Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd.

Product version V100R001 Product name: WCDMA RNP

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WCDMA Paging Area Planning Guidance

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Prepared by: Reviewed by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

URNP-SANA

Date: Date: Date: Date:

2003-02-28

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

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WCDMA Paging Area Planning Guidance

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Revision Record
Date 2003-02-28 2003-03-28 Revision version 0.90 1.00 Description Initial transmittal Revision based on the review comments Author Miao Jiashu Miao Jiashu

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Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Paging Area.........................................................................................................5 2 WCDMA Paging Mechanism.......................................................................................................5 2.1 Paging Cause........................................................................................................................6 2.1.1 Paging Type 1...................................................................................................................7 2.1.2 Paging Type 2...................................................................................................................7 2.2 Structure of Paging Channel..................................................................................................7 3 WCDMA Paging Channel Capacity Calculation........................................................................10 3.1 CN_ID IMSI Paging..............................................................................................................10 3.2 CN_ID TMSI Paging.............................................................................................................10 3.3 UTRAN_ID Paging................................................................................................................11 4 Analysis on Location Area Size for Mixture Service.................................................................11 4.1 Analysis on Calculation Method...........................................................................................11 4.2 Key Value Recommendations..............................................................................................15 5 Instance of Paging Area Cell Size in Typical Environment.......................................................15 6 Precautions in the Paging Area Planning.................................................................................22 6.1 Paging Area Size Restriction................................................................................................22 6.2 Geographic Distribution of Paging Area ..............................................................................22 6.3 Paging Area Crossing MSCs and RNCs..............................................................................24 7 Summary of Pending Problems................................................................................................24

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List of Tables
Table 1SRB parameters of PCCH channel....................................................................................7 Table 2Corresponding relations between the bits and different IEs in PCCH...............................8 Table 3Values of the four assumption conditions for paging area dimensioning.........................20 Table 4Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of IMSI.........................................20 Table 5Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of TMSI.......................................21

List of Figures
Figure 1 CS service reference model...........................................................................................16 Figure 2 PS service reference model...........................................................................................16 Figure 3 Assumption conditions for the dimensioning of the dense urban area..........................19 Figure 4 Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of IMSI...................21 Figure 5 Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of TMSI.................21 Figure 6 Schematic diagram of location area division.................................................................23 Figure 7 Motorola test result........................................................................................................26

WCDMA Paging Area Planning Guidance

Key words: LA, RA, URA, Paging Abstract: This article briefs some concepts related to paging area in WCDMA, and then depicts how to plan the paging area in the WCDMA network with the equipment. It also provides the analysis methods and calculation formulas, with instances. It finally lists some pending problems occurred in the analysis. List of abbreviations: LA RA Location Area Routing Area

URA UTRAN registration area

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1 Introduction to Paging Area

In the WCDMA system, there are many types of area concepts, such as BSC area, RNC area, location area (LA), routing area (RA), MSC area, VLR area, SGSN area, Zones for Regional Subscription (RSA), service area, group call area, UTRAN registration area (URA), cell area and etc. Among which four area concepts are mainly related to paging area: Location Area and Routing Area (corresponding to the CN side), and Registration Area and Cell areas (corresponding to the UTRAN side),. When the UE is in the RRC-IDLE state, for the CS domain service, the CN identifies and pages the UE with the location area. In the protocol, location area refers to an area that the mobile terminal can freely move without updating the VLR. One location area can cover one or more cells. Therefore, when several MSCs share one VLR, the location area can cross MSC areas. But in practice, one MSC is bound with one VLR in most cases, so the LA can cross RNC areas instead of MSC areas. That is, one LA can be controlled by one CN serving node (UMSC or 3G_MSC/VLR) only. Therefore one MSC area can contain one or more LAs. When the UE is in the RRC-IDLE state, for the PS domain service, the CN identifies and pages the UE with the routing area. RA refers to an area that the mobile terminal can freely move without updating the SGSN under the specific operation mode. One RA can contain one or more cells. The relation between the routing area and the location area the same as the GSM, that is, a routine area can equal to a location area in size, or can be a subset of a location area. Therefore, RA is always contained in an LA. In addition, RA can cross RNC areas instead of SGSN areas. That is, one RA can be controlled by one CN serving node (UMSC or 3G_SGSN) only. When the UE is in the RRC-CONNECTED state, the UE is paged with the internal area of the UTRAN, which have the UE state be transited to CELL_FACH. In the RRC-CONNECTED mode, the location of the UE can be learnt at the cell level or URA level. After the RRC connection mode is set up, the UTRAN will assign the UE with a temporary ID RNTI used in the UTRAN. The internal area updating process is a radio network process, whose structure is invisible outside the UTRAN. URA is a set of a group of cells, and one cell can belong to multiple URAs, so URAs and cells are in multiple-to-multiple relation. URA and LA do not have fixed relation, nor do the URA and RA.

