Page1 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page2 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page3 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page4 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page5 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page6 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page7 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page8 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page9 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page10 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page11 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page12 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Thebranchofbiologicalsciencethatstudiestheexternalandinternalstructureofthebodyandthephysical relationshipamongbodypartsiscalled________. Answer: anatomy
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page13 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page14 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Nametheorgansfoundinthethoraciccavity. Answer: lungs,heart,trachea,esophagus,thymus,majorbloodvesselsconnectedtotheheart
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page15 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
5) Theinnermostelectronshellinanatomholdsupto________electrons. A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8 Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page16 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page17 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
15) Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisnot correctaboutthereactionH2 + Cl2 2HCl? A) H2 andCl 2 arethereactants. B) HClistheproduct. C) Onemoleculeofhydrogencontainstwoatoms. D) TwomoleculesofHClareformedinthereaction. E) Thisreactioniseasilyreversible. Answer: E
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page18 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
17) ThereactionN 2 +3H2 2NH3isanexampleofa(n) A) exchangereaction. B) decompositionreaction. C) synthesisreaction. D) enzymereaction. E) metabolicreaction. Answer: C
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page19 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page20 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page21 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page22 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page23 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page24 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page25 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page26 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page27 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page28 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page29 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page30 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page31 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page32 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page33 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page34 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
99) Ananometeris A) 10-6 meter. B) 10-8 meter. C) 10-9 meter. D) 10-10meter. E) 10-12meter. Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page35 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page36 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page37 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
112) WhenasmallamountofHClorNaOHisaddedtoasolutionofNa 2 HPO4 ,thepHofthesolutionbarely changes.Basedontheseobservations,allofthefollowingaretrueconcerningthecompoundNa 2 HPO4 ,except A) Na2 HPO4isabletoacceptextrahydrogenionsfromtheHCl. B) Na2 HPO4isabletodonatehydrogenionstotheOH - fromNaOH. C) Na2 HPO4adsorbsexcessH+ andOH - directlyontothesurfaceofitscrystallinestructure. D) Na2 HPO4isasaltformedfromreactingastrongbasewithaweakacid. E) Na2 HPO4actsasabuffer. Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page38 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) A(n)________isapuresubstancecomposedofatoms. Answer: element
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page39 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page40 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page41 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Explaintheroleofwatermoleculesinpolysaccharideformation. Answer: Watermoleculesareremovedinthedehydrationsynthesisofpolysaccharides.
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page42 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
5) Theelementsulfurhasanatomicnumberof16andmassnumberof32.Howmanyneutronsareinthenucleus ofasulfuratom?Ifsulfurformscovalentbondswithhydrogen,howmanyhydrogenatomscanbondtoone sulfuratom? Answer: Thenumberofneutronsinanatomisequaltothemassnumberminustheatomicnumber.Thus,sulfur has3216=16neutrons.Theatomicnumberindicatesthenumberofprotons,soaneutralsulfuratom contains16protonsplus16electronstobalancetheprotonselectrically.Theelectronswouldbe distributedasfollows:2inthefirstelectronshell,8inthesecond,andtheremaining6inthethird.To achieveafull8electronsinthethird(outermost)electronshell,thesulfuratomcanaccept2electronsin anionicbondorcanshare2electronsinacovalentbond.Becausehydrogenatomscanshareone electroninacovalentbond,thesulfuratomcanformtwocovalentbondswithhydrogen,onewitheach oftwohydrogenatoms.Inchemicalnotation,thisisH 2 S.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page43 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page44 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page45 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page46 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page47 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page48 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page49 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page50 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page51 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page52 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page53 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page54 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page55 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page56 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page57 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page58 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page59 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page60 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page61 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page62 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
96) ThefollowingisalistofthestepsinvolvedintheprocessofsecretionbytheGolgiapparatus. 1. Materialmovesfromcisternatocisternabymeansoftransfervesicles. 2. Exocytosis. 3. ProductsfromRERarepackagedintotransportvesicles. 4. Secretoryvesiclesareformedatthematuringface. 5. Vesiclesarriveattheformingface. 6. Enzymesmodifyarrivingproteinsandglycoproteins. Theproperorderfortheseis A) 5,6,1,4,2,3. B) 2,3,5,6,1,4. C) 4,3,1,6,5,2. D) 3,5,6,1,4,2. E) 1,3,6,4,2,5. Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
97) Imaginetworigidchambersseparatedbyarigidmembranethatisfreelypermeabletowaterbutimpermeable toglucose.Side1containsa10percentglucosesolutionandside2containspurewater.Atequilibrium,what willbethesituation? A) Waterwillcontinuetomovefromside1toside2. B) Waterwillcontinuetomovefromside2toside1. C) Thehydrostaticpressurewillbehigherinside1. D) Thehydrostaticpressurewillbehigherinside2. E) Nowaytotellwhatthesituationwillbe. Answer: C
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page63 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
100) Assumethatthetransportofaparticularaminoacidacrosstheplasmalemmaisobserved(1)tooccuronly downitsconcentrationgradientand(2)toslowwhenasimilaraminoacidisaddedtotheextracellularfluid. Themovementoftheaminoacidthroughthemembraneismostlikelyby A) osmosis. B) diffusion. C) facilitateddiffusion. D) activetransport. E) pinocytosis. Answer: C
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page64 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page65 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page66 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page67 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page68 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page69 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Thecytoplasmcontainsthefluid________andthesuspended________. Answer: cytosol;organelles
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page70 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page71 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page72 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page73 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page74 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Whenapersonreceivesintravenousfluidstohelpbuildupbloodvolume,whyisitimportantforthefluidto beisotonic? Answer: Intravenousfluidsmustbeisotonictopreventthecellsfromlosingorgainingwater.Ifthesolutionwere hypertonic,thecellsofthebodywouldlosewater,shrink,andpossiblybeharmed.Ontheotherhand, theintroductionofhypotonicfluidwouldcausethecellstoswellandtissuestorupture.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page75 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
8) Duringkidneydialysis,apersonsbloodispassedthroughabaththatcontainsseveralionsandmolecules.The bloodisseparatedfromthedialysisfluidbyamembranethatallowswater,smallions,andsmallmoleculesto pass,butdoesnotallowlargeproteinsorbloodcellstopass.Whatshouldthecompositionofdialysisfluidbe forittoremoveurea(asmallmolecule)withoutchangingthebloodvolume(removingwaterfromtheblood)? Answer: Forthedialysisfluidtoremoveureawithoutremovingwater,itshouldnotcontainurea.Becauseureais asmallmolecule,itwilldiffusethroughthedialysismembranefromanareaofhighconcentration(the blood)toanareaoflowconcentration(thedialysisfluid).Topreventanassociatedosmoticwater movement,thedialysisfluidshouldhaveanosmoticconcentrationsimilartothatofbloodplasma,but withhigherconcentrationsofsolutessuchasbicarbonateionsorglucose.Asureadiffusesintothe dialysisfluid,glucoseandbicarbonatediffuseintotheblood;asaresult,thesoluteconcentrations remaininbalanceandnoosmoticwatermovementoccurs.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
9) Whichorganellesareinvolvedinmembraneflow?Tracetherouteofasingleintegralmembraneproteinfrom formationtoincorporationintotheplasmamembrane. Answer: Allmembranousorganellesareinvolvedinmembraneflow.ThosemostdirectlyassociatedaretheER, Golgiapparatus,secretoryvesicles,andplasmamembrane.Amembraneproteinwouldbesynthesized intheRER,thenflowthroughthecisternaetoatransportvesicle.Theretheproteinwillbemovedtothe formingfaceoftheGolgiapparatus,whereitwillslowlytravelupwardtowardthematuringface, usuallybecomingmodifiedalongtheway.OncereachingthematuringfaceoftheGolgiapparatus,the proteinwouldbeembeddedinthemembraneofasecretoryvesicleandtransportedtotheplasma membrane.Therethevesiclewillfusewiththemembrane,insertingtheproteininthecellmembrane.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page76 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page77 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page78 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page79 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page80 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page81 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page82 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page83 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page84 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page85 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page86 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page87 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page88 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page89 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page90 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page91 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Theepitheliumthatlinesthebodycavitiesisknownas________. Answer: mesothelium
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page92 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page93 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page94 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Allfourtypesofbodytissuearefoundinaskeletalmuscle. Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) Whattypeofepitheliumwouldyouexpecttofindliningthealveoli(airsacs)inthelungs? Answer: Sinceairmustdiffusefromthealveoliintothebloodstream,youwouldexpecttofindverythincells,or squamousepithelium.Thickertypesofepithelialcellswouldslowtheprocessofgasdiffusiontoand fromtheblood.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page95 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page96 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page97 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page98 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page99 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page100 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page101 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page102 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page103 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page104 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
37) VitaminD3 formedwithintheskinhasalloftheseeffectsonotherorgansystems, exceptthatit A) isessentialforabsorptionofcalciumandphosphorusbythedigestivesystem. B) functionsasaprecursorforthehormonecalcitriolintheendocrinesystem. C) isessentialforbonemaintenanceandgrowthoftheskeletalsystem. D) functionsintheactivationofinnominatecellsbythelymphaticsystem. E) isessentialformusclecontractionsofthemuscularsystem. Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page105 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page106 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
49) Thefollowingarestagesintheregenerationofskinfollowinganinjury. 1.bloodclot/scabformation 2.cellularmigration 3.epidermiscoversgranulationtissue 4.epidermiscoversscartissue Thecorrectorderfortheseeventsis A) 1,2,3,4. B) 4,3,2,1. C) 4,3,1,2. D) 3,4,1,2. E) 2,4,1,3. Answer: A
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page107 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page108 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page109 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page110 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page111 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
73) Charlieisbadlyburnedinanaccident.Whenhereachestheemergencyroom,theexaminingphysicianfinds thathecanremoveentirehairfolliclesfromCharliesarmwhenhegentlypullsonahairwithhisforceps. Charlieissufferingfroma(n) A) first-degreeburn. B) second-degreeburn. C) third-degreeburn. D) partial-thicknessburn. E) epidermalburn. Answer: C
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page112 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page113 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Intheconditionknownaserythema,theskintakesona(n)________color. Answer: reddish
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page114 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page115 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
17) Matchthetermontheleftwithitskeycharacteristicontheright. 1. 2. 3. 4. stratumgerminativum stratumspinosum stratumgranulosum stratumlucidum A) containsabundantkeratohyalin B) innermostepidermallayer C) coversthestratumgranulosum D) locatedattheexposedsurfaceof boththickandthinskin E) containsplentifuldesmosomes
5. stratumcorneum
Answer: 1-B;2-E;3-A;4-C;5-D.
