Anda di halaman 1dari 4

yef;wdkifodkY csD&m0,f

vlwikd ;f ud, k pf rD mS ud, k chf , H cl su?f wefz;kd xm;rIeUJ &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik t f oD;oD;&SMd uovdk tJ'D &nfreS ;f
csuyf ef;wdik u f kd ta&mufvrS ;f Muzdv Yk nf;vrf ;pOfr0l g' toD;oD; &Sw d wfMuygw,f/ ausmif ;om;wpf a,muf
twGuf ynmudkwefzdk;xm;wJh cH,lcsufeJUpmar;yGJatmifzkYd? ynmwwfjzpfzdkY&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudk
ausmif;rSefrSefwuf? pmrSefrSefusufwJh enf;vrf;eJUcsDwuf&ygw,f/ w&m;tm;xkwfwJh a,m*DwpfOD;
twGuv f nf; oHo&mb0Zmwfq;kH &m edAmÁ efuw kd efz;kd xm;Ny;D wpfr*fwpfzv kd &f atmif &nfreS ;f csuf yef;wdik u f kd
0dyóemenf; wpfenf;enf;eJU usiMhf ut H m;xkwf csw D uf&wmygyJ/ b0rSmaysmo f vd ak ezdYk avmuDock cHpm;zdYk
t"duqdkwJholawGusawmhvnf; avmuDcsrf;ompnf;pdrfokcawG jynfhpHkzdkYtwGuf &nfrSef;csufxm;NyD;
'Dcsr;f omokcawGjynfph zkH Ykd t"duvdt k yfcsujf zpfwhJ aiGuekd nf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d eJU &SmMuwmygyJ/
wdkif;jynfawG? vlY tzGJUtpnf;awGrSmvnf; 'DvdkyJ &nfrSef;csufawGtoD;oD;&SdMuwmygyJ/
wdik ;f jynfEikd if aH wGtwGuf a,bk,s&nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik u f awmh rwnfNird af o;wJh Edik if aH wGq&kd if wnfNird zf ?Ykd
zGUH NzKd ;qJEikd if aH wGq&kd if zGUH NzKd ;Ny;D Edik if jH zpfz?Ykd zGUH NzKd ;Ny;D Edik if q H &kd ifvnf; &Sad ewJt h aetxm;uae avsmu h sroGm;bJ
ydjk y;D jrifrh m;vmzdq Yk wkd mawGyJ jzpfavh&ydS gw,f/ 'DuaeYjrefrmEdik if &H UJ &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik [ f m at;csr;f om,m
Ny;D acwf rDzUHG NzKd ;wd;k wufwhJ 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if jH zpfzyYkd g/ 'D&nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik u f kd vuf rcHEikd b f ;l ? rvdck sib f ;l qdw
k hJ
jrefrmEdik if o H m; wpfO;D wpfa,muf rS &Sv d rd rhf ,frxifygbl;/
at;csrf;om,mzdkY qdkwmu wnfNidrfrI&SdzdkY vdkygw,f/ acwfrDzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufzdkYqdkwmuawmh
pD;yGm;a&;aumif;rGezf Ykd vdyk gw,f/ wnfNird rf eI UJ pD;yGm;a&; aumif;rGerf q I w kd muvnf; tjyeftvSef taMumif;jyK
rScD akd eMuwmyg/ wnfNird rf rI &S&d if pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awG vkyaf qmifvrYkd &ovdpk ;D yGm;a&;raumif;wJh Edik if H
awGrSmvnf; wnfNidrfrI r&SdEdkifygbl;/ zGHUNzdK;rIenf;wJhEdkifiHawGrSm jynfwGif;aomif ;usef;rIawG?
tMurf;zufrIawGrsm;avh&SdMuygw,f/ jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rI'PfaMumifh pD;yGm;a&;tajccHawG?
