The Voice 8-9

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Monday, February 13 - 19 , 2012
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VOICE
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Weekly
Vol.8 / No.9
Monday, Feburary 13 - 19, 2012
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THE VOICE WEEKLY 33
Vol.8 / No.9 - February 13 - 19 , 2012

NEWS
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15
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The
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Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Total
2
2
2
1
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
6
3
3
3
10
5
5
5
10
10
5
10
5
5
10
10
15
10
7
6
19
12
7
12
6
10
16
16
25
21
90
136
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Vol. 8 / No.9
February 13 - 19 , 2012
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Myanmar Hotel & Tourism Guide 2012

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Rule 29
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now and then we need to step outside and be challenged, be frightened, be stimulated. It's this way that we
stay young and feel good about ourselves.
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23
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25
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26
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l rd ;f qnf;MuNyD; tdrrf sm;? qkid rf sm;?
um;rsm;ponfwkdYwGif tjrwfwEkd;csdwfqGJvm
Muonfudkvnf; jrifawGUvm&onf/
]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;}/ xdkolonf b,f
odkYaom olrsKd;ygenf;/ xdkoludk jrefrmjynfol
rsm;u tb,faMumifh ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmMumonfh
wdik af tmif cspcf ifav;pm;NrJ jzpfaeMuygoenf;/
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;udk cspcf ifav;pm;vsuf
&Sad eonfrmS Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ pGr;f pGr;f wrH
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk rsufjrifudk,fawGU awGU&Sd
vdkuf&aom vlBuD;rsm;omru AdkvfcsKyfvkyfBuH
cH&NyD; tcsed u
f mvusrS arG;zGm;cJah om vli,frsm;
uvnf; cspfcifav;pm;vsuf &Sdaeayonf/
]]Adv
k cf sKyu
f kd av;pm;p&mawGuawmhtrsm;
BuD;ygyJ/ eHygwfwpftaeeJYu pdw"f mwfayghAsm/
rsKd;cspfpw
d "f mwfaygh/ toufpeG Yf NyD;aqmif&u
G &f J
w,fqdkwm enf;enf;aemaemrS r[kwfwm/
aemufNyD; olU&JUaexdik rf /I Edik if ahH cgif;aqmifwAhJ sm?
NcdK;NcdK;NcHNcHaexkdifcJhwmAsm/ 0rf;enf;vGe;f vdYkyg/
aemufwpfcu
k arwma&;/ b,fred ;f rudrk S &ifrckef
zl;wJo
h Al sm/ rcifMunfqw
kd q
hJ &mrav;eJYrS ...}}[k
pD;yGm;a&;wuov
kd yf xrESpf wufa&mufaeaom
touf 17 ESpt
f &G,f udpk ikd ;f aevif;OD;uqdo
k nf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 1915 ckESpf
azazmf0g&Dv 13&ufaeYwGif arG;zGm;cJhNyD; 1947
Zlvdkif 19 &ufaeY touf 33 ESpft&G,f
vkyfBuHcH&um uG,fvGeftedpa&muf&SdcJhonf/
tcsderf wkid rf D uG,v
f eG cf ahJ omfvnf; Adv
k cf sKyf\
av;pm;p&mtcsufrsm;pGmwkdYonf jrefrmjynf
olwkdY\&ifudk ,ckwkdifkdufcwfqJ&Sdaeonf/
]]tefwDuawmh AdkvfcsKyfudk av;pm;wm
awmh rajymygeJY/ AdkvfcsKyfeJYywfouf&if &ifxJ
rSm yDwdjzpfNyD; MuufoD;awmifxw,f/ udk,hf
wkdif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;&atmif BudK;yrf;ay;cJh
wJholav/ tJ'gaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfeJY oufqkdifwJh
aeYawGu trSwfwrJhjzpfp&m taMumif;udk r&Sd
ygbl;}} [k Adkvcf sKyfatmifqef;ESifh ywfouf
cHpm;rdonfrsm;udk rdcifwpfO;D jzpfol touf 58
ESpt
f &G,f a':ZifZifu qkdonf/
vly*k Kd vfwpfO;D rnfa&GUrnfrQ wm0efaus
cJhonfudk od&Sdvdkygu xkdolaoqHk;csdefwGif vl
trsm; rnfrQwoo jzpfonfudkMunhf od&Sd
Ekdifonf[k pmtkyfxJwGif zwfIzl;aMumif;?
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; uG,fvGefcJhonfrSm MumNyD
jzpfaomfvnf; ,ckwkdif vlBuD;vli,fwdkY\
pdwfxJ rarhEkdifjzpf&jcif;rSm wkdif;jynftay:
