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e8_ELeT_D

|V8_<AeD
j j j=H<Ai
T;8_DS?<H
jFG62DCRS98;<9FL:
A@ B LF PS
y oDAP
y Q|V8;A
F
BABDmFG=
62DOAQB
YS2SFgS9YAFG=
62D,90
RADELRDV<Ai?8_e>2T_HE%YUELS?
< eGD
1

CP H = CQH = CT H = 90

CM

y
M0D,:DJDmFG6?HcF
j j j j9HJ<Ai
HVT;TAT8UD,S?<aH0e8;ELeTUD
C PR2LE Q
B22DFG62D RS98;<9F :G>e)6 FG6?HcF
f<
S2i?>TeDJi B2DqH
h?S?<Ai
j TUDF
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D 8_:H R2HJEIHVT;T_DVT_S2ncEIHJ@ y
5762DV< 9>AHi?EL8T_HcFDVEIHM
T
|V8_<AeD
CM = MHD
CADB
y |V8_@8;T;HJEITPhkj
y
<Ai
j7M0D6?Hp?D
BD
BQ AC
BQ BD
AD AP
5769>A:j k CA
y
HBD = HAD = HT D = 90

y
5762DVELDVYS?ELD
j j j
j?H<Ai
HVT;TAT8UD,S?<aH0e8_ELeT_D
A D B 8;H
T S?<#e)62S?ELi.S9Y
6 SFLD4FG6?HcF
:XHQeGS?@a@C
H<Ai 3 j
8;:XHQeS?@W@WS?<#e)62S?ELi
2 HJ<A
HT
1 S9Y
y UF0YS9T;T_SJM,:.FG6?HcF
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i
8_:HeS?@W@WS?<e)62S?ELi
i
j 2
AB
y 5769>A:j 3j
jNHJ<A3i
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jH<A1i
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P
AB
R
T H
R
y
5762QDVELDVHT
YS?ELD9j
RH CM

y oDF
j j j
j
jAH<AiTUDF
iADV<ASFDQFG62DOYUH@a8TPhaS9Y^HVT;T:G>B2:DcFI:
e)60:qDF
S9Y MO8FGS6 = {1 2 3y 9.S?.E\. DHJ100}
8_<
jVPM0D4T;HB2DVT98F7MO8FG60Hm<?>A@CB2DE=e)62S?:D<.HcTF
y[ T
EIHJ<ASi2S?@YUEL|T
S?@ | = 49
j j
j
ELSVp?DQP
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S9Y MO8PFG6
{1
2
.
.
.
100}
:)>e)6.FG6?HVFXYS?E%DHJe)6
j
8_:<ASFXT;HB2DVTTUDi0MOM
8FG6 y S

|M | = 50

x M M \ {x}

3!0  2  J= 


  =: 0  0  @=30  0  -0 2(:  = 3: 6

j j
j
jAHJ<AiaTUDF
}<nVD<ADVEIHT}jAYS?EgH<hCRAS?:)8PFL8Pp?DO8_<9FLDJnVDVE j2T_DcF
y  D0T_HJBAnDcTDVHe)S6W=

j
:qDF {1 2 . . .MO8FG2n}
6CH#<?>A@WBADVE
P = e){T
|=
T P
y
62S?:q|DVT
<aHV
FXEIS
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`(T )



y 9S?E^DHJe)6
oDcF
j
jFG62D:DcF
T BA
T {`(T
_8 :eGS?<9FIH8;<AF
DJiW=8;< {M8;YN| HM
<Ai
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Y | = n} y 5762D.<?>A@W
DVE4PS9YN:DcFI:
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e)6
F
`(T
)

6
T
M

F
FG6?HVF
YS?E0:qS?@WD
8;:aeDEKFLHV8_<?T h <ASncELDVHVFLDEOFG6?HJ<bFG62D
M = T {`(T )}

T  P
y f<OFG62DmSFG62DVE\6?H<Ai7jVFG62D[FLSFLHVT9<?>A@CB2DE
2n
P
n

1
 
  

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8_: 2n y 5k62DELDcYS?ELD?jVFG62DVELD@>A:GFBAD4HcFNT_DH:GF 2n
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n
n
n1
y 9S?E=H<h#:G>e)6
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6?HcTF {`(T )}8_:%T;HB2DVTTUDTi,MO
FG6 jJFG62D<
x
M = T {`(T )}
YS?E%:S?@CD x M jJM0698_e)6#8_:M
H0eG\S?<9{x}
FEIHJi?8_eLFL8US?< y
T P
  