ukex f w
k t f &if;tES;D awG? ukex f w k pf rG ;f tm; vkyt f m;awGxcd u kd qf ;kH ½H;I epfem&wJt h cg pD;yGm;a&;vnf; cRwf
jcKH us&jyefygw,f/ pD;yGm;a&;usyw f nf;wJt h cg rauseyfraI wGeYJ a’gojzpfvmwwfMuwmobm0ygyJ/ qif;&JvYkd
todynmr&Sdawmh qlylaomif;usef;rIawGxJrSmrodvdkYyJjzpfjzpf? eD;&m "m; aMumuf&vdkYyJjzpfjzpf
ygoGm;wwfwmvnf;&SMd uygw,f/ 'Dvekd UJ yJ qif;&JvYkd rwnfNird f rzGUH NzKd ;? rzGUH NzKd ;vdYk qif;&Jqw kd t hJ qd;k oHo&m
vnfaeMuwm tmz&duwdu k rf mS &Sad ewJh zGUH NzKd ;rItenf;qH;k Edik if aH wG&UJ om"uawGeUJ xif&mS ;odEikd Mf uygw,f/
jrefrmEdkifiHrSmvnf; vGwfvyfa&;eJUtwl 'Gef wGJygvmwJh jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rIqdk;arGaMumifh
'Dtqd;k oHo&mxJu awmfawmfeUJ rvGwEf ikd cf w hJ m tm;vH;k odNy;D ud, k w f ikd v
f nf; vufawGUcHpm;cJMh uNy;D
jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh at;csr;f om,mNy;D acwfrzD UHG NzKd ;wd;k wufzYkd Edik if o H m;tm;vH;k u vdv k m;aeMuwm
jzpfygw,f/ 'DbufacwfrmS Edik if w H umeJU qufo, G rf aI wG? ul;oef;oGm;vmvkyu f ikd rf aI wG us,u f s,jf yefUjyefU
wd;k yGm;vmawmhwnfNird rf yI suf jym;Ny;D aqmufwnf&mr&atmif 'kua© &mufaeMuwJh wdik f ;jynfysu?f Edik if yH suf
(Failed State) awGuv kd nf; urÇm½h yk jf rifoMH um;rSm tcsed ef UJ trQ rsu0f g;xifxif awGUjrifaeMu&ovdk
tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawG? a'owGif;EdkifiHawGeJU urÇmhEdkifiHawGudk tvkyfeJYyJjzpfjzpf? tvnftywfyJjzpfjzpf
a&mufMuwJt h cg Edik if aH wG&UJ wd;k wufzUHG NzKd ;rIawGuv kd nf; ud, k wf ikd u f ,kd u f s awGUcJMh uwmrdYk at;csr;f om,mNy;D
acwfrzD UHG NzKd ;wd;k wufzYkd trSew f u,fvt kd yfw,fqw kd m &ifx?J ES vH;k xJ uvdu I v f u Id v f v JS ?JS ESpEf pS uf mum
vufcMH uNy;D om; jzpfygw,f/
tJvkd rwnfNird rf eI UJ qif;&Jrq I w kd hJ tqd;k oHo&muvGwNf y;D at;csr;f om,m acwfrzD UHG NzKd ;wd;k wufwhJ
EdkifiHopfwnfaqmufzdkYqdkwJh &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudk csDwuf MuwJhtcgrSm pnf ;urf;jynfh0wJh
'Dru kd a&pDvrf;aMumif;uae csw D ufMuzdUk vnf; a&G;cs,x f m;Ny;D jzpfygw,f/
'Dae&mrSmawmh enf;enf;yg;yg; ajymp&mav; &SdEdkifygvdrfhr,f/ wcsKdUu 'Drdkua&pDqdkwmeJU
pnf;urf;jynf0h rIqw kd m ygNy;D om;rdYk 'gudk xnfah jymp&mrvdyk gbl;vdYk apm'wufMuygw,f / 'gayr,fh
'Dru dk a&pDqw dk hJ pum;vk;H &J Y b,fvt kd "dymÜ ,f zGiq hf ckd suu f ykd MJ unfMh unf?h pnf;urf;&Srd w I Ukd ? xde;f csKyrf w I Ukd
qkw d mawGxuf vGwv f yfciG q hf w dk mudyk aJ Zmif;ay;Ny;D ajymavh&ydS gw,f/ 'Dru dk a&pDEikd if q H &kd if Edik if o H m;wpfO;D
csif;&JU vGwfvyfcGifh? txl;ojzihf EdkifiHa&;t& vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:MuHqcGifh? ajymqkdcGifhpwmawGudk
umuG,af pmihaf &SmufraI y;&r,fqw dk mrsK;d awGjzpfygw,f/ pnf;urf;&Srd w I Udk ? xde;f csKyrf w I Udk qkw d muawmh vlUtzGUJ
