Theories of Peychethacepy C.H. Pa Hecten C. Eduard oaths sr chapter Analytical Psychotherapy: Jung 36 Cart G. Tung (1875-1961) wes bom in Kesswil, Switzerland, a small village on Lake Con. paras as father was a pastor ofthe Swiss Reform Church, his mother a housewife. Junge antats had two boys, both of whom died in infancy prior to his birth. Some nine years ok ‘er he was born, his parents had another child —this time a gir. Sporty after Jung's bicth, the family moved 1 Laufeo, another small Swis village fone’ father was assigned fo a parish there. Some thiee years later the family again {Ate high school, Jung went on attend medical school atthe University of Basel, piete hs MD. degres in 1900. He first worked as an assistant physician to Eugen pikoler atthe Burgholei mental hospital in Zutich, He Inter studied at the Salipewieee sa at puts Plere Janet. He also served as a lecturer atthe University of Zatch. Jung nan jad Emma Rauschenbach in 1903; they had five children—four daughter and on oy Emma died in 1955. EVO mote time to his private practice as well as to other pursuits (e#, traveling), Some 20 years later, he took a positon as professor of psychology atthe Feder Poly: ‘echnical University at Zurich. In 1948 the C. G, Jung Instinwe was formed in taneyANALYTICAL PSYCHOTHERAPY: JUNG a7 Jung was the first president. He remained an active writer, scholar, and practitioner until his death in 1961. BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT Jung's childhood and adolescence were by no means problem free. In his autobiography, ‘Memories, Dream, Reflections (Jung, 1961), he speaks of his isolation and loneliness as a child, his parents” marital problems, his mother's emotional problems, and his coming ‘lose to death on a couple of occasions. He speaks of having vague fears and vivid dreams, fantasies, and images. Later, he speaks of having fainting spells, becoming bored with school, and having persistent troublesome religious conflicts. Over time, however, Jung. seemed to get a better handle on the concems that plagued him. He became more self-con- fident, he became deeply interested in philosophy, he read widely and voraciously, and he began to move down a path that would ultimately make him a major figure in psychiatry and psychotherapy. ‘On entering medical school, philosophy, dreams, fantasies, occult phenomena, and parapsychology remained of much interest to Jung. While attending medical school, he ‘also attended seances on the side and read philosophy when he was able. He even did his MD. dissertation, entitled “On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phe- nomena,” on the behavior of his 15-year old cousin, a medium, who performed at the seances he attended (Jung, 1902/1970). All of this—what we might call Jung's interest in and desire to understand “the mysteries of life”—eventually led him to psychiatry, psy- chopathology, and psychotherapy. During his stady and practice of psychiatry, Jung became acquainted with the works cof Freud; he even sent Freud copies of his published works (e.g., Jung, 1907/1960). Later, in 1907, on Freud’s invitation, they met, became close fiends, and maintained a close per- sonal/professional relationship for several years. Throughout this time, Jung—always the independent thinker—continoed to develop his own ideas about personality and psy- chopathology, In 1912 came Jung’s (1912/1967) Symbols of Transformation. This book further reflected the development of Jung’s thought, was critical of Freud's system, and ul- timately led to the end of Jung and Breud’s relationship. That Symbols of Transformation would cause this relationship’s ending deeply troubled Jung, But that was not to be re- versed In the years that followed, Jung continued his study of personality. He also pur- sued his other diverse, eclectic interests as well (e.g, religious symbolism, alchemy, flying saucers, clairvoyance, and seances). In 1921, what some regard as his finest or certainly one of his finest books appeared: Psychological Types (Jung, 1921/1966). He made travels to North Africa, New Mexico (to study the Pueblo Indians), Kenya, ‘Uganda, India, and Rome, He of course continued to publish (e.g., Modern Man in Search of a Sout [1933] and Psychology and Alchemy [1944/1968)). In 1957 he began ‘work on his autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, which was first published in 1961. ‘The development of Jung's psychology can be seen as a result of the following: Jung's interests were broad and far-ranging; Jung was forever a creative, intuitive, indepen- ‘dent thinker, and he forever worked to pull together varied information, varied ideas, and38 PSYCHOANALYTIC AND NEOANALYTIC APPROACHES varied experiences under the umbrella of analytical psychology. In what follows, we will ‘consider what that means for Jung's approach to psychotherapy, ‘We would like first to say, however, that Jung's approach is by no means easy (0 get @ firm handle on, There are some good reasons for that: Jung never presented a psychological theory inthe straight sense of a theory: that, body of generalizations and principles developed in association withthe practice of psy- Chotherapy and forming its content as an intelectual dscipine.... Jung does not ofer a methodology, a technique for procedure, 2 series of “applications” thatthe Jungian ana- [yet can use from the Insights and formuiations of the master. (Singer, 1973, p. 6) Understandably, then, piecing together a Jungian approach to psychotherapy is in our opin~ ion a difficult task, But, stil it is one worth the effort. ‘Since Jung is not always clear about his approach, particularly is methods and tech- niques, other sources are occasionally drawn on, as indicated by citations. PHILOSOPHY AND CONCEPTS Concepts ‘To understand Jung one must fist try to understand the concepts that he proposed. Some of the primary ones are as follows. Consciousness. This refers to awareness, the thoughis, feelings, and experiences that are known and available to the individual go. “The important fact about consciousness is that nothing can be conscious without an ego to which it refers” (Jung, 1968b, p. 10). But what then is the ego? “The ego is a Complex datam which is constituted first ofall by a general awareness of your body, of {Your existence, and secondly by your memory data; you have a certain idea of having been, a long series of memories, Those two are the main constituents of what we eal the ego” (Gung, 19686, p. 10). The ego is that which “gives life to consciousness” in a sense; itis the center of consciousness Personal Unconscious, In the personal unconscious lie all the memories and experiences that have been forgotten or repressed (Jung, 1936/1968); they were conscious at one time, and may even become conscious agein ifthe right circumstances prevail (e.g. by focusing attention or by seeing something that causes you to remember an earlier event) “The per- ‘sonal [unconscious] layer ends at the earliest memories of infancy. . .." (Jung 1956, p. 87). ‘Within the personal unconscious, complexes of various sorts can be found, “A com- plex is an agglomeration of associations —a sort of picture of « more or less complicated psychological nature—sometimes of traumatic character, sometimes simply of a painful find highly toned cheracter” (Jung, 19680, p. 79) For exatnpe, an individual could have @ “mother complex” or “father complex,” be very sensitive to mother ot father stimuli, with