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2n
2n

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S
n
n1
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8;:O<ASF4T_HJBADcT;T_DJi
x M
M \ {x}
y | = n
MO8FG6 |M
x

<?>A@CB2DE\S9Y2:DcFI:\8_<

oDcF

jcM0698_e)6O8_:

i2D<ASFLD FG62D<?>A@WBADVE!S9Y.RAS?:)8PFL8Pp?D8_<9FLDJnVDVEI:

:)>e)6FG6?HcF

(k) y |V>ARARAS?:qDFG6?HcF
nYS?EW
:qS?k
@WDbRS?:G8FL8 p?D
m
n
gcd(n,
k)
=
1
(5

1)
=
5

1
y ELSp?DmFG6?HVF
y
8_<9FLDJnVDVEI:
H<Ai
m
n
gcd(m, n) > 1

3!0  2


30 ,4 657,3,8 0 :<;>=0!3?/@=(A 9:CB=.4 y

y oDF
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gcd(m,
n)
=62D01R2EL8;@CD
6 SJM
y
y
7
5
2
6
V
D
<
T
U

D
X
F
G
F
m
n
gcd(m,n)
d
gcd(5
iAD=
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RS?:G8FL8_S?
<WS91,Y 5 m 1) BAD a ad1 = 5 ak y 5k69>A:cj 1 = 4 H<Ai
5

2 p1 . . . p k

a2

5n 1 = (5m 1) = 2a1 p1a1 1 pkak 1 (p1 1) (pk 1)

6 SFLDmFG6?HVFqj8;Y
 SFG62DErMO8_:D?jM0DOiAS#<ASF
8_:gH,RASJM0DE%S9Y jFG62DV<
5m 1
2
a>3
j^M0698Ue)6!TUDVHi?:QFS
H<Ai
6?Hcp?D
m
5n 1 0 (mod 8)
eGS?<9FEIHJ(5
i?8_eLFL: 1) y 0 (mod 4)
5769>A:j dm= 4 6?H:NHVFTUDVHJ:F^S?<ADS2i2iQR2EL8;@CDi?8 p?8;:qS?E y `S?ELDJSVp?DEjV:G8_<AeD
j
d=4
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Hcp?D
YS?E
j
j y

ai = 1

i = 1 ... k

 O y
8;:[Dqp?D< y
y A>?FqjAHJ:4HB2Sp?D9j
5762m
DV< m
j9M0698Ue)6a8_@aR2T8UDV:FG6?HVF
1 0 (mod 8)
a
3
M0DFG62DV<a6?Hcp?5D

j
0
M
9
6
_
8
)
e
0
6

Y
?
S
L
E
G
e
V
D
:
a1
5n 1 0 (mod 8)
y 0 (mod 8)
HJ<AiaHJncH8;<WeGS?<9F2EIHJi?8_eL(p
FL: 1 1)
d=4

 0 y
8;:[S2iAi y
y f[Bp?8_S9>A:)T h7j<AS?<ADQS9Y
5769m
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pk
FG62D
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p?D 4p1 2k
j
m
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YUELS?@
8_:.Hz?i>AHJi2EIHcFL8Ue.EL5DV:)
8_i?5>D = 5 1y (mod
9ELS?@pFGi62)D
)D
y
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8;:=HQ9>AHi?EIHV(mod
FL8_e=ELDV:)p
8_i?i>
p
i
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j jVS?E
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Di2DJi9>5)
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1 (mod 5)
FG6?HVF
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1 (mod 5)
i
y 5k62D<
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:G>e)6FG6?HVF
(mod
i?8 p?8_iADV:
j?M0698_e)6W8;@WR?T;8_D:FG6?HcF
i9i 8Pp98Ui2D: n pi j?
M06918Ue)6a
8_:4HB?5)
:)>AELi y 5k69>A:c5j
pi 1
5 1
YS?EDVHe)6 jAH<Ai 5m
M062DV<AeGD9j 8;:
p

1
(mod
5)
i
5

4(1)k (mod 5) 
k
i
Dqp?D< y



5762DVELDVYS?ELD9j n
jAYUELS?@
k
1 = 2(p1S?E 1) (pk j?1)
5)
M0698Ue)60M0DO:qDDmFG6?HV5F
H.e
S?<9F2(2)
EIHi98UeLFL8_S?(mod
< y
n
5 12
2 (mod
5)
 D0eS?<AeT;>i2DQFG6?HcF
y
gcd(m, n) > 1