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page116 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Inaconditionknownassunstroke,thevictimappearsflushed,theskiniswarmanddry,andthebody temperaturerisesdramatically.Explaintheseobservationsbasedonwhatyouknowconcerningtheroleofthe skininthermoregulation. Answer: Whenthebodytemperatureincreases,morebloodflowisdirectedtothevesselsoftheskin.Thered cellsinthebloodgivetheskinaredder-than-usualcolorandaccountforthevictimsflushed appearance.Theskinisdrybecausethesweatglandsarenotproducingsweat(avoidsfurther dehydration).Withoutevaporationcooling,notenoughheatisdissipatedfromtheskin,theskinis warm,andthebodytemperaturerises.Thissituationrepresents positivefeedbackoperatinginadisease state.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page117 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page118 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page119 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page120 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page121 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page122 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page123 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page124 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page125 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page126 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page127 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page128 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page129 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page130 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page131 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page132 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page133 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page134 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page135 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page136 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page137 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page138 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Inbone,thecalciumphosphateformscrystalsof________. Answer: hydroxyapatite
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page139 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page140 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page141 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page142 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
34) Matchthetermwithitsdefinition. 1. osteocytes 2. osteoblasts 3. osteoprogenitors 4. osteoclasts A) stemcellsthatproduceosteoblasts B) immaturebonecellsthatsecreteorganiccomponents ofmatrix C) maturebonecellsthatmaintainthebonematrix D) multinucleatedcellsthatsecreteacidsandenzymes todissolvebonematrix
Answer: 1-C;2-B;3-A;4-D
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
A) storesadiposetissueforanenergyreserve B) responsibleforbloodcellformation
True/FalseQuestions
1) Ourbonesareconstantlychangingtoadapttothedemandsweplaceonthem. Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) Toddis13andlivesinanurbanapartment.HespendsmostofhistimewatchingTVandeatingjunkfood. Oneafternoon,duringrecess,hefallsontheplaygroundandbreakshisleg.Althoughheappearstobehealthy, hislegtakeslongertohealthanexpected.Whatmightbethecauseofthelongerhealingtime? Answer: Assumingthatthereisnootherdiseaseprocessinvolved,Toddsproblemisprobablyrelatedtohispoor diet.Goodnutritionisimportantforpromotingthehealingprocess.Insufficientquantitiesofprotein, vitaminC,vitaminA,andvitaminDwouldcausethenormalhealingprocesstooccuratamuchslower rate.Toddsinactivitymayalsocontributetohisslowerrateofhealing.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page143 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page144 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page145 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page146 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page147 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page148 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
21) Eachofthefollowingstructuresisassociatedwiththesphenoidbone, except the A) foramenovale. B) opticcanals. C) pterygoidprocesses. D) sellaturcica. E) cribriformplate. Answer: E
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page149 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page150 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page151 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page152 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page153 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page154 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page155 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
57) Youwitnessoneofyourfriendsinafight.YourfriendGreggishitinthejawandwhenlookingathim,hisface looksmisaligned.Youimmediatelytakehimtotheemergencyroomandarenotsurprisedtolearnthathehas abroken A) temporalbone. B) zygomaticbone. C) mandible. D) externalauditorymeatus. E) clavicle. Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
58) Whilevisitingyourfriendwhorecentlygavebirth,shecommentsonherinfantssoftspot.Youthinkto yourselfthatthecorrecttermforthesoftspotlocatedattheintersectionofthefrontal,sagittal,andcoronal suturesis A) sphenoidalfontanel. B) anteriorfontanel. C) occipitalfontanel. D) mastoidfontanel. E) cushionspot. Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
59) Whilevolunteeringinanoutpatientclinicforunderprivilegedfamiliesinyourneighborhood,youobservethe nurseassessinganinfant.Themotherhadcomplainedaboutthebabynoteatingandhavingseveralepisodes ofdiarrhealasting3days.Youknowthenursesuspectspossibledehydrationwhenshe A) checkstheanteriorfontanelfordepression. B) pointsoutthedrynessoftheinfantsdiaper. C) checkstheinfantsreflexes. D) questionsthemotheraboutnormalfeedinghabits. E) noneoftheabove Answer: A
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page156 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page157 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page158 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page159 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page160 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page161 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page162 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page163 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page164 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page165 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page166 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure7-2TypicalVertebra(inferiorview) UseFigure7-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 104) Identifythestructurelabeled7. A) transverseprocess B) lamina C) pedicle D) vertebralbody E) spinousprocess Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page167 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Thebonycompartmentthathousesthebrainiscalledthe________. Answer: cranium
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page168 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page169 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page170 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Frankgetsintoabrawlatasportseventandreceivesabrokennose.Afterthenoseheals,hestartstohave sinusheadachesanddiscomfortintheareaofhismaxillae.WhatisprobablythecauseofFranksdiscomfort? Answer: Frankprobablyhasadeviatedseptumastheresultofhisbrokennose.Inadeviatedseptumthe cartilaginousportionoftheseptumisbentwhereitjoinsthebone.Thisconditionoftenblocksthe drainageofoneormoresinuseswithresultingsinusheadaches,infections,andsinusitis.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page171 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page172 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page173 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page174 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page175 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page176 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page177 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page178 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page179 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page180 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page181 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page182 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
53) Lateraltothecoronoidprocess,theradial________accommodatestheheadoftheradiusintheradio -ulnar joint. A) notch B) tendon C) ligament D) groove E) muscle Answer: A
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page183 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page184 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page185 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page186 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
72) Onafieldtripyoudiscoveraskeletonwiththefollowingcharacteristics.Theacetabulumisdirectedlaterally, theischialspinepointsmedially,andtheangleinferiortothepubicsymphysisislessthan90degrees.Thelong bonesofthearmsandlegsarerelativelylightandshowepiphysealplates.Thisskeletonisprobablyfrom A) ayoungmale. B) ayoungfemale. C) anelderlymale. D) anelderlyfemale. E) Cannottellonthebasisofthisinformation. Answer: A
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page187 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure8-1TheHumerus UseFigure8-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 73) Identifythestructurelabeled9. A) olecranonprocess B) medialepicondyle C) lateralepicondyle D) greatertubercle E) trochlea Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page188 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page189 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure8-2BonesoftheAnkleandFoot UseFigure8-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 78) Identifythebonelabeled7. A) cuboid B) cuneiformI C) navicular D) talus E) calcaneus Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page190 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page191 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure8-3TheScapula UseFigure8-3toanswerthefollowingquestions: 83) Identifythestructurelabeled7. A) acromion B) scapularprocess C) spine D) coracoidprocess E) scapularnotch Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page192 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page193 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure8-4TheFemur
Page194 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Theappendicularskeletonincludesthebonesoftheupperandlowerextremitiesandtheirsupporting elementscalled________. Answer: girdles
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page195 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page196 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) ThepinkyfingerisknownasmetacarpalnumberI. Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) Describehowthearchesofthefootassistinweightdistribution. Answer: Thearchesabsorbshockasweightdistributionshiftsduringmovements.Thelongitudinalarchabsorbs mostoftheshockofsteps,whilethetransversearchdistributestheweightevenly.
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page197 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page198 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page199 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page200 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page201 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page202 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page203 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page204 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page205 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page206 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
45) Allofthefollowingstatementsaretrue,except one.Identifytheexception. A) Therotatorcufffunctionstolimittherangeofmovementsoftheshoulderjoint. B) Theshapesofthearticulatingsurfaceswithinthejointhelppreventmovementinaparticulardirection andstrengthenandstabilizethejoint. C) Thetightertwobonesareheldtogetherwithinajoint,thestrongerthejoint. D) Themoremovementajointallows,thestrongerthejoint. E) Thetensionproducedbymuscletendonssurroundingajointhelpstabilizethejoint. Answer: D
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page207 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page208 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page209 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page210 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page211 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page212 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page213 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure9-1BonesoftheWristandHand UseFigure9-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 76) Identifythetypeofjointatlabel5. A) hinge B) ellipsoid C) gliding D) saddle E) pivot Answer: A
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page214 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page215 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure9-2ASimplifiedSectionalViewoftheKneeJoint UseFigure9-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 81) Identifythestructureatlabel1. A) meniscus B) bursa C) articularcartilage D) synovialmembrane E) jointcavity Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page216 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Thelocationwheretwobonesmeetiscalledajointoran________. Answer: articulation
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page217 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page218 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
19) Matchthetermwiththecorrectdefinition. 1. 2. 3. 4. glidingjoint pivotjoint hingejoint ellipsoidjoint A) anklejoint B) sacroiliacjoint C) radiocarpaljoint D) proximalradioulnarjoint
Answer: 1-B;2-D;3-A;4-C
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page219 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Thedistalarticulationbetweenthetibiaandthefibulaisknownasasyndesmosisjoint. Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) Howareosteoarthritisandrheumatoidarthritisdifferent? Answer: Osteoarthritisisawear-and-teardiseaseseenusuallyintheelderly.Rheumatoidarthritisisan autoimmunediseaseinwhichthebodysimmunesystemattackssynovialjoints,triggeredbyan infectionorsomeothercause.
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page220 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page221 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page222 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page223 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page224 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page225 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page226 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page227 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page228 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page229 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page230 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page231 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page232 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page233 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page234 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page235 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page236 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page237 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page238 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page239 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page240 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page241 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure10-1SkeletalMuscleFiber UseFigure10-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 102) Whatisreleasedfromthestructurelabeled9? A) sarcoplasm B) acetylcholine C) protein D) calciumions E) acetylcholinesterase Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page242 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page243 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page244 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure10-2MuscleContractions UseFigure10-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 112) Toproduceacontractionsimilartotheoneingraph(b),themuscle A) mustbestimulatedtothepointoffatigue. B) mustbestimulatedagainbeforeithasrelaxedfromthepreviousstimulation. C) isexcitedbyastimulusofincreasingintensity. D) iscausedtoproduceisolatedtwitches. E) graduallywarmsup. Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page245 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) ________arestemcellslocatedbetweentheendomysiumandsarcolemmathatfunctionintherepairof damagedmuscletissue. Answer: Satellitecells
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page246 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
7) Matchthetermwithitsdescription. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A) B) C) D) E) skeletalmuscle musclefascicle musclefiber myofibril sarcomere surroundedbyendomysiumandcontainsmyofibrils surroundedbysarcoplasmicreticulumandconsistsofsarcomeres surroundedbyepimysiumandcontainsmusclefascicles surroundedbyperimysiumandcontainsmusclefibers containsthickandthinfilaments
Answer: 1-C;2-D;3-A;4-B;5-E
Diff:3 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page247 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) GlucosebreakdownthroughglycolysisandmitochondrialactivityprovidestheATPneededtopower muscularcontractions. Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) Marywantstoenteraweight-liftingcompetitionandconsultsyouastowhattypeofmusclefiberssheneeds todevelopandhowsheshouldgoaboutit.Whatwouldyousuggesttoher? Answer: Weightliftingrequiresanaerobicendurance.Marywouldwanttodevelopherfastfibersforshort -term maximumstrength.Shewouldachievethisbyengaginginactivitiesthatinvolvefrequent,brief,but intensiveworkouts,suchaswithheavyweightstothepointofmusclefatigue.Thefatiguetriggersthe productionofnewmyofilamentproteins,leadingtomusclebulkandstrength.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
2) Describethebasicsequenceofeventsthatoccursattheneuromuscularjunctionandinthemusclecell. Answer: Theactionpotentialtriggerstheexocytosisofneurotransmittersstoredinvesiclesintheaxonending. Thisacetylcholinebindstoreceptorsinthemotorendplate,increasingthemusclemembrane permeabilitytosodium.Acetylcholinesterasedestroystheacetylcholine,ensuringthateachnerveaction potentialproducesonlyasingletwitch.Theinfluxofthesepositivesodiumionstriggersanaction potential.Theactionpotentialspreadsinbothdirectionsawayfromtheendplateacrosstheentire surfaceofthemusclefiberandintotheinteriorviatransversetubules,triggeringapulseofcalciumion releasefromthesarcoplasmicreticulum,whichgeneratesabriefsmalltwitch.Withadditionalstimuli, calciumionbuildsupandhighertensionsareproduced.
