!l!:1l!t>i.~'l{())Unt 1,)[ d~;!m(t(1.!:, diff'{)rc!~ccS ill VIl 7, rhen, has to be' b~]llil!llced! wi[h .;1 moree [hOI!!"(ll,.llijh '1.(onl(lm of the way .1:11 w~iJ.iC'h A[.i:s:tot:h~f..[Ids. poLitio~[ i1J!5t:iil"U'[iOIl;S. produce dJ{fel1Jl~lt cbaracter I[ m,itrs.,.i!oO TherdQ:rc ~1[d'!Ol~g;ho!leenvfr'~)fHne'~md fUIQr:~ cllm1ule, n~:ay .u:lve!:S!dY:l:nlt(it the
j•
.. J st;aites
~HSI;!Oskion ·Q-fthe Asia.!'.! or E\~,!:ope.~"ln 'h('i!:'b~ldan" h does (!(iif fo~Low Q,!!AciMOtJe':S thoo['y d1!ilI!t ['he,'>e gool(lps rnusr be ruled deS:,IXH:iil;'ilUy~m,l!.Ye [hey are ';hy !~alru[~'" ItlIliilhl~ to tl]~e ~.i1I!dbe .ruh,'(jj poliJtietoi&ly, h S(,;G;mS,il:~l(;n, thi.!t the .;~CtOU'llt 0,( [I~rUnll s,I,t\V~lt'!' jm .Book. m. sh(lr~~ili be' r}~,ildin. com~ra:s,( to thOlN~' Pil..'lSfI,gcs oonee r.n1ng cHm,u',e and poH!'kal l rainJng found In BaDk
vn w[lJAdl
ffilUtl:;1l
d.lspcsllIT.ion cmutltut.in.f:':
{I,t/mw:
idenTity I11M.ybe cha:rlged Olr mo(~ili,ed, by S,Od9.~. ilfU~ poUdc8.Lil1,s,~jlrodons" Inl rhls r,eg~u"l:~:; the s.:im~.I,;.u.i.ty'be'~we("ll Ar.ls'[Od~·!i acc("olll!!1[ 1I:L]'{~! .Hippoe!':.'1r.ic work, A.i:r.F, \.Wi;t{lyr, Pi/taJ" the th~u' lil1Jk!ed c:llittli.~lt~ w:lth. :liiIjl!tmr.nl disposirjon ,()fdm:r.~'I,("te'[, and rbi]:ract€t' with pol:il:.ir~1jl .[t(gim;t), .m;ii!y be .iiIU{lOO pwtoutl.d than it ifitst ~.j_):p~'!'rud. T!b.<i: Hllj)poClFt!tk [!C~(millt ti.il.ks ~~:m.H·!l~ dj;;.;pos1dl}l~ n(l't'on~y ~o di:iYH'lrk dH:T'ete:t1J.ces" but: ;.ll1ipotmm.I~·, ~'opoHt'kil[ r€glme!i" and :in
thlli respeu
i.[}l
of hll.m.;],[1
character In rhe MHl!S(' of ,mr)dil~}'iogiiliim.Ji[.~~~d!ispositior,18. dmllilg:IIt,lg poHt:icrjijl. f(lgiim~s .. iby AristQf:~e'$'i"iews in B.thic~ :'I!nd PtJli,th~ :;lI.DO h~!1Ul!11 ·c:ha!!"f1.cter l~ ,gener8J~ and :llbouc lU' b;ilrb<'lI';~:'Lnf.ttmi in pnrrlcular ar~' conslsrenr W.iI:~.llsuch a concluslo ffiL '[h.is; :is 11sutpI'Us:.i:Ulil n.')Slllh lh~ th~1!t"(:)nc wcmldeNpt:l'Ct :hirt! to kh~ir!l"ify -rh(f £ roup, or gI'Ol'lpll; il'IMt~ he t~1jkes ro be ni'lnH~~ 'S~mt'l'~S s~ln('eonlli'rhJ:s gfi!)~!1') is iprQ~')frlye!tda\''ed, His rle~C"flLJ!ri(i~ of Aslfln b.\.b<'lrl~,I]S ils"'sl::J,v:iish'" and l:iiC.k~ng: .~Il! "sp.ir.l[edtles;s;"" :lrn.VII. 7 may [b.e (bought 1[0 provide rbe ~a,d;'!l Lllik. bur, .a s ,I hi-li,Yt:r.,r_gti,ed,. their' "i~!1fCm8'e!1Ce" 1t'i1idtecl:irliC':' al !lk~.U a!i~.w mi1~ch his l)Sy(;"hQ~og:ical d,e;!;cdpt~{ln of rLf!nL!!'~1 S:~~I'i'e:!j, f!.oQk I."! i~
Hii,;t!)rk.'fli.i)l, tlil€OF;'ie~ :},b()m hl,irn:fH1IIilI:jlt~lr.el:~fl""~ h!1'!)n {"CHllmi Hi 11rniliilliledas!s~H!npdofl!l r~tatillg imeIJeo:-m!!~, "ii'j~ws is
III~det~m'l
be ["~pi.~te wIth
UIiilIeJ>:-
e'rhirl.JICkl€nr-i.!tywiith differe'Iitf'eS 1[1 meral ;iI]iH~ :(,!1..I.J"ndt':le~".,.:'\.~rh{lli:lgh pt()~1(}I~leIiU:!l of rnci.:'>t dl:i;B()l!'ies fm~lnd sa:pp01: e II~M'~he:ir,
Irar.i:"d
{jlt
,I;!!
l self h.