2 WCDMA Paging Mechanism

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2.1 Paging Cause

The 3GPP protocol specifies two paging types: PAGING TYPE 1 and PAGING TYPE 2 Viewing from the paging cause, paging is to be initiated in the following cases: Traffic modeling dependent paging, including the following cases: 1. The UE is called in the idle state (PS/CS) to set up communication 2. The UE is called in the connection state or it needs to receive downlink data (caused by a PS service) Traffic modeling independent paging, including the following cases: 1. System information updating when the UE is in the idle or connection state, or URA and cell updating when the UE is in the connection state1 2. Periodical paging initiated at the network side when the location service is supported 3. Paging initiated when the CN side starts the security mode (including encryption at the CN side or completeness protection parameters) 4. As the analysis on the traffic modeling independent paging will be complicated with many uncertain factors, this article only discusses the influences on the paging capacity caused by the traffic modeling dependent paging. To increase the UE paging success rate, the UTRAN sometimes transmits a paging message for several times. It is realized at the equipment side as follows: CN Side: Before receiving the paging response of the UE, the CN is allowed to initiate 5 times of paging to each UE (it is fixed in the program, which cannot be modified). If the UE is assigned with a TMSI, the paging of the former two times will be transmitted in the TMSI format, and the latter three paging will be transmitted in the IMSI format. For the paging interval, it is (t-1) s 2 for the former four times, and t s for the last time. The upper limit of paging interval is 5s, and it is 3s by default. UTRAN side The UTRAN supports paging message re-transmission at the air interface. The re-transmission times is once by default, but can be modified to 0..k (k is the upper limit 2, that is, the paging can be transmitted for three times at the maximum) with the MML command. Please note that the re-transmission times is

Example: When the UE needs to transit the state of the UE from URA_PCH or CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH; or the network side expects to release the RRC connection, it needs to initiate paging to transit the state of the UE from URA_PCH or CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH, and then release the RRC connection. 2 This parameter should be set with care. It must be greater than the interval required for the paging response of the UE in the normal case. Especially when NodeB is in the asynchronous work mode, the value of this parameter should be greater.
1

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dependent of the value of parameter k instead of the response of the UE. It means the potential paging volume at the air interface is k+1 times more. Recommendation: As the CN re-transmits paging message, we can set the paging re-transmission times at the CN side only but not at the UTRAN side for a higher paging efficiency.

2.1.1

Paging Type 1
For the UEs in the idle, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state, the UTRAN transmits PAGING TYPE 1 message through the PCCH channel to start the paging process. Then these UEs will monitor the corresponding paging channel according to the instruction of the PICH and DRX requirement. As the PAGING TYPE 1 message is sent through the PCCH channel, and it is specified in the protocol that each SCCPCH can contain only one PCH channel, which corresponds to one PICH channel (The UE selects the suitable PICH channel according to the algorithm specified in the protocol 25.304). Therefore, the paging capability of the network will be restricted by the paging area size. On the other hand, the paging area planning is mainly for reasonable dimensioning of LA, RA and URA for PAGING TYPE 1.

2.1.2

Paging Type 2
For the UEs in the CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state, the UTRAN transmits the PAGING TYPE 2 message through the DCCH channel to start the paging process. In the CELL_DCH and CELL_FACH connection modes, as the paging is transmitted through the DCCH channel, the paging capability of the air interface is not affected. Therefore, in the paging area planning, it is mainly to analyze the influence on the paging area planning caused by the paging capacity when the UE is in the idle, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state.

2.2 Structure of Paging Channel

The logical channel for paging is PCCH, whose parameters are as follows (Refer to 34.108 V340): Table 1SRB parameters of PCCH channel
Higher layer RLC RAB/signalling RB User of Radio Bearer Logical channel type RLC mode Payload sizes, bit Max data rate, bps TrD PDU header, bit SRB RRC PCCH TM 240 (alt. 80) 24000 (alt. 8000) 0

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The above table shows that PCCH has two formats of 240bit/10ms TTI and 80bit/10ms TTI. Obviously, the paging capability of the former one is much greater than the latter one. At present, Huawei can configure only one PCH paging channel for each cell, and support the format of 240bit/10ms TTI only3. According to the specification of the 25.331 protocol, the PCH paging channel transfers three types of information only: paging list, BCCH modified information
4

and Extension mechanism for non-release99 information 5. Where, only the paging list is for storing universal paging message. After the above three types of information are mapped to the 240bit of the PCCH, the sequence and the number of occupied bits are specified definitely. The actual situation of the RNC is as follows: Table 2Corresponding relations between the bits and different IEs in PCCH Name PCCH-MessageType OPTIONAL(PagingRecordList) OPTIONAL(BCCH-ModificationInfo) OPTIONAL(Extension mechanism for non- release99 information) PagingRecordList Index Numb er of bits 1 1 1 1 Description Indicates paging type 1 is selected Optional ID Optional ID Optional ID PagingRecordList ::=SEQUENCE(SIZE(1..MaxPage1))OF PagingRecord, here, MaxPage1= 8 Chooses the bit between CN-Identity and UTRAN-Identity6 Enumerated(Terminating Conversational Call,Terminating Streaming Call,Terminating Interactive Call,Terminating Background Call, Terminating High Priority Signalling, Terminating Low Priority Signalling, Terminating cause unknown) CN-DomainIdentity::= ENUMERATED { cs-domain, ps-domain }

