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x
M = T {`(T )}
YS?E%:S?@CD x M jJM0698_e)6#8_:M
H0eG\S?<9{x}
FEIHJi?8_eLFL8US?< y
T P
D#eGS?<AeT>iAD,FG6?HVF%FG62DELD.HJELD.HcFT_DH:GF
:G>B2:DcFI:
S9Y
2n
2n
M
S
n
n1
MO8FG6
:)>e)6CFG6?HVFYS?EmDVHe)6
j7FG62Da:qDF
8;:O<ASF4T_HJBADcT;T_DJi
x M
M \ {x}
y | = n
MO8FG6 |M
x
<?>A@CB2DE\S9Y2:DcFI:\8_<
oDcF
jcM0698_e)6O8_:
i2D<ASFLD FG62D<?>A@WBADVE!S9Y.RAS?:)8PFL8Pp?D8_<9FLDJnVDVEI:
:)>e)6FG6?HcF
(k) y |V>ARARAS?:qDFG6?HcF
nYS?EW
:qS?k
@WDbRS?:G8FL8 p?D
m
n
gcd(n,
k)
=
1
(5
1)
=
5
1
y ELSp?DmFG6?HVF
y
8_<9FLDJnVDVEI:
H<Ai
m
n
gcd(m, n) > 1
y oDF
|V>ARARAS?:qD9j=YS?EFG62DCR2>AELRS?:D*S9YeS?<9FEIHi98UeLFL8_S?<7jFG6?HVF
gcd(m,
n)
=62D01R2EL8;@CD
6 SJM
y
y
7
5
2
6
V
D
<
T
U
D
X
F
G
F
m
n
gcd(m,n)
d
gcd(5
iAD=
eGS?@a
RS?:G8FL8_S?
<WS91,Y 5 m 1) BAD a ad1 = 5 ak y 5k69>A:cj 1 = 4 H<Ai
5
2 p1 . . . p k
a2
6 SFLDmFG6?HVFqj8;Y
SFG62DErMO8_:D?jM0DOiAS#<ASF
8_:gH,RASJM0DE%S9Y jFG62DV<
5m 1
2
a>3
j^M0698Ue)6!TUDVHi?:QFS
H<Ai
6?Hcp?D
m
5n 1 0 (mod 8)
eGS?<9FEIHJ(5
i?8_eLFL: 1) y 0 (mod 4)
5769>A:j dm= 4 6?H:NHVFTUDVHJ:F^S?<ADS2i2iQR2EL8;@CDi?8 p?8;:qS?E y `S?ELDJSVp?DEjV:G8_<AeD
j
d=4
M0D,@>A:GF%HVT_:5S6?1
Hcp?D
YS?E
j
j y
ai = 1
i = 1 ... k
O y
8;:[Dqp?D< y
y A>?FqjAHJ:4HB2Sp?D9j
5762m
DV< m
j9M0698Ue)6a8_@aR2T8UDV:FG6?HVF
1 0 (mod 8)
a
3
M0DFG62DV<a6?Hcp?5D
j
0
M
9
6
_
8
)
e
0
6
Y
?
S
L
E
G
e
V
D
:
a1
5n 1 0 (mod 8)
y 0 (mod 8)
HJ<AiaHJncH8;<WeGS?<9F2EIHJi?8_eL(p
FL: 1 1)
d=4
0 y
8;:[S2iAi y
y f[Bp?8_S9>A:)T h7j<AS?<ADQS9Y
5769m
>A:j = 2k +HJ1<AikjYUELS?@ HB2Sp?D9j m
pk
FG62D
8;:%D?>AaHVT=FS 2 y lOD<AeD?jYS?E\DVHe)6 5 jcM0Dm16?H=
p?D 4p1 2k
j
m
piM0698_e)6zM0D*iA5Di?>eDFG6?HVF
YUELS?@
8_:.Hz?i>AHJi2EIHcFL8Ue.EL5DV:)
8_i?5>D = 5 1y (mod
9ELS?@pFGi62)D
)D
y
>AHi?EIHVFL8_e 7De8_R2ELS2e8F}hWoVHMj8PFN5YS9TTUSJM,:NFG6?HVF
8;:=HQ9>AHi?EIHV(mod
FL8_e=ELDV:)p
8_i?i>
p
i
|V8_<AeD?jYS?E7DVHe)648;<9FDnVDE jqM0D6?Hp?D 2
j jVS?E
jM0(mod
Di2DJi9>5)
eGD
xYS?EgDVHe)6 y x 0 1
1 (mod 5)
FG6?HVF
S?E
p6 i 1
1 (mod 5)
i
y 5k62D<
SJM H::G>A@CDCFG6?HcFOFG62DELDzDGJ8;:GFI:
:G>e)6FG6?HVF
(mod
i?8 p?8_iADV:
j?M0698_e)6W8;@WR?T;8_D:FG6?HcF
i9i 8Pp98Ui2D: n pi j?