il':1Ci.d
Hf
edmic
~~13'1n w kil:I()W
be
c.~m.s
dl(-1'~
he rt':il:ms"r:mulml
slaves," Furrhe rmore, certain p"SS~l8esiu ptjlitk.t weaken HI(: link between 'ed~[!ci ~f i ~J:~d 1'1111UI,Ji:rf.lil d]s.po$~ld~)nbYI ,e-nn.pha;sill;in.g rhe mll,~ of ~~S'(jiU and sc}Cl.a.~ [raiuiclg OWl" die hnpctraure of "iilllfl:i!U:," or [J;i,Dlogin,~, In:ILld.ell!C:,i,es.~n:'!l(}~;u:as, his l:m[idc:d rheory .1,llo\v:s ~6'rsoci.d ~ro"lin~ug, pollfil~al ins-duniOllls.; :lmd fl'IIo!;al eduearien (() play' SI!l~SI;:;;l.IIi('i'l"en.de~ il:lf~)f'mlng the 'Lh~raer~l(;' of Grt'ek c-itl:t.ltCt s,. rhe 'r.hooty ,~I.·!li"'t'st1p't'll ~:h,~ pof>5ubiUity- d:lin C!iM;rnll1>etil, "harbarian" '!if .:grou:l,)S, rhose b(:.IIO!1I:gi[j,~ to ~·tbl!!!and not. fMldJ, WOliild be :t)J)lc t:Q br:: l:n~jdc 1~1'!:Qntl Ivid uals C,lP'lb~oe.of pol.1d(',d 1111.n'.!c·ip;il'~' i iO~i, Q"'el: Sl)mt! p'er'.i(i(~ ()f l lime, Admiucdi}!,. A:risnHle dg,c[lO no~ IrallM! such a po:>~~bil.h~I,.!!)nr::~x:rhm~~don bl::'~ng rhar , AdH:nia~:1 1~;1jjti~m ~~ld~lliIriQ:~Ia]is,ml acted ,\~. powerful CO!,l,(tpU:la~ det.l(:'rn:mt~, (Iil' $u(h ~l:, pr(l,po'jjal]~1 corn~J,I:ui:l'Qf~ wirh orher fmdl()u::" Of even orlier Greek ddes,. ArJswd(~' thinks ~ha~ AdH;:U1i!i,e.p!r.(;'$~'~lnd~u,!, r h~.ghe~'e level Qfl~Utica~ sodr;.[ y,. Ire!leli:Tllng ['I. K~Ull:ma.r AdH~nI.i1U ;lIn.itud!e as he wtin::$ llbo,lJ:lt the uariaual character of "btirbar-i!l![t ml,r.UomL In tight of h ls ~Qs.itiOII~, .l!. risrotle iils: flu from Su!,)!)QniIFii~, ~_I, (o~.m.opol.h"JI11.,dcw - l)mmodi~8 sn a'~I[j ude 'of ~.}itd(M~a[.e-ql,!!.:diry and eulrural r p]ll.1['ak~H]!:i hi[ the .PrJ1'iI.~,~;...But., IH:.C'PhtI:"QI, ne.itl.Ki:t does he thlink. that mC::l'e.ly being Greek iiL~~5ufh:d.ellt lot virtue oJ intellecs or Qf cl!JltO.('ller. [10[, both il"blnl!:..(:.!'s. the human d.isposhkm to virtue is pat:tflr !:'!ulUen6~'i::'; depeudent 'l;IPQnv~!l'jjol!,J!!l :'5od aland jJQiiti(a[il1!s[lii:l,.l[jon:'l," hk:er~L~tQ, A.I'li:!iHu.leliru.cl:r; thm [he virruss ;itruact inherired but acquired dlrDlI,gh d.ifficult U'1ii:in.i ~., m;1id.alrhough [M.v.i.[I_g a proper Ililtillrn] dj~spc'lc~]t:ial[l fur v:irnliil p.wvidie.s f~ ~)Q5iil:jvef>ttl.rt.i.ns peint, inherited
ethnk i,q ent:i~y does noe den;!!'!n iN'f.:: success 0(' f~IJl,!i;I:!:,e'i<f' ehe p recess. Adsmde lJlhiCeS {
~:[ie.zrt"C:r: ,en1lp.I~i7l1i,esem <::1ll1I:iIU-a], .poUded fucrrNcS l[h'1!li ouinnaee (Hs:posjt:iQ£\S inhis O:YCHLU ,o~I!TI!Uil'i.! and ~)()].iti.O(;i!l educ iJ!jt:l On, I n this .i'I~;gU"i:'d, views On. polh:ie~[ ClIpf.U::" his it fj, virrue all.i~ ,~d2.",rtj - .iI~egJ1Umdan as t:hey ~l["C - :S;~,g.s:es~ rhar he is closer !'O hol.d..i:~.g wfuai!:W<Jl!lLdbe com~cle.l'N'1 3, cultural, !iQcl:id narion of :race and €thnkh:y rhan a blof:!C-l'Ulmt
30
Copyr'ghted materia
I, 'The m,Q3uml~m tTm'the ph.usilo,iH'tyof the q,~~tion w hh Iff)S~)€('r'to th~Gtedbl is cle;9,rlyser furtl~ ,~nRal,:~:I"~:I", u;~ik e.s:5:ny: ,~m['~;1i[l) (d~ is volume), Kr.U'Il ..,rrs: 2, F{loif e)[[ili:it}k:'. GOtt1.0i'l (199'»), di, ]2, di8(:~i!f:!S~:!lrt$,IN.:',e~sQfoo(h :Sl[)o:;i,il !~~llc:1 j(i~(i;;i()1!1 ((1!mb 1.)Q~~~rrts, t\Xism; 1bmmr L. lutl; (19 99} I:nmts p!'irrHld~y ;("n~ S'Otg;d (llld tl,dti~J'r~lasl~t~S gfI lofracism" ), G(m,M (~,9ii:]),,fnt' t~Kamlli.~I~~, CfJI~sidern the Molt~gicll~, t.C]~"'t'P! I" rlK1I' j~s; cor:relninlS pb~~li,c;,'jl ~ H ,d.if1~r.elli;."{$ wh:h jlu~.Hct;tl1:al O.ipm;1tk~ mttl, :rll~l~d1i!.i~he$t: c,tp.l.dtitsnu: ,I, hier.trclliea.l. \'iOll(::o ,&'rg ai~) P,o.pk.iil! (19S0)fu~ th(\'" $.ij:i:u}~[!'l i)f tltJ~ mj:td~ti:I b~o~oS~u(,'n1 C(H·I~Yptk".t1 ,gti:":1C~U[l