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page248 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page249 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page250 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page251 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page252 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page253 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page254 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page255 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page256 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page257 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page258 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page259 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page260 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page261 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page262 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page263 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page264 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page265 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
83) Ina6.45-cm2 (1-inch2) crosssection,aparallelmusclecanexertapproximately________ofisometrictension. A) 6.45kg(14.2lb) B) 10kg(22lb) C) 18kg(40lb) D) 23kg(50lb) E) 50kg(110lb) Answer: D
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page266 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page267 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page268 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page269 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page270 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page271 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
112) Eachofthefollowingmusclesisinvolvedintheprocessofchewingormanipulatingfoodinthemouth, except the A) masseter. B) temporalis. C) pterygoid. D) omohyoid. E) genioglossus. Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page272 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page273 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
124) Individualswhoareengagedinrepetitivehandmovementssuchastypingorplayingthepianomaysuffer wristpain,especiallyduringpalmarflexion.Allofthefollowingaretrueconcerningthiscondition, exceptthat it A) iscalledcarpaltunnelsyndrome. B) resultsfrominflammationofthesynovialtendonsheaths. C) nevercausesmuscleweakness. D) resultsfrominflammationofthecarpalretinacula. E) irritatesthemediannerve. Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page274 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page275 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page276 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page278 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page280 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Inthemusculoskeletonsystem,leversareformedby________. Answer: bone
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
7) Matchthemusclewithitsaction. 1.buccinator 2.risorius 3.nasalis 4.platysma 5.occipitofrontalis A)elevatescornersofthenostrils B)drawscornerofthemouthtotheside C)raiseseyebrows D)compressescheeks E)tensesskinoftheneck
Answer: 1-D;2-B;3-A;4-E;5-C
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page281 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Thediaphragmseparatestheabdominopelvicandthoraciccavities. Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page282 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Whileplayingsoftball,Sidpullshishamstringmuscle.Asaresultoftheinjury,hehasdifficultyextendingand mediallyrotatinghisthigh.Whichmuscle(s)ofthehamstringgroupdidheprobablyinjure? Answer: Sidprobablyinjuredthesemimembranosusand/orthesemitendinosus,sincebothofthesemuscleshave thesedifficultactions.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page283 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page284 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page285 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page286 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page287 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page288 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page289 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page290 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
31) Whichofthefollowinginteractionsbetweenelectricalandchemicalgradientsdoes notleadtothe establishmentofaneuronsrestingpotential? A) Chemicalandelectricalforcesbothfavorsodiumionsenteringthecell. B) Electricalforcespushsodiumionsoutofthecell. C) Chemicalforcestendtodrivepotassiumionsoutofthecell. D) Potassiumionsareattractedtothenegativechargesinsidethecell. E) Potassiumionsarerepulsedbypositivechargesoutsidethecell. Answer: B
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page291 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page292 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page293 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
47) Thefollowingarethestepsinvolvedintransmissionatacholinergicsynapse. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Chemicallygatedsodiumchannelsonthepostsynapticmembraneareactivated. Calciumionsenterthesynapticknob. Acetylcholinesterasehydrolyzesacetylcholine. Anactionpotentialdepolarizesthesynapticknobatthepresynapticmembrane. Thesynapticknobreabsorbscholine. Acetylcholineisreleasedfromstoragevesiclesbyexocytosis. Acetylcholinebindstoreceptorsonthepostsynapticmembrane. Calciumionsareremovedfromthecytoplasmofthesynapticknob.
Page294 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page295 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page296 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page297 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page298 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page299 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page300 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page301 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page302 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page303 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page304 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page305 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page306 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page307 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure12-1TheNeuron UseFigure12-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 113) Thestructureslabeled1aredendrites.Theirmembranescontainnumerouschemicallygatedionchannels. A) Thefirststatementistruebutthesecondstatementisfalse. B) Thefirststatementisfalsebutthesecondstatementistrue. C) Bothstatementsaretrue. D) Bothstatementsarefalse. E) Bothstatementsaretrueandrelatetosynaptictransmission. Answer: E
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
115) Whichtypeofmembranechannelsarefoundatlabel3? A) voltage-gatedNa+ channels B) voltage-gatedK+ channels C) chemicallygatedNa+ andK+ channels D) voltage-gatedCa2+ channels E) bothAandB Answer: E
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page308 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page309 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Thenervoustissueoutsideofthecentralnervoussystemcomposesthe________nervoussystem. Answer: peripheral
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page310 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page311 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page312 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
26) Matchthesensoryreceptorwithitsfunction. 1. interoceptors 2. exteroceptors 3. proprioceptors A) monitorthepositionandmovementofskeletalmusclesandjoints B) providesensationsoftaste,deeppressure,andpain C) provideinformationabouttheexternalenvironment Answer: 1-B;2-C;3-A
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
27) Matchthemembranepotentialwithitsexample. 1. repolarization 2. hyperpolarization 3. depolarization A) anincreasefrom-70to-80mV B) changesfromresttoamorepositivevalue C) returntorestingpotentialafterdepolarization Answer: 1-C;2-A;3-B
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page313 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page314 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Rabiesiscausedbyavirusthatattacksthecentralnervoussystem.Thevirusisnormallyintroducedbyan animalbitethatbreaksthesurfaceoftheskin.Sincethevirusisnotmotile,howdoesittraveltothecentral nervoussystem? Answer: Whentheskinisbrokenbyananimalbitesomecutaneousreceptorsarephysicallydamaged.Itis throughthesedamagedaxonsthatthevirusgainsentrancetotheneuron.Retrogradeaxoplasmic transportcarriesthevirustothecentralnervoussystem,whereitcanreproduceandspread.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page315 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
3) AdrugthatblocksATPproductionisintroducedintoanisolatedaxonpreparation.Theaxonisthen repeatedlystimulated,andrecordingsaremadeoftheresponse.Whateffectswouldyouexpecttoobserve? Answer: Initially,therecordingwouldshownormalactionpotentialsinresponsetotherepetitivestimulation. After50,000to100,000actionpotentialshavepassed,therecordingwouldstarttoindicateless responsivenessfromtheaxon;ultimately,theaxonwouldfailtorespond.Becauseveryfewionsactually moveacrossthemembraneduringanactionpotential,axonscancarrythousandsofactionpotentials beforetheconcentrationsofsodiumandpotassiumionsmustbereestablishedbythesodium-potassium pump.WithoutATPproduction,thesupplyofATPwouldbeconsumed,thepumpwouldshutdown, andsothecellcouldnotrestorethesodiumandpotassiumiongradients.Theresultingslow depolarizationwouldinactivatevoltage-gatedsodiumchannels,leadingtoapersistentabsolute refractorystate.Thelossoftheelectrochemicalgradientsdeniestheaxonstheirmeansofgeneratingan actionpotential,andtransmissionwouldstop.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page316 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page317 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page318 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page319 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page320 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page321 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page322 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page323 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page324 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page325 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page326 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
54) IfapersonhasacrushinjurytotheC 3 -C5 spinalsegments,youwouldexpectthathe A) mightbeunabletobreatheonhisown. B) couldwalkwithoutdifficulty. C) wouldhavefullrangeofmotioninallextremities. D) wouldbeinacoma. E) wouldexhibitnoneoftheabove. Answer: A
Diff:2 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page327 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page328 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page329 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page330 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
71) Maryisinanautomobileaccidentandsuffersaspinalcordinjury.Shehaslostfeelinginherlowerbody.Her doctortellsherthatswellingiscompressingaportionofherspinalcord.Whichpartofhercordislikelytobe compressed? A) theanteriorgrayhorns B) theanteriorgraycommissures C) ascendingtracts D) descendingtracts E) theanteriorwhitecommissures Answer: C
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
73) Tinafallswhileclimbingatreeandlandsonherback.Herfrightenedparentstakehertotheemergencyroom, wheresheisexamined.Herknee-jerkreflexisnormalandsheexhibitsaplantarreflex(negativeBabinski reflex).Theseresultssuggestthat A) Tinahasinjuredoneofherdescendingnervetracts. B) Tinahasinjuredoneofherascendingnervetracts. C) Tinahasaspinalinjuryinthelumbarregion. D) Tinahasaspinalinjuryinthecervicalregion. E) Tinasufferednodamagetoherspinalcord. Answer: E
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page331 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure13-1TheSpinalCord UseFigure13-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 74) Whatisthefunctionofthestructurelabeled12? A) controlofskeletalmuscle B) somaticsensoryreceiving C) visceralsensoryreceiving D) controlofvisceraleffectors E) ascendingpathway Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page332 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page333 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure13-2SpinalNerves UseFigure13-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 79) Identifythestructurelabeled2. A) ventralroot B) dorsalramus C) spinalnerve D) ventralramus E) whiteramus Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page334 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Supposethatyoufeelsomethingbrushingagainstyourabdomen.Thesensoryinformationwouldbecarriedto thespinalcordovera________ramus. Answer: ventral
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page335 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page336 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Visceralreflexesprovideamechanismforcontroloftheabdominalmuscles. Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page337 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Whatisareflexarc?Whatcomponentsmustbepresenttoqualify? Answer: Areflexarcisthewiringpatternofneuronsthatunderlieaparticularreflex.Areflexarcconsistsofthree elementsattheminimum:(1)asensoryreceptorandneurontocarryafferentinformationtotheCNS;(2) anexcitatorysynapseonamotorneuron;(3)themotorneurontogenerateanactionpotentialand conducttheimpulsetoaneffectorsuchasaskeletalmusclemotorunit.
