I.

Passive Voice, Direct and Indirect

A. Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Example: My bike was stolen. In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows: Example: A mistake was made. In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Example :
1. Jack sings a song (active) 2. A song is sung by Jack (Passive) 1. Jack sang a song yesterday (active) 2. A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive) 1. Jack has sung a song (active) 2. A song has been sung by Jack (passive) 1. Jack will sing a song (active) 2. A song will be sung by Jack (passive) 1. Jack is singing a song (active) 2. A song is being sung by Jack (passive) 1. Jack can sing a song (active) 2. A song can be sung by Jack (passive)

B. Direct
Kalimat langsung (Direct Speech) adalah kalimat yang bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya. Kalimatkalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh that melainkan harus dengan (tanda baca) koma. Example (Contoh) : CONTOH KALIMAT DIRECT SPEECH : 1. I can go to library every day, She said 2. Im waiting for ann, he said 3. John (phoning from the station), Im trying to get a taxi. 4. Siska says, The sun rises every morning. 5. She yelled at me : 'Don't leave the door open! 6. 'My mother says to my sister : 'Brush your teeth! 7. ''where are you going?' she asked 8. He said, I went to school every day. 9. He said, Go to school every day. 10. He said, I am going to school every day.

C. Indirect
Kalimat tidak langsung (indirect speech) adalah kalimat yang bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya. Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata that. Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan bentuk waktu reporting verb. CONTOH KALIMAT INDIRECT SPEECH : 1. She said (that) he could go to library every day. 2. He said (that) he was waiting for ann. 3. John says that he is trying to get a taxi. 4. Siska says that the sun rises every morning. 5. Dont leave me the door open 6. My mother says to ny sister brush your trrth 7. Where are you going 8. He said (that) he was going to school every day 9. He said to go to school every day. 10. He said (that) he was going to school every day.

II. Definisi Text

A. Narrative
A narrative is a constructive format (as a work of speech, writing, song, film, television, video games, photography or theatre) that describes a sequence of non-fictional or fictional events. The word derives from the Latin verb narrare, "to recount", and is related to the adjective gnarus, "knowing" or "skilled". The word "story" may be used as a synonym of "narrative", but can also be used to refer to the sequence of events described in a narrative. A narrative can also be told by a character within a larger narrative. An important part of narration is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration. Along with exposition, argumentation and description, narration, broadly defined, is one of four rhetorical modes of discourse. More narrowly defined, it is the fiction-writing mode whereby the narrator communicates directly to the reader. Stories are an important aspect of culture. Many works of art and most works of literature tell stories; indeed, most of the humanities involve stories. Owen Flanagan of Duke University, a leading consciousness researcher, writes that Evidence strongly suggests that humans in all cultures come to cast their own identity in some sort of narrative form. We are inveterate storytellers (Consciousness Reconsidered 198). Stories are of ancient origin, existing in ancient Egyptian, ancient Greek, Chinese and Indian culture. Stories are also a ubiquitous component of human communication, used as parables and examples to illustrate points. Storytelling was probably one of the earliest forms of entertainment. Narrative may also refer to psychological processes in self-identity, memory and meaning-making.

B. Explanation
a challenge to defend what someone has said. An explanation is a set of statements constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts. This description may establish rules or laws, and may clarify the existing ones in relation to any objects, or phenomena examined. The components of an explanation can be implicit, and be interwoven with one another. An explanation is often underpinned by an understanding that is represented by different media such as music, text, and graphics. Thus, an explanation is subjected to interpretation, and discussion. In scientific research, explanation is one of the purposes of research, e.g., exploration and description. Explanation is a way to uncover new knowledge, and to report relationships among different aspects of studied phenomena. Explanations have varied explanatory power.

C. Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.

1. Sistematika Penulisan
A. Narrative To entertain the readers, atau to amuse the readers. Generic Structure (sistematika tulisan) : 1. Orientation (a setting of characters, a plot) 2. Complication (problems are arising) 3. Resolution (solution of problems) 4. Re-orientation (a closing remark, optional) Penjelasan : 1. Cerita atau dongeng dapat berbentuk fable atau folktale, biasanya fiksi 2. Ada konflik atau permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh tokoh cerita 3. Menggunakan past tense (dominannya) 4. Sering berisi kalimat langsung & tidak langsung B. Explanation To inform readers about an object, with its functions, processes or how it work. Generic Structure (sistematika tulisan) : 1. Introduction 2. Sequence(s) of explanation; how and why Penjelasan : 1. Menjelaskan mengapa sesuatu terjadi 2. Menjelaskan bagaimana terjadinya sesuatu / proses tertentu 3. Menjawab pertanyaan How? dan/atau Why?