1
related uses of f~/'&:.~ me;l;fllilJ.g"mw.;l:rd.ly;' see Ai"~uop.lvl!llll\S" :r~!!l~~bo"ifl''l:QJitt?,. tin, 428, iiJ:~d 'F.iurlf~des,. IJ(fiX"lnii!, 451, 6 . .sin]u~;U!1' ,~tl$eS fir-e Impl.ietl .in ehe pse'tld~h.o\d:'itmeli .• \w;nk, PhYJt4":!!,1J'I},wiu, 'Where 'ljght"~ m ~l.;ii:l!f:I~xI," lpil?1;~, t{lm!)n ~ ~:l> t.l!·li)l;!S&ir i:C) .;l;~Ic)·W ~«:s;j;i'i.~ SI:):ilSl,l:!Ht)~ oI)mt:it.~(Ji:I:J~i~¥,:md ,in .. 5,,,t'-o,
rcd~fjfi.z..W.'idO:,
.meruning '\,,'(,\:JJkly,," '\"i)]·I!J.:l!Lll~h," .A.!l'1s[[)f'1l.i1.l1C~ (LlxYl1.ropJJrt,';=It~'"m, 191, l:.',;.rlC!J;'lOz~lue, <i 2Bt ],n ~~m.!r;"ll,~('Kkn~ enrries ishm1';' h-N!rt.i C1ils;nt'·) .!"I1t,'o1nsW~};"!lt IS, b:right, gh.'<1!TIinS; ('Iii', ,c~(;;';.'I.r irl {"(11m:, hy' e'xum;sliorl, (h'ar ill :rif'a!,OI), ,.~!S()OllfLI~,fi)iFmnme, or h3PPY, ;!incl mf,l~'Jj{"d;;!iil"ik'') mnl j .i):"ie{~n'SW!l,l.f i:li Ijki~k,bI;~ck,. (}!:' j~k-(liJIl~)tt;':J, :iH;! ib)/ t:x(e!ii~~()fj. ''il;':~~~I~' iii ()b'S('iJ!ie, ei·"!~o!l.o~a~:k (it mid~SrJ~~rJ,t '~Lid!cl:ell~d S(lJn. 1965},
{, H:IU U989},
dl, .], d:aunl~ It"hm a~"rge poi~1't: fir d!iffer·t;:ni;;~' r(Jn~i!iIS in thar in rhe ,:ucha:iif.' iJoCr,~Qd U[i~'~ identity l$baSe.d lit:li)il fnmHy ]~1]~ru~C:, lil(ljl'i,~d~J:llyrulm:, !ilid dlt}'-'.stlltt j;J~l;i:i'iMt:lihip; ins.tC;ld! ofh;;lvin£[I.(tJ,~]{)ctiw I.'lth!1!ic id(!fli("utyli~(! 'be~!lS'~Gr,~~e:k" 8, Herodom5'f.U~/~'~il!,f,L 1 .rell£!fts,l toilieUlfmll.f.ILlml plutod ism Illl .I!:SopelTIli.ngI.im: "l'll~e'pulJ~ i ~:s ['{I f'rt'il~ju" d'lf;: U::I~'es ()f~l:LInmi1l'~'!I'I;:I'I"::! f~n~ ~.JII:k.getf~~dl by rILm(;:'":ilfH~, C'{)p~f;,~ I:hf:' f~~,nii;: ,uf t:li!t: iilmp(r)tr:lw: ;.Ind. l!'c.!nark!~blci'lr~!Lt:'i'C'rn{~ntsp:roch.lJt.e-rJ 'b')" LlIJlh Gnxb, and !wn-GlOt;(;h." The entirety of Hook U is (~(1'\!u~lIldo accounts (JfE8Y1~)timl culture 41.!1'd hlcs!i0I11, t 9. :FOf (lin dlscusslen of[i1f'''E[hif.i~)hm'· ~Il Greek 1i[e'I'",]lmre, :K'eHalll (1 98:t;l), ch, ;i" :Sfcrimil. 6,
pp,.
g,e!"!.etal, W, d:enrue
"'fumiir!i~e'"
rffiit's (iI:(J'8~3il,SOBb·'l).
139-4jon
'··tir,!J~H)~~pI!V.'"
1~l On
fmd;'.'lPJ"/JEIltid n::latr;:d G £1;1;'1,; rtC!l'ms;, see lid!dell a~lc:I Se~}t[ (]9"6l3;). 1 'I, &~ Hdi"l"h Ul.H {!l~M91.; G~'Qrg~~ n9j4,),S;1id (TI.97,S~;,mul,~ndillle:r' 1(l9l!3)" li:i!;" See GrofSes (994), rh, ~'". 38tl on Xil'nDI~ba{!esaml ~l' tll!B ;\:;.iHnk b!il!n.);ldar1l, 1, .. On .he 'OPIl{ll3jdi(ln,~·, e..:l .• AQi!i:.I~IN~U1l,"'['IE 1'r:1:f!t~f;JJs., 255;. nlSiJ Hemod()~I,!~, Hi:Si(JrJfof" L '58; ! ~'t~9 H~l,U 9H9J, ,d!. 2, ~~p.pp., 69-:81, d i~tII5:w5 A~hrll,~~" f~ ~)I~~' !1 rhe widl:~:r: ~ historical
{'umt'X~"
ll':l., H'II.I 098!IJ},p. :).7 fil1d!l·rhflf the SDp'M:\r.$gilve impen.ll'! m ([[il~ {:rllrka~" p!J:IilosDpflli.crd eXilmi~l~~ ef ~he UPIJ(wiit !(m, Sm~i~~ly, itJ;f~ i Sl~[-ve!j lH~t:h ,(~9B'S), p. 146 end 11. 22.; ~fL!]lrr~~~'1:: ~hi;'!.t~ (~I~C Sophilsts c,m!~~I;1.'S~zed ill P[iI)Ii(~r of ,£iGo,~rJ;phie")J ;;1.i].do(ultlu;:dfucwr;s· d in rhs d.'l'!'I11lJlo~," merllE of WhHl"was Mkf,U W be im]ldo~1l1 d~!\l1lcrelr" 1),[ nI("'f'. H; en.iii!!.]i~('~:!~, ibe~:[1 'I;~ke~~ y H'I~U b (1989)" ~]p.]'(i5, ~9',i', t'Q re!lec~' rhe p'l!r!ng-l.![p ()f dle 'LlI!lcgul'Y ,of "ba~OO!F;i[l.l[·t wi rrh 1[~l;M ,(if sh~'Rl which, mIlIAlfism~l!..i';~ lrupctuticJj,~ in Pw,tl'h;~, I, 1!25,~bf -9, wh~th £'h(l' 'fhinksi shows d!.'1.t [~e 'f.(lk'C$.. U b;;lf;Oa.ri<L!""!$ ~l) I~('; rHl.f!..lwl!y iflfutio~ :~()