PagingRecord Choice

cn-Identity part (used when PagingReco rd Choice is selected)

PagingCause

CN-DomainIdentity

3 4

It is known that NOKIA uses alt 80bit/10ms TTI in Hutchisons network in Hongkong. BHCA-SIBchange. This is a paging request caused by system information update. For example, system information block 7 has a parameter requiring fast update, that is, uplink interference. This parameter is used to calculate the initial transmission power of the random access channel in the case of random access. The requirement of this aspect depends on the update frequency of the uplink interference value. The update requirement of other information block is less (including the dynamic parameter configuration at the background and the dynamic parameter update by the RRM in the communication process). The paging requirement caused by the system information update is defined to BHCA-SIBchange. 5 At present, this part is not processed in the practice, so the influence of this part is not necessary to be considered. 6 CN ID is used when the CN initiates paging to the UE in the idle mode; UTRAN ID is used when the UTRAN actively initiates paging or when the CN initiates paging to the UE in the connection (CELL_PCH or URA_PCH) state.

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For internal use only IMSI-GSM-MAP, TMSI-GSM-MAP, P-TMSI-GSM-MAP, IMSI-DS-41, TMSI-DS-41

cn-pagedUE-Identity Choice

IMSI-GSM-MAP ::= SEQUENCE (SIZE (6..15)) OF Digit. Where, Digit ::= INTEGER (0..9). That is each Digit 460 occupies four bits. As the length of the 64 IMSI is changeable, when this item is selected, four bits (00001001) are to be added, indicating the length adopted. cn-pagedUE-Identity 32 32 57 212 TMSI-GSM-MAP ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (32)) P-TMSI-GSM-MAP ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (32)) IMSI-DS-41 ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (5..7)). It is not used at present. TMSI-DS-41 ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (2..12)). It is not used at present.

Optional U-RNTI SRNC-Identity S-RNTI

Indicates whether the information of cnOriginatedPage-connectedMode-UE (used 1 by the CN to initiate paging in the connection state) 12 SRNC-Identity ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (12)) 20 S-RNTI ::=BIT STRING (SIZE (20))

utranIdentity part( used cnwhen Origina PagingReco rd Choice is tedPag eselected) connec tedMod PagingCause e-UE CNDomainIdentity pagingRecordT ypeID MIB-ValueTag BCCHModification BCCHInfo ModificationTime nonCriticalExtensions

1 2 3 9 None

Enumerated(Terminating Conversational Call, Terminating Streaming Call,Terminating Interactive Call,Terminating Background Call, Terminating High Priority Signalling,Terminating Low Priority Signalling,Terminating cause unknown) CN-DomainIdentity ::= ENUMERATED { cs-domain, ps-domain } PagingRecordTypeID ::= ENUMERATED { imsi-GSM-MAP, tmsi-GSM-MAP-P-TMSI, imsi-DS-41, tmsi-DS-41 } MIB-ValueTag ::= INTEGER (1..8) BCCH-ModificationTime ::= INTEGER (0..511) This item is not processed in practice.

The IEs appear in the sequence specified in the table above. Consulting to the protocol, we can learn that all the IEs corresponding to the OP item or expansion

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item in the protocol will reserve a bit for identification, indicating this item is selected or not. The details of this OP item or expansion item will be displayed only when this item is selected.

3 WCDMA Paging Channel Capacity Calculation

Table 2 shows that the paging based on different ID items generate different paging overheads. For example: One case for paging based on CN_ID: The CN_ID is selected when the CN initiates paging, and the paged UE is in the connectionless state. Two cases for paging based on UTRAN_ID: The cn-OriginatedPage-connectedMode-UE of the UTRAN_ID is not selected when the UTRAN initiates paging. The cn-OriginatedPage-connectedMode-UE is selected when the CN initiates paging but the paged UE is in the connection state. Based on the above analysis and Table 2, we can respectively calculate the paging volume that can be supported by one PCCH channel when CN_ID and UTRAN_ID are used.

3.1 CN_ID IMSI Paging

As specified in the 3GPP protocol, IMSI is divided into IMSI-GSM-MAP and IMSI-DS-41. IMSI-DS-41 is an IS-95 concept, which is not described here. The length of IMSI-GSM-MAP is variable in the decimal mode. At present, China adopts the IMSI of 15 digits, while some counties adopt the IMSI less than 15 digits. With the decimal IMSI-GSM-MAP of 15 digits, the calculation is as follows: Suppose M1=1+3+1+3+(15*4+4)=72. When BCCH modified information 7 is not considered, with the equation of 1+1+1+1+3+M1*X1=240, the maximum number of IMSI paging X1 that can be supported will be 3.23. Therefore, in the case of paging based on the decimal IMSI-GSM-MAP of 15 digits, a maximum of three IMSI-GSMMAP paging can be supported by each 10ms TTI. When the IMSI-GSM-MAP varies, the paging capacity can be calculated in the same method as above, with the numeral of 15 in the equation changed to the corresponding length value. This is not detailed here.