Diff:2 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page338 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page339 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page340 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page341 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page342 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page343 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page344 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page345 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page346 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page347 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page348 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page349 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page350 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page351 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page352 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page353 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page354 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page355 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page356 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page357 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page358 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page359 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page360 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page361 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page362 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page363 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page364 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page365 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page366 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page368 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure14-2CranialNerves UseFigure14-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 147) Whatisthefunctionofthestructurelabeled7? A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) auditory E) eyemovement Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page369 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) ________arechamberswithinthebrainthatcontaincerebrospinalfluid. Answer: Ventricles
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page370 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page371 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Researchhasshownthatthereisastrongcorrelationbetweenbrainsizeandintelligence. Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page372 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Bellpalsyiscausedbyinflammationofthefacialnerve(VII).Whatsignsandsymptomswouldyouexpectin thiscondition?Isitpermanent? Answer: PatientssufferingfromBellpalsyusuallyexperienceparalysisofthefacialmusclesontheaffectedside alongwithalossofsensationfromtheanteriortwo -thirdsofthetongue.Painisrareandthecondition usuallyresolveswithoutspecifictreatment.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page373 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page374 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page375 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page376 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page377 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page378 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page379 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page380 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page381 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page382 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
46) Theuppermotorneuronsofthemedialpathwayarelocatedwithinanyofthefollowing, except the A) vestibularnuclei. B) reticularformation. C) superiorcolliculi. D) inferiorcolliculi. E) mamillarybodies. Answer: E
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page383 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page384 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
56) VisceralsensoryinformationenterstheCNSonafferentfiberswithin A) cranialnervesV,VII,IX,andX. B) dorsalrootsT 1 toL2 . C) dorsalrootsS 2 toS4 . D) bothBandC E) A,B,andC Answer: E
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page385 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page386 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page387 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page388 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page389 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page390 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page391 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure15-1SpinothalamicTracts UseFigure15-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 92) Identifytheneuronlabeled1. A) lowermotorneuron B) uppermotorneuron C) first-orderneuron D) second-orderneuron Page392 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
E) ganglionicneuron Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
94) Whichofthefollowingistrueregardingthestructurelabeled6? 1.Thesynapseoccursbetweenmotorneurons. 2.Thesensationsmaybefilteredout. 3.Thethird-orderneuronprojectstotheprimarysensorycortex. 4.Thethird-orderneuronsaxonisidentified. A) 1and4 B) 2only C) 3only D) 3and4 E) 1and3 Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page393 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure15-2TheCorticospinalPathway UseFigure15-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 97) Identifytheoriginoftheaxonlabeled2. A) lowermotorneuron B) uppermotorneuron C) decussationneuron D) second-orderneuron E) ganglionicneuron Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page394 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Whenaxonscrossoverfromonesideofthebraintotheother,theyaresaidto________. Answer: decussate
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page395 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page396 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Painreceptorsarefast-adaptingreceptors. Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) Whataredifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweencrudetouchandfinetouchsensations? Answer: Crudetouchreferstosensationsfromstimulationoftactilereceptorsoflowsensitivitywithlarge receptivefields.Incontrast,finetouchreferstotactilereceptorsofhighsensitivitywithsmallreceptive fields.Crudetouchascendsintheanteriorspinothalamicpathwaywhereasfinetouchascendsinthe posteriorcolumnpathway.Thespinothalamicpathwaycrossestheneuralaxisinthespinalcordbutthe posteriorcolumnpathwaycrossesinthemedullaoblongata.Bothultimatelyprojecttothe somatosensorycortexonthecontralateralsideofthestimulusinthesameregionofcortex.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page397 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
5) Preganglionicneuronsofthesympatheticnervoussystemarelocatedinthe A) lateralgrayhornsofthecervicalcord. B) anteriorgrayhornsofthecervicalandthoracicspinalcord. C) lateralgrayhornsofsegmentsT1 toL2 ofthespinalcord. D) anteriorgrayhornsofsegmentsT 1 toL2 ofthespinalcord. E) lateralgrayhornsofT 1 toS2ofthespinalcord. Answer: C
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page398 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page399 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page400 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page401 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page402 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page403 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page404 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page405 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page406 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page407 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page408 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page409 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page410 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
70) Aninhalerusedtotreatairwayconstrictioninasthmaorallergymightcontainadrugthat A) activates 1 adrenergicreceptors. B) activates 2 adrenergicreceptors. C) blocksmuscariniccholinergicreceptors. D) AorB E) BorC Answer: E
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page411 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page412 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page413 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page414 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page415 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
94) Astheresultofanaccident,thewhiteramiofspinalnervesT 1 andT 2 ontheleftsideofBradsbodyare severed.Whatorgan(s)wouldyouexpectmightbeaffectedbythisinjury? A) leftpupil B) rightpupil C) heart D) AandBonly E) AandConly Answer: E
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page416 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page417 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
100) Theregulationofawake-asleepcyclesappearstoinvolveaninterplaybetweenbrainstemnucleithatuse differentneurotransmitters.Theonethatfavorsalertnessis________andtheotherpromotingdeepsleepis ________. A) acetylcholine;serotonin B) serotonin;norepinephrine C) norepinephrine;serotonin D) dopamine;GABA E) glutamate;serotonin Answer: C
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Figure16-1ANSPathway UseFigure16-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 102) Identifythestructurelabeled1. A) somaticmotorneuron B) preganglionicneuron C) sensoryneuron D) ganglionicneuron E) astrocyte Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page418 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Preganglionicfibersofparasympatheticnervessynapseonneuronslocatedwithin________. Answer: intramuralganglia
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page419 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page420 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Onlythesympatheticnervoussysteminnervatestheskin. Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) Thenervousandendocrinesystemsarethebodystwomainregulatorysystems.Describesomeoftheways thattheautonomicnervoussystemandtheendocrinesysteminteract. Answer: Thereleaseofepinephrinefromthesuprarenalmedullaistriggeredbypreganglionicsympathetic activity.Thesympatheticsalsocontrolthereleaseofrenninfromthekidneys,insulinfromthepancreas, ADHfromthepituitary,andmelatoninfromthepineal.Hormonessuchasthyroidhaveapowerful effectonbraindevelopmentandmetabolism.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page421 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page422 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page423 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page424 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page425 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page426 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page427 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page428 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page429 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
38) Thefollowingstepsoccurinrodswhentheyareexcitedbyphotonsoflight. 1.Membranesodiumchannelsclose. 2.IncreasedphosphodiesterasebreaksdowncGMP. 3.Retinalchangesfromthe11-cisformtothe11-transform. 4.Themembranehyperpolarizesandtherateofneurotransmitterreleasedeclines. 5.Opsinactivatestransducin. 6.Opsinactivationoccurs. Thepropersequenceforthesestepsis A) 1,6,5,2,4,3. B) 3,6,5,2,1,4. C) 6,3,5,2,1,4. D) 3,6,5,1,2,4. E) 1,3,4,5,6,2. Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page430 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page431 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page432 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page433 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
57) Thefollowingisalistofthestepsthatoccurintheproductionofanauditorysensation. 1.Thepressurewavedistortsthebasilarmembraneonitswaytotheroundwindow. 2.Movementofthetympanicmembranecausesdisplacementofthemalleus. 3.Displacementofthestereociliastimulatessensoryneuronsofthecochlearnerve. 4.Movementofthemalleuscausesmovementoftheincusandstapes. 5.DistortionofthebasilarmembraneforcesthehaircellsoftheorganofCortitowardorawayfromthe tectorialmembrane. 6.Movementoftheovalwindowestablishespressurewavesintheperilymphofthevestibularduct. Thepropersequenceforthesestepsis A) 2,4,1,6,5,3. B) 2,4,6,3,5,1. C) 2,1,4,6,5,3. D) 2,4,6,1,5,3. E) 2,5,4,6,1,3. Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page434 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
59) Thevestibularnucleiattheboundaryoftheponsandthemedullafunctioninallofthefollowing, exceptthat they A) integratethevestibularinformationarrivingfromeachsideofthehead. B) relayvestibularinformationtothecerebellum. C) relayvestibularinformationtothecerebralcortex. D) sendcommandstomotornucleiinthebrainstemandspinalcord. E) sendinformationtothevestibularcomplexoftheinnerear. Answer: E
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page435 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page436 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
71) Arayoflightenteringtheeyewillencounterthesestructuresinwhichorder? A) conjunctivacorneaaqueoushumor lens vitreousbody retinachoroid B) vitreousbodyretinachoroids aqueoushumor lens conjunctivacornea C) corneaaqueoushumorvitreousbody lens conjunctiva choroidsretina D) conjunctivacornealensaqueoushumor vitreousbody retinachoroid E) corneaaqueoushumorconjunctiva lens vitreousbody retinachoroid Answer: A
Diff:1 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page437 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page438 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page439 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page440 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
90) Whydothingslookblurryunderwaterwithoutdivegogglesormask? A) Thewatermagnifiestheimagebecauseitisdenserthanthelensoftheeye. B) Lightmovesmoreslowlythroughthewater,causingimagestoappearlargerandcloser. C) Ratherthanair,lightismovingfromwaterintothecorneaandisthusrefractedtoolittleforasharp focus. D) Thecorneadoesnotfunctioninwater,causingtheimagetoappearlargerandcloser. E) Lightwavesarescatteredbythewaterbeforereachingtheeye,causingtheimagetoappearblurryand unsharp. Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page441 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
94) Whenarodisstimulatedbylight, A) theplasmamembranebecomeshyperpolarized. B) theretinalchangesfromthe11-cis tothe11-trans form. C) lessneurotransmitterisreleased. D) cGMPdecreasesandsodiumchannelsclose. E) alloftheabove Answer: E
Diff:1 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page442 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page444 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure17-2TheEar UseFigure17-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 106) Identifythestructureslabeled8. A) cochlea B) auditoryossicles C) auricle D) tympanicmembrane E) vestibule Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page445 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Olfactoryorgansarelocatedinthenasalcavityinferiortotheperforatedbonystructureknownasthe ________. Answer: cribriformplate(ethmoidbone)
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
3) Theolfactoryepitheliumissensitivetomorethan________differentprimarysmells. Answer: 50
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page446 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
7) Atypicalgustatorycellsurvivesforonlyabout________daysbeforeitisreplaced. Answer: 10
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page447 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page448 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page449 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page450 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Theeyelidsaretechnicallycalledthepalpebrae. Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) Howwouldblockageoftheauditory(Eustachian)tubeatitsexitinthenasopharynxbylymphatictissue (adenoids)affectearfunctionandhealth? Answer: Blockageoftheauditorytubeleadstopainbecausepressurecannotequilibratebetweenthemiddleear andtheatmosphere.Also,fluidcanaccumulate(otitismedia)inthemiddleear,whichisalsopainful andpotentiallyinfective.Untreated,adenoidscanleadtoscarringofthetympanumandsomelossof hearing.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page451 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
4) Whatsixbasicstepsareinvolvedintheprocessofhearing? Answer: (1)Soundwavesarriveatthetympanicmembrane. (2)Movementofthetympanicmembranecausesdisplacementoftheauditoryossicles. (3)Movementofthestapesattheovalwindowestablishespressurewavesintheperilymphofthe vestibularduct. (4)Thepressurewavesdistortthebasilarmembraneontheirwaytotheroundwindowofthetympanic duct. (5)Vibrationofthebasilarmembranecausesvibrationofhaircellsandbendingofstereociliaagainstthe tectorialmembrane. (6)Informationabouttheregionandintensityofstimulationisrelayedtothebrainstemoverthe cochlearbranchofNVIII.
