12/22/2011

Arus
(Current or Ocean Circulation)

Massa air yang bergerak dari suatu tempat ke tempat yang lain di dalam laut

Apa penyebabnya?
Angin (Wind-driven Circulation): di permukaan (surface circulation) Perbedaan densitas (Density Current): di perairan dalam (Deep Sea Circulation) densitas=fungsi (suhu, salinitas, tekanan);

Thermohaline Circulation

Gulf Stream

Contoh arus: (a) Small eddies dan (b) Strong Current (Gulf Stream)

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70

wind speed W [m/s] sea surface

60 50 40 30 20 Westerlies

Latitude

Trade Winds ITCZ

wind generates a sea surface wind stress | | = aCwW2 with components . x = aCwW Wx = C W.W
y a w y

10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 Westerlies

Atlantic Ocean

Trade Winds

-0.1

-0.05

0
x

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

A regular wind pattern forces a regular wind stress pattern.

[Pa]

[Pa]

Surface Currents Resulting from Wind Drag

Directly wind driven flow, a balance between friction and Coriolis force, Ekman transport Ekman velocity, stationary motion, described by a balance between friction and Coriolis force

Coriolis Parameter f f 2 sin( )

1d x dz 1d y dz K

fv fu dv dz

From: Pinet, P.: Invitation to Oceanography(2003)

The Ekman spiral is limited to the upper ~100 m of the ocean. The net mass transport Tr in this Ekman layer (=Ekman transport) is to the right of the wind direction in the N. hemisphere, to the left in the S. hemisphere
70 60 50 40 30 20
Latitude

Latitude

The meridonal Ekman mass transport is divergent because of the curl of the windstress/f. In first order this leads to vertical motion (Ekman pumping) and a change in sea surface height and thermocline depth. In its turn the this leads to geostrophic gyre circulations. The curl of the zonal wind stress adds cyclonic or anti cyclonic rotation to the gyres.

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50

Atlantic Ocean

10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40

Atlantic Ocean

-0.003 -0.002 -0.001

0.001

0.002

divergence Ekman transport kg m-2s-1

Try Trx 1 f

1 f
y

-50

-3000 -2000 -1000

1000 2000 3000

Try = - x/f [kg m-1s-1]

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The horizontal structure of the divergence of the Ekman transport determines the position of the anti-cyclonic and the cyclonic gyres in the oceans.

The pressure gradients generated by the convergent Ekman transport lead to a geostrophic gyre circulation.

In the oceans a regular pattern of wind driven surface current gyres can be found, resulting from the wind forcing

WESTERN AND EASTERN BOUNDARY CURRENTS

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Northern Hemisphere

Gyre asymmetry
v My 1 p f x vdx 1 p1 p 2 f

y, North P2 Convergence P1 Divergence

Wind driven Ekman pumping balances geostrophic divergence

Sea surface
y1 A B A' B'

Friction is required to balance the convergence of the WBC

y
f large

WBC
y2 C D C' D'

Th
X, West

e rm

oc

e lin

Since f is larger at higher latitudes, the volume transport between A and B is smaller than between C and D => convergence. Similarly a divergence between AB and CD is generated.
W W

These con/divergences induce vertical motions which lead to an apparent westward shift of the centre of the gyre. => Western Boundary Current (WBC)

In the WBC the pressure force is balanced by the Velocity |v| Coriolis force plus the p friction. This allows a cross-isobar transport. This transport removes the water, introduced into the -1 p r x gyre by Ekman pumping.

The meridional change in f induces an intensification of the WBC

f small

x
1

p2

p3

fv

Friction

Rotation of t/f induces ocean up/down-welling

Along shore winds cause coastal up/down-welling The wind driven ocean currents and the related density distribution may become unstable, generating meso-scale ocean eddies.

Thermohaline Circulation

(Deep Sea Circulation)

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The THC is driven by density differences related to the meridional differences in deep temperature and salinity. These differences are maintained by convective mixing at high latitudes and turbulent mixing at lower latitudes. The equatorward flow of cold water and poleward flow of warm water maintains a meridional heat transport. Sinking Deep spreading Global upwelling Warm return flow Sinking etc.

Atlantic Ocean Observational evidence in and S (conservative tracers)

Meridional hydrographic section of the Atlantic Ocean between approximately 20 and 30W, showing the distribution of potential temperature (upper panel) and salinity (lower panel). The data, used to draw these sections, were obtained from the WOCE section A16. The northern boundary of the section is formed by Iceland, the southern boundary by South Georgia Island. The shallow plateau near the equator is formed by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. South of this ridge the section runs through the western Atlantic basins, north of the ridge through the eastern basins.

The Atlantic deep waters are dominated by the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)

Beberapa Contoh Instrumentasi untuk mengukur arus

Two-dimensional frequency distribution in -S space of the deep water colder than 8C along the meridional WOCE A16 section in the Atlantic Ocean, determined with a S T = 0.025 0.1 C resolution. The integral of this frequency distribution over all possible salinities and temperatures equals 1.

Current Meter (Type Aandera CM7)

Contoh hasil mooring

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ADCP= Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

Reversing Thermometers and CTD cast

25

20

15

10

Fig.4 Trajectories of satellite-tracked drift buoys (from WOCE data set). Dark lines show the trajectories of the drifter deployed in or entering into the South China Sea; light lines show these not entering into the South China Sea. The trajectories clearly show that in winter a current intrudes into the South China Sea through the Luzon Strait, and forms a throughflow branch toward the Karimata Strait and the Indonesian Seas.

-5

-10

-15 100

105

110

115

120

125

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