3.2 CN_ID TMSI Paging

It is shown in table 2 that BCCH modified information has 12 bits only, occupying 5% information bits in the whole 240-bit 10ms TTI.

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As specified in the 3GPP protocol, TMSI is divided into TMSI-GSM-MAP, PTMSI-GSM-MAP and TMSI-DS-41. TMSI-DS-41 is an IS-95 concept, which is not described here. With the 32-bit TMSI-GSM-MAP, the calculation is as follows: Suppose M2=1+3+1+3+(32)=40. When BCCH modified information is not considered, with the equation of 1+1+1+1+3+M2*X2=240, the maximum number of TMSI-GSM-MAP paging X2 that can be supported will be 5.83. Therefore, in the case of paging based on the 32-bit TMSI-GSM-MAP, a maximum of five TMSI-GSMMAP paging can be supported by each 10ms TTI. The P-TMSI-GSM-MAP is the same as TMSI-GSM-MAP in length, so the calculation result will be the same.

3.3 UTRAN_ID Paging

When the UE is in the connection state (CELL_PCH or URA_PCH), the UTRAN_ID will be used for paging. The bit length of UTRAN ID is SRNC-Identity + S-RNTI, that is 12+20=32. When cn-OriginatedPage-connectedMode-UE is not selected: Suppose M3=1+1+(32)=34. When BCCH modified information is not considered, with the equation 1+1+1+1+3+ M3*X3=240, the maximum number of UTRAN ID paging X3 that can be supported will be 6.85. Therefore, in the case of paging with the 32-bit UTRAN ID, a maximum of six UTRAN ID paging can be supported by each 10ms TTI. When cn-OriginatedPage-connectedMode-UE is selected: Suppose

M4=1+1+(32)+3+1+2=40. When BCCH modified information is not considered, with the equation 1+1+1+1+3+ M4*X4=240, the maximum number of UTRAN ID paging X4 that can be supported will be 5.82. Therefore, in this case, a maximum of five UTRAN ID paging can be supported by each 10ms TTI.

4 Analysis on Location Area Size for Mixture Service 4.1 Analysis on Calculation Method
In Chapter 3, only the paging of single CN ID or single UTRAN ID is considered. But in the actual network, the users are in different status. On the other hand, the paging capacity will be mapped to the number of users supported or the number of corresponding carriers, which can be the reference for the location area planning. Therefore, the analysis on the influence of the traffic modeling on the paging capacity is necessary.

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In the analysis, for the service that may occupy paging channel, we suppose as follows: 1. Suppose the ratio of service callers to callees is A:B (which may vary with different services). 2. Suppose (1-C) percent of the MSs give response at the first time of paging, and C percent of the MSs give response at the second time of paging. The MSs giving response at the third time of paging or later are ignored. 3. Suppose the ratio of the paged UEs in the idle state in the PS to those in the CELL_PCH &URA_PCH state is D:E. The UEs in the CELL_FACH and CELL_DCH state of the CS and PS is ignored.8. 4. Suppose the ratio of the paging initiated by the UTRAN actively to the paging initiated by the CN to the UEs in the connection state is F:G. We can work out the number of busy hour paging requests generated when the UEs using a certain type of CS service:

B Paging _Num C S=( k+1) _ j 1+C% i ) Ai +Bi

B H C A
i

P enetration i

U ser% C ontribution _ i

Where, Paging_Num_CSj refers to the paging requests generated by the UEs using a certain type of CS service, Penetrationi% is the penetration rate of different levels of UEs using this type of service. User_Contribution i refers to the distribution ratio of different levels of UEs using this type of service. With the same analysis method as the CS service, we can get the number of busy hour paging requests generated when the UEs using a certain type of CS service.

B P ag in_ Num j P S=( k+1) ) i B H P C g _ 1+C% Ai +Bi

N u m P_enetra tio n i i

U ser % o ntrib_ tio n C u i

Where, Paging_Num_PSj refers to the paging requests generated by the UEs using a certain type of PS service. BHPC_Numi is the Busy Hour Packet Call Number in the traffic modeling parameter. User_Contributioni refers to the distribution ratio of different levels of UEs using this type of service. Suppose: a =

Paging _ Num _ CS

b = Paging _ Num _ PS j

Suppose the number of carrier waves/sectors supported by the RA is N RA, and that supported by the LA is NLA. The equation will be:
8

This is the worst case, with the maximum occupation the paging channel.