Diff:3 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
6) Eachofthespecialsensescanbeexpectedtodeclineinsomewayovertime.Describesomeofthechanges commonlyseeninthefunctionofthespecialsenseswithage. Answer: Olfactoryreceptorsarereducedinnumberandolfactoryglandsdeclineinactivity.Bothchangesreduce olfactoryacuity.Gustatorysensedeclineswithadeclineinthenumberoftastebudsandtastereceptors. Visionsuffersfromalossofretinalfunction,cloudingoflensandcornea,andlossoflenselasticity, leadingtosenilehyperopia(presbyopia).Hearingdeclinesduetoaccumulationofcerumen,scarringof thetympanum,arthritisoftheossicularchain,andlossofproximalhaircellsintheorganofCorti, leadingtohigh-tonedeafness.Balancedeclinesduetonerveproblems,fluidproblems,andvascular problems,leadingtofaultyordelayedvestibularinformation.Thatdeclinecoupledwithasluggishand weakmotorresponseincreasestheriskoffallsandconsequenttrauma.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page452 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page453 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page454 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page455 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page456 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page457 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page458 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page459 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page460 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page461 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page462 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page463 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page464 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page465 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page466 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page467 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page468 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page469 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page470 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page471 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
100) Theactionofthyroidhormoneonatargetcellinvolvesallthesesteps except one.Identifytheincorrect step. A) bindingtoahormonereceptorintheplasmamembrane B) specifictransportintothetargetcell C) bindingtoacytoplasmicreceptorprotein D) activationofaspecificgene E) activationofmitochondria Answer: A
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page472 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page473 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page474 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
114) Afterbrainsurgery,apatientreceivingpostoperativecareinanintensivecareunitbegantopasslargevolumes ofverydiluteurine.TheICUnurseadministeredamedicinethatmimicsoneofthefollowinghormones. Whichone? A) aldosterone B) epinephrine C) renin D) ADH E) cortisol Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page475 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page476 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page477 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page478 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page479 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page480 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
141) WhichofthefollowingisnotanactionofTSH? A) stimulatesT3 andT 4 secretion B) stimulatesiodidetrappingbythyroidfolliclecells C) inhibitsT3 andT 4 secretion D) stimulatespinocytosisofcolloidbythyroidfolliclecells E) increasescyclicAMPconcentrationwithinthyroidfolliclecells Answer: C
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page481 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure18-1PituitaryHormonesandTheirTargets UseFigure18-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 143) Identifythehormonelabeled4. A) thyroid-releasinghormone B) thyroid-stimulatinghormone C) thyroxin D) thyrotropin E) calcitonin Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page482 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Theintracellularprotein________bindscalciumion.Thiscomplexcanthenactivateenzymes. Answer: calmodulin
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page483 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page484 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) CortisolsuppressesreleaseofACTHfromtheanteriorlobeofthepituitary. Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page485 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Communicationbetweencellsiskeytoorganism-levelregulationoftheinternalenvironmenttomaintain health,thatis,nearlyconstantinternalconditions(homeostasis).Outlineandcomparetheintercellular communicationpathwaysthatfunctiontoprovidehomeostasis. Answer: Intercellularcommunicationoccurslargelythroughthenervoussystemandtheendocrinesystem.In general,thenervoussystemperformsshort-termcrisismanagement,whereastheendocrinesystem regulateslonger-term,ongoingmetabolicprocesses.Ideally,thenervoussystemcommunicatesbyan impulseoveranaxontoaneuronorsomeothereffector.Thisisaveryfastandspatiallyspecificprocess. Incontrast,theendocrinesystemreliesonblindlysendingoutchemicalmessagestothewholebody throughthebloodandinterstitialfluid.Thisprocessisslow,andreliesontheresponseofadifferent targetcell.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
3) Whatdoesitmeantosaythatthepancreasisbothanendocrineandanexocrineorgan? Answer: Thepancreascontainsbothexocrineandendocrinecells.Cellsoftheendocrinepancreasformclusters calledpancreaticislets(isletsofLangerhans)andtheexocrinecellsclusterinstructurescalledpancreatic acini.Theendocrinecellssecreteattheirbasalsurfacesintotheinterstitialspace,exactlyoppositetothe exocrineglandcells,whichsecretefluidanddigestiveenzymesoutoftheirapicalsurfacesintotiny ducts.Thepancreaticisletssecretethehormonesglucagon,insulin,somatostatin,andpancreatic polypeptide,whichdiffuseintonearbycapillariesandthenreachcellsthroughoutthebodyviathe circulation.Thepancreaticexocrinesecretionsentertheintestineduringdigestionandplayakeyrolein bothprotectingtheepitheliumanddissolvingfoodparticlesintotheirconstituentbuildingblocks.
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page486 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
5) Describethethreephasesofthegeneraladaptationsyndrome(GAS)thatconstitutethebodysresponseto stress.Whichendocrinesecretionsplaydominantrolesinthealarmandresistancephases? Answer: Thethreephasesarealarm,resistance,andexhaustion.Duringthealarmphase,energyreservesare mobilizedandthebodypreparesitselfwithfightorflightresponses.Duringtheresistancephase, glucocorticoidsarereleasedto(1)mobilizelipidandproteinreserves,(2)conserveglucoseforneural tissue,(3)elevateandstabilizebloodglucoseconcentrations,(4)conservesaltsandwater,and(5)lose K+ andH + .Duringtheexhaustionphase,homeostaticregulationbreaksdown.Epinephrineplaysa dominantroleinthealarmphaseandglucocorticoidsaredominantintheresistancephase.
Diff:3 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
6) Whenpatientswhoarereceivingglucocorticoidtherapy(forexample,withprednisone)needtostoptakingit, thedoctorwillprescribeaseriesofdosesoftaperingsizetograduallylowerthedoseratherthansuddenlystop it.Explainthisdosagestrategyintermsofthenegativefeedbackcontrolofcortisolsecretion. Answer: Glucocorticoidsinhibittheproductionofcorticotrophin-releasinghormonebythehypothalamusand ACTHbytheanteriorpituitary.HighdosesofprednisonewillmeanthatlevelsofACTHinthepatient havebeenquitelow,andsothezonafasciculateofthesuprarenalcortexwillhavenotbeenstimulated forawhileandcantdomuchsynthesis.Byslowlyreducingtheprednisone,itgivesthepatientsown abilitytomakecortisolachancetorecoverandthuspreventscollapseofbloodpressureandother seriouseffectsofsuddenlywithholdingthecorticosteroid.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page487 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page488 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page489 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page490 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page491 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page492 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page493 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page494 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page495 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page496 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page497 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page498 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page499 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page500 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page501 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page502 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page503 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page504 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
89) Eileenisastrictveganandthereforeeatsnoanimalproducts.Shedevelopsananemiathatherdoctorthinksis causedbyanutritionaldeficiency.Whichofthefollowingisthelikeliestcandidate? A) irondeficiency B) vitaminB12deficiency C) lackofintrinsicfactor D) vitaminKdeficiency E) vitaminB6 deficiency Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page505 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page506 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page507 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page508 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page509 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
113) Whichofthefollowingwouldyouexpecttoseeinincreased numbersinaperipheralbloodsampleafter donatingaunitofblood? A) erythrocytes B) platelets C) reticulocytes D) lymphocytes E) neutrophils Answer: C
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
115) Billwantstodeterminehisbloodtype,sohetakesafewdropsofbloodfromapuncturewoundinhisfinger andmixesitwithvariousantisera.Hisbloodcellsagglutinatewhenmixedwiththeanti -Aserabutnotwith theanti-Boranti-Dsera.Thismeans A) BillcouldreceivetypeA-negativebloodinatransfusion. B) BillcoulddonatebloodtoanindividualwithtypeABblood. C) BillisRhpositive. D) BillsplasmacontainsBagglutinins. E) A,B,andD Answer: D
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page510 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page511 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure19-1TheOriginsandDifferentiationofFormedElements UseFigure19-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 121) Identifythecelllabeled5. A) erythrocyte B) lymphocyte C) eosinophil D) basophil E) monocyte Answer: E
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page512 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Afterbloodisfractionated,itscomponentsare________forthepurposeofanalysis. Answer: separated
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
2) Bloodvolumerepresentsabout________percentofapersonsbodyweight. Answer: 7
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
4) Bloodisapproximately________percentformedelementsbyvolume. Answer: 45
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page513 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page514 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Bloodaidsintheregulationofbodytemperature. Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) HowdoesRhogampreventerythroblastosis fetalis (HDN,hemolyticdiseaseofthenewborn)? Answer: IfamotherwhoisRhnegativecarriesafetuswhoisRhpositive,shewillmakeantibodiesagainstitsRh RBCsafterbeingexposedtotheinfantsbloodduringlaboranddelivery.Bygivingadoseofanti -Rh antibody(Rhogam)justbeforeorafterdelivery,thefetalredcellswillbeagglutinatedandremoved fromthemotherscirculationbeforeherimmunesystemwillhavetimetomakeanti -Rhantibodiesthat wouldendangerhernextRh-positiveoffspring.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page515 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page516 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page517 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page518 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page519 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
20) Thefollowingisalistofvesselsandstructuresthatareassociatedwiththeheart. 1.rightatrium 2.leftatrium 3.rightventricle 4.leftventricle 5.venaecavae 6.aorta 7.pulmonarytrunk 8.pulmonaryveins Whatisthecorrectorderfortheflowofbloodenteringfromthesystemiccirculation? A) 1,2,7,8,3,4,6,5 B) 1,7,3,8,2,4,6,5 C) 5,1,3,7,8,2,4,6 D) 5,3,1,7,8,4,2,6 E) 5,1,3,8,7,2,4,6 Answer: C
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page520 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page521 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page522 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
34) Thefollowingarestructuralcomponentsoftheconductingsystemoftheheart. 1.Purkinjefibers 2.AVbundle 3.AVnode 4.SAnode 5.bundlebranches Thesequenceinwhichexcitationwouldmovethroughthissystemis A) 1,4,3,2,5. B) 3,2,4,5,1. C) 3,5,4,2,1. D) 4,3,2,5,1. E) 4,2,3,5,1. Answer: D
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page523 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page524 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page525 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page526 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
57) Cardiacmusclecellsandskeletalmusclecellsdifferinafewways.Whichofthefollowingis not oneofthem? A) Cardiacmusclecellsaresmallerinsize. B) Cardiacmusclecellshaveasingle,centerednucleus. C) Cardiacmusclecellsbranch. D) Skeletalmusclecellslackintercalateddiscs. E) Cardiacmusclecellslacktransversetubules. Answer: E
Diff:3 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page527 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page528 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page529 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page530 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page531 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page532 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page533 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page534 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page535 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page536 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page537 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page538 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure20-1TheHeart UseFigure20-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 111) Identifythestructurelabeled19. A) tricuspidvalve B) pulmonarysemilunarvalve C) aorticsemilunarvalve D) bicuspidvalve E) ligamentumarteriosum Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page539 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page540 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure20-2CardiacCycle UseFigure20-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 116) WhatoccursatthearealabeledDonthegraph? A) AVvalveopens B) semilunarvalveopens C) diastolicrefillingbegins D) bothAandC E) bothBandC Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page541 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Theheartlieswithinthe________. Answer: pericardialcavity
