A sonometer, also called a monochord, was invented by Pythagoras (580-500 B.C.).

It is a simple instrument used to verify the laws of stretched strings and to determine the frequency of a tuning fork. It consists of a long hollow rectangular wooden box (w) called the sound box, having three openings on one of its sides. A metal hook or a peg P1, is rigidly fixed at one end with a frictionless pulley P2, attached to the other end. One end of a long metal wire of uniform cross-section tied firmly to the peg, passes over two wedge shaped bridges A and B and then over the pulley. The wire can be stretched by adding suitable load to the weight hanger H which is attached to the other end. C is a movable bridge whose position can be adjusted between A and B so that any desired length of the wire can be set into vibration. Sub Topics
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Experiment to determine the frequency of a tuning fork using a sonometer (absolute method) Modes of vibration of a stretched string

Experiment to determine the frequency of a tuning fork using a sonometer (absolute method)
Back to Top The weight w1 of the weight hanger H is noted. A load of, say w2 = 1kg is added to the hanger. Now, the tension in the string will be T = (w1 + w2) g newtons, where g is the acceleration due to gravity. The given tuning fork is struck on a hard rubber pad and the shank of the fork is pressed on the sound box of the sonometer. The vibrations will be conveyed to the air in the box and a fairly loud sound is heard. Now the wire between the bridges A and C is plucked. It vibrates with a frequency which depends on the length AC. The bridge C is moved to a suitable position till the note of the string matches with that of the tuning fork. When the frequencies are nearly equal, beats will be heard, i.e., there will be waxing and waning of sound intensity. A small movement of the bridge C will cause the beats to stop. In this position, the length AC of the wire will be in resonance with the tuning fork. The resonance can be checked by placing a small inverted V-shaped paper rider on the middle portion of AC. When it is at rest, on placing the vibrating tuning fork on the sound box, the paper rider is found to

vibrate vigorously and may be thrown off. The resonating length AC = L is measured using a metre scale.

The experiment is repeated by gradually increasing the load W2 in steps of 1Kgwt. The readings are tabulated. It will be found that the experimental error. The mean value of is a constant within the limits of

is calculated.

A known length of the same kind of wire as used in the sonometer, is weighed accurately in a physical balance to find its mass. Thus, the mass per unit length (m) expressed in Kgm-1 is calculated. The frequency of the tuning fork is then given by the expression

The readings are entered as follows. Length of the specimen wire = m Mass of the specimen wire = . Kg

Mass of the weight hanger = W1 = ........... Kg Trial no. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Load added to the weight hanger W2 in kg Tension T = (W1 + Resonating length T/L W2) g L in m

Mean T/L

The frequency of the given tuning fork = f = ....... Hz

Modes of vibration of a stretched string

Back to Top A string can be made to vibrate in different modes. When it vibrates as a whole with two nodes at the extremities and an antinode in the middle, it is the simplest or the fundamental mode of vibration. The frequency is then called fundamental frequency or the first harmonic and it is given by the equation

If a string vibrating in the fundamental mode is gently touched at the center, a node is formed at that point and the frequency of vibration becomes twice that of the fundamental mode. If the string is touched lightly at a point one third the distance from the end, it will vibrate in three segments and have a frequency three times that of the fundamental mode. The different modes of vibration are shown in figure.

A string can be set into vibrations with its fundamental and several of its higher modes at the same time. This is accomplished by plucking or bowing the string vigorously. The figure shows a string vibrating with two modes at the same time.

Related Questions
What is sonometer? - how to make a sonometer What is sonometer? Theory about sonometer How to do a sonometer? What is principle used in sonometer instrument? - sonometer instrument is used to determine the frequency of What should be the readings of the sonometer experiment? - i have not been able to get the correct reading in
*AP and SAT are registered trademarks of the College Board.

