Geothermal Energy

The Indigenous, Renewable, Green Option

Dr. Silas M. Simiyu Geothermal Development Kenya Electricity Generating Company LTD P.O Box 785, Naivasha Kenya

Presentation outline
Introduction Geothermal

Development Process Principles of Operation

Status

and development potential in Africa Stages in Geothermal Development

Barriers

to Geothermal development in Kenya

Conclusions
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World Wide Location Geothermal power plants

 In the middle of crops  In forested recreation areas  In fragile deserts  In tropical forests  In game parks with fragile ecosystems  In high population areas

Benefits of Geothermal Energy

 Provides clean and safe energy using little land  Is renewable and sustainable  Generates continuous, reliable baseload power  Conserves fossil fuels and contributes to diversity

in energy sources
 Avoids importing and benefits local economies  Offers modular, incremental development and

village power to remote sites

Geothermal and the Environment

 Geothermal energy is clean energy and renewable  Geothermal power stations emit less greenhouse gases

compared to other sources of energy

10 5 Coal

SO2

1000 500

CO2

Oil

Gas Geo

Coal

Gas

Oil

Emissions (kg/MWhr). From Reed and Renner, 1995

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Geo

WHAT IS GEOTHERMAL

Geothermal Energy heat from the Earth Transmitted: i) Conduction ii) Convection fluids via fractures and pores in the rocks
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Geothermal Fields of the World

Rift Based Geothermal Model

Manifestations

Hot Springs

Geysers

Fumaroles
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Hot Ground

Sulfur

Geothermal Development Process:

Kenyas Examples

Geothermal Development process Stage I: Exploration

Objective: Determine the viability of the resource i) Heat Source Energy source ii) Fluid Recharge and pathways Transport media iii) Reservoir conditions -Permeability, density and heat capacity -fluid chemistry, phase and gases iii) Baseline EIA NOMake Decision: GO or NO-GO Drill 3 Exploration wells to confirm results (-3,000) (-Carry out well testing -Review results Make Decision: GO or NO-GO NO11

Geothermal Development process 2 Stage II: Sizing of the resource

 Appraisal Drilling of 6 wells ( depth 2,000 m to 3,000m)  Objective: Determine the size of the resource

   
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-(minimum) extent of resource confirmed  -more accurate hydrological model  -Volume, geometry, boundary conditions of resource  -Pressure, Temperature and Overall fluid Chemistry Feasibility study to determine viability of the project &  Overall Economics: Plant size, type, funding and Tariffs Complete Environmental Impact assessment  Including public disclosure. Environment Friendly Power Plant design Make Decision: GO or NO-GO NO-

Geothermal Development process 3 Stage III: Production drilling and Plant Construction
Drilling of 16 wells ( depth 2,000 m to 3,000m) Construction of steam gathering system and power plant Put in Place Field and Environmental Management Procedures -Makeup wells (Size, timing and location) Make -Reservoir monitoring (Pressure, temperature and fluid chemistry) -Re-injection. (Maintain reservoir pressure and water mass) Re-Rehabilitation. (Return the area close to what it was originally) Use collected data to carry out the following -Optimization of the first plant for efficiency and productivity -Remedial action if needed in response to reservoir effects -Decision whether to increase capacity to second stage
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Principles of Operation: Power Generation

Schematic Diagram of Geothermal system

Generator

Cooling Towers

Separators

Production Well Water and Steam

Injection Well Water

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Type of Plants 1: Condensing Dry Steam Power Plant

Steam Turbine Generator Electricity

Steam

Condensed Steam (Water)

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Turbine Generator
Steam entry Electricity Coiled wire cylinder

Turbine blades Magnetic field

Steam outlet to condenser

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Types of Plant 2: Condensing Flash Steam Power Plant

Steam Flash Tank Turbine Generator Electricity

Hot Water

Condensed Steam (Water)

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Condensing Flash Steam Plant (Olkaria I & II)

POWER TRANSMISSION (TO NATIONAL GRID)
C OOLIN G TOWER S STEAM FROM OTHER WELLS MAIN STEAM
GAS EXTRACTOR STATION TRANSFORMER