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page542 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page543 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page544 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page545 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page546 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Becausetheheartworkscontinuously,itrequiresanuninterruptedsupplyofoxygenandnutrients. Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) BethWoodtellshernursingstudentsthatitisimportanttomonitorpatientsbloodpressurewhentheyare receivingverapamil(acalciumchannelblocker).Why? Answer: Calciumchannelblockersinhibitthemovementofcalciumionsfromtheinterstitialfluidintocardiac andsmoothmusclecells.Thiswouldcauseadecreaseinheartrate,strokevolume,andcardiacoutput. Theseinturnwouldlowerbloodpressure.Inaddition,thecalciumchannelblockerswouldalsoinhibit contractionofthesmoothmuscleinthewallofbloodvessels,causingthemtogetwiderandthusalso lowerbloodpressure.Becausebothheartandsmoothmusclecellsareinhibitedbyverapamil,itseffects onbloodpressureareparticularlypotent.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page547 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page548 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
3) Arrangethestructuresinthefollowinglistintheorderthatbloodwillencounterasitflowsfromtheoutput sidetotheinputsideofthecardiovascularflowcircuit. 1.venules 2.arterioles 3.capillaries 4.elasticarteries 5.mediumveins 6.largeveins 7.musculararteries A) 7,4,2,3,1,5,6 B) 6,5,1,3,2,7,4 C) 5,6,1,3,2,7,4 D) 2,7,6,3,1,5,6 E) 4,7,2,3,1,5,6 Answer: E
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page549 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page550 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page551 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
19) Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalse concerningthemovementoffluidbetweencapillariesandinterstitial space? A) Bloodhydrostaticpressureforcesfluidfromthecapillarytotheinterstitialspace. B) Bloodosmoticpressuremovesfluidfromtheinterstitialspacetothecapillary. C) Theosmoticpressureoftheinterstitialfluidislessthanthebloodosmoticpressure. D) Thehydrostaticpressureoftheinterstitialfluidislargelyunimportantindeterminingfluidmovement. E) Thenetfiltrationpressureisusuallyzero. Answer: E
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page552 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page553 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page554 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page555 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page556 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page557 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page558 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page559 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page560 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page561 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page562 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page563 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page564 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page565 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page566 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page567 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page568 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page569 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page570 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page571 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page572 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page573 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page574 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page575 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure21-1Arteries UseFigure21-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 135) Identifythearterylabeled16. A) axillary B) inferiormesenteric C) celiac D) superiormesenteric E) splenic Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page576 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page577 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure21-2Veins UseFigure21-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 140) Identifytheveinlabeled9. A) axillary B) brachial C) cephalic D) basilic Page578 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
E) mediancubital Answer: A
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) The________aresmallbloodvesselsthatnourishtissuecomponentsinthewalloflargearteriesandveins. Answer: vasavasorum
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page579 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page580 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page581 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page582 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page583 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page584 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page585 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Venuleshavevalvestoassistvenousreturn. Answer: FALSE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page586 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Duringexercise,thebloodflowtotheactiveskeletalmusclesisincreasedbyautoregulation.Howdoesthis work?Whatothercontrolsonbloodflowoperate? Answer: Whenaskeletalmusclebecomesmoreactive,itconsumesoxygenandnutrientsandreleasescarbon dioxide,wasteproducts,andpotassiumion.Oneeffectofreducedoxygenistocausethesmoothmuscle cellsthatblockcapillarybloodflowtheprecapillarysphincterstorelax.Asitrelaxes,thecapillary opensandplasmaandredcellscanperfusetheactivetissue.Afterrecoveryfromexerciseiscomplete, gasesandmetabolitesreturntonormalandbloodflowreturnstoitsrestingvalue.Thislocalmechanism worksalongwithcentralcontrolofvasodilationbythesympatheticvasodilatorfibersthatappearto utilizenitricoxide(NO)asthetransmittersubstance.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
2) Ifawoundoverwhelmstheclottingmechanismandleadstoserioushemorrhageanddropinbloodpressure, whatcompensationsdoesthebodyhavetodefendcardiacoutput? Answer: Acutely,theautonomicnervoussystemundergoessympatheticactivation.Epinephrinefromthe suprarenalmedullasupportstheneuralmechanisms.Heartrateandcontractilityareincreasedfrom tryingtomaintaincardiacoutput.Vasoconstrictionincreasesperipheralresistance,raisingblood pressureandredirectingflowtovitalinternalorgans.Simultaneously,venoconstrictionoccurs, increasingvenousreturnandforcingextrabloodfromthevenoustothearterialsideofthecirculation. TheendocrinesystemreleasesADH,angiotensinII,andaldosterone,whichacttogethertoraiseblood volumebyreducingfluidlossatthekidney.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page587 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page588 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page589 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page590 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page591 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
16) Whichclassofleucocytesisparticularlyabundantinthe redpulp ofthespleen? A) Tlymphocytes. B) freeandfixedmacrophages. C) Blymphocytes. D) neutrophils. E) redbloodcells. Answer: B
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page592 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page593 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page594 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page595 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page596 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page597 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page598 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page599 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page600 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
61) Thefollowingarestepsinthecell-mediatedimmuneresponse. 1.Severalcyclesofmitosisoccur. 2.Antigenisengulfedandpresentedbyamacrophage. 3.CytotoxicTcellsmigratetofocusofinfection. 4.Tcellswithspecificreceptorsrecognizetheantigen. 5.TcellsdifferentiateintocytotoxicTcellsorTmemorycells. 6.CytotoxicTcellsreleaseperforinand/orlymphotoxin. Thecorrectsequenceforthesestepsis A) 4,1,5,3,6,2. B) 2,4,1,5,3,6. C) 1,2,4,5,3,6. D) 3,2,4,1,5,6. E) 3,6,4,5,1,2. Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page601 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page602 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page603 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page604 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page605 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page606 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page607 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page608 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page609 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page610 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
112) AcrimesceneinvestigatorfoundthatabiologicalfluidsamplecontainsalargeamountofIgA -typeantibody. Thisfluidisprobably A) blood. B) lymph. C) serum. D) tears. E) interstitial. Answer: D
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page611 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure22-1TheStructureofaLymphNode UseFigure22-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 114) Identifythedominantcelltypeinthearealabeled6. A) Tcells B) Bcells C) erythrocytes D) platelets E) alloftheabove Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page612 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Thethoracicductoriginatesfromanexpandedchambercalledthe________. Answer: cisternachyli
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page613 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page614 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page615 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page616 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Stromalcellsproducethecytokineinterleukin-7,whichpromotesthedifferentiationofBcells. Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page617 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) WhatisMALT?Whatroledoesitplayinthebodysdefenses? Answer: MALTisanacronymformucosa-associatedlymphoidtissue. Itconsistsofaggregatedlymphoidnodules deeptothemucosa(gutlining)ofthedigestivesystem.ExamplesincludePeyerpatchesinthesmall intestineandthevermiformappendixthatisattachedwherethesmallintestinejoinsthelargeintestine. Theselymphocytesarepositionedtodetectandneutralizepathogenstoenterthebodyacrossthe digestivemucosa.Besidethesespecificdefenses,thereisalsomucusandotherprotectivesecretions.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
4) Youarearesearcherinterestedinstudyingthecytoskeleton.Howcanyouuseantibodiestolocateactin - and tubulin-containingstructures? Answer: Sincethosecytoskeletalcomponentsareproteinsitispossibletoimmunizeananimalwithforeign proteinsisolatedfromtissues.Forexample,arabbitcouldbeimmunizedwiththeactinandtubulin purifiedfromtissuesofthechicken,averydistantrelativeoftherabbit.Thoseantibodiescouldbe purifiedfromtherabbitsbloodandthenlinkedtofluorescenttags.Whenthecellsareexposedtothe anti-actinandanti-tubulinantibodies,theywillsticktothosemoleculesinthecell.Ifdifferentcolored dyeswereusedtotagtheantibodies,itwouldbepossibletolocalizethosecytoskeletalproteinsinthe samecell.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page618 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page619 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page620 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page621 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page622 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page623 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page624 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
32) Thefollowingisalistofsomeairways. 1.secondarybronchus 2.bronchioles 3.alveolarducts 4.primarybronchus 5.respiratorybronchiole 6.alveoli 7.terminalbronchiole Theorderinwhichairpassesthroughis A) 4,1,2,7,5,3,6. B) 4,1,2,5,7,3,6. C) 1,4,2,5,7,3,6. D) 1,4,2,7,5,3,6. E) 2,4,1,7,5,3,6. Answer: A
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page625 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page626 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page627 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
45) Henryslawstatesthat A) gasvolumeandtemperaturearedirectlyproportional. B) gasvolumeandpressureareinverselyproportional. C) thevolumeofgasthatwilldissolveinasolventisproportionaltothesolubilityofthegasandthegas pressure. D) inamixtureofgasessuchasair,thetotalpressureisthesumoftheindividualpartialpressuresofthe gasesinthemixture. E) gaspressureisinverselyproportionaltogasvolume. Answer: C
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
46) Daltonslawstatesthat A) gasvolumeandtemperaturearedirectlyproportional. B) gasvolumeandpressureareinverselyproportional. C) thevolumeofgasthatwilldissolveinasolventisproportionaltothesolubilityofthegasandthegas pressure. D) inamixtureofgasessuchasair,thetotalpressureisthesumoftheindividualpartialpressuresofthe gasesinthemixture. E) gaspressureisinverselyproportionaltogasvolume. Answer: D
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page628 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page629 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page630 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
62) TheHering-Breuerreflex A) functionstoincreaseventilationwithchangesinbloodpressure. B) alterspulmonaryventilationwhentheP O2 changes. C) alterspulmonaryventilationwhentheP CO 2 changes. D) protectsthelungsfromdamageduetooverinflation. E) isanimportantaspectofnormal,quietbreathing. Answer: D
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page631 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page632 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page633 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page634 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page635 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page636 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
90) ________involvesactiveinspiratoryandexpiratorymovementsandcallsonaccessorymusclestoassistwith inhalation,whileexhalationinvolvescontractionoftheinternalintercostalmusclesandsometimesabdominal musclestoo. A) Eupnea B) Forcedbreathing C) Costalbreathing D) Vitalbreathing E) bothAandB Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page637 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page638 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