M06918Ue)6a
8_:4HB?5)
:)>AELi y 5k69>A:c5j
pi 1
5 1
YS?EDVHe)6 jAH<Ai 5m
M062DV<AeGD9j 8;:
p
1
(mod
5)
i
5
4(1)k (mod 5)
k
i
Dqp?D< y
5762DVELDVYS?ELD9j n
jAYUELS?@
k
1 = 2(p1S?E 1) (pk j?1)
5)
M0698Ue)60M0DO:qDDmFG6?HV5F
H.e
S?<9F2(2)
EIHi98UeLFL8_S?(mod
< y
n
5 12
2 (mod
5)
D0eS?<AeT;>i2DQFG6?HcF
y
gcd(m, n) > 1
y oDF
B2DWHaY_>A<AeLFL8US?<!YUELS?@
f 8;<9FDnVDEI::)>e)6.FG6?HcF
<ADJncHcFL8Pp?DO
YS?E%HVT;T
FG62DW:DcFQS9YXRAS?:)8PFL8Pp?D8;<9FDnVDEI:QFLSFG62DW:DcFQS9YX<AS?<Ad
H<Ai
f (1) = 0
n2
y DcFLDEL@a8;<AD
f (2000)
=3(: 0 0
@= 0 7%0 40 2: 3
= 3
:
6 0 65= =0 J0
?/ C
}<CM06?HVF[YS9TTUSJM,:jFG62D@aH8_@>A@ 8_<CFG62DaiADc<?8PFL8US?<!S9Y
8_:QeGS?<2:G8Ui2DELDi
FG6?HVF=8;:cjHTT
S p?DVEXHVT;T :)>e)60FG6?HcF
YS?ENM0698_e)6 f (n) H<Ai
j
1 j n1
j
f (j)
f (n j)
y
HJELDmi2DVA<ADJi y DgMO8;TT9RAELSVp?DmBh08;<Ai?>eLFL8_S?<,FG6?HcF
n(n 1) YS?EHVT;T
f (n) =
n1
2
UF8_: ELDVHi98;T he)62De){JDJiFG6?HVF
jWFG6?HVF
y
j f (2) = f (1) + f (1)
j7H<A+
iWFG16?HVF = 1
::G>A@CDmFG6?HVF
n5
H<Ai#FG6?HcF
k(k 1)
f (k) =
2
f (n 1) + f (1) + n 1 =
HJ<AiYS?E
1j n2
f (j) + f (n j) + j
=
=
YS?E
1k<n
y 5k62D<
f (4) = 6
n(n 1)
(n 2)(n 1)
+0+n1 =
2
2
j(j 1)
(n j)(n j 1)
+
+j
2
2
n(n 1) 2j(n 1 j)
n(n 1)
<
2
2
U F7YS9T;T_SJM,:7FG6?HVF
n(n 1) y 57698;:=eS?<AeT;>i2D:
f (n) = max{f (j)+f (nj)+j} =
2
FG62DO8_<Ai9>eLFL8US?< y
6 SJMjcFLHJ{J8;<An
8;<OFG62D[YS?E@>2T_HM0D6?Hcp?D U>A:FA
R ELSVp?DJikjcM0D[<AiOFG6?HcF
n y = 2000
f (2000) = 1999000