]0,
~fr idml" ,IS ill] .. "sreek," "'.kin," ~)Ii: "cb~t ~t! ~ht~Mi~~KQf bc~~~~ !:h~:' uf dlil'l.xt hi ]i~~:
&/f,/f1S
i:l
d~M.l.:nt
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the ,~ff~
s,~},Jifl,g: LlddclJ (
17" See also Pbm. L,,~Wli, 3,7d-.('., w.nc'B~' PI~l~(I~p{'(H1G~l.Iy 6 nLlIliil>es Sq"~h~;l;[I!l,. Persians, GIH'· d~i'I$:i,nia;l:li>, KE'hs, :[I,l-frlliUI:I:, and ·TI·lr1il.dm~1> as 8;l1mps, w'ho dllr.IJuk I:Irto m IliId~1 HII~dli~re "he.U,I-. ,gerclll~: .~ce.s,," ~'k'i.well !L<; G!wgiru. n4e-:5,llt ClU rhe Persian H[~g:"S90~d ~~.l<l!t~ di:s.~\(lrn:'tldf:n)m is l.njU!s:tj;t~'i' lyinS mid ~1]5[)11,~n(lr;!, for CI~:SCl,.lS5i(l[l ('If Plar{) !Jill. ';;bal:b.]r.!il.['I~~'" ~t:.;: .[·1~tSch O.'9!f.i5), ch, 0; ~md! R;'!c&l~~;I,K;'!mtelkitr~thg:S"·G;I·~:I:!T1,d·, 18, As Rrn:.hilnn Kafmebw. (tills '... l'Ume)~!i'I:'l s!limwlli,. 111111 n wlil~:g ~!Iile- ~f:r.rn "lbarlmf.i,flH,.'" ~Imo IlnilY be l)<uod}ljI~g f~ld~.dtli d"ll 11£ the vcry drussif~CMi,(lfli, (~]!!;da'~~~r~~IIl({:. .haY{: 8CC~.,wllcf! as·\\.'\: Ilt: ~:s, 51:M!l.d,iI'-8: from ~ SC!1luli:n~[y rhilosopl~h:alst;:!!!;'!dI,p(li!!]t; bl1' hes no use {[Jt~he (:.ttQ!solff' 19. ,We ;Ji~StJ find Plate j~, tldd(;'imk~,. ,I, pp, ~20,;],,-:t1, 8:~vjlll.g: ill selliemlll,y hlN<lmhle :KWU:IU of lP~rsjnl1i 1;'(11!lt'!1I'i(lL~:see HUr.;th (19S'j.)" ('hi. 6, ,esp,. 'p!l;rn 4.2:-5.; 20.. I'~should :lI!l:so : po~~m~d 1.JHt d~Jl~ ~!IJth(.~,G[(}t,k :sululiin,"s en "b;l[b..~iilj~!!:'" nrc !Iof I:.w.!JvQt,ld in h t!l'mi:!'u.i!tid~mfi' 00, .Xe1i1lcpn(';!1 and Herodotus, fur.'ex;)J_m.p~I2·, arrimes shew i!eSpl1'ct mId ~?mis~ foil' re(l[n~[ll Pelrsj,ul ~eml'ei!'!l l.ike Cyl:il.~~,.Hurnd.1 ,( ].'!:i:l'i:5), p. 6~ .• i.1l IiJHrtUc ular, fj,oos [hllT mlLI!!:lI:I ~ll';~:".~,IU.p (HI X'i;:nop.~uJn re'll~,i~l!j, I[enclency ro e'}mggerme [he'.~m'~~Pf'r.s.ua.uI';:Olemelll'.s, ,eVf,U d~e iu d.te
21,Ilitit
'9>J'if!pad'tl.
IM~th Hill!
filnds
~~unpll!i1.,
choloSYH} be "liIliefll'lfCbic.1:H!lm, U mmm'lll'[,u't' lIx:;,'Uril.l,HSllItSS, a.t:ldlllillire~'[r~~ned emoliitH'li;I.~lism" (rn-iaWI, 1989, p ..8(:1). JUll![)., Gel)Ql.~ (1,994). pp. 17,6-86, d 11Sr~!S~'::~ He:n)(bjTi!.lS·ilI.~!S~ !'rl(ion of: dw b;t!'h)!!;1.!'!'s ~~~c'k oo.5!tr;;l!r!t jig, Cym;!;' decision I~II)h~u!'lJhis (Joomy, C!:OO5!J:1J5:.~~i'l'1,1 ·of '~thUll,gh later he is moved ~r Croesus· weeds 1:,0 S:pil.fe' him) U.86. 6~. 2.2., liD!!' f~~nl:leir. d!i:s~'~~'iSi of Herodarus' 'l('.c~~ Ill[ ~f .J\:siiflfk l}'1i11b~.d~n1,see' \Geor~~s(11994), e:'ip. em ch, 6" 2]" The mum. derives from '[bcv;~.rb "te be- acrusromed,' ,~[ld (he .1'C'l(i(cIH S:~ICJ""'s core rhc me"mill!': to be "a number of l:Je![ipl,£'aoeuseomed 11:0 liifVlf' I~0tl>ell.ler;' (['~ddfl'l[ and :5CO'[(:, 19'~S), ~'iO thnr Ilb~ 1SOIl£1epl ('If "nat iirm" 'fllr "pi;:c,)ple" :~t=llirkrl;;:d lf~);r lIt[m.(J,f ;:jlu)~!~c~Ih~' '~lmreflitfj(;Kt ~1~ hilVi flg~Jr.~fli~itt.Ulyrhe sense i)f aSfnnl[ ::;'4}(:'ial r culrural ,B:rc)iJjplu,g. 0()
,gtl'nr!r1.~ ;,!!!:1!"!;l.tdoS,I)~)$
C(£~j!~hirlC[lm()'J;'!i!'