STEAM
GENERATED ELECTRICITY

SEPARATOR GENERATOR
GASE S

COOLED CC OND ENSATE PUMP HOT COND ENSATE

WATER

TUR BINE

C ONDENSER
CHF
Sur face R ock

PUMP
CH F
C HF Surf ace R ock
Su rfa ce R oc k

Cold S u rfa c e W a te r

Inter mediate Temperature

Cold S u rf a c e W a te r

Co ld S ur f ac e W at e r

H igh T emp eratu re R ese rvoir

Inter medi ate Tem per ature

Intermediate Temperatur e

H ig h Te m pe r a tu re R e se r vo i r

PRODUCTION WELL

H ig h T em pera ture R e servoir

RE-INJECTION WELL

RE-INJECTION WELL

FLOW DIAGRAM

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Type of Plant 3: Non Condensing Flash Steam Plant

SEPARATOR

PRODUCTION WELL CONTROL VALVE (GOVERNOR) BACK PRESSURE STEAM TURBINE ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGE

REINJECTION WELL

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Types of Plant 4: Binary Cycle Power Plant

Binary Vapor Turbine Generator Electricity

Binary Liquid Heat Exchanger Hot Water

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Cooled Water

Binary Cycle Power Plant: Heat Exchanger

Binary vapor out to turbine Binary liquid in from condenser

Hot geothermal water in from production well

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Geothermal water out to injection well

Binary Cycle Power Plant: Aluto Langano Ethiopia (8MW) & Olkaria III Kenya (13MW)
Steam and water
PRODUCTION

Isopentane
BINARY TURBINE

HEAT EXCHANGER

COOLING WATER / AIR

INJECTION 23

Mini-Geothermal Binary Cycle Power Plants: Kapisya Zambia & Oserian Kenya
Kapisya Zumbu National park, Zambia (160kW) Oserian Dev Company Kenya (2 MW)

    

Binary plant owned by Zesco Shallow drilled wells of 150-200m Built in 1987 and not commissioned Planed to use water at 90oC Plant being upgraded by KenGen.

    

Binary plant owned by Oserian Flower Farm Commissioned July 2004 Using steam and re-injecting water Steam leased from KenGen from 1 well. Using only one well

KenGen is putting up a 2.5 MW Mini-Geothermal binary plant at Eburru Use both steam and water from 1 well. Condense steam to water for community
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Lake Baringo Borehole blowout

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Principles of Operation: Direct Uses

Heating Heat Exchanger

Cold clean water in to be heated Hot water out to buildings

Geothermal water out to injection well

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Hot geothermal water in from production well

Heat Pump in Winter

Heat is collected from underground & transferred to the building

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District Heating

Injection Well

Production Wells

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Geothermal Energy Utilization: Direct Use Oserian Green houses (Kenya)

i) Cut Roses Green house Heating ~100 hectares, ii) Refrigeration of cut flowers storage and processing stores, iii) Injection of CO2 to aid in photosynthesis, iv) Fumigation of soils and sterilization Sterilization of liquid recycled plant fertilizers

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Geothermal Energy Utilization: Direct Use II

Fish Farming Hot bath/spa

Crocodile Farming

Swimming Pool

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Geothermal Use: Status and Potential in Africa

Geothermal Resources in Africa

Potential in the great African Rift > 7,000 MW. Kenya s geothermal potential is in excess of 3,000 MW Currently only Kenya (130 MW), Ethiopia (8 MW) and Zambia (0.2 MW) have power stations. There are plans to install another 1,000 MW in Eastern Africa over the next 10 years Geothermal energy in North African countries is mainly for greenhouse heating and irrigation
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Kenyas Geothermal Potential

 Kenyas geothermal power potential is estimated at over 3,000 MW.  Most of Kenya's Geothermal potential areas (>20 fields) occur within the Kenya Rift.  Current installed geothermal power: KenGen 115 MW and IPPs 15 MW.  From above values, only a small fraction of the estimated resource has been harnessed.
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Kenyas Planned Capacity Expansion

3000

Kenya s Geothermal Potential

CAPACITY (MWe)

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

IMPORTS THERMAL

GEOTHERMAL WIND HYDRO

YEARS

Geothermal can meet all Kenya s capacity expansion requirements for the next 15 years
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Why slow exploitation of Geothermal ? Barriers to geothermal development Large up-front investment in exploration, appraisal and production drilling Funding Constraints: Long financial closure Technological Constraints: Manpower (development and retention) & Equipment Environmental & Social issue: Pollution, Land Commercial & Legislative Framework Risks: Country, Market, Corruption, Level

Playing Field etc

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Overcoming Barriers: Financing Geothermal Projects

Kenyas Experience

Development requirements It is all about MONEY!!