C. Discussion To discuss or compare issue elaborated in two points of view before finally get to a conclusion / recommendation. Generic Structure (sistematika tulisan) : 1. Issue 2. pro arguments (ideas and elaborations) 3. con arguments 4. Summary Penjelasan : 1. Membahas suatu permasalahan dari dua sudut pandang 2. Menggunakan present tense 3. Menyajikan argumen-argumen dari dua sudut pandang

2. Contoh Teks
A. Narrative Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks Maura, who like to be thought of as the most beautiful and powerful queen of Arabia, had many suitors. One by one she discarded them, until her list was reduced to just three sheiks. The three sheiks were all equally young and handsome. They were also rich and strong. It was very hard to decide who would be the best of them. One evening, Maura disguised herself and went to the camp of the three sheiks. As they were about to have dinner, Maura asked them for something to eat. The first gave her some leftover food. The second Sheik gave her some unappetizing camels tail. The third sheik, who was called Hakim, offered her some of the most tender and tasty meat. After dinner, the disguised queen left the sheiks camp. The following day, the queen invited the three sheiks to dinner at her palace. She ordered her servant to give each one exactly what they had given her the evening before. Hakim, who received a plate of delicious meat, refused to eat it if the other two sheiks could not share it with him. This Sheik Hakims act finally convinced Queen Maura that he was the man for her. Without question, Hakim is the most generous of you she announced her choice to the sheiks. So it is Hakim I will marry. Narrative Complication in Generic Structure The above example of narrative text tells a story which can amuse the reader. Amusing and entertaining are the power of narrative text to attract the reader. Reader will tend to follow the whole story. As it is said many times that the heart of narrative text is the existence of the complication. It will drive the plot of the story to keep amusing. The existence of conflict inside the Queen Maura is what builds the story keep running. The psychological conflict inside Maura, which she strike against herself, is arousing the readers attention to continue reading the story. They want to know what next will happen, who will be chosen by Queen Maura, in what way she will decide who is the best. Keeping knowing them really entertaining as well increasing the moral value added. Orientation: the text introduce the Queen Maura and three sheiks in Arabia once time. Complication: Queen Maura find out that it was very difficult to choose one as the best among them Resolution: finally Queen Maura has a convincing way to choose one and he is Sheik Hakim

B. Explanation The effects of acid soil Soils with a pH of less than 7.0 are acid. The lower the pH, the more acid the soil. When soil pH falls below 5.5, plant growth is affected. Crop yields decrease, reducing productivity Soils provide water and nutrients for plant growth and development. Essential plant nutrients include phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and sulfur. Plants require other elements such as molybdenum, in smaller quantities. Some elements eg aluminium and manganese, are toxic to plants. Nutrients become available to plants when they are dissolved in water. Plants are able to take up phosphate, nitrate, potassium and sulfate ions in solution. The solubility of nitients changes with pH. In acid soils (low pH), molybdenum becomes less soluble and aluminium becomes more soluble. Therefore, plant growth may be affected by either a deficiency of molybdenum or too much aluminium. Both crop and pasture plants are affected by acid soils. there may be a range of symptoms. Crops and pastures may be poorly established resulting in patchy and uneven growth. Plant leaves may go yellow and die at the tips. The root system of the plant may be stunted. Crops may yield less. Plants vary in their sensitivity to low pH. Canola and lucerne are very sensitive to acid soils so do not grow well. Lupins and triticale are tolerant to soils of low pH so they still perform well. Land can become unproductive if acid soil is left untreated. Incorporating lime into the soil raises the pH. Therefore, liming soil can reverse the effects of acid soil on plants and return a paddock to productivity.

C. Discussion

The advantages and Disadvantages of Distance Learning

A few years ago, distance learning was seen as an inferior way but nowadays even famous and established traditional colleges and universities are providing distance learning courses and it is generally considered a way to improve one's life. However, people still argue whether distance learning give more advantage or disadvantage. Some of them who see the benefit of distance learning will say that distance learning needs no commuting. Of course it saves money and time that students would take. Furthermore, distance learning can be done at any students convenience. Mostly of the classes of distance learning are asynchronous. It means that students do not have to attend a lecture at a fixed particular time and place. Students can review the assignments and do their homework during off-hours or from home. Additionally, distance learning gives more accessibility. No one can deny it. People with limited mobility may encounter the problem when they take traditional class. With the online class system, the problem is absent. Despite the many advantages, the other people will see that distance learning is costly and needs complex technology. To attend online learning, student must have a computer with possibly access to the internet. Admitted or not, such technology devices are not always available for common students. Another disadvantage of distance learning is that it does not provide immediate feedback. Unlikely traditional classroom, students have to wait for the feedback and comment until the instructor has review the works and sent response to them. Most of the time students will study alone. Distance learners may feel isolated or miss that social physical interaction that comes with attending a traditional classroom

Regarding the individuals learning style, some students are able to learn when there is a live interaction between them and the available of accompanying teacher while others dont really need it. So before deciding a choice of attending distance learning or not, each student needs to do a fair analysis regarding the kind of person he/she is.