i.n H~·.l'IJl,!i ,ufAfricllll and :r,';bd!;i~ Am~dom S[)('i,~ti!lt.s ibeiflll "uerl ...ill,i:red" .11111 on: c rhar of El.!!rt..lperms,; see p()P~ 10 n 980)" (iar,e!O n.991)" ]*,.~O--<J". f~.uml,':n!1itl~: oJ the tt~.[~tl,.:m.it:it;, (orn~]]t~;{[!(e,(I!t~j~!S Girnc.:~ LUJtl ~A[!:l.~ijtk,1'9'84, to p. 14'9', n, l)whll nilkes dille 'COIU.!',1SC 1[0 be between ,~.5u:h'lll of al]t01l(llmtOI!l~'I!j Uages, OI'a:.1l ,,],li:IUliC..e ofyi.~I,:'8"f,s: SUlCI! a~ [hill had by i\[(fI.dhus, ~nd !Il: ,(i[yo
fft(;odf!:'\~ Vtt$iufl
26.; "the'
d1QJry
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is
~he ~l'I1ie Soog:[llip~~knl.<lrea~ used in rhe lr ~~I'iI~ ,rh:i.( A'lS~(fI'~lelj:!!e'! !:I~js fem~ ~'(]! refer: 001'1:1to dle SI'lieC:il~e o:gij(ln betWei;:f~ TbmeE:flflllt rhe P'e~op'Jn[le:l~!!~" wh~l!:ih Wl()uM !mJu.d:l'i tlbellb~~(jml<5" Scyd~ia~~:s, '~ld Hlyri:;l!l:!'" [Indo in;! bru,~~I(;tli05>f.;, ~~ ~!1 110001.;\fIL 10, S where he I'de~ 00 hilly- as a promollool'l!" oQ.f :Europe (U19bl U. &~ Coo.sm'\i·e U,B'ftij, nil. H34, 192', Ollll~heS;en:!le gf"dllis. pliOm:~flmr.y,·'!>ee HerndDl11lS:, fl'iSI.{ui:IIS, 38, 2tt It sbeu M be neeed d1'liJ: the fiat I,.!:rl~~ j:lliilj)'l),!>.lt iou !:f$ bdil\g bod! lilil'eU!If::e~~( ~Ifid ii,i}.i~!t("dis nut uaiveesal <1:rn,Qf1l£li.d~, Gm:!c.ks:, however, as dl.~ SIlm.,e dlif(~rellC<~s, LmM. i.l.m,OIlS '!i":HuJom G.redk peoplesas between EII.rope~lI!>. As.i,u.l~,and G~eh V)ijl~tk~, 13:;:7b33~~,6), 29, 'Fr:rIf!.SIIa.tiO!Y. iby Ft~jflC'i$ A~.·~a:ms (1886), ~l,~i';::!LsY~©('erl ()~~herv;.!!st, 30 .. Ni.~h 09.65), p, ]46,c~:.tims t}1i;l;[ t.11{' &l~)bjsts "hi:ld ~~15ist.ed i.lu.the lli"l'edutll.dln;.!L~n.e~ of.goo, gmJi ....l~,c:md. 'cuhll!l.m~ fllll: rors '(!I\il121:r.:,1.d""I.!ir:,~i[8 in (he .ttOrma[iOll otlltuim.nl clmm.H'e:r;.'·' though he. does nor menrlonrhe Hip~cr.';I~'k iIIa)(jl.H~L ..ler Re\ile:rdin (l960"PI,'l, S:j~lOf, c~~.ims Oli,. th,es~p.~:~c.e ~'C!'IIII1i~refer
mQ(I~~i\ p(:tj6d ()r'[j9f MRy 117iern~!lei[t In ~~rllrd['(i
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rv~
t~~i:1it:the
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32
Copyr'ghted materia
of.sI}.I.~lmdes' :lfJ'rj/,~:a,f {l)h]:~!i and ,Kiral,~;>;.:1954" :'5:3ilN, h~[b~,ri:m:s ;,u,E'cre!lted 5il1~f~iH l.l)l 1\l~[llIIITe{ihr:(,II. fB), -T~U:ll::!i't~i,dt"S' h~:C"l d1<U a[~(,'ic~'u'Oreelk!il ,;lmlp~e!l.CfJ!!:'"1:I<ty biillb u r.iall:'i lleed dH;: ~::rllm;,: "",ilY {r ..o. _5,)' 11.5 w!;>Hns ~n t~ o).smOpJJ~,[n!l1:i.sm of Ir.'pp'rus lif.mis' Jf'i(m(Jil,Jil:l('I)'mlii~n;[ :a!b[)l)u be~~S :il ,["ilti..:en uf the world; ;'1!!1rl Dertlok!rirr0s''''w.eII,.oom seul h;l:s thewo:rk!:\s (;me',s cuunrry" {ihifL, B 2471
s.oUI:LoI?5" ,ilrl;("_i.~dj.[l8 ff;:),gm~l1lr5.
Greell:
:n,
:32"
(ii!~trgtitoJif"'t'j;) is t~otli:ld.~t,,\[I"Hni,;,('t.iofllllt\:1tI b}1 P1'fL~ld!!· .Adrims ·'1(!Si;rilSS~Of!>'l.~C" b~' }ohl'1i CI1Mwitk (Hip;pm:r'~~~'j' 19)1(})" The tUi,IiI!iI,l[~(];Il of t~lese lines IfiOOJT1I:!iif'C. ,(Jil.'ed ·illll G*l,rhlO {1,9:s~n, , 12:1. 16 p Klelrferd {1.9S4},. p ...:1.'59 dnilrn~ dmr I[he Hjpl)ti)(~"I![k [re'lfl~, sec, tz, slil)l'll;'s d:l,l![' ,dl.rn'iilfe lS ,d't'tcrlt~jt!'<lti,~,t: of dJ'lr.l{~ft:t in If!·hc:st:r~5(;' d~(l)~ Gi!'t'ek~t:n~~sr.uo' A!!.i:;l Mh~Qr, dJey bt"ctlitTJ!l: .if UI like dJ8' Asilulc L~',li~1H!i wh{l are ·'~ffl1lte and laxuaous," It' is uncLeil:!l rfu~~[ II'.iswtic woukl A follmv ihi 5 lrae of reil.soHli rng .. P.l!l'r. of the d:uffim ~ry rre~jdes ill lil~e dliflfe rre.l~t hiJl~1f18im~. theo-
rh~' H~PJXX:I[';iI(rl(" 1!'f'iocliJr ion ~'il!lpr!()n::stm'lr,tIlKd!, rbe 'I1'Ii.,ew rhar body., .,,&fJ[i:t'il:a1> Ad~f!I)do p.:j!C',c's~hi:s, tmd!i~~[)11 {sec his ,cliscu,s:!;I{lJli In (lI'l' .t1M C(!~1.~MJ.".lA~,jf!l'!,dI., .1, 1"1 ~.ib12flf). 34,.,Fn[ e'lo.'11mpJ.B", Kmtll~ (fo!rrhcomi,f1Jg) imllin,fairliS i[hm: ,l\ri:Sl[mJ:e' T~lillkstlmt Asii1!r1 oofib:uim:lll a,~' ri~~ tmde'rlJhl,g:
[I,I~' ~'III.{Hdoll'i.::
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3 5" D~!~w
