What is osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones. Osteoporosis literally leads to abnormally porous bone that is compressible, like a sponge. This disorder of the skeleton weakens the bone and results in frequent fractures (breaks) in the bones. Osteopenia is a condition of bone that is slightly less dense than normal bone but not to the degree of bone in osteoporosis. Normal bone is composed of protein, collagen, and calcium, all of which give bone its strength. Bones that are affected by osteoporosis can break (fracture) with relatively minor injury that normally would not cause a bone to fracture. The fracture can be either in the form of cracking (as in a hip fracture) or collapsing (as in a compression fracture of the vertebrae of the spine). The spine, hips, ribs, and wrists are common areas of bone fractures from osteoporosis although osteoporosis-related fractures can occur in almost any skeletal bone.

A fracture that occurs during the course of normal activity is called a minimal trauma, or stress fracture. For example, some patients with osteoporosis develop stress fractures of the feet while walking or stepping off a curb. Hip fractures typically occur as a result of a fall. With osteoporosis, hip fractures can occur as a result of trivial accidents. Hip fractures also may heal slowly or poorly after surgical repair because of poor healing of the bone.

What factors determine bone strength?

Bone mass (bone density) is determined by the amount of bone present in the skeletal structure. Generally, the higher the bone density, the stronger the bones. Bone density is greatly influenced by genetic factors, which in turn are sometimes modified by environmental factors and medications. For example, men have a higher bone density than women, and African Americans have a higher bone density than Caucasian or Asian Americans. Normally, bone density accumulates during childhood and reaches a peak by around age 25. Bone density then is maintained for about 10 years. After age 35, both men and women will normally lose 0.3%-0.5% of their bone density per year as part of the aging process. Estrogen is important in maintaining bone density in women. When estrogen levels drop after menopause, loss of bone density accelerates. During the first five to 10 years after menopause, women can suffer up to 2%-4% loss of bone density per year! This can result in the loss of up to 25%-30% of their bone density during that time period. The accelerated bone loss after menopause is a major cause of osteoporosis in women, referred to as postmenopausal osteoporosis.

What are osteoporosis symptoms and signs?

Osteoporosis can be present without any symptoms for decades because osteoporosis doesn't cause symptoms until bone fractures. Moreover, some osteoporotic fractures may escape detection for years when they do not cause symptoms. Therefore, patients may not be aware of their osteoporosis until they suffer a painful fracture. The symptom associated with osteoporotic fractures usually is pain; the location of the pain depends on the location of the fracture. The symptoms of osteoporosis in men are similar to the symptoms of osteoporosis in women. Fractures of the spine (vertebra) can cause severe "band-like" pain that radiates from the back to the sides of the body. Over the years, repeated spinal fractures can lead to chronic lower back pain as well as loss of height and/or curving of the spine due to collapse of the vertebrae. The collapse gives individuals a hunched-back appearance of the upper back, often called a "dowager hump" because it commonly is seen in elderly women.

What are osteoporosis risk factors and causes?

The following are factors that will increase the risk of developing osteoporosis: Female gender Caucasian or Asian race

Thin and small body frame Family history of osteoporosis (for example, having a mother with an osteoporotic hip fracture doubles your risk of hip fracture) Personal history of fracture as an adult Cigarette smoking Excessive alcohol consumption Lack of exercise Diet low in calcium Poor nutrition and poor general health Malabsorption (nutrients are not properly absorbed from the gastrointestinal system) from conditions such as celiac sprue Low estrogen levels in women (such as occur in menopause or with early surgical removal of both ovaries) Low testosterone levels in men (hypogonadism) Chemotherapy that can cause early menopause due to its toxic effects on the ovaries Amenorrhea (loss of the menstrual period) in young women associated with low estrogen and osteoporosis; amenorrhea can occur in women who undergo extremely vigorous exercise training and in women with very low body fat, for example, women with anorexia nervosa Chronic inflammation, due to chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or liver diseases Immobility, such as after a stroke, or from any condition that interferes with walking Hyperthyroidism, a condition wherein too much thyroid hormone is produced by the thyroid gland (as in Grave's disease) or is ingested as thyroid hormone medication Hyperparathyroidism is a disease wherein there is excessive parathyroid hormone production by the parathyroid gland, a small gland located near or within the thyroid gland. Normally, parathyroid hormone maintains blood calcium levels by, in part, removing calcium from the bone. In untreated hyperparathyroidism, excessive parathyroid hormone causes too much calcium to be removed from the bone, which can lead to osteoporosis. When vitamin D is lacking, the body cannot absorb adequate amounts of calcium from the diet to prevent osteoporosis. Vitamin D deficiency can result from lack of intestinal

absorption of the vitamin such as occurs in celiac sprue and primary biliary cirrhosis. Certain medications can cause osteoporosis. These include long-term use of heparin (a blood thinner), antiseizure medications such as phenytoin (Dilantin) and phenobarbital, and long-term use of oral corticosteroids (such as prednisone)