 Projects are only worth developing if they create

adequate net through life benefit for the developer, whether government or private
 This requires a guaranteed revenue stream and

manageable risks in resource supply

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Financing Geothermal Development-1  Resource Exploration: Geo-scientific

surface studies and exploratory drilling.  In Kenya its usually the responsibility of the government  Resource Assessment: Drilling of appraisal wells and well testing  Both the Government & to a lesser extent private sector  Power Plant Development: Drilling of production wells, steam pipelines and Power Plant construction  Shouldered by the Government and Private sector

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Current/Future Policy on Funding Options: Resource Exploration and Assessment

 Research and Development fund set aside by GoK  Retention of the differential in interest on on-lent funds from GoK  Contracts, consultancies and steam sales  Grants from research programs through individual staffs proposal writing efforts.  Carbon Credit mechanism.  Risk Guarantee Fund (GEF?)  Utilization of the fuel levy fund.
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Future Funding Options: Power Plant Construction stage - 1

 Offering competitive bidding to private and public institutions local & international.  Strategic alliances e.g. KenGen does all the field development work and sells steam to IPPs.  Carbon credit earned from displacing fossil fuels  Early Generating units to provide cash stream  Demonstrated capacity to generate a portion of the funds required for the investment; typically 25% Government offloading shares to the public
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Overcoming Barriers: Human Capacity Development

Kenyas Experience

Geothermal Training in Africa

 Geothermal technology -specialized field.  Development of a Geothermist takes many years;

On-job and focused need based training  In the world, training facilities have been offered at: Inst. for Geothermal Res., Pisa, Italy Kyushu, Japan Diploma Course, Auckland University. UNU-GTP Iceland Short Course Training in Kenya, KenGen/UNU
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Trained v Installed MW
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Asia
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Trained MW

L. America

Europe

Africa

UNU Fellows from Africa by 2006

Country Algeria Burundi Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Totals
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No. Trained 3 1 1 3 3 22 41 1 6 6 86

Retired 3 1 1 0 1 10 5 1 0 2 24

Available 0 0 0 3 0 11(8 MW) 36(130 MW) 0 6 (Low Temp) 3 59

Kenyans Trained at UNU-GTP UNU

41 people trained 7 Geophysics 5 Reservoir Engineering 6 Geochemistry 5 Geology 3 Geothermal utilization 4 Drilling 5 Environment 3 Power Plant 36 Still active in geothermal 4 teaching at Universities 2 Out of the Country 3 Not active

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KenGens Geothermal Training Programme (Since 1982)

Progressive Graduate Technical staff training 1 year geothermal course -New Zealand (Theory) After 2 years on job, -6 months practical training courseIceland. 3 months specialized courses at Kyushu -Japan and Pisa -Italy Long specialized courses in USA and Japan (PhD) All contracts/consultancies have a training component  Encourages advanced training in Geothermal Technology Staff retention through Keeping them busy when back Out of 26 graduate technical staff on the project, there are 4 PhD and 15 Msc holders
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KenGens Geothermal Training Programme (Since 1982)

 KenGen training policy -1 course per staff per year.  KenGen Geothermal Training School established 1988

Catering for KenGens internal training needs (esp. technicians) Recently affiliated to United Nations University (Iceland) where joint short courses are offered to ARGeo members Training centre -linked to other International Centres in USA and support by the Global Environment facility of GEF.  The East African Rift Countries Tanzania, Djibouti, Kenya, Eritrea, Uganda and Ethiopia formed ARGeo; a regional network of geothermal agents Pool resources, including manpower & Equipment Create partnering required so that trained Africans can train others through the training centre in Kenya
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KenGen- UNU Geothermal Training Centre

