Quan%fyEnergyReview Reac%onStoichiometry

Lecture26/Unit5

TransferEnergy

Reac%onStoichiometry
Butaneburnscompletelyinoxygentoyieldcarbondioxideandwater.

HowmanymolesofO2arerequiredtoreactcompletelywith5.6molesC4H10?

Stoichiometry,cont.
HowmanymolesofH2Oareproducedwhen0.0142molesofC4H10burninexcess O2? 2C4H10+13O28CO2+10H2O

Stoichiometry,gtog
Howmanygramsofbutanearerequiredtoreactcompletelywith47.2gO2?
2C4H10+13O28CO2+10H2O

Stoichiometry,limi%ngreagent
Howmanygramsofcarbondioxideareformedwhen55.5gofbutanereacts with45.5gO2?
2C4H10+13O28CO2+10H2O

Thereareseveralwaysfordeterminingthelimi%ngreagent!Wecan,forexample,compare thera%oofthenumberofmolesofeachreactantthatarenecessary(asshownbythe chemicalequa%on)tothera%oofthenumberofmolesavailableforthereac%on.Todoso, wefollowthestepsbelow: Calculatethenumberofmolesofeachreagent. Calculatetheavailablemolera%oofthereagent(fromthecalculatednumberofmoles). Determinetherequiredmolera%o(fromthechemicalequa%on). Comparetheavailablera%ototherequiredra%otodeterminetheLR.

Workitout!
Howmanygramsofcarbondioxideareformedwhen55.5gofbutanereacts with45.5gO2?
2C4H10+13O28CO2+10H2O

Prac%ceinaGroup
Howmanygramsofcarbondioxideareformedwhen1gallonofoctane (density0.692g/mL)reactswith3.0Kgofoxygen?

Quan%fyEnergyReviewSome EnergyConcepts
Lecture27/Unit5

Quan%fyHeatReleased
Assumingthat48KJofheatarereleasedwhen1gramof octanecombusts,calculatehowmuchheatisreleasedwhen1 gallonofoctanecombusts.

TransferEnergy

Thermodynamics

FirstLawofThermodynamics:Energyis neithercreatednordestroyed.

HeatandWork Heat(q)involvesthetransferofenergy betweentwoobjectsduetoatemperature dierenceunorganized,vibra%ons. Whenheatisgivenobyachemicalchange thatchangeissaidtobeexothermic.When heatistakenupitissaidtobeendothermic. Work(w)isdenedasaforceac%ngovera distanceorganized,direc%onal.

EciencyExample

Quan%fyEnergy Thermochemistry
Calculatetheamountofheatenergy producedorneededbyachemical change Lecture28/Unit5

Quan%fyEnergy

Alreadycalculatedtheamountofheatenergy producedbyacertainamountoffuel
Forexample:Theamountofheatenergyreleasedwhen1gram ofmethaneisburnedisabout51KJ. Howmuchheatenergywouldbereleasedif1Kgofmethane burned? Butwheredidthatnumber51KJcomefrom?

Calorimeter

Every%meyouhaveachemical(orphysical)change, thereisanaccompanyingchangeinenergyevery %me

Wheredoestheheatcomefrom?
Bondenergyistheamountofenergythat mustbeabsorbedtobreakaspecicchemical bond.Whenabondisformedanequal amountofenergyisreleased. Bondenergyisaformofpoten%alenergyit hastodowiththeposi%onoftheatomsin rela%onshiptoeachother.

UseBondEnergiestoCalculateEnthalpyofReac%on CH4+O2CO2+H2O

Example:Es%matetheHforthereac%on CCl3CHCl2(g)+2HF(g)CCl3CHF2(g)+2HCl(g) usingbondenergydata.

Quan%fyEnergy Thermochemistry&FossilFuels
Istheenergycontentofallfuels thesame? Lecture29/Unit5

Con%nuetoNeedEnergy

Renewable?

Energycontentvaries

Coalcomesindierentvarie%es:

EnergyContentofCoalVaries

TurnothevideoandDosomecoal calcula%ons:
Assumingthecomposi%onofcoalcanbeapproximatedbytheformulaC135H96O9NScalculatethe massofcarbonin(intons)in1.5milliontonsofcoal.Thisquan%tyofcoalmightbeburned byatypicalpowerplantin1year.

ComputetheamountofenergyinKJreleasedbyburningthismassofcoal.Assumetheprocess erleases30kJ/gofcoal.Recallthat1ton=2000lband1lb454g.

WhatmassofCO2isformedbythecompletecombus%onof1.5milliontonsofthiscoal?

Marer&EnergyPetroleum
Whatispetroleumandhowisit puried? Lecture30/Unit5

Wedependonothers!

Wheredoesitcomefrom?

Whatisit?
Mixtureof1000sofcompounds Mostlyhydrocarbons SeparatedatReneries Dis%lla%on

OilReneryandDis%lla%onColumn

EnergyContentofCoalVaries

Whatyoucangetfromabarrelof petroleum:

ManipulateMolecules?
ThermalCracking ChemicalCracking

Reformingtomoreusefularrangements

ReformulatedGasolineOxygenatedAddi%ves &LessCarcinogenicPetroleumProducts

NewFuelsNewSources
Isthereaneedtodeveloprenewable fuels? Lecture31/Unit5

Wedependonothersandweare runningoutofsupplies!
Therearemanypoten%alsolu%onssometakemoney, sometakeenergy,somearecontroversial,itwillallcost moremoney..

Producesynthe%cgasoline:
C(s)+H2O(g)CO(g)+H2(g)

CO(g)+H2(g)alkaneofvaryingchainlength+H2O(g)

Fig. 4.19

Biomass?
Plantmarertrees,grasses,crops,etc Hea%ngwoodenergyoutputlow/bad environment Fermenta%onofsugartoyieldethanol C6H12O62C2H5OH+2CO2

Biodiesel Madefromnewandusedanimaland vegetableoils Burnedaspurefuelormixedwithpetroleum products Garbage Burntogenerateelectricity Biogas Methanecollectedfromanimalandplantwaste, thenusedtoheat,cookorgenerateelectricity

Conserva%onuselessfuel
Recycle Moreenergyecientcars Moreenergyecientbuildingssmart Morepublictransporta%on

ReviewExam5
Reac%onstoichiometrymolestomoles,gramstomolesto molestograms,limi%ngreagent,amountexcess Quan%tyofheatgivenogivenacertainamountof reactant Understandfunc%onofcalorimeter Usebondenergiestopredictheatofreac%on Coalisasolidmixture,typesofcoal Petroleumisaliquidmixture,frac%ons,dis%lla%on Crackingandreforming Reformula%nggasolinelimitknocking&oxygenate Alterna%vefuelsandconserva%on