Patogenesis Osteoporosis
Pemicu Osteoporosis Beberapa faktor penyebab osteoporosis, diantaranya : 1. Osteoporosis Postmenopausal Terjadi disebabkan karena kekurangan hormon estrogen (hormon utama pada wanita) yang membantu mengatur pengangkutan kalsium ke dalam tulang pada wanita. Biasanya gejala timbul pada wanita yang berusia di antara 5175 tahun, tetapi bisa mulai muncul lebih cepat ataupun lebih lambat. Tidak semua wanita memiliki risiko yang sama untuk menderita osteoporosis postmenopausal, wanita kulit putih dan daerah timur lebih mudah menderita penyakit ini daripada wanita kulit hitam. 2. Osteoporosis Senilis Proses terjadinya akibat dari kekurangan kalsium yang berhubungan dengan makin bertambahnya usia dan ketidakseimbangan antara kecepatan hancurnya tulang dan pembentukan regenerasi sel tulang yang baru. Kata Senilis sendiri memiliki makna yakni keadaan yang hanya terjadi pada usia lanjut. Sesuai dengan istilahnya, osteoporosis jenis ini biasanya terjadi pada usia diatas 70 tahun dan 2 kali lebih sering menyerang wanita. 3. Osteoporosis Sekunder Dialami kurang dari 5% penderita osteoporosis. Kondisi osteoporosis sekunder ini sendiri disebabkan oleh keadaan medis lainnya atau oleh obat-obatan. Bisa juga disebabkan

oleh kondisi medis seperti gagal ginjal kronis dan kelainan hormonal (terutama tiroid, paratiroid dan adrenal) dan obat-obatan (misalnya kortikosteroid, barbiturat, antikejang dan hormon tiroid yang berlebihan). Pemakaian alkohol yang berlebihan dan merokok bisa memperburuk keadaan osteoporosis. 4. Osteoporosis juvenil idiopatik Merupakan jenis osteoporosis yang penyebabnya tidak diketahui. Hal ini terjadi pada anak-anak dan dewasa muda yang memiliki kadar dan fungsi hormon yang normal, kadar vitamin yang normal dan tidak memiliki penyebab yang jelas dari rapuhnya tulang. Faktor Risiko Osteoporosis 1. Wanita Osteoporosis lebih banyak terjadi pada wanita. Hal ini disebabkan pengaruh hormon estrogen yang mulai menurun kadarnya dalam tubuh sejak usia 35 tahun. Selain itu, wanita pun mengalami menopause yang dapat terjadi pada usia 45 tahun. 2. Usia Seiring dengan pertambahan usia, fungsi organ tubuh justru menurun. Pada usia 75-85 tahun, wanita memiliki risiko 2 kali lipat dibandingkan pria dalam mengalami kehilangan tulang trabekular karena proses penuaan, penyerapan kalsium menurun dan fungsi hormon paratiroid meningkat. 3. Ras/Suku Ras juga membuat perbedaan dimana ras kulit putih atau keturunan asia memiliki risiko terbesar. Hal ini disebabkan secara umum konsumsi kalsium wanita asia rendah. Salah satu alasannya adalah sekitar 90% intoleransi laktosa dan menghindari produk dari hewan. Pria dan wanita kulit hitam dan hispanik memiliki risiko yang signifikan meskipun rendah. 4. Keturunan Penderita osteoporosis Jika ada anggota keluarga yang menderita osteoporosis, maka berhati-hatilah. Osteoporosis menyerang penderita dengan

karakteristik tulang tertentu. Seperti kesamaan perawakan dan bentuk tulang tubuh. Itu artinya dalam garis keluarga pasti punya struktur genetik tulang yang sama. 5. Gaya Hidup Kurang Baik
o