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PCCH _ Paging _ Capacity = a N celluser N LA + b Ncelluser NRA

Where, Ncelluser is the number of cell users obtained by means of dimensioning under a certain condition, and PCCH_Paging_Capacity is the maximum paging load allowed in a single PCCH channel. As specified in the protocol, RA is a subset of LA. In a certain typical environment with even user distribution, the number of carrier waves/sectors supported by LA is NLA=n*NRA (n is a positive integer). In the case of paging based on the CN ID of IMSI: Under the traffic model condition, Mmix is the number of users supported by the paging channel within 10ms:

240 (1 + 1 + 1 +1 +3) M mix = a n b D b E F G M 1 ( + ) + (M3 M 4+ ) b + a n b +a n D + E b a+ n D E + F G + F G +

The UE selects the proper terminating time (V350) according to the discontinuous specifications. Paging Occasion={(IMSI div K) mod (DRX cycle length div PBP)} * PBP + n * DRX cycle length + Frame Offset; Where n = 0,1,2 as long as SFN is below its maximum value. The DRX cycle length shall be MAX(2k, PBP) frames. PBP: Paging Block Periodicity, it is 10ms TTI at present. The RNC maps the paging message to different CFNs according to the same algorithm. We can learn from the equation that the location of the paging message is the corresponding paging block position that the IMSI of the UE modulo the DRX cycle length. Therefore, a UE can occupy only one paging block within a DRX cycle. On the other hand, the paging messages of different UEs will be arranged to the same paging block as long as the IMSI modulo results are identical. In this case, for a specific paging block, when the number of paging message exceeds Mmix, the paging block will suffer from blocking. At present, the RNC discards the excessive paging messages instead of buffering them, and then transmits the paging message within the next DRX cycle or waits for the CN re-transmits it according to the retransmission parameters of the UTRAN. reception (DRX) algorithm specified in the 3GPP 25.304

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For the point of time of a certain CFN, the paging message termination rate is distributed based on poission distribution. For a specific paging block, when the number of messages N messageperTTI exceeds the value of Mmix, the excessive ones will be discarded. The blocking formula is as follows:

Poutage = P N messageperTTI >M mix) (

then 1
M mix

e H ( H) k Poutage < k! k=0

With the formula above, we can work out the value of H , which indicates the traffic supported by a specific paging block within a DRX cycle. Based on the traffic model, the traffic generated by the UE within a DRX cycle is as follows:

ErlangPerDRXCycleLengthInN = RA

PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA

k ( a n + b ) (2 0.01) 2 = 3600

Then, we can work out NRA as follows:

N RA =

H L%
ErlangPerDRXCycleLengthInN RA N celluser 2k

Where, L% is the paging margin reserved for the future development of network. For the definitions and values of M1, M2, M3 and M4, refer to Chapter 3. In the case of paging based on the CN ID of TMSI: With the same analysis method, we can work out Mmix, the number of users supported by the paging channel within 10ms:

240 (1 + 1 +1 +1 +3) M mix = a n b D b E F G M 2 ( + ) + (M3 M 4+ ) b + a n b +a n D + E b a+ n D E + F G + F G +

Then 1
M mix k=0

e H ( H) k Poutage < k!

Based on the traffic model, the traffic generated by the UE within a DRX cycle is as follows:

ErlangPerDRXCycleLengthInN = RA

PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA

k ( a n + b ) (2 0.01) 2 = 3600

Then, we can work out NRA as follows:

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N RA =

H L%
ErlangPerDRXCycleLengthInN RA N celluser 2k

4.2 Key Value Recommendations

K parameter: k+1 represents the number of paging re-transmission at the UTRAN side. The air interface must transmits the paging for k+1 times no matter the UE gives response to the paging or not. As the CN side re-transmits paging, the recommended value of k is 1 for a higher paging efficiency. L parameter: (1-L)% is the paging margin reserved for the future development of the network. Since the RNC supports modifying the paging area of the existing cells by means of dynamic data configuration, the value of L mainly depends on the special network construction requirement of the carrier. Generally speaking, to avoid the paging area IDs of other existing cells are to be modified caused by the capacity expansion of partial areas or individual sites, so we recommend the value of L is 80, corresponding 20% of the paging margin. Poutage parameter: Poutage is the blocking rate of the paging block. If it is supposed that 99 percent of UEs can be paged within two continuous DRX cycles, the value of Portage will be 1%. DRX parameter: It is the k parameter is The DRX cycle length shall be MAX(2 k, PBP) frames. Its value is 8 at present. n parameter: It is the n in the NLA=n*NRA (where n is a positive integer). The bigger the n, the less the paging cells that can be supported by RA, and the more paging cells supported by LA when the capacity of the paging channel keeps unchanged. Generally, the paging requests of PS services are more than those of CS services. To prevent the PS from occupying too much paging channel resources, n can be set to a value greater than 1, depending on the value of a (for CS services) or b (for PS services), for example, n = M mix =

b + 0.5 . To avoid the location a

update flow caused by a too-small NRA, it is recommended that when NRA is less than 50, the value of n can be decreased properly to make its value greater than 50. Other parameters: The values are set according to the actual network construction objective and traffic model together with the opinions of the carrier.