tpnf;rSm [efcsun f rD Qatmif xde;f ay;zdUk yg&wmyg/ wpfO;D csi;f vGwv f yfciG q hf w kd m wpfO;D wnf;&Sad ewJh
tcg rSom BudKufovdkokH;vdkU&ayr,fh tzGJUtpnf;xJrSm tzGJU0ifwpfOD;tjzpf aexkdif&&ifawmh
csKyfwnf;&rIawG? xdef;odrf ;&rIawG vd ktyfvmwmyJ jzpfygw,f/ vlwpfa,muf[mvGwfvyfpGm
arG;zGm;vmcJw h ,f (Man is born free) qkad yr,fh Edik if o H m;wpfa,muftaeeJUqk&d ifawmh olU&JUvGwv f yfciG hf
awG[m tuefUtowf&v dS mygw,f/ wjcm;vlr”I avhx;Hk wrf;? usi0hf wfew D ?d bmoma&;ynwfcsuf ponfjzifh
vlUtzGUJ tpnf;xJu uefUowfxed ;f csKyrf aI wGvnf;&Sv d mygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm pnf;urf;jynf0h w,fqw kd mu pnf;urf;&Srd eI UJ wm0eford u I kd wGpJ yfxm;wmvdUk jrifygw,f/
wm0efow d wf&if todpw d ef UJ pnf;urf;tvdv k &kd v dS mwmygyJ/ tJ't D cgus&if ud, k &hf UJ vGwv f yfciG u
hf o kd w
l pfyg;
tusK;d pD;yGm;rxd cdu k af tmif b,ftuef Utowftxd &,lusio hf ;Hk Ekid w
f ,fqw kd m rdrb d momqk;H jzwfNy;D
csKyw f nf;xde;f odr;f Ekid yf gvdrrhf ,f/ tJvrkd odwwf&ifawmh rodwwfwo hJ al wGukd abmifrausmaf tmif
twif;tusyf pnf;urf;ay; xde;f csKyzf Udk vdt k yfvmrSmyJjzpfygw,f/
wu,fawmh 'Dru dk a&pDqw dk meJU vGwv f yfciG ahf wGwNJG y;D ygvmayr,fw h m0eford eI UJ pnf;urf;&Srd I
awGuawmh vdt k yfcsuo f mjzpfygw,f/ tjrw J yJG gvmr,fvUkd rqkEd idk yf gbl;/ wm0eford eI UJ pnf;urf;&Srd q I w dk m
vlUtzGUJ tpnf;wpfcv k ;Hk &JU bufpaHk xmifph u Hk jyKpyk sK;d axmifay;rS &vmEdik w f hJ trsK;d om;a&; p½du k af wGyg/
'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifheJU pnf;urf;&SdrIwdkUeJUywfoufNyD; ukd,fawGUom”uav;eJU EIdif;,SOfjycsifygw,f/
urÇmhtBuD;qkH; 'Drkdua&pDEdkifiHBuD;wpfckeJU urÇmhtBuD;qkH;wpfygwDEdkifiHBuD;wpfck&JU NrdKUawmfBuD;awGrSm
awGUcJjh rifc&hJ wmav;awG jzpfygw,f/ urÇmt h Bu;D qk;H 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if BH u;D &JU NrKd UawmfrmS awmh 'Dru dk a&pDyyD D
vGwv f yfygw,f/ vl awG[mvGwv f yfpmG uGr;f wHawG;axG;Muygw,f/ ae&mwkid ;f rSm uGr;f wHawG;uGuaf wG
&Syd gw,f/ um;awGuvnf; vGwv f yfpmG um;csi;f yGwq f MJG u? csw d Mf uygw,f/ um;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udMk unf&h if
aemufMunfrh eS u f aJG ewm? abmf 'Dyed cf sKid ahf q;uGmaewm rjrifcsit f qk;H ygyJ/
vrf;eHab;rSmvnf; vGwv f yfpmG (trsK;d om;)awG½LS ;½SL;yef;Muygw,f/ vrf;udak usmay;Ny;D at;aq;pGm
0dwaf vQmah eMuwJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wG[mvnf;ae&mwdik ;f rSm awGUEdik yf gw,f/ vrf;awGavQmufomG ;&if ]]atmf*vD
uvk;H }}a&arT;eHUu oif;wysUH ysUH eJUygyJ/ vlawGrmS vGwv f yfpmG cHpm;&wmr[kwyf gbl;/ EGm;awG?arsmufawGvnf;
NrKd UxJrmS vGwv f yfpmG vSnv hf nfciG ?hf pk½;Hk cGi?hf tpm&SmcGi&hf Muygw,f/ urÇmt h Bu;D qk;H wpfygwDEikd if BH u;D &JU
NrKd UawmfrmS awmh tJvv kd rf;ab;rSm ]]0dwaf vQm}h }cGirhf &Muygbl;/ 'gayr,fh vlpnfum;&m aps;uGuv f yf