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d~c
bel;; C!f":!ipir~'(
!!t~!;ilbl1t{1d '~0
A.~,i;;(I[I!)iOOp:lj~,leads [0 ;(IOEJ:il,~d'ile and moral ddider.tde;s dlio'ltl':!recillute Ihcm. from dJ~'l·(l'.~opiI1lg rlll~efl;ll~I ran8~ {If fll('11~de'SIIIi'll f~e IG~ee:ksfJl~,Ve-. 36. 0111 ~'his,!i'!!..~w,see D('~)ew (l!!Ii~PtiJ.;.:H~Jf!(;"I]),i!l:F.l(IIG!lf¥~r(l.99.:i!u)" 3/'" To d~:ii!i :~)€ljm,see' Smith {l983iU, re'pIill.lt~d in K:IJ~I~and ~liUer (1990), pp., n12-5~, 3ft Ganer (l99q,~)" pp., 17_=l.-9'5'"rtolds r.lh1t ~'1 ,11,l(ikifi! Ib!11.'l.o'!,. {)l !lpiri[e(~flf'S:!i,. conduces to ill {1).!B;lllill'i'l'ol;:: [.li~!!~: tht~!i, [he II~ k herween f ~I ~'he HVH rl(,'~omu~ ~l~Jtlt slil1ves 'iln~}k l and
Bl()ok VII. i V! rhe (l~~j.(;~1I,xl:i'i(ldi '';1.t)i' from 2(1,I()~)1) ro l'iOO.OOO: .~-..e t1illilil~~1 09(0),. pp. SS-9, (:19.36), PPI' H~J-:~1)3, GmJ(I.1l (928), pp" 509-60,,, Jm;u~s {I~n6), p. 187", ill1ij RaL~dfl]J 09':13)0, ]!'Jl, 199~:2!QoI). 40" n;tL]t:t {199·8} git'~5 ~~. dLstiisslon Qf the v~j[!()ILl~~ed:l!ll~( ~roirp$ in Ar.htms tb[!.( t~ruvid~:·d ttiH slaves, .iodll(lfinS Tfu;r,::ld;)ruJ" Phoenki~l.!1iS,. Phrys ians, and P;]llllhl:gQni<1!IlS., all of which we're
,cm.l.'1ilderea
Hl
ll1!itllml. I1!11.er" m"i.l"I~_at~lm,~ H.I:~lilJg C.I.eJlH.:m" Iends itocJf ,e:idu:~:r.'Ur dne idell: r~lmbtubaritlu!i l.;l;CI;:ome P;Ul ,ofreilwn., du:" "ndi.r!lg"'titt:IIJt~" or dmr r.I.lE:Y s Lit::k:_. d~<; ,of i1(I('~!t<'i~ (i,c., 'I;'i til:'U~Y~I$)mlet~. (ii!ti"if$ lnilid (Atli~I(ide. ] '9S4~ 5'Ut38~~(S dile r~};dlIJIO£lilcrtl refll(Jjflt;, '\'i.'hue Tr:!;t'ol; (t962), anti SIJSl!:llrlih[f!mi H~~k:-;:(1,894], )jugges( tilt:
1J91~tjol~ w~'!!JJ~.
43" The· ml.TIdm,ioll sums ·tlp these p()o~rm: "So, it is dea[ from these th:im,_gs W'.hi': idle nature of rlll~e!\hl'~e Is, mild w!m~ In i~ 0'I1l'U'(~}r is, For (me whn d~mn ~ be'l.ong lO hd:mseH' by 1li'.~U~ bi:H' W <!IR~d I~:r. difjlil!::ii ii- hu Ulj'liiC!being" i~~ ~s~a)'"t hy !1~w!['e~f!~ ;!I! bllil~n~rrn i:j&; of another id btl is eue who U;S p0s;'Ses:siioll .ij~l,r~.s~oo ~ili:\£ a buman ibii.I_\i.l; and ;~.p{l:ss:es~iol.l is, ,in ,il1tm" a ,of mel'llE of ;l;cdon (Ql~:t"~m }W.fIk.tit,[I.!'t] ,~nd.is 8eJ:>.1,r'Jlt:e ~f~OIn the o'il!luerf (1254!d 5-~ 7). 44, J~:s:hor~1i:I ~)i)!'i:,~d Nit 'Efblr:':~, . 6 im,i1~.!e!ll,'ir!:-l~' erhee ~h!ilB:!! d'!~~ i~~ "(me'!> ~Wfl" !!1!dr~.die be ~h",(' v
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of
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{i'992}, pj,1' 30:2·_·3. also ~:iikB n:ULiro~,:!:I~~\!'e.s: ~ob.t.IClHg I!:OI ~he d.omeS:I+C'~l?h:ere. 'Ol:~:uf'rs In~~li;e I~tt~!e,(]if thedi:!ltim:tioJtI between ~~!:'dj,!{'l: m'l'd pro,dlU('un,g; e.g., .'ia.II~~;~e.ffi (199S), p. 1'4;
;]:r.gm~!> t~m si,m:('p.rod,lJ;[d,l)nll[W!(l~lf~S' :SOUR' 'lH.iv:i.(y" tlue ,(~tStiifl(ldU1,~~S.··ciI.~hi!Jus:" :N. Snlidb I( ~.'98;3~1), ~);, ]1, Q [mile rhitt' dbe ,d i$rJiuct.i:()n g;enellli:iU'e;l;pro'b.ll~l1ITI:ii the ,d:iI.im lTIi.,de i.III,V[l., fiH' 10 (] j 30:.25-6) rl.lJ;lt fannh~,g .iu ehe pol.il! l!, wl:tkh J.nl\'111,,'ef>pml)dtJ(·r~(lIl., :shio!'!!'ld!be ,tJlO:tlt" Iby
i'!:j' t~"
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fl)'.I~'fl:l1o;J ~[),"be
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of
n."Irm·'1,~s:~1'."'es in Jloo,kl'. 46 .. See O)~H~"lll(1.99'2), (;:1:1 .• 4" 0111 d]t' m~~~' n:f:~,la'\les 11" 'il;'l:lnkil]g a:ud um~,I,II~Il{-e'" 4{. :~lJir C);tl~.lP:~t;'" W\C tnQw fW~1 XeILOpho!] (9613) ~lIf~tbVfb f«:oC'~;!cll !.!!!Il:roe iSlrl!!1e~ Wiotkc~1 1l1mlSSgd", (;re{: men tor ';~m 5::lm(~ W\l.g(>,$ orllthem.mpl(~ ·ofthc En:::dHl~clJ!I;[! O~ d~~Acrupolu5: etrhese 86 workmen,. ,.l:<iwe're· {:Ii rlzens, 42 wlf'llierlmN:iIIT~,zefl:8, ~,I](I 20 were :sI;]l'l'1flS. Sif€' Rflni~;;1U a9':H~, .PP, ]'99-2iO, fLl,]d!:lIM:~e')' 0'93&), pp .. hJO-W'3,. 48" Th~se L1St 'l!fr(;I!~ ]i:vol;!dwl)i..~IT dlCY W;;;{\~I,;!IWJ ("i'l:rr~e'J1, rheir \O;1Cl1:rk c~jiVi~ks much Iml~hd[ oMI a own ,&e'cls~o!lS'.p';Jlyi!l!.Jg ::l. I)IDI::oorrion of their w.