A sonometer, also called a monochord, was invented by Pythagoras (580-500 B.C.). It is a simple instrument used to verify the laws of stretched strings and to determine the frequency of a tuning fork. It consists of a long hollow rectangular wooden box (w) called the sound box, having three openings on one of its sides. A metal hook or a peg P1, is rigidly fixed at one end with a frictionless pulley P2, attached to the other end. One end of a long metal wire of uniform cross-section tied firmly to the peg, passes over two wedge shaped bridges A and B and then over the pulley. The wire can be stretched by adding suitable load to the weight hanger H which is attached to the other end. C is a movable bridge whose position can be adjusted between A and B so that any desired length of the wire can be set into vibration. Sub Topics
y y

Experiment to determine the frequency of a tuning fork using a sonometer (absolute method) Modes of vibration of a stretched string

Experiment to determine the frequency of a tuning fork using a sonometer (absolute method)
Back to Top The weight w1 of the weight hanger H is noted. A load of, say w2 = 1kg is added to the hanger. Now, the tension in the string will be T = (w1 + w2) g newtons, where g is the acceleration due to gravity. The given tuning fork is struck on a hard rubber pad and the shank of the fork is pressed on the sound box of the sonometer. The vibrations will be conveyed to the air in the box and a fairly loud sound is heard. Now the wire between the bridges A and C is plucked. It vibrates with a frequency which depends on the length AC. The bridge C is moved to a suitable position till the note of the string matches with that of the tuning fork. When the frequencies are nearly equal, beats will be heard, i.e., there will be waxing and waning of sound intensity. A small movement of the bridge C will cause the beats to stop. In this position, the length AC of the wire will be in resonance with the tuning fork. The resonance can be checked by placing a small inverted V-shaped paper rider on the middle portion of AC. When it is at rest, on placing the vibrating tuning fork on the sound box, the paper rider is found to

vibrate vigorously and may be thrown off. The resonating length AC = L is measured using a metre scale.

The experiment is repeated by gradually increasing the load W2 in steps of 1Kgwt. The readings are tabulated. It will be found that the experimental error. The mean value of is a constant within the limits of

is calculated.

A known length of the same kind of wire as used in the sonometer, is weighed accurately in a physical balance to find its mass. Thus, the mass per unit length (m) expressed in Kgm-1 is calculated. The frequency of the tuning fork is then given by the expression

The readings are entered as follows. Length of the specimen wire = m Mass of the specimen wire = . Kg

Mass of the weight hanger = W1 = ........... Kg Trial no. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Load added to the weight hanger W2 in kg Tension T = (W1 + Resonating length T/L W2) g L in m

Mean T/L

The frequency of the given tuning fork = f = ....... Hz

Modes of vibration of a stretched string

Back to Top A string can be made to vibrate in different modes. When it vibrates as a whole with two nodes at the extremities and an antinode in the middle, it is the simplest or the fundamental mode of vibration. The frequency is then called fundamental frequency or the first harmonic and it is given by the equation

If a string vibrating in the fundamental mode is gently touched at the center, a node is formed at that point and the frequency of vibration becomes twice that of the fundamental mode. If the string is touched lightly at a point one third the distance from the end, it will vibrate in three segments and have a frequency three times that of the fundamental mode. The different modes of vibration are shown in figure.

A string can be set into vibrations with its fundamental and several of its higher modes at the same time. This is accomplished by plucking or bowing the string vigorously. The figure shows a string vibrating with two modes at the same time.

Related Questions
What is sonometer? - how to make a sonometer What is sonometer? Theory about sonometer How to do a sonometer? What is principle used in sonometer instrument? - sonometer instrument is used to determine the frequency of What should be the readings of the sonometer experiment? - i have not been able to get the correct reading in
*AP and SAT are registered trademarks of the College Board

Sebuah sonometer, juga disebut monochord, adalah ditemukan oleh Pythagoras (580-500 SM). Ini adalah alat sederhana yang digunakan untuk memverifikasi hukum string membentang dan menentukan frekuensi garpu tala. Ini terdiri dari sebuah kotak kayu panjang persegi panjang berongga (w) disebut kotak suara, memiliki tiga bukaan pada salah satu sisinya. Sebuah hook logam atau pasak P1, dengan ketat tetap di satu ujung dengan P2 katrol tanpa gesekan, menempel pada ujung yang lain. Salah satu ujung kawat logam panjang bagian seragam lintas terikat teguh pada pasak, melewati dua jembatan berbentuk baji A dan B dan kemudian atas katrol. Kawat dapat direntangkan dengan menambahkan beban yang sesuai dengan berat H gantungan yang melekat ke ujung yang lain. C adalah sebuah jembatan bergerak yang posisinya dapat disesuaikan antara A dan B sehingga setiap panjang yang diinginkan dari kawat dapat ditetapkan menjadi getaran. Sub Topik Percobaan untuk menentukan frekuensi garpu tala menggunakan sonometer (metode absolut) Mode getaran string membentang