awGab;rSm ]]jynfoUl a&tdr}f } awG xm;ay;ygw,f/ rnforl qdk tcrJo h ;Hk Ekid yf gw,f/ tcrJah &tdrq f adk yr,fh
[dkw,fua&tdrfawGvdkyJ oefU&Sif;NyD; tqifhjrifhygw,f/ vrf;ab;rSm uGrf;wHawG;uGufawGr&Sdygbl;/
ESi;f qDyef;vSvaS wG a0aeatmifyiG w hf hJ yef;cif;awGtvSpu kd x f m;ygw,f/ tJ'yD ef;awGuv kd nf; b,forl S
vufaqmhNyD; cl;qGwfoGm;wmr&Sdygbl;/ pufbD;awGqkdvnf; vrf;eHab;rSm 'Dtwkdif; aomhrcwfbJ
xm;cJMh uwmawGU&ygw,f/ b,forl S ]]r}}oGm;wmrsK;d r&Syd gbl;/ 'g[m b,fou l rkd S omap? emapvdw k hJ
pdwq f E´eUJ ajymwm r[kwyf gbl;/ trSew f u,fjrif zl;awGUzl;wJt h wkid ;f azmfjyjcif;omjzpf ygw,f/ t"du
qdv k &kd if;uawmh 'Dru dk a&pDeUJ pnf;urf;jynf0h rIwUkd [m twlwuGwNJG y;D jzpfvmMuwm r[kwb f ;l qdw k m
ajymcsiw f mjzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh pnf;urf;jynf0h wJh 'Dru dk a&pDqw dk m vdt k yfvUdk xnfx h m;wJh 0daooeyk'w f pfcjk zpfygw,f/
'DuaeUurÇmEh idk if aH wGukd jyefMunfrh ,fq&dk if 'Dru dk a&pDqw dk idk ;f wnfNird Nf y;D zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufaeMuwmr[kwyf gbl;/
'Dru dk a&pD Edik if aH wGxrJ mS wnfNird zf UHG NzKd ;wJEh idk if aH wG&o dS vkd rwnfNird ?f rzGUH NzKd ;ao;wJh Edik if aH wGvnf; &Syd gw,f/
tJ'rD mS bmawGumG jcm;wm awGUovJqakd wmh wnfNird zf UHG NzKd ;wJh 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if aH wGrmS tod ynmjrihrf m;Ny;D
pD;yGm;a&;tajctae oifhwifh aumif;rGefwJh jynfolvlxktrsm;pk&Sd wJhtcsufygyJ/ ynmwwf
vl v wf w ef ; pm;vd k Y ynm&S i f a wG u owf r S w f M uwJ h t J ' D j ynf o l v l x k a wG trsm;pk & S d w J h t wG u f
bmtusK;d awG&ovJqakd wmhqif;&Jcsr;f om vlrpI ;D yGm;a&;uGm[csuef nf;yg;vdYk vlx&k UJ rauseyfreI nf;ygw,f/
Ny;D awmh vlrsm;pku todpw d "f mwfeUJ pnf;urf;vdu k ef mMuvdYk wnfNird zf UHG NzKd ;w,f/ 'Dru kd a&pD&ydik cf iG ahf wGaMumifh
vGwfvyfrI&Sdw,f qdkayr,hf vlwdkif;rSm todpdwf"mwf&Sd&Sd wm0efododeJUxdef;odrf;MuvdkY olwpfyg;udk
'kur© ay;rdapbJ vGwv f w G v f yfvyf? aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT f aexdik Ef idk Mf uw,f/ azmufwv hJ &l &dS ifvnf; Oya'eJU
wif;wif;usyu f syx f ed ;f ygw,f/
todpdwf"mwfeJUom xdef;rxm;bl;qdk&if 'Drdkua&pDrSm vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;rsm;ay;av wm0efrJh
vkycf si&f mvkyzf Ykd tvm;tvmrsm;avavyJvyYkd nm&Sif C.Wright Mills u ajymzl;ygw,f/ pnf;urf;&Srd eI UJ
wm0efodrIawG jynfhjynfh00 toifhr&Sdao;bJ xdef;csKyfrItenf;qHk;jzpfwJh &mEIef;jynfh 'Drdkua&pD
vGwfvyfcGifhawG ay;vdkufr,fqdk&if tifrweftEÅ&m,frsm;ygvdrfhr,f/ txl;ojzifh wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;rI
uGm[csurf sm;wJh Edik if aH wG?vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;xJrmS vlrsK;d a&;? bmoma&;pwJh vlryI pkH u H jJG ym;rIrsm;wJh Edik if aH wG?