~g;~ b.'lck (!I] (hC'ii!:' r:H(l.Stcr"l'bew. j:>tl'Op1e weukl be leq~l.i'!iil!,~B1.li:II{~ die' ,g:Ol'mp Ifuieref-efS W as 1:I1i~'!,I'g;l/"'ml, 1J.7;tlitlllt~; (Qlr''!'~1ii[;'li:g;s;,. t&hltllaJ), rile COftlm()1l IIr'[~Si:I!U~ w:lil(lmlu~ IEakies~o l:..e "'llIllde.r' ,adelimtl[f(~ s~a'ft:I:)I" .il~~i (\~mrns:t' U) (.~~~ ~lav,e' pfIJPC!l' (l2{i.oa39-h.2).. ]:1];1;:[0mll.y he 'hL:'.~I:'()~~pll~ :hCf[X.'S([ch:al1y) v>,m'l_x: furmcrs .iIB.thl;"poi)~j;tr 111 vn 1.0 (:~~~~)[I~S-6). t:i9. Saunders 0'995), }~,74, KiOlJE'S dm'f dlfl "'my thm rhe J)''l:llf lbe~OfltSI:'(D' rhe Vd~(l~e is, srrurrueal,
bl.u: dle way I'h~ [)Q:~~">Sj[~[1 I)IL_51:1.",.::' ib!::'~OfiE$ [I} d~~owner Or' ma:'lle( is Je:S2] .. SoCt E concar w~th D('~)oI]w (u[!p~Mi5Iu'!d)rhl[,t n::oo ·~pi:SUt!nolo~jc~1 d:iflku]qr in id~l!iiti!1l"~!]8 wlm
is. ;) Irla!~G.ml s:!a\l\8' docs. ncr II:eild ,Arj:swrll,@~o, d;]IIIII1 I.iike Ald~~f!,nllal>;lfld :P',ItiI,~.€m(},1]j. that ae .• ,one 'w;fls:imrrlil >ll slave, 11.~(lnef,:~~ele:!iS. iffi,c~ Iries, ~::>e',I:!i.i(lj'r <;.lnfiil:;e,[';I!l whrJ' ii... (0 (fl~.IiI'! .~!\~1slo.\I\e' d i.ll18 bV (J.~l~lu.ref d~el{:11re no deteun U!J~(ve p\bysicf~1 :fe!tml!t~. i i III L 13"Aris(Oltlc holds (hat slaves ,:lr-e~llum .• n lJeilll£iS ;;][liLJ piu1ticip[l,[1]: in reason U259b2],-.:S), s und ~hilf they PQJSSf'~ tbe SHmf {"K4UlifJfS 'l}f~he soul ns free .men ,(:1. :26o,·:d.O-l nll.;lln),\'~ ,1 S~f1're U r~!mi~r~!V'!IWll:e,~] 2~14-1·~ ~I. D~8('I,I.;'!.sulI)~lS :fILxm~ Ih~' ".~nr~bili.ql" M;'(]men's, If(;IIOOi:1i.Me va:fioJ;'rl :and 11~I!I:I"H:t'(H!S;L:'.g_, IC(]~ 01' "~'991), D(~b!U!'.i;~:~.s, 9'~8), rO~f1Jb;jIJt~t\h{l917)" HQITI!t!i>; 0 99G).MlItti:!(~W5 (19'~6), (] :Modrnk 09'!)4,}, Smlr.h 0983b), s.pf'l.m.:lH 09<'33), In t ;), [:If:t'!'iOn~who fire :£1fL'\I~~¥~aIl1Jrefire dn~st who s~mre ~I:II rl:as(U~ fO {:lIe' eXrtlil1 (I:mr d!CY!;lCftC::!1;'l: fl:,~~Qt!, ILut {to nu[; "~~IIj~:S(!M;" !t {jlI.1) i'ic1;~~"', f!r~'u;;~i;!J', 1254bl2-3), ;I~! obKi.I.!!t: dist!oniolll,ll11'SllfITlJah!y .Idled O'll!{ by tJ'n;l(OOiIW(]em !.el'ds {If ddiib~m[.iJ!.I'~· ,"~xiIJ(y in what fo~lows:, Ii;erepr:<i.l:;,~I~I~ ~e~I$(~![ill di:fine(j:\,> !J rrue t:I)tW~c::Tior! {~f Whiit is, !;'I)~dnd'i'e 11;10he end, ;tf!dl e ~50., involvl':S, :1;. tmr.::· iGUIlL~pti:ou IiJf d.lt': c.l~d; d~ "'t, n" 1 H4::l:3.,whi"ru ~.tiJlf~.vo!I,'!"l"5.mmms, to rhe end, .lrl.[lI:.li~ ~pe(:~" .1. ~~e" whh Kf'o'i~~,t' (ji1rr!'hCi)mhl~) (jm)(:eI:':l~ii"i1B hl$ dl1l{'I!i'i(:dO'ii1Ir.e[lili'ee.~ ~I resrrkred, !]O[ffli!tiv-e sense nrddjbC:'f':iliI;il.!g,.1~mJ ,(I seuse of de~,ibeF...,tili~g: :8bOl!lt a 11;1:(1[;'1111'11 ~]!iI :Cef. vr, 9, j Hgb4~). This tmi:ses; Irh{;i~siIJie' whether .!)rJlcitk,;]l ~ei;;rol]; (';'fl6:\l1'J'iJi!~j.ph\fI,'Itm;!:i) ,;!:dm.ilu OfiJ srml:ilser >1.11lI.di we~ke'rr' ~11!1'ieso rl:ml[ dlO~e who are ir.llipeil:'ftc~,~y "'~rm0~:<; (>lin y.'ef be !'niJ~llfl)l]I():s."es..ll.il[, m.l [he
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) ,"},,, hus; 8m ith (19'8 3[1}, p. [16,m.lkes dlC:~:~gi.l.IDen( tI~.m because of :1!5Y'cbic deficiencias, teo T mmnJ qlll:dif:y .;J:!; mmufilJ Sl,il'i'es; 1 IlllTIdi the ~~rcfuiitc deficieney alone i:m'!lI£i],ciem ~IOjlt'lsdfr
m~r,u:hy 10' >lIIL.isc tm.m edlJlrn(.ucllH roil:' fl:uH hnml~ra "dlil"t~i.!ire" r.,uhe:r' rhnn :5;ubjecdng rhemso dES:j.!~Hic rule" :1;9. 0'11 th~dleb!!~t' ~:~l New'W'Odd, ~:hf berween I.a.1>C\StlS ~!~KI So(';p'u~l"etll:'! fl"'t~ "natural :s!I:1'1'1ery'" wi!1:! n';Spt::l1t it'! rhe N<llti'rlt' Alilt'.r.~can~.see Hanke I[ ~ 9'59)"
PI'. 1.3'/'-9 •. ill> !:h~t il1R~ .i\,I'iiStilJdct finds ru.1l S !!ll]d :SOCill ~:r,<liliniu,g, II,c' shmlld ff.wolr oolU!c[l:ting
Copyr'ghted materia
tlQ"
.IXkS:i tOn mId mora~. c~I~U',U~!h~.L'" t t'r:nler,g.es ,'r,om VIL :13- wlle.re .Ari~;I\(Id;e ,;:::]I'llitrns '~~mt naru r~ 'Gttl'i(ll~,P~t'J;!J)•. Ilah~t, (f~8'1}~",iJtA1E}~ ,U1I~ re ..... ,(fGlg.... ~fl;gINJlCr ~mj~~~ruf.e ftll~j!j, Wll J') £"or HI{lral 'ex~U()nc!): (1 J?i2a,8:-jb,J}.
