Introduction

An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a dedicated task. Some of the main devices used in embedded products are Microprocessors and Microcontrollers. Microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose processors as they simply accept the inputs, process it and give the output.

In contrast, a microcontroller not only accepts the data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces the data with various devices, controls the data and thus finally gives the result. As everyone in this competitive world prefers to make the things easy and simple to handle, this project sets an example to some extent.

This project uses microcontroller which is the heart of the project. We use four magnetic sensors in order to sense the level of the water in the dam placing the fourth magnetic sensor in the topmost level when ever water reaches the fourth level then the dam gate is opened automatically using stepper motor.

Working

Dam is meant for storage of water which is used mainly for the irrigation and production of electricity. When inflow water level reaches maximum storage level of the dam we open the gates for outflow of the water. For efficient and timely operation of these gates even in absence of the person this project has been designed. Whenever the water level reaches its maximum,the gate is opened and the alarm is turned on automatically.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Principle

In this project we have used magnetic sensors in order to find out the water level of the dam. We use four magnetic sensors placed at certain levels of the dam the top most sensor placed at the maximum storage capacity level of the dam. In this project we use AT89S52 microcontroller which is the heart of this project.

Whenever the water level reaches its maximum the magnetic sensor gives the signal to the controller AT89S52. This microcontroller operates the ULN Driver which in turn control the operation of the stepper motor i.e. switches on the stepper motor moving it in a clock wise direction.

This project uses regulated 5V, 750mA power supply. 7805 three terminal Voltage Regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary of 230/18V step down transformer.

MAGNETIC SENSORS OR REED SWITCHES

The reed switch is an electrical switch operated by an applied magnetic field.

A reed sensor is a device built using a reed switch with additional functionality like ability to withstand higher shock, easier mounting, additional intelligent circuitry, etc.

Working of reed switch

When a magnetic force is generated parallel to the reed switch, the reeds become flux carriers in the magnetic circuit. The overlapping ends of the reeds become opposite magnetic poles, which attract each other. If the magnetic force between the poles is strong enough to overcome the restoring force of the reeds, the reeds will be drawn together. Reed switches are commonly used in mechanical systems as proximity switches as well as in door and window sensors in burglar alarm systems and tamper proofing methods.

Six reed switches are used in our project to indicate different levels of the petrochemical liquid in the process container. When the floating magnet comes in contact with any of the reed switches, magnetic field will be generated and the reeds are drawn together and thus the reed switch is triggered and this change is applied to the microcontroller for further processing.

AT89C51 Microcontroller

The AT89C51 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable memory. the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

Pin diagram of AT89C51 Microcontroller

Atmels AT89S8252 Flash Microcontroller offers 8K bytes of insystem reprogrammable Flash Code memory and 2K bytes of EEPROM Data memory.

The AT89S8252 is normally equipped with the on-chip Flash Code and EEPROM Data memory arrays in the erased state and ready to be programmed.

This device supports a high-voltage (12-V VPP) Parallel programming mode and a low-voltage (5-V VCC) Serial programming mode. Serial programming mode provides a convenient way to reprogram the AT89S8252 inside the users system. The parallel programming mode is compatible with conventional third party Flash or EPROM programmers.

Module Of Automatic Dam Gate Control System With Caution Alarm

Advantages

Reduces human activity. Spontaneous output. Atomization. Alerting facility through the Buzzer.

Applications

Automatic water flow in dams under emergency conditions. Water heaters House hold applications. In Industrial Applications

Conclusion
This project presents the automatic dam gate control system with caution alarm in embedded system domain. The proposed method is verified to be highly beneficial for the Industrial purpose.