 First course held in November 2005

Potential contribution of geothermal to national energy needs Geothermal project management Focused on decision makers (PSs, CEOs etc)  Second course to be held November 2006 Geothermal resource exploration and appraisal  Participants from: Rwanda, Zambia, Burundi, Tanzania, Djibouti, Kenya, Eritrea, Uganda and Ethiopia  Facilitators: KenGen, UNU-GTP, ArGeo and GEF
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Overcoming Barriers: Lab and equipment Pool Development

Kenyas Experience

Introduction I
 The ability to carry out exploration and development depends on;

Appropriate equipment that are easily accessible The total cost for an optimum equipment pool exclusive of labs is about US $ 4,249,000  This cost of equipment was beyond our means without a revenue stream  Need for long term plan to ensure continued acquisition and availability through maintenance and upgrade  From the Beginning KenGen determined What were the priority equipment Which ones were available in other accessible organizations How much can the owner charge for the service What are the maintenance and running costs if we buy
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How equipment have been acquired by KenGen before

 Started by use of limited internal resources to buy equipment in a  


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prioritized stepwise manner (Over 5 years). A number of agencies, assisted KenGen to buy equipment. Some acquisition were tied to project funding/contracts/research Equipment is handed over after the project Equipment is abandoned after the project Lead to a wide array of working and non working equipment. Depending on the contract, some issues were overlooked Equipment Compatibility with existing ones Equipment maintenance and spare availability Environmental working conditions of the equipment Data sharing, processing and interpretation KenGen ended up with many un-serviceable equipment

Low availability of equipment: Identified Causes

 Lack of proper maintenance and Service caused by

Poorly trained maintenance staff No budget for equipment maintenance Lack of accountability by equipment custodian  Lack of planning for equipment upgrade  Under-utilization of many of such equipment Projects occur once in a while Lack of coordination of activities in the country/region Lack of knowledge of existence of potential users
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Our Experience
 Developed service, maintenance and upgrade schedules

Did proper recruitment of trainable staff & allowed them to make mistakes Trained our technicians in instrument maintenance and Service Every equipment was amortized, had a budget and was ensured that it made money Insisted on accountability by equipment custodian  Tried to get more users of our services in the country Buy equipment as a business Increased utilization of equipment More money
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Overcoming Barriers: Environmental Issues

Kenyas Experience

Environmental Issues I
Carry out Baseline Environmental conditions assessment at Stage I -Determine the in-situ condition -High-light and assess the sensitivity of the area to possible development -Cost the possible environment impact and mitigation measures -Determine the potential Social Economic Impacts of the project -Gather data on the potential Volcano Seismic hazards of the area -Use the data as a basis for a GO or NO GO decision making Carry out a full EIA with disclosure at Stage II -Use it as a basis for planning monitoring and management -Requirement for licensing of the project -Part of the feasibility study
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Environmental Issues II
Put in Place and Enforce Sound Field and Environmental Management Procedures -Community based Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program (1% of net Profit) Water for grazing, health and school facilities, -Reservoir monitoring Pressure and temperature Fluid chemistry Mass changes using gravimetry ReRe-use condensed steam for cooling -Re-injection. ReMaintain reservoir pressure and fluid mass recharge Avoid contamination of ground water & Subsidence -Rehabilitation of disturbed areas during construction Return the area close to its natural beauty -Ecological monitoring and friendly designs of all works.

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Overcoming Barriers: Commercial and Legislative

Kenyas Experience

Development Strategy
KPLC PRIVATE 1 PRIVATE 2

Power Purchase Agreement

KENGEN or IPPs

Steam Supply Agreement

Geothermal Prospects

A
$

D
$

$ $ $ Geothermal Resource Assessment & Development

Geothermal Development Company Local & Foreign Sources of Financing

GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE DEVELOPER Exploration Drilling Appraisal Drilling Production Drilling Steam Gathering Facilities Reservoir Management

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Conclusions
 Geothermal Energy will play a leading role in provision of Africa s

energy needs and governments should provide; Adequate human capacity through focused specialized training Carefully prioritized Equipment and other resources required. Funds for initial high risk investment stages of geothermal development  There is need to pool together in order to optimize use of resources and accelerate development of Geothermal Energy  Incentives such as tax holidays and an enabling Legal environment will go a long way in attracting and retaining private investors in the Geothermal power industry.  Encourage public-private partnership participation.

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THANK YOU

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