Edik if o H m;vlrsK;d pktcsi;f csi;f ordik ;f aMumif; tmCmwawG &Scd MhJ uwJh Edik if aH wGrmS 'Dvv kd wG v f yfciG t hf rsm;qH;k
ay;vdu k wf hJ tusK;d qufaMumifh aMuuGpJ &mjzpf&yfawG? rwnfNird rf aI wGukd awGUEdik yf gw,f/ wu,fawmh
vGwv f wG v f yfvyf vkycf si&f mvkycf iG &hf MuwJh 'Dru kd a&pDeYJ rif;rJ0h g'wdt Yk Mum;rSm wm0eford eI UJ pnf;urf;&Srd q I w kd hJ
tvTmyg;uav;yJjcm;xm;wm jzpfygw,f/
tckjrefrmEdkifiHu avQmufvSrf;aewJh tqifhckepfqifhygwJh EdkifiHawmfopf wnfaqmufa&;
vrf;aMumif;udk Munfrh ,fq&kd if 'Doabmw&m;udt k av;xm;Ny;D xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;xm;wmawGU&ygw,f/
ESpaf ygif;ig;q,favmuf ygwDp'kH rD u kd a&pDtavhtusiehf UJ a0;uGmcJMh uNy;D jynfov l x l &k UJ pnf;urf;&Srd eI UJ
wm0efodrIqdkwmuvnf; udk,hf aygifudk,fvSefaxmif;&r,fqdk&if tm;&p&m odyfraumif;ao;wJh
tajctaeyg/ w&m;0if&yfwnf&adS ewJh Edik if aH &;ygwDawGukd Munfrh ,fq&kd ifvnf; 'Dru kd a&pDygvdaYk <u;aMumf
qdkif;bkwfwyfxm;wJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGrSmawmifrS A[dkuñTefMum;a&G;cs,fcefYtyf? qHk;jzwfwmudkyJ
atmufajcu emcHae&wJh (Top-down) tay:uae atmufuq kd if;wJph epfyJ &Syd gao;w,f/ atmufajc
uae tqifq h ifh a&G;cs,w f ifajrm§ ufNy;D atmufajcu vdv k m;wJh qE´awGukd rl0g'tjzpf vufccH srw S af y;&wJh
(Bottom-Up) atmufuae tay:udw k ufwhJ pepfrsK;d r[kwaf o;ygbl;/ 'Dvt kd ajctaerSmvGwv f yfrI
tjynft h 0ay;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDukd txde;f tuGyrf ygbJ oGm;Mur,fq&kd if ]]xde;f rEkid o f rd ;f r& tusK;d xuf
tjypfursm;}}oGm;Edik yf gw,f/
'gaMumifv h nf; tcktajccHOya’rmS tjyeftvSepf pfaq;xde;f csKyrf pI epfawG xnfx h m;&ygw,f/
tkyfcsKyfa&;? Oya’jyKa&;eJU w&m;pD&ifa&;udk oD;jcm;pDcGJxm;NyD; tjyeftvSefxdef;n§dzdkYvkyfxm;ovdk
wyfrawmfom;udk,fpm;vS,f 25&mcdkifEIef;xnfhxm;wmuvnf; t"dutrsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm;awG
rxdyg;apzdYk tm;xde;f bD; tav;xnfah y;xm;wJo h abmygyJ/ 'Dvd t k xde;f tuGyx f nfah y;wJh oabm[mvnf;
'Dru kd a&pDjzpfxeG ;f pEdik if aH wG&UJ ueOD;tqifw h ikd ;f rSm &Sw d wfwo hJ bm0ygyJ/ 1932ckEpS u f wnf;upnf;rsO;f cH
bk&ifpepfeJU ygvDref'Drdkua&pD usifhoHk;cJhwJh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHwpfckrSmqdk&iftckxufxd vTwfawmf
ud, k pf m;vS,af wG xJrmS ceft Y yfcyH *k K¾ v
d af wG ygaewke;f ygyJ/ 'gwGirf uao;ygbl;/ tajccHOya'trsK;d rsKd ;ajymif;