5 Instance of Paging Area Cell Size in Typical Environment

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Here we take a typical traffic modeling of the dense urban area in the radio network calculation tool as the example to dimension the paging area based on the result in Chapter 4.
CS traffic modeling Average bitrate kbit/s 8 64 Busy hour traffic / user (Erl) 0.025 0.0015 Busy hour thruput / user (kbit) 360 345.6 Busy hour thruput rate / user (kbit) 100 96

Service type

Penetrance

BHCA

AHT (s)

Active factor

AMR Voice VideoPhone

100 % 100 %

1 0.1

90 54

0.5 1

Figure 1

CS service reference model

PS traffic modeling Economical users Service type Busy hour packe t call Num 0.20 0.90 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.50 1.00 Busy hour thruput / user (kbit) 24.576 86.4 2.304 47.616 0 0.64 122.88 Normal users Busy hour packet call Num 0.40 1.20 0.40 0.40 0.10 0.80 1.60 Busy hour thruput / user (kbit) 49.152 115.2 4.608 95.232 320.4 1.024 196.608 VIP users Busy hour packet call Num 0.60 1.50 0.60 0.60 0.20 0.60 1.20 Busy hour thruput / user (kbit) 73.728 144 6.912 142.848 640.8 0.768 147.456

BHSA

BHSA

BHSA

Penetrance

Penetrance

Penetrance

Email WWW Game, ICQ Content DL, FTP Video Stream SMS EMS / MMS

10 % 30 % 25 % 25 % 0% 50 % 50 %

0.10 0.18 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.50 0.50

20 % 30 % 15 % 15 % 10 % 100 % 100 %

0.20 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.80 0.80

30 % 20 % 5% 10 % 20 % 100 % 100 %

0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.60 0.60

User contribution Mophology Economical Dense 60 % Urban

Normal 25 %

VIP 15 %

Total 100 %

Figure 2

PS service reference model

In the above data service reference model, only the three services of Email 9, SMS and MMS will occupy the paging channel, other data services do not involve paging process, as the user initiates and terminates service actively. Based on this traffic modeling, we suppose other conditions for the dimensioning:
9

At present, the realization mode is to notify the users with SM every time the network receives an email.

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Tx power config Max power of Tx Tx power usage threshold Common channel power allocation Noise parameter UE noise figure Margin for background noise

For internal use only

20 W 80 % 26.78 %

7.0 dB 4.0 dB

Coverage Info. Mophology Channel type Site type Antenna height of UE Antenna height of BS Uplink Frequency Downlink Frequency Max path loss of Uplink
Misc Neighbour cell interference SHO overhead DL orthogonality factor Cell load upper limit Cell load target Dimensioning method

D ense U 1 rban TU 3km h) 3( /2 3 Sect ors 2

1.5 m 30 m 1950 MHz 2140 MHz 137.00 dB

0.65 27 % 0.40 75 % 72 % FALSE By M anual

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UL service info. Service type Voice VideoPhone Email Email WWW WWW WWW Video Stream Video Stream Content DL, FTP Content DL, FTP Location Bear type
AM R12. 1 2 LCD 3 64 LCD 3 64 UD 7 D 64 UD 7 D 64 UD 8 D 144 UD 9 D 384 LCD 3 64 LCD 4 144 UD 7 D 64 UD 8 D 144 LCD 3 64

For internal use only

Length of session (byte) 30,720 30,720 60,000 60,000 60,000 128,160 128,160 59,520 59,520 2,880 Reading time in session (s) 320 320 1648 1648 1648 0 0 5 5 8

Bear proportion % 100.0 % 100.0 % 50.0 % 50.0 % 70.0 % 28.0 % 2.0 % 75.0 % 25.0 % 75.0 % 25.0 % 100.0 %

BH thruput / user (kbit) 360.00 345.60 7.25 7.25 28.51 28.51 28.51 8.71 8.71 12.86 12.86 0.57

Eb/N0 (dB) 5.4 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.6 2.7 2.3 2.4 1.9 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

BLER 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

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DL service info. Service type Voice VideoPhone Email Email WWW WWW WWW Video Stream Video Stream Content DL, FTP Content DL, FTP Location Bear type
AM R12. 1 2 LCD 3 64 LCD 3 64 UD 7 D 64 UD 7 D 64 UD 8 D 144 UD 9 D 384 LCD 3 64 LCD 4 144 UD 7 D 64 UD 8 D 144 LCD 3 64

For internal use only

Length of session (byte) 30,720 30,720 60,000 60,000 60,000 128,160 128,160 59,520 59,520 2,880 Reading time in session (s) 320 320 1648 1648 1648 0 0 5 5 8

Bear proportion % 100.0 % 100.0 % 50.0 % 50.0 % 70.0 % 28.0 % 2.0 % 75.0 % 25.0 % 75.0 % 25.0 % 100.0 %

BH thruput / user (kbit) 360.00 345.60 7.25 7.25 28.51 28.51 28.51 8.71 8.71 12.86 12.86 0.57