r, hio~oSb)~.ffi1,uwctiO'.Il
between
:limmGd
dis-
61. The sugges[k~!1 th;:!:t ibec~use Asim'i ~:,1,!"b.l!'iali!s Iil:ck;.. ~pl~il:i",d!1~.ss;d'~~' :il~.suh.tk orheremodm~s fll:lflif ~Ht' Il«e~rf f~llr plrQper' illlIH~llecT!,!I~~!flnd moral d~YeI1)PJlilent: ;SImnrl~ :~ [he oldy ~'NIS~sfo.r a. ·'rl'lcl:nilh::i f!g" l~fld~.[lg {If r:uttt!inli sl'l.V:{;itY (M"!\: DCI:>Cw, iY:11:~},t~bHsll.ed. 'li[ld G fl.r.'!I\er,
199ili!).
6,.2" :I wOIll.ld ~ilk~ W iE':Xptl"iiS, :rny dmlil.b. to: :!;1,li.~iIb~th As.:mis,. Ridliil,rd :Km,ur., and d~e memlbll'fll 'uf d~e Uni""I:'r~jl[r {if C::1:..i:e"';g~ CI.~s~I~~Seminar (iJr chI: ~}pp(jtn~ni,r~'Hl pre~nrr ill!!. efl.rHer '..'\~!:':Sj'lji~~ of th 1'5 I~I~T in 199.8-9, ~!~dmy co-t:dl!.w~~;. TOn-tllIl)' LOft, ft)!Ii pro,vi.d ~l~~ till' Qri~jnal i:!II¥jt;;!!~icm aa APA ~S~SS.UOflJ on. rare fin w.hi:ich 'rbi~ paper w(lS\VI~i:tmn .. I have ,'lls~ to b€nf'iii~(ed. foom. rbe ,r:ridrnl.wrlnec) mmme~ms made iby' !l)llil,lidilJf'Pe'w au :;m ead:i.e:r ,,'e[~UOI1 'of diU:':; e~~ty'.
A~5ch~1(1;S1974:: F(J.bR/.~. 'R [)~ngs· ~. Ptl8,('. O!(jQtd; a~Hm,-du,~ress .. P i\:Ii}~a!l, )u:II:i<'119'88; N.;ul!I [;)II.ism ill Greek :E:~hi[5; ,t,\ rJ£wrrlljp, :;lIiIldlA.f[c'[. Prl;4'f-.dh~gJif ,1J.g lJo:rtfHl ,,ir.ri!# Cf}rlf)(!~l.f,tJ.1J.! itt i\n;-i(mt .'Pl!.iio.mpl')j, 4,. 149-':71. ,t\ r'J:!!IN)I,;lil~l!cs 1913:T1er:lwkt:t.Vi.!'4C' .. Ed .. R. G. Usher, O;l\Jurdl: CI:M,t:ndfJ::lfiI, Press JU:i;Sit{l~JFm!L1mi: 1994; TI~iwu1JlJ.oj'i'""':f!if."~1" Ed." Alan Sommer.s,[{,ij[l. Warm,i.m>tel:, .Ihl~:lmld:; Aru!; &. :Pl~itllips,.. A,j:S~I(H]e 1913: {\riS{fiul# Ethi'm,Ni.~'1tlJ~it((I('<t.!E{I, I~!~!:~m :!3~'w~,'e'a~O)d(_ltf~:C!:l,emll(!:f~ Press, Ar.i~tll)r]!e 194,~k o~ 111<'1 {;tJu~I'eUi,f,}}J ~f 1c11].iM'(~k E!f!f:l:I.i~hmlil]G:re~k 'Ft. A,L iP~ek.Cflnlh~udgr,:MA~
SI:;~x~:A!."jlS;~j(i(~I~~c~!
B~IIIIUI~g)f M,r,t"~:lI, Ar:ii.'SU,Hlt:liifi_tll PSJl{:hti~ogy. Dl",~)fw, D;'lvid 1'995: Hl!lmm1!S, nrui. Oeher PoHtic;ll .. Anim<ll£ .in Ar.i~[0d.e':s, i'JhJf!'ji iltlitwll>x. Pb.~';jhlJ;fi•. Xl", t1JCi, .1, L56-16., Duel'~; :Ii. ;'![lil w. Kr,)rr~ (t;;:.:h) 19jo4i;: D~il" Fj%JJfll1.f11.1f! t!~7'Vf)rlfJt.t:.4liktr .. Bedin: Weidm;~iUt~S(:he
<I
IJi~idd.~ii!l.d]ti.~!£.
Copyr'ghted materia
D~s]1mr,ie[ll." Mr~r,gt~edrre' t99S~ s~ afldEs~liice in A.risturl,e·s Metap.IJ11}'lSk5: and Ui.olu8Y:, In C~mhil] ,0:\., Fir~~mld (e-d .), rr::miJIJt$ Im~I'IN'eMf,;'ffJil'~'0/ ,il, rht'iJlle. Lh~ i... erNity ]'lar~:, P'~m'fSyl;v:~lliiiil: P'en.II:1;y.Ivanla Smu= Unl"'C:nl~.r.,' PI'€~S-,138-67 . .F:i[ll.l)')'~M ....L 19S6'1\.m;wNi Slfr~ry ~rui .~~'Ih"~m 1,df.d~:g)r.New Yor'k P'Ilngll.ll.l:I. Finie)'; M. L (ed,) 1960: Sl~1~"j ill ClaJ~iM/ A1l,tl!fJ~;ty:: Vk·!:i'.I"!!mi ._mI'Wtl)!;"'r!;I!!;;. C."1mbl'fdlge: W, Hdle'r &. Son~"[.(C~.
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Copyr'ghted materia