Percobaan untuk menentukan frekuensi garpu tala menggunakan sonometer (metode absolut) Kembali ke Atas Berat w1 dari gantungan berat H dicatat. Sebuah beban, katakanlah w2 = 1kg ditambahkan ke gantungan. Sekarang, ketegangan dalam string akan T = (w1 + w2) newton g, dimana g adalah percepatan gravitasi. Garpu tala yang diberikan adalah dipukul pada pad karet keras dan pegang dari garpu ditekan pada kotak suara sonometer tersebut. Getaran akan disampaikan ke udara di dalam kotak dan suara yang cukup keras terdengar. Sekarang kawat jembatan antara A dan C adalah dipetik. Ini bergetar dengan frekuensi yang bergantung pada AC panjang. C jembatan dipindahkan ke posisi yang sesuai sampai catatan string cocok dengan yang dari garpu tala. Ketika frekuensi hampir sama, denyut akan didengar, yaitu, akan ada waxing dan waning intensitas suara. Sebuah gerakan kecil dari C jembatan akan menyebabkan beats sampai berhenti. Dalam posisi ini, AC panjang kawat akan di resonansi dengan garpu tala. Resonansi tersebut dapat diperiksa dengan menempatkan seorang pengendara kertas terbalik kecil berbentuk V pada bagian tengah AC. Ketika saat istirahat, pada menempatkan garpu tala bergetar pada kotak suara, pengendara kertas ditemukan untuk bergetar keras dan mungkin terlempar. Panjang AC beresonansi = L adalah diukur dengan skala meter. Percobaan diulangi secara bertahap meningkatkan W2 beban dalam langkah 1Kgwt. Pembacaan ditabulasikan. Ini akan menemukan bahwa adalah sebuah konstanta dalam batas kesalahan eksperimental. Nilai rata-rata dihitung. Sebuah panjang dikenal dari jenis yang sama dari kawat seperti yang digunakan dalam sonometer, adalah ditimbang akurat dalam keseimbangan fisik untuk menemukan massa.

Dengan demikian, massa per satuan panjang (m) disajikan dalam kgm-1 dihitung. Frekuensi garpu tala ini kemudian diberikan oleh ekspresi Pembacaan dimasukkan sebagai berikut. Panjang kabel spesimen = ... ... m Massa kawat spesimen = ... ... .... Kg Massa gantungan berat = W1 = ........... Kg Trial tidak ada. Beban ditambahkan ke W2 gantungan berat dalam kg T Tension = (W1 + W2) panjang beresonansi g L dalam m T L / 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Mean T / L

Frekuensi garpu tala yang diberikan = f = ....... Hz Mode getaran string membentang Kembali ke Atas string dapat dilakukan untuk bergetar dalam modus yang berbeda. Ketika bergetar secara keseluruhan dengan dua node di ekstremitas dan titik perut di tengah, itu adalah sederhana atau modus dasar getaran. Frekuensi ini kemudian disebut frekuensi fundamental atau persamaan pertama harmonisa dan diberikan oleh Jika string bergetar dalam modus mendasar adalah lembut menyentuh di tengah, sebuah node terbentuk pada titik itu dan frekuensi getaran menjadi dua kali lipat dari modus mendasar. Jika string disentuh ringan pada jarak satu titik ketiga dari akhir, maka akan bergetar dalam tiga segmen dan memiliki frekuensi tiga kali lipat dari modus mendasar. Berbagai mode getaran ditunjukkan pada Gambar. getaran dalam sebuah string membentang string dapat diatur ke dalam getaran dengan fundamental dan beberapa mode yang lebih tinggi pada waktu yang sama. Hal ini dilakukan dengan mencabut atau membungkuk string penuh semangat. Angka ini menunjukkan string bergetar dengan dua mode pada waktu yang sama. Pertanyaan Terkait Apa itu sonometer? - Bagaimana membuat sebuah sonometer Apa itu sonometer? Teori tentang sonometer

Bagaimana melakukan sonometer sebuah? Apa prinsip yang dipakai di instrumen sonometer? - Instrumen sonometer digunakan untuk menentukan frekuensi Apa yang harus pembacaan percobaan sonometer? - Saya belum bisa mendapatkan bacaan yang benar * AP dan SAT adalah merek dagang terdaftar Dewan College.