Eb/N0 (dB) 7.79 5.90 5.90 4.60 4.60 3.80 4.40 5.90 5.00 4.60 3.80 5.90 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

BLER 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Common channel power allocation Power relative to MAX BS Tx Duty cycle power [dB] -10 SCH 0.10 -15 Primary CCPCH 0.90 -15 SCCPCH (PCH) 0.25 -11 SCCPCH (FACH) 0.25 -10 CPICH 1.00 -15 AICH 1.00 -13 PICH 1.00 Common channel power allocation ( with one SCCPCH ) Common channel power allocation ( with two SCCPCH ) Channel Power allocation 1.00 % 2.85 % 0.79 % 1.99 % 10.00 % 3.16 % 5.01 % 24.80 % 26.78 %

Figure 3

Assumption conditions for the dimensioning of the dense urban area In the conditions mentioned above, the configurations of sector 3 can be

obtained with the dimensioning tool10. The number of all kinds of users supported by each carrier/sector is 1030. Here are the values of the four assumption conditions required for paging area dimensioning:

10

The version of the dimensioning tool is V1.2.

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Table 3Values of the four assumption conditions for paging area dimensioning A AMR Voice VideoPh one Email SMS EMS/M MS 60 % 50 % 50 % 50 % 50 % B 40 % 50 % 50 % 50 % 50 % C 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 D 50 % 50 % 50 % E 50 % 50 % 50 % F 50 % 50 % 50 % G 50 % 50 % 50 % M1(bit) M2(bit) M3(bit) M4(bit) Ncelluser k L Poutage DRX paramete r 72 40 34 40 103 0 0 80 0.1 8

Based on the assumption condition above and the formula deducted in Chapter 4, the calculation result is as follows: Table 4Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of IMSI n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mmix 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Erlang PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA
0.002592996 0.003616996 0.004640996 0.005664996 0.006688996 0.007712996 0.008736996 0.009760996 0.010784996 0.011808996

RA 133 95 74 61 51 44 39 35 32 29

LA 133 190 222 244 255 264 273 280 288 290

1.738624042 1.741614489 1.74665366 1.744911078 1.745096566 1.745372494 1.745680526 1.745680526 1.746014764 1.746024614

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350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

For internal use only

R A LA

Figure 4

Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of IMSI Table 5Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of TMSI

n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mmix 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Erlang PerDRXCycleLengthInN RA
0.002592996 0.003616996 0.004640996 0.005664996 0.006688996 0.007712996 0.008736996 0.009760996 0.010784996 0.011808996

RA 242 173 135 110 93 81 71 64 58 53

LA 242 346 405 440 465 486 497 512 522 530

3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287 3.156601287

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 RA LA

Figure 5

Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of TMSI According to the value formula for the n value in Chapter 4, we can work out

that n=1, that is, NRANLA.

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Note: For the tools used, refer to WCDMA RNP Paging Area Planning Tool.

6 Precautions in the Paging Area Planning 6.1 Paging Area Size Restriction
As a paging message of the network paging mobile station will be sent in many cells, the coverage of the paging area will be too large, which will lead to overload of the paging channel, and increase the signaling flow at the Iub interface. In addition, the excessive paging messages will be discarded in the case of re-transmission failure within the specified re-transmission times. This will result in paging failure to the active UEs within the service area (that is the UE is out of service). The upper limit of the paging area (the number of cells that can be supported by the area) is limited by the bandwidth of the paging channel. The analysis in the above chapters is mainly to determine the upper limit of the paging area. On the contrary, if the paging area is too small, the UE will encounter frequent location update in the traveling process, which increases the signaling flow of the system. In the initial stage of network construction, the number of paging requests are small, it is not necessary to plan the RA in a small size, but with the n being 1 instead. With the ever evolution of the network, the demands for PS serviced increases. In this case, the size of the RA can be cut down. Of course, if the RA is too small, the paging area update in the traveling process will be frequent, which will enlarge the signaling overhead of the network side, and will shorten the standby time of the mobile phone. The lower limit of the RA cannot be determined by means of quantitative analysis, which is a pending problem. In addition, the equipment of higher version may support one cell being configured with multiple PCCH paging channels. To ensure the balance of paging load, the cells with the same paging channel numbers should be divided into the same paging area (with the precondition that the cells with the same paging channel numbers are in the same geographical area).

6.2 Geographic Distribution of Paging Area

The geographic distribution for the paging area is very important. Making the best of the geographic distribution and behaviors of the mobile subscribers can lower the location update frequency at the border of the paging area. When the suburb is not covered within a continuous area with the urban area, the location of the mobile phone cannot be updated when the periodical location

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update time comes. After the protection time is time-out (set in the MSC), the system will take that the IMSI is separated from the mobile phone. Suppose the mobile phone travels the urban area, whose LAC is consistent with that of the suburb area, some mobile phones will not perform normal location update immediately. In this case, the mobile phone can receive signal but out of service. Therefore, for the division of location area, the suburb area (county area) will be put into a location area separate from the urban area. The location area distribution is similar to concentric circles (the inner urban area may be set with several location areas due to the capacity factors. The inner circle can adopt the fragmentation mode, or innerouter ring mode, or mixed mode), which can avoid the above problem effectively. It is proved by practice that such a division can not only reduce the out-of-service problem, but also greatly improve the connection completion rate and the call completion rate.