Ny;D ygwDp'kH rD u kd a&pDusio hf ;kH wm 76ESpaf vmuf oufwrf;&Sv d mwmawmif jynfoal wG[m taemufwikd ;f
'Dru kd a&pDypkH t H wGuf toifrh jzpfao;bl;qdNk y;D a&G;aumufcH ud, k pf m;vS,u f 30&mcdik Ef eI ;f ? cefY tyfcyH *k K¾ v d uf
70 &mcdik Ef eI ;f eJU vTwaf wmfzUJG pnf;zdYk Edik if aH &;pepfukd twif;tusyf vltyk zf UJG zdtm;ay;Ny;D ajymif;vJypfzYkd
BuKd ;yrf;aewmawGvnf; Mum;ae odae&ygw,f/ 'gawG[m oifcef;pm,lp&mawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ pifppf
rawmh t&rf;uma&m vTwaf y;xm;wm raumif;ygbl;/ ud, k Ehf ikd if &H UJ Edik if aH &;? vlraI &;tajctaeawGeUJ
vdu k af vsmnDaxGzYkd aocsmpOf;pm;Ny;D rSrQrQww xde;f xde;f odr;f odr;f a&SUwd;k wufvrS ;f oGm;Mur,fq&kd if vrf;
aMumif;ay:u ajcacsmu f szYkd tEÅ&m,fenf;oGm;vdrrhf ,fvYkd jrifygw,f/
vuf&dS jrefrmhEikd if aH &;tajctaeudk Munfrh ,fq&kd if Edik if aH wmfopfxal xmifa&;rSm tusK;d pD;yGm;
yg0ifywfoufaewJt h iftm;pk (Stake-holder)oH;k pk &Syd gw,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh jynfov l x l ?k tpd;k &eJU Edik if aH &;
tkypf ak wG jzpfygw,f/ Edik if aH &;tkypf q k &kd mrSm Edik if aH &;ygwDawG? Nird ;f csr;f a&; tzGUJ awGeUJ wjcm;tkypf ak wGukd
qdv k ykd gw,f/ tJ't D iftm;pk oH;k pkxrJ mS tpd;k &eJU jynfov l x l t k rsm;pk&UJ qE´uawmh Ekid if aH wmfa&SUqufomG ;r,fh
rl0g'vrf;pOf(7)&yfukd acsmacsmarGUarGU jrefjrefqefqef Ny;D csiaf eygNy/D txl;ojzifh jynfot l rsm;pk&UJ qE´u
tajccHOya'r&Sb d ?J a&&maocsmwJOh ;D wnfcsurf &Sb d J aeae&wJ b h 0udk raecsiMf uawmhygbl;/ ykrH eS Ef ikd if H
wpfct k jzpf tjrefq;Hk a&mufcsiaf eMuygNy/D at;at;csr;f csr;f ? vGwv f w G v f yfvyf Oya'eJUtnD aexkid v f yk u
f ikd f
pm;aomuf Edik w f hJ b0rsK;d ukad rQmv f if ah eMuygNy/D
'gaMumifhvnf; NyD;cJhwJharv jynfolUqE´cH,lyGJrSm jynfoltrsm;pk92&mcdkifEIef;ausmfu
tajccHOya'opfukd wpfceJ ufaxmufct H wnfjyKcw hJ myJ jzpfygw,f/ 'g[m wpfenf;tm;jzifh Edik if aH wmfu
a&SUqufomG ;r,fh rl0g'vrf;pOf(7)&yfukd vufct H wnfjyKwJ o h abm? vuf&w dS yfrawmftpd;k &udv k nf; 'Dvrf;
pOf tqifah wGtwkid ;f 'Dru dk a&pDEikd if aH wmfopf ay:xGe;f vmonftxd Mum;jzwftpd;k &tjzpf wm0ef,l
aqmif&u G af y;zkUd Mandate ay;vdu k w f hJ oabmvnf;jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tpd ;k &eJU jynfot l rsm;pkBu;D [m
tusK;d pD;yGm;vnf;wlw,f/ oabmqE´csi;f vnf; wlw,fvUdk qkEd ikd yf gw,f/
Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkawGxrJ mS awmh 'D Mandate udk vufcw H hJ tkypf ek UJ vufrcHwt hJ yk pf qk Nkd y;D ESpyf idk ;f