103) Allofthefollowingprovidechemoreceptorinputtotherespiratorycentersofthemedullaoblongata, except the A) olfactoryepithelium. B) medullarychemoreceptors. C) aorticbody. D) carotidbody. E) alloftheabove Answer: A
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page639 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
106) Eachofthefollowingfactorsaffectstherateofexternalrespiration,except the A) PO2 ofthealveoli. B) PCO 2 oftheblood. C) thicknessoftherespiratorymembrane. D) diameterofanalveolus. E) solubilityofoxygeninplasma. Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page640 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
111) Whichofthefollowingfactorswouldincrease theamountofoxygendischargedbyhemoglobintoperipheral tissues? A) decreasedtemperature B) decreasedpH C) increasedtissuePO2 D) decreasedamountsofDPG E) noneoftheabove Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page641 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page642 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page643 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
126) Formaximumloadingofhemoglobinwithoxygenatthelungs,the A) PCO 2 shouldbehigh B) pHshouldbeslightlyacidic. C) PO2 shouldbeabout70mmHg. D) DPGlevelsintheredbloodcellsshouldbehigh. E) PCO 2 shouldbelow. Answer: E
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page644 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page645 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page646 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
142) LowpHaltershemoglobinstructuresothatoxygenbindslessstronglytohemoglobinatlowP O2 .This increasestheeffectivenessof A) externalrespiration. B) internalrespiration. C) carbondioxidetransport. D) hemoglobinsynthesis. E) acid-basebalance. Answer: B
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page647 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
145) Whileplayinginanintramuralfootballgame,Joeistackledsohardthathebreaksarib.Hecanactuallyfeela pieceoftheribstickingthroughtheskinandheishavingadifficulttimebreathing.Joeprobablyissuffering from A) acollapsedtrachea. B) anobstructioninthebronchi. C) apneumothorax. D) decreasedsurfactantproduction. E) abruiseddiaphragm. Answer: C
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page648 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure23-1TheUpperAirways UseFigure23-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 150) Whatisthefunctionofthestructurelabeled8? A) forcesairintothelungs B) causesairtoswirlwithintherespiratorypassageway C) preventsfoodfromenteringthelarynx D) actslikeasupplementaryairpump E) preventsfoodfromenteringthepharynx Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page649 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page650 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure23-2MechanicsofVentilation UseFigure23-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 155) Whichmuscle(s)produce(s)themovementlabeled1? A) rectusabdominis B) internalintercostals C) externalintercostals D) diaphragm E) bothAandC Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page651 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Gasexchangebetweenairandcirculatingbloodtakesplacewithin________. Answer: alveoli
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page652 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page653 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Thevolumeofairthatcanbeforcefullyexpelledfromthelungsfollowinganormalexhalationistermed expiratoryreservevolume. Answer: TRUE
Diff:2 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) Anewborninfantisfounddead,abandonedbytheroad.Amongthemanyquestionsthatthepolicewouldlike answerediswhethertheinfantwasstillborn.Howcouldthemedicalexaminertell? Answer: Iftheinfanthadbeenbornalive,itsfirstbreathswouldinflatethealveolifromthedensecondition duringfetaldevelopment.Thus,themedicalexaminerwouldfocusonthelungs.Iftheyarespongy, filledwithair,itwasalivebirth.Ifnot,theinfantwasstillborn.Asimpletestistoplacethelungsin water.Iftheyfloat,theyareair-filled.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page654 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page655 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page656 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page657 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page658 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page659 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page660 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page661 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page662 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page663 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page664 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page665 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page666 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page667 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page668 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page669 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page670 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page671 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
84) Allofthefollowingaretrueoftheintestinalphaseofgastricdigestion, except thatit A) precedesthegastricphase. B) functionstocontroltherateofgastricemptying. C) involvesbothneuralandendocrinereflexes. D) helpsensurethatthefunctionsofthesmallintestineproceedwithrelativeefficiency. E) beginswhenchymeentersthesmallintestine. Answer: A
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page672 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page673 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page674 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page675 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page676 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page677 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page678 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page679 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page680 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page681 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page682 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page683 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page684 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page685 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page686 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page687 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure24-1TheStomach(dissected) UseFigure24-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 161) Whatisthefunctionofthestructurelabeled6? A) strainsmaterialsenteringthestomach B) regulatesgastricemptying C) mixesstomachjuiceintofood D) controlscontractionofstomachmuscles E) preventsfoodfromenteringtheesophagus Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page688 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page689 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
\ Figure24-2TheWalloftheSmallIntestine UseFigure24-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 166) Whatisproducedbythestructurelabeled7? A) sodiumbicarbonate B) lipase C) antibodies D) hydrochloricacid E) pepsinogen Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page690 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Theoralcavityisalsoknownasthe________cavity. Answer: buccal
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
3) Therearenormallyatotalof________primaryteeth. Answer: 20
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
4) Thesecondarydentitionusuallycomprises________teeth. Answer: 32
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page691 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page692 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Answer: 1-A;2-C;3-B
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
True/FalseQuestions
1) Thedorsalmesenteryofthefetusdevelopsintothegreateromentumoftheadult. Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page693 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Whatroledohormonesplayinhungerandsatiety? Answer: Levelsofghrelin,ahormoneproducedbyP/D1cells,liningthefundicregionofthestomach,risebefore mealstoinitiatehungeranddeclineshortlyaftereatingtocurbappetite.Ghrelinisalsoantagonisticto leptin,afat-tissue-derivedhormonethatinducessatiety.Anotherhormonefromthestomachandsmall intestine,obestatin,decreasesappetite.Thesamegeneencodesbothghrelinandobestatin.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
2) Outlinetheusualpathwayfordigestionandabsorptionoftriglycerides(fats). Answer: Fatsarenotsolubleinwaterandsoneedspecialhandling.Theliverproducesbileforfatdigestion.Bile causesfatmoleculestobreakupintotinydropletscalledmicelles.Pancreaticlipaseattachestothese micellesandhydrolysesthetriglycerides,freeingfattyacids,monoglycerides,andglycerol.Theglycerol entersthecolumnarepithelialcellsbyfacilitateddiffusionandthefattyacidsenterbysimplediffusion becauseoftheirlipidnature.Withintheepithelialcellglycerolormonoglyceridesarereconnectedto fattyacids.ThesefatmoleculesformtinydropletswithintheGolgiandpassintothelaminapropria. Heretheyenterlacteals,whicharelymphatics,eventuallybeingcarriedtothevenouscirculationatthe thoracicduct.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
3) Leonhasgallstones.Hisdoctorputshimonadietlowinfat.Why? Answer: Thegallbladderfunctionstoconcentrateandstorebileproducedbytheliver.Inthiscapacity,the gallbladderreabsorbswaterfromthebile.Sincebilesaltsareproducedfromcholesterol,thesesaltswill beprecipitatedascholesterol-likegallstonesiftoomuchwaterisreabsorbed.Wheneverbileisreleased bythegallbladderinresponsetothepresenceoffatsintheduodenum,thesmoothmuscleinthewallof thegallbladdermustcontract.Thisgeneratesseverepainifthecysticductorcommonbileductare blockedbykidneystones.TominimizeorpreventthispainLeonsdoctorprescribesalow -fat:lessfat inthediet,lesscontractionofthegallbladder,andlesspain.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
4) Imagineeatingasodacracker,whichisbasicallystarch,fat,protein,andsalt.Howwouldeachofthese componentsbedigested?Wherewithinthedigestivesystemwouldtheybedigested?Areanyaccessory organsinvolved? Answer: Digestionbeginsintheoralcavity.Foodtriggerssalivafromtheparotids,richinamylase,andfromthe submandibulars,richinmucus.Thetongueandteethcooperatetomixalltogetherandformabolus. Digestionoffatsandstarchbeginsduetolinguallipaseandsalivaryamylase.Swallowingreflexessend ittothestomach.Acidandpepsingreetthebolus.Peptidesformfromthewheatproteinsduetoaction ofpepsin.Itthentravelsintothesmallintestine,wherepancreaticlipaseandamylasecompletefatand starchdigestion.Pancreaticproteinasesandpeptidasesreducepeptidestoaminoacids.Theseare absorbedbycotransport.Maltosefromstarchissplitintoglucosemolecules,whichareabsorbedby cotransport.Thesaltinthecrackerisabsorbedduringcotransport.Fattyacidsdiffuseintotheepithelial cellsbecauseoftheirlipidcharacter.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page694 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
5) WhatlocalreflexescontroltheGItract? Answer: TheGItracthasextensivesensoryandmotorneuronplexusesthatcommunicatealongtheentirelength ofthedigestivetube.Thesesystemsenablesimplereflexbehavior.Vomitingisafamiliarexample. ToxinsaredetectedbysensoryneuronsintheGItract.Theytriggerareflexreverseperistalsis,emptying thestomachandesophagusoftheoffensivematerial.Thegastroilealreflexistriggeredbystomach distension,causingfoodtomovefromtheileumintothecolon.Similarly,stomachstretchcantrigger reflexmassmovementsthatsendchymeintotherectum,promotingasenseofurgency.Anotheristhe gastroentericreflex,alsoinitiatedbystretchreceptorsinthestomach,thatstimulatesmotilityand secretionalongtheentiresmallintestine.Finally,theenterogastricreflexcausestheemptyingandother movementsofthestomachtopauseforafewmomentswhengastriccontentscontacttheduodenal mucosa.Thisisagoodexampleoflocalautonomicregulation.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page695 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page696 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
8) Inglycolysis,eachmoleculeofglucosethatiscatabolizedgivesanetyieldofhowmanymoleculesofATP? A) 2 B) 4 C) 30 D) 36 E) 38 Answer: A
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page697 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page698 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page699 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page700 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page701 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
34) Anionthatisanecessarycomponentofhigh -energycompoundsandnucleicacidsandastructural componentofboneisthe________ion. A) chloride B) sulfate C) phosphate D) bicarbonate E) iodide Answer: C
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page702 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page703 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page704 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page705 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page706 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page707 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page708 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page709 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page710 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page711 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
82) Catabolismofproteinisnotapracticalsourceofquickenergybecauseofallofthefollowing, except that A) proteinsaremoredifficulttobreakapartthanlipidsorcarbohydrates. B) theenergyyieldfromproteinislessthantheyieldfromlipids. C) oneoftheby-productsofproteincatabolismisammonia. D) mostindividualshavelittleproteintosparebeforeharmingvitalorgans. E) extensivecatabolismofproteinthreatenshomeostasis. Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page712 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page713 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page714 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure25-1TheTCACycle UseFigure25-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 97) Identifythemoleculelabeled1. A) phosphoglycericacid B) citricacid C) pyruvicacid D) NADH E) FADH2 Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page715 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Theprocessofsynthesizingglucosefromnoncarbohydratesiscalled________. Answer: gluconeogenesis
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page716 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page717 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page718 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
Answer: TRUE
1) Mitochondriaarenotpickymetabolizers.Theywillacceptacetyl -CoAfromanymetabolicsource.