Konsumsi daging merah dan minuman bersoda karena keduanya mengandung fosfor yang merangsang pembentukan horman parathyroid, penyebab pelepasan kalsium dari dalam darah. Minuman berkafein dan beralkohol Minuman berkafein seperti kopi dan alkohol juga dapat menimbulkan tulang keropos, rapuh dan rusak. Hal ini dipertegas oleh Dr.Robert Heany dan Dr. Karen Rafferty dari creighton University Osteoporosis Research Centre di Nebraska yang menemukan hubungan antara minuman berkafein dengan keroposnya tulang. Hasilnya adalah bahwa air seni peminum kafein lebih banyak mengandung kalsium, dan kalsium itu berasal dari proses pembentukan tulang. Selain itu kafein dan alkohol bersifat toksin yang menghambat proses pembentukan massa tulang (osteoblas). Malas Olahraga Wanita yang malas bergerak atau olahraga akan terhambat proses osteoblasnya (proses pembentukan massa tulang). Selain itu kepadatan massa tulang akan berkurang. Semakin banyak gerak dan olahraga maka otot akan memacu tulang untuk membentuk massa. Merokok Ternyata rokok dapat meningkatkan risiko penyakit osteoporosis. Perokok sangat rentan terkena osteoporosis, karena zat nikotin di dalamnya mempercepat penyerapan tulang. Selain penyerapan tulang, nikotin juga membuat kadar dan aktivitas hormon estrogen dalam tubuh berkurang sehingga susunan-susunan sel tulang tidak kuat dalam menghadapi proses pelapukan. Disamping itu, rokok juga membuat penghisapnya bisa mengalami hipertensi, penyakit jantung, dan tersumbatnya aliran darah ke seluruh tubuh. Kalau darah sudah tersumbat, maka proses pembentukan tulang sulit terjadi. Jadi, nikotin jelas menyebabkan osteoporosis baik secara langsung tidak langsung. Saat masih berusia muda, efek nikotin pada tulang memang tidak akan terasa karena proses pembentuk tulang masih terus terjadi. Namun, saat melewati umur 35, efek

rokok pada tulang akan mulai terasa, karena proses pembentukan pada umur tersebut sudah berhenti. Kurang Kalsium Jika kalsium tubuh kurang maka tubuh akan mengeluarkan hormon yang akan mengambil kalsium dari bagian tubuh lain, termasuk yang ada di tulang. 6. Mengkonsumsi Obat Obat kortikosteroid yang sering digunakan sebagai anti peradangan pada penyakit asma dan alergi ternyata menyebabkan risiko penyakit osteoporosis. Jika sering dikonsumsi dalam jumlah tinggi akan mengurangi massa tulang. Sebab, kortikosteroid menghambat proses osteoblas. Selain itu, obat heparin dan antikejang juga menyebabkan penyakit osteoporosis. Konsultasikan ke dokter sebelum mengkonsumsi obat jenis ini agar dosisnya tepat dan tidak merugikan tulang. 7. Bentuk Tubuh Kurus & Mungil Perawakan kurus dan mungil memiliki bobot tubuh cenderung ringan misal kurang dari 57 kg, padahal tulang akan giat membentuk sel asal ditekan oleh bobot yang berat. Karena posisi tulang menyangga bobot maka tulang akan terangsang untuk membentuk massa pada area tersebut, terutama pada derah pinggul dan panggul. Jika bobot tubuh ringan maka massa tulang cenderung kurang terbentuk sempurna

(female gonad), is one of a pair of reproductive glands in women. They are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. The ovaries produce eggs (ova) and female hormones such as estrogen. During each monthly menstrual cycle, an egg is released from one ovary. The egg travels from the ovary through a Fallopian tube to the uterus. The ovaries are the main source of female hormones, which control the development of female body characteristics such as the breasts, body shape, and body hair. The hormones also regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Estrogens also protect the bone. Therefore, a woman can develop osteoporosis (thinning of bone) later in life when her ovaries do not produce adequate estrogen. Perimenopause is different for each woman. Scientists are still trying to identify all the factors that initiate and influence this transition period.

At what age does a woman typically reach menopause?

The average age of menopause is 51 years old. But there is no way to predict when an individual woman will enter menopause. The age at which a woman starts having menstrual periods is also not related to the age of menopause onset. Most women reach menopause between the ages of 45 and 55, but menopause may occur as earlier as the 30s or 40s or may not occur until a woman reaches her 60s. As a rough "rule of thumb," women tend to undergo menopause at an age similar to that of their mothers. Perimenopause, often accompanied by irregularities in the menstrual cycle along with the typical symptoms of early menopause, can begin up to 10 years prior to the last menstrual period.

What is menopause?
Menopause is defined as the state of an absence of menstrual periods for 12 months. The menopausal transition starts with varying menstrual cycle length and ends with the final menstrual period. Perimenopause means "the time around menopause" and is often used to refer to the menopausal transitional period. It is not officially a medical term, but is sometimes used to explain certain aspects of the menopause transition in lay terms. Postmenopause is the entire period of time that comes after the last menstrual period. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when the function of the ovaries ceases. The ovary