uGaJ ew,fvUkd jrifygw,f/vufrcHwt hJ yk pf u k awmh 1990 a&G;aumufy&JG v'fuykd J qufNy;D pGu J ikd x f m;csif
wJh tkypf yk g/
tJ'aD wmh 'Dae&mrSm 2008 Mandate eJU 1990 &v'fq f Ndk y;D ESpcf ak y:aeovdk jzpfaeygw,f/
'Dawmh b,f[mujzifh Edik if eH UJ jynfoUl tusK;d udk ydNk y;D azmfaqmifEidk rf vJ? yuwdtajctae tcsed t f cgeJUydNk y;D
udu k n f rD vJqw dk m ,xmblwusus qef;ppfMunfo h ifyh gw,f/
'Dvdkqef;ppfMunfh&mrSm t"dutcsufBuD;okH;csufeJUrSwfausmufwifppfaq;Munfhapvdkygw,f/
yxrtcsuu f awmh axmufct H wnfjyKwt hJ iftm;yg/ 2008ckEpS f Mandate rSm rJqE´ay;ydik cf iG &hf o dS l pkpak ygif;
92 'or48&mcdik Ef eI ;f u axmufcx H m;ygw,f/ 1990 &v'frmS awmh NLD ukd 38 'or 13&mcdik Ef eI ;f uyJ
axmufcrH aJ y;cJMh uwmjzpfygw,f/
'kw, d tcsuu f awmh acwfrrD I tajctaetcsed t f cgeJU udu k n f rD yI g/ tJ'rD mS vnf; 2008 Mandate
[m 'DaeUacwf jynfoal wGu vwfwavm twnfjyKxm;wmjzpfNy;D 1990 &v' u f awmh 18ESpaf vmuf
acwfaemufusaewJhtwGuf rJay;olrsKd;qufwpfckjcm;vGef;NyD;usefaecJhNyDvdkU ajym&rSmjzpfygw,f/
wpfenf;ajym&&ifwmh ykyo f ;kd aewJ&h v'fBu;D jzpfaeNyv D Udk qkEd ikd yf gw,f/ Oyrmajym&&if vGecf w hJ o hJ ;Hk &ufu
xrif;[m xrif;awmh xrif;ygyJ/ 'gayr,fh b,fou l 'g[m xrif;jzpfaewke;f yJrUdk pm;zkUd oifw h ,f}}vdUk
ajymyghrvJ/ ,SOaf jymr,fq&kd if tckrrS ;D zkad y:ucswhJ ylyal EG;aEG; xrif;[if;ukd pm;rvm;? vGecf w hJ o hJ ;Hk &ufu
xrif;od;k ? [if;od;k udk pm;rvm; pOf;pm;Munfzh Udk yg/ wwd,tcsuu f awmh trSew f u,ftjrefq;Hk taumif
txnfazmfEikd rf yI jJ zpfygw,f/ 2008 Mandate twkid ;f tzktxpfr&Sd acsmacsmarGUarGU oGm;r,fq&kd if
vmr,fEh pS Ef pS f twGi;f rSm Edik if aH wmfopfay:vmrSmjzpfygw,f/ 1990ykpH eH UJ oGm;r,fq&dk ifawmh tm;vk;H u
wpfuaejyefp &rSm rdUk b,fvrdk rS jzpfEidk w f u
hJ pd yö g/yxrqk;H vuf&t dS pd;k & qif;ay;Ny;D Mum;jzwftpd;k &zGUJ &r,f/
Mum;jzwftpd;k &rSm b,foal wG ygrSmvJ/ t&ifq;Hk ukvm;xkid v f Mk u&OD;rSmyg/ 1988ckEpS f ta&;tcif;wke;f u
&mZyv’if b,freS ;f rodao;bJeUJ awmif tmPmvkyu JG b,favmuf jyif;xefco hJ vJ/ pOf;pm;Munf&h if
csichf sed Ef ikd yf gw,f/ aemufNy;D awmhb,fvykd pHk eH UJ tajccHOya’qrJG mS vJ/ 1990jynfEh pS w f ek ;f u Nird ;f csr;f a&;tzGUJ
awG r&Sad o;bl;/ tck&v dS mawmh olwUkd udk ae&may;rSmvm;? tEkid &f w,fqw dk hJ ygwDBu;D uyJ vkyif ef;pOf
wpfcv k ;Hk udk vuf0g;Bu;D tkyNf y;D a&;qGrJ mS vm;/ 'gqk&d if tvk;H pkyH g0ifreI UJ uku d n f yD ghrvm;/ wjcm;wjcm;aom