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) Ketosisdevelopsinthepostabsorptivestate.Whatisketosis?Whydoesitdevelop?Whatmetaboliceffects doesithave? Answer: Ketosisisahighconcentrationofketonebodiesinbodyfluids.Ketonebodiesaremetaboliteswiththe ketonegroupthatformduringstarvationstates.Whenglucoselevelsarelow,theliverturnstofatsand aminoacidstomakeenergy.Thisproducesmuchacetyl-CoA,whichleadstoproductionofketone bodies.Becausemostketonebodiesareacidic,theylowerthepHofbodyfluids,bringingon acidosis.If severe,theketosisandacidosiscaninjuretheCNS,heart,andotherorgans.Inextremecases,deathcan result.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page719 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page720 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page721 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page722 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page723 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page724 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
23) Thefollowingisalistofthebloodvesselsthatcarrybloodtothekidney. 1.afferentarteriole 2.arcuateartery 3.interlobarartery 4.renalartery 5.glomerulus 6.corticalradiateartery 7.efferentarteriole 8.peritubularcapillary Theproperorderinwhichbloodpassesthroughthesevesselsis A) 4,6,2,3,1,5,7,8. B) 4,3,2,6,1,5,7,8. C) 4,3,2,6,7,5,1,8. D) 4,6,2,3,7,5,1,8. E) 4,3,6,2,1,5,7,8. Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page725 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page726 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page727 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page728 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page729 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
46) Eachofthefollowingorgansystemsexcreteswastestosomedegree, except the________system. A) urinary B) integumentary C) digestive D) endocrine E) respiratory Answer: D
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page730 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page731 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page732 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
61) Undernormalconditions,glomerularfiltrationdependsonthreemainpressures: 1)bloodhydrostaticpressure 2)capsularhydrostaticpressure 3)capsularcolloidosmoticpressure 4)bloodcolloidosmoticpressure 5)urinarybladderhydrostaticpressure A) 1,2,and3arecorrect. B) 2,3,and4arecorrect. C) 3,4,and5arecorrect. D) 1,2,and4arecorrect. E) 2,4,and5arecorrect. Answer: D
Diff:1 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page733 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page734 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page735 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
76) Measurementofthefunctionsofanephronrevealsaglomerularcapillarypressureof69mmHg,anda pressureinthecapsularspaceof15mmHg.Assumingthatthecolloidosmoticpressureis30mmHg,andthat essentiallynoplasmaproteinsarefilteredbytheglomerulus,whatisthenetfiltrationpressureinthiscase? A) 30mmHg B) 24mmHg C) 69mmHg D) 84mmHg E) 99mmHg Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page736 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page737 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page738 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure26-1TheStructureoftheKidney UseFigure26-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 86) Identifythestructurelabeled4. A) renalpelvis B) minorcalyx C) ureter D) majorcalyx E) renalcolumn Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page739 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page740 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure26-2TheNephron UseFigure26-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 91) Whatphysiologicalprocessoccursatthestructurelabeled1? A) reabsorption B) excretion C) secretion D) filtration E) micturition Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page741 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Urineistemporarilystoredinthe________. Answer: urinarybladder
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page742 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page743 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
True/FalseQuestions
1) Glomerulonephritisisanimmunecomplexdisorder. Answer: TRUE
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
EssayQuestions
1) Whatisthecreatinineclearancetest?HowcanitbeusedtoestimateGFR?Howaccurateisit? Answer: Thistestreliesonmeasuringtotalcreatinineexcretedintheurinein24hoursandmeasuringtheplasma concentrationofcreatinine.Sinceessentiallynoneofthefilteredloadisreturnedtobloodstream,the amountintheurinerelatesdirectlytothevolumeofbloodthatfilteredintheglomeruli.GFRcanbe calculatedbydividingcreatinineexcretionrate(mg/hr)byplasmaconcentrationofcreatinine(g/dL)to gettheGFRindL/hour,fromwhichtheper-minuterateiscalculatedbydividingby60.Thetestisnot entirelyaccuratebecauseupto15percentoftheexcretedcreatinineenterstheurinebytubularsecretion.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page744 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
3) Listeachorganoftheurinarysystemandconciselydescribeitsfunction. Answer: Consistingofthekidneys,ureters,urinarybladder,andurethra,theurinarysystemhasthreeprimary functions:(1)excretion,theremovaloforganicwasteproductsfrombodyfluids,(2)elimination,the dischargeofthesewasteproductsintotheenvironment,and(3)homeostaticregulationofthevolume andsoluteconcentrationofbloodplasma.Theexcretoryandhomeostaticregulationfunctionsofthe urinarysystemareperformedbythetwokidneysthatproduceurine,afluidcontainingwater,ions,and smallsolublecompounds.Urineleavingthekidneysflowsalongpairedtubescalledureterstothe urinarybladder,amuscularsacfortemporarystorageofurine.Onbeingforcedoutoftheurinary bladder,urinepassesthroughtheurethratotheexterior.Theurinarybladderandtheurethraare responsiblefortheeliminationofurine,aprocesscalledurinationormicturition.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page745 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page746 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page747 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page748 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page749 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page750 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page751 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page752 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page753 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
42) Toreducebrainswellingbypullingwateroutofbraincells,asubstancecanbeinjectedintravenouslyto increasetheosmoticpressureofinterstitialfluid.Whichofthefollowingpropertiescanthissubstancenothave inordertobeeffective? A) permeabletocapillaryendothelium B) nontoxictoneurons C) permeabletobrainplasmamembranes D) impermeabletobrainplasmamembranes E) solubleinwater Answer: C
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page754 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) WillhyperventilationraiseorlowerpH? Answer: raise
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page755 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Fredhaschronicemphysema.BloodtestsshowthathispHislowbutalmostnormalbuthisbicarbonatelevels areelevatedsignificantly.Howcanthisbe?Whatwouldurinalysisshow? Answer: Emphysemalimitsalveolarventilation,leadingtoincreasedcarbondioxideinFredsbody.SinceFreds conditionischronic(longterm)hisbodyhascompensatedfortheexcesscarbonicacid(theresultof hypercapniaduetopoorventilation)byincreasingtheamountofbicarbonatetomatchtheelevatedlevel ofhydrogenion.Thiscompensationforrespiratoryacidosiswasaccomplishedbythekidneyssecretion ofhydrogenionbothinthePCTandDCTandtheretentionofbicarbonatefromtheelevatedcarbonic acid.UrinalysiswouldindicateaverylowpHandhighlevelsofammonia,producedbythedistal tubuletoabsorbthesecretedhydrogenion.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
3) Themaintenanceofnormalvolumeandcompositionofextracellularandintracellularfluidsisvitaltolife.List andbrieflydescribethekindsofhomeostasisinvolved. Answer: Threetypesofhomeostasisareinvolved:fluidbalance,electrolytebalance,andacid -basebalance.Fluid balancemeansthatthetotalquantityofbodywaterremainsalmostconstantandthatthedistribution betweentheICFandECFarenormal.Electrolytebalanceimpliesthesamethingforions.Acid -base balancemeansthatthepHoftheECFismaintainedintherangeof7.35to7.45,andthatgainsorlosses ofhydrogenionasaconsequenceofmetabolismarefollowedbyequivalentlossesorgainssoasto maintainconstantbufferreserves.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page756 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page757 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page758 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page759 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
16) Arrangethefourstructureslistedbelowintotheorderinwhichspermpassfromthetestistotheurethral meatus. 1.ductusdeferens 2.urethra 3.ejaculatoryduct 4.epididymis A) 1,3,4,2 B) 4,3,1,2 C) 4,1,2,3 D) 4,1,3,2 E) 1,4,3,2 Answer: D
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page760 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page761 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page762 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page763 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page764 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page765 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page766 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page767 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page768 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page769 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page770 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page771 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page772 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page773 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page774 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page775 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page776 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
101) Asampleofawomansbloodisanalyzedforreproductivehormonelevels.Theresultsindicateahighlevelof progesterone,relativelyhighlevelsofinhibin,andlowlevelsofFSHandLH.Thefemaleismostlikely experiencing________oftheuterinecycle. A) theproliferativephase B) menses C) thesecretoryphase D) menarche E) menopause Answer: C
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page777 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page778 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page779 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
116) Spermcannotfertilizeanovumunlessithasbeeninthefemalereproductivetractforseveralhours.This enhancedabilityofthespermtofertilizetheovumiscalledcapacitation.Invitrostudiesindicatethatfreshly ejaculatedspermcanfertilizetheovumiftheyarefirstrinsedinsaltsolutionbeforebeingintroducedtothe ovum.Theseobservationssuggestthat A) theprocessofcapacitationinvolvestheremovalofsomeinhibitingsubstancesfromthesperm. B) theprocessofcapacitationistemperaturedependent. C) incapacitation,secretionsofthefemalereproductivetractaretakenupbythesperm. D) pHisanimportantfactorintheprocessofcapacitation. E) onlyspermthatcomeintocontactwithvaginalsecretionsarecapableoffertilizinganovum. Answer: A
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page780 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure28-1TheMaleReproductiveSystem UseFigure28-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 120) Identifythestructurelabeled11. A) bulbourethralgland B) prostategland C) seminalgland(seminalvesicle) D) epididymis E) ductusdeferens Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page781 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page782 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure28-2TheFemaleReproductiveSystem UseFigure28-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 125) Identifythestructurelabeled2. A) vagina B) uterinetube C) clitoris D) ureter E) ovary Answer: B
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page783 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) Themalegonadiscalleda(n)________. Answer: testis
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page784 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page785 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page786 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page787 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page788 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page789 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) ThereleaseofFSHandLHfromgonadotropesintheadenohypophysisisseparatelycontrolledbythe same hypothalamicreleasinghormone,GnRH.Howisitpossibletoorganizetheirsecretionduringthemenstrual cycle? Answer: Infemales,theGnRHpulsefrequencyandamplitude(amountsecretedperpulse)changethroughout thecourseoftheovariancycle.Considerchangesinpulsefrequency,astheireffectsarebothdramatic andreasonablywellunderstood.ChangesinGnRHpulsefrequencyarecontrolledprimarilyby circulatinglevelsofestrogensandprogestins.EstrogensincreasetheGnRHpulsefrequency,and progestinsdecreaseit.Theendocrinecellsoftheadenohypophysisrespondasifeachgroupofendocrine cellsismonitoringdifferentfrequencies.Asaresult,eachgroupofcellsissensitivetosomeGnRHpulse frequenciesandinsensitivetoothers.Forexample,considerthegonadotropes,thecellsresponsiblefor FSHandLHproduction.Atonepulsefrequency,thegonadotropesrespondpreferentiallyandsecrete FSH,whereasatanotherfrequency,LHistheprimaryhormonereleased.FSHandLHproductionalso occursinpulsesthatfollowtherhythmofGnRHpulses.IfGnRHisabsentorissuppliedataconstant rate(withoutpulses),FSHandLHsecretionwillstopinamatterofhours.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page790 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page791 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page792 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page793 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page794 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page795 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page796 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page797 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page798 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page799 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page800 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page801 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page802 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page803 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page804 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page805 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure29-1EarlyHumanDevelopment UseFigure29-1toanswerthefollowingquestions: 74) Identifythestructureslabeled4. A) zygotictwins B) morula C) blastomere D) trophoblast E) polarbodies Answer: E
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page806 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page807 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Figure29-2Fetusat10Weeks UseFigure29-2toanswerthefollowingquestions: 79) Identifythestructurelabeled4. A) amnion B) chorion C) deciduabasalis D) placenta E) endometrium Answer: D
Diff:2 Skill: Level2Questions:ReviewingConcepts
Page808 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
ShortAnswerQuestions
1) ________isthetimespentinprenataldevelopment. Answer: Gestation
Diff:1 Skill: Level1Questions:ReviewingFactsandTerms
Page809 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page810 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page811 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page812 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
Page813 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)
EssayQuestions
1) Outlinetheeventsthattakeplacebetweenexposureoftheoocytetospermatozoaandformationofthefirst blastomerepair. Answer: Powerfulacrosomalhydrolasesreleasedfromthespermheadcreateopeningsbetweenadherent granulosacells(thecoronaradiata)andpenetratethezonapellucida.Asolitaryspermpenetratestothe oocytemembranetowhichitfuses,sendingitsnucleusintotheoocyte.Thisisthemomentof fertilization. Thistriggersmaturationofthehaploidmaternalpronucleus,followedbydevelopmentofthemale pronucleus.Thesethenfuseintheactofamphimixis,thetruecombiningofmaternalandpaternal haploidchromosomesetstoformauniquediploidsetof46.Spindlefibersorganizethechromosomeson themetaphaseplateafterthenuclearenvelopesbreakdown.Aftermitosisiscomplete,cytokinesistakes place,dividingtheoriginalzygoteintotwodaughtercellsorpairofblastomeres.Thistakesmorethan 30hourstocomplete.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
4) Listandbrieflycharacterizethethreetrimestersofgestation. Answer: Forconvenience,wethinkofthegestationperiodasconsistingofthreeintegratedtrimesters,each lasting3monthsinduration:(1)Thefirsttrimesteristheperiodofembryologicalandearlyfetal development.Duringthisperiod,therudimentsofallthemajororgansystemsappear.(2)Thesecond trimesterisdominatedbythedevelopmentoforgansandorgansystems,aprocessthatnears completionbytheendofthesixthmonth.Duringthisperiod,bodyshapeandproportionschange;by theendofthistrimester,thefetuslooksdistinctivelyhuman.(3)Thethirdtrimesterischaracterizedby rapidfetalgrowthanddepositionofadiposetissue.Earlyinthethirdtrimester,mostofthefetussmajor organsystemsbecomefullyfunctional.
Diff:3 Skill: Level3Questions:CriticalThinking&ClinicalApplications
Page814 FundamentalsofAnatomy&Physiology,8e(Martini)