Figure 6

Schematic diagram of location area division

On the other hand, if more than two location areas exist in a city with highvolume traffic, they can be divided by the geographic factors such as mountain and river, for minimizing the overlap between different cells in the two location area. If such a geographic factor is not available, the border between two areas should be oblique crossing with a street instead of parallel or vertical with the street. Moreover, the border should not be a street or the place with high-volume traffic (like department store). In the intersection of the urban area and suburb, the border between urban area and suburb area should be put at the base station of the

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periphery instead of the intersection with high-volume traffic, so as to avoid frequent location update in the intersection.

6.3 Paging Area Crossing MSCs and RNCs

It is described in the first chapter that when several MSC shares one VLR, and the location area/routing area can cross MSC/SGSN areas. But in practice, one MSC is bound with one VLR in most cases, so the LA/RA can cross RNC areas instead of MSC/SGSN areas. However, in the actual network application, if the location area/routing area cross multiple RNCs, the paging will be delivered to multiple RNCs, and this increases the signaling flow and the processing difficulty. The same as the lower limit of paging area, quantitative analysis cannot be made for the impact on the system. The primary conclusion is: the location area/routing area should be set within the RNC without crossing RNCs. The multi-module RNC has the same problem. If an LA/RA corresponds to multiple RNC modules, the paging signaling initiated by the CN will be forwarded from module to module, till to the module corresponding to this TRX. The more modules the LA/RA corresponds to, the much signaling flow the forwarding brings. The same as the lower limit of paging area, quantitative analysis cannot be made for the impact on the system. The primary conclusion is: The impact on the SPU is not serious, and can be ignored.

7 Summary of Pending Problems

The pending problems are as follows: For the traffic modeling independent paging, the load analysis is quite complicated with many uncertain factors, requiring further analysis on the influence on the paging. The primary analysis result is: 1. For location service: As the usage frequency of location service is not high, the impact on the paging capacity will be small. At present, the scheme is one RNC supports a maximum of 400 users at the same time (queuing supported, with the maximum queuing time of 5s). 2. For the paging caused by the security mode command, as the CN will not frequently update the encryption or the completeness protection parameters, the impact on the paging capacity is small. 3. The system message update occupies a small signaling load, so the impact can be ignored. 4. Cell update will be caused by downlink data transmission or release of

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RRC connection by the CN side. The former cause is considered in the traffic modeling, and the latter one seldom occurs, so the impact can be ignored. 5. The lower limit of the paging area cannot be defined by means of quantitative analysis. It is affected by two factors: 1. Frequent location update increases the system signaling load. 2. Fast mobile phone power consumption For the first factor, the upper limit of the SPU processing capability of the RNC is restricted by the occupation rate of the CPU, while the CPU occupation is not only related to the signaling flow for location update. So quantitative analysis must be performed by means of test in the lab environment based on some assumption conditions. Figure 7 shows the test result of Huaweis RNC performed by Motorola with the typical parameter setting. We can learn that the contribution of the location update signaling load is big. As to the second factor, research can not be performed yet. There is no reasonable specification for the average value of cell paging load L% yet. It is 30% in Ericsons documentation and 90% in the relevant documents of CDMA2000 (CDMA System Design Optimization). The re-transmission interval of CN is also restricted by the paging area size and minimum time of response to paging. Especially every NodeB works asynchronously without GPS, the paging efficiency and paging success rate will be affected in a large degree. The PCCH has two formats: 240bit/10ms TTI and 80bit/10ms. Obviously, the paging capability of the former one is greater than the latter one. But, it is necessary to analyze the advantage of the latter one (for example, whether the demodulation success rate is higher than the former one). This

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WCDMA Paging Area Planning Guidance is responsible by the link emulation working team.

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Figure 7

Motorola test result

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WCDMA Paging Area Planning Guidance List of reference:

For internal use only

[1] Location Area Capacity Planning Guideline, GSM Network Planning Department 2002/04, internal document [2] CDMA1X Location Area Planning Guideline Shenzhen Subdivision of Radio Network System Department, 2003/01, Internal document [3] Concepts about Area in the PLMN Architecture Tai Xiaomei 2001/12 Internal document [4] 23.121,23.002,23.003,25.331,25.413 3GPP 2002/06 Internet 1996/12 [5] WCDMA Paging Area Analysis Report Zhang Jingrong Unknown [7] WCDMA-Dimensioning-tool Gu Jufeng 2003/01 Internal document 2001/05 Internal document

[6] LOCATION AREA DIMENSIONING GUIDELINE CME 20 R6 Ericsson

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