rsK;d qufopfwUkd ? trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;wkUd ? 0HomEkwUkd ? acwfopfoyd EHÜ ikd if aH &; abm*aA’wUkd vdk tkypf ak wG? use&f w dS hJ
Ekid if aH &;ygwDawG? wkid ;f &if;om;awG? Nird ;f csr;f a&;tzJUG awG ponfponfjzihf olwUkd ua&m awmif;qkv d mr,f/
r&&if vGwv f yfpmG qE´azmfxw k pf ½k ;Hk vSnv hf nft<Hk uvm r,fq&kd if b,fvv kd yk rf vJ/ &Spjf ynfe,form;rsm;
&So
d vdk q,fw h pfjynfe,form;vnf;&Sd ? q,fah v;jynfe,form; vnf;&S?d 'Dxuf ru tao;pdw½f yI af xG;r,fh
udpaö wGvnf; trsm;Bu;D &Syd gao;w,f/ 'gawGudk tm;vk;H u vGwv f yfpmG uk, d q hf E´&o dS vkad jymaeMur,fq&dk if
b,fawmhrS jy;D yghrvJ/ awG;Munf½h eHk UJ wif acgif;cJp&mMu;D yg/
aocsmwmuawmh aemufxyfq,fih g;ESp?f tESpEf pS q f ,ftxd b,forl S xkid af pmifrh aeEkid af wmhygbl;/
'Dacwfu tifwmeufacwf? *vkb d ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f acwf jzpfaeygjy/D tcktrDrvku d Ef idk &f if reufjzef
cgrSm uk, d u f a&S;a[mif;ypön;f jzpfjy;D usecf rhJ mS yg/
aemufq;Hk wpfcyk J ajymcsiw f muawmh Mandate &JUoabm w&m;yg/ Mandate qkw d m rJqE´&iS af wGeYJ
uk, d pf m;vS,af wGtMum; (wpfenf;) Mandateay;tyf oleYJ vufco H t l Mum;rSmom xm;&Sw d yhJ #dÓPfrsKd ;
r[kwfygbl;? wpfEkdifiHvkH;u rJay;wJhola&m? rJray;wJhola&m? rJay;cGifh r&Sdao;wJh olawGa&m
Ekid if o H m;tm;vk;H tay:rSmoufa&mufr&I w dS hJ Oya’awG jy|mef;&wJh udprö v Ydk Ydk Mandate &xm;olawG[m
rdrdtusdK;? rdrdukdaxmufcHolawG&JU tusdK;ukd omrubJ wpfEkdifiHvkH;&JUtusdK;? jynfolwpf&yfvkH;&JU
vkt d ifqE´uydk g tjrJ tav;xm;&r,fvUdk ynm&Siaf wGu qkMd uygw,f/
jynf olwpf&yfv;Hk &JU vkt d ifqE´uawmh at;csrf ;om,mjy;D acwfrzD UHG jzKd ;wk;d wufwhJ pnf;urf;jynf0h
aom 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if o H pfyef;wkid q f u D dk acsmacsmarGUarGU? tEÅ&m,fuif;uif;eJU tjrefq;Hk a&mufatmif
csw D ufcsiw f mygyJ/ jynfou l kd wu,f tav;xm; av;pm;w,fq&dk if? Ekid if u H w dk u,f cspw f ,fq&dk if
aocsmwJv h rf;? tcsed rf MumwJv h rf;? ajzmifjh zL;wJh vrf;Mu;D ay:rSm yef;wkid u f dk vSr;f jrifae&ygjy/D oHo,awGudk
azsmuf? tmCmwawGukd acgufxm;vdkuf jyD; aemufaMumay;? ajcpkHuefjiif;qef? aemufjyefoGm;zkdY
MuKd ;pm;raeawmhbeJ YJ jynfol awG&UJ qE´et YJ nD wnfjird zf UHG jzKd ;wJh Ekid if o
H pfqD nDnmjzjzcsw D ufMuygpkUd vkYd
apwemeJY wku d w
f eG ;f vku
d cf siyf gw,f/ /
pnfolatmif

Anda mungkin juga menyukai