K K1 D  kS?E<2: LFDc8_<HVT_:SRAS98_<9FI:!S9>?FFG6?HcFaFG698;:C8_:RAELS2B9TUDV@ J x  S9YmFG62D


 @CDVEL8_eH<C`bHcFG62D@aHVFL8_eHVT7`S?<9FG69T h y 
:qS9T>?FL8US?<0HJR2RDVHJEI:X8;<,FG62D 6 SVp?D@WBADVE 
8_:):)>D,S9YFG62D#`S?<9FG69TPhkj2R y w  y

y oDF
B2DWHaY_>A<AeLFL8US?<!YUELS?@
f 8;<9FDnVDEI::)>e)6.FG6?HcF
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YS?E%HVT;T

FG62DW:DcFQS9YXRAS?:)8PFL8Pp?D8;<9FDnVDEI:QFLSFG62DW:DcFQS9YX<AS?<Ad
H<Ai

f (1) = 0

f (n) = max{f (j) + f (n j) + j}

n2

y DcFLDEL@a8;<AD

f (2000)

  62 ;I0. 


5= = 0  9: <  3:DB=.4  =62   J=  

   =3(: 0  0 
@= 0  7%0  40 2: 3
=   3
:  6 0  65= =0    J0 
?/ C

}<CM06?HVF[YS9TTUSJM,:jFG62D@aH8_@>A@ 8_<CFG62DaiADc<?8PFL8US?<!S9Y
8_:QeGS?<2:G8Ui2DELDi
 FG6?HVF=8;:cjHTT
S p?DVEXHVT;T :)>e)60FG6?HcF
YS?ENM0698_e)6 f (n) H<Ai
j
1 j n1
j
f (j)
f (n j)
y
HJELDmi2DVA<ADJi  y  DgMO8;TT9RAELSVp?DmBh08;<Ai?>eLFL8_S?<,FG6?HcF
n(n 1) YS?EHVT;T
f (n) =
n1
2
UF8_: ELDVHi98;T he)62De){JDJiFG6?HVF
jWFG6?HVF
y
j f (2) = f (1) + f (1)
j7H<A+
iWFG16?HVF = 1

f (3) = max{f (1) + f (2) + 1 f (2) + f (1) + 2} = 3




::G>A@CDmFG6?HVF

n5

H<Ai#FG6?HcF

k(k 1)
f (k) =
2

f (n 1) + f (1) + n 1 =

HJ<AiYS?E

1j n2

f (j) + f (n j) + j

=
=

YS?E

1k<n

y 5k62D<

f (4) = 6

n(n 1)
(n 2)(n 1)
+0+n1 =
2
2
j(j 1)
(n j)(n j 1)
+
+j
2
2
n(n 1) 2j(n 1 j)
n(n 1)
<
2
2

U F7YS9T;T_SJM,:7FG6?HVF
n(n 1) y 57698;:=eS?<AeT;>i2D:
f (n) = max{f (j)+f (nj)+j} =
2
FG62DO8_<Ai9>eLFL8US?< y
6 SJMjcFLHJ{J8;<An
8;<OFG62D[YS?E@>2T_HM0D6?Hcp?D U>A:FA
R ELSVp?DJikjcM0D[<AiOFG6?HcF
n y = 2000

f (2000) = 1999000

 K =   H<An<ASFDV:XFG6?HcF f (n + 1) = 1 + n+1 jVM0698_e)6.8;:\M0DVTTA{<ASJM,<0FLS


B DFG62D4<?>A@CB2DES9Y?ELDJn8_S?<2:\8_<91FL+
A
SmM0698_e)6QFG62D4R?T_H<AD[8_:=i?28 p?8_iADi0Bh
T8_<ADV:\8;<.nVDV<ADEIHVT
RS?:G8FL8_S?<  Dqp?DE}haR2H8;EgS9YkT8_<ADV:g8_<9FLDEI:DJeLF%H<Aia<AS.FG6?ELDDOT;8;<AD:HELD0neS?<Ae>AEELDV<9F7 y
576?HcF[eS?@WR?TUDFDV:FG62D ,D %YS?EXFG698;:[8;::G>D y |JD<AiW@CDQh?S9>AEg<?8_eGD0:S9T;>?FL8_S?<2:
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