Adv
k cf sKyf\ wm0efausrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfaMumif;?
k;d om;rIrmS Adv
k cf sKyf\jy,k*w
f pfc[
k k jrifaMumif;
touf 26 ESpft&G,f rZifa0vif;uqdkonf/
]]AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk uRefrtav;pm;
qH;k tcsuu
f ol[m wkid ;f jynfacgif;aqmifwpfO;D
jzpfayr,fh rmefrme0ifh<um;rIr&Sdbl;/ tckacwf
vlawG&JU oabmu udk,hfrSm tmPmvkyfydkifcGifh
wpfckck&SdvmNyDqkd&if rmefrmeawG&SdvmMuNyD/
AdkvfcsKyfuawmh tJvkdr[kwfbl;/ oltouf&Sif
wke;f rSm olwwfEidk o
f rQ taumif;qH;k BudK;pm;NyD;
vkyfay;cJhw,f/ olvkyfBuHcH&wJhtcsdefu ajym
r,fq&kd if i,fi,fav;yJ&adS o;w,f/ tJ't
D csed f
rSm qHk;oGm;awmh vlawG&JU pdwfxJrSmESajrmwm
a&m? 'Dt&G,fav;eJY 'DavmufawmifvkyfEdkifcJh
w,faygh/ NyD;awmh ]AdkvfcsKyfom rusqHk;bJeJY
&Scd &hJ if igwkYdjrefrmEkid if }H qkw
d hJ pdwrf sK;d vnf; vlBuD;
&ifxJuAdkvfcsKyf
"mwfyHk -jrifhrdk;ndK
vli,ftm;vHk;&JU pdwfxJrSm tenf;eJYtrsm;
&SdMuw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfujrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf tpm;
xkd;vkdYr&wJh acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfOD;yg}} [k
ukrPD0efxrf;wpfOD;jzpfol rZifa0vif;uqdk
onf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; uG,fvGefcJhonfrSm
ESpfaygif; 65ESpfwkdif&SdNyDjzpfaomfvnf; ,aeY
wkid f rSwrf w
S x
f ifxif&adS eqJrmS ol\ud,
k u
f sK;d pGeYf
trsm;tusKd;twGufvkyfaqmifcJhaom pdwf
"mwfaMumifhvnf;jzpfonf/
]]AdkvfcsKyfeJY ywfoufNyD; BudKufwmu
ud,
k u
f sKd;pGeYf NyD; trsm;tusKd;twGuv
f yk af qmif
cJw
h mawGuykd g/ twtusKd;xuf y&tusKd;vkyf
NyD; toufpGefYoGm;cJhwm/ av;pm;NyD; MuufoD;
x&ygw,f}} [k a':ZifZifu AdkvfcsKyfESifh ywf
ouf cHpm;rdonfrsm;udk ajymjyonf/
]]AdkvfcsKyfeJY ywfoufvkdY tav;pm;qHk;
tcsufESpfcsuf&Sdw,f/ ukd,fusKd;rMunfhwJhpdwf
tJ'golrsm;eJY rwlbl;/ urmay:rSm b,foleJY
rS rwlygbl;/ urmeJYcsDNyD;awmh ajymEkid yf gw,f/
aemufwpfcsuu
f awmh toufupkd eG YfNyD; BudK;yrf;
ay;cJhwmudkyg/ 'DESpfcsufvHk;u awmfkHwefkH
vdkufrvkyEf idk yf gbl;}} [k touf 24ESpf t&G,f
0efxrf;wpfOD;jzpfol rcs,f&u
D ajymqkdonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk twk,al v;pm;rd
onft
h avsmuf wwfEidk o
f rQ ud,
k u
f sK;d rMunfhbJ
trsm;tusKd;twGuf wwfprG ;f oa&GU vkyaf qmif
rnf[k qH;k jzwfxm;aMumif; rcs,&f u
D qdkonf/
]]uRefawmfhb0&JU tav;pm;qHk;udkar;&if
AdkvfcsKyfyg/ AdkvfcsKyf"mwfyHkawG tckvkd rsm;rsm;
pm;pm;ra&mif;cifuwnf;u uRefawmfh ydkufqH
tdwfxJrSm AdkvfcsKyfyHkygwJh ydkufqHav;awGudk
acgufNyD;odrf;xm;jzpfw,f}} [k bPf0efxrf;
wpfOD;jzpfol touf 30t&G,f udka0vif;u
ajymonf/
]]AdkvfcsKyf[m pum;udk cyfjywfjywfajym
NyD; udk,fvkyf&r,fh[mudk wpdkufrwfrwfvkyf
cJhwJhvlkd;BuD;vkdY ajym&r,fxifw,f/ t*Fvef
oGm;wm tusqif;&JvkdY tdEd,0efBuD;csKyfael;
u 'Dtwkdif;oGm;vdkYrjzpfbl;qkdNyD; ukwftus
vufaqmifay;vkdY 0wfoGm;&w,f/ jrefrmEkdifiH
&JU acgif;aqmif[m wkdif;jynftwGuf Munfh&
vGef;vkdY tusaumif;aumif;awmif r&Sd&Smbl;/
tJ't
D aMumif;awGukd pmawGrmS zwf&rSw&f awmh
AdkvfcsKyfudk ydkNyD;av;pm;rdw,f}} [k udka0vif;
u qufvufajymqkdonf/
AdkvfcsKyf\ tjyKoabmaqmifonfh vkyf
&yfrsm;? trsm;tusK;d aqmif&u
G yf rkH sm;udk av;pm;
cspcf iforl sm;&So
d uJo
h Ykd Adv
k cf sKyf\ trlt&mrsm;?
tjcm;aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk wdkif;jynf
tusKd;aqmif&Gufjcif;? raqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh
rqdkifbJ cspfcifaeMuolrsm;vnf; &Sdayonf/
]]tpfruawmh ol;kd om;wmudk oabmus
w,f/ olu 0g'wpfcw
k nf; vufuikd x
f m;wm
r&Sb
d ;l / Oyrm-uGejf rLepfqv
kd nf; olvufcw
H m
yJ/ olUNcHxJu &JabmfawGeJYwef;wl xrif;pm;
wm? olU&JabmfawGu qefMurf;eDeYJ pm;aeovdk
olwdkYxrif;0dkif;rSmvnf; 'DvdkrsKd;yJpm;wmawG/
NyD;awmh taMumfonfudk olUukwftuscRwfay;
wmawG? tdrfomwufNyD; vufudkqyfjymeJY
raq;wmawG? vef'efudk a&mufa&mufcsif;
pmtkyfqdkifawGqD wef;oGm;wmawGqdk&if Adkvf
csKyfrdkYvdkYvm;rodbl;? tJvdktrlt&mawGqdk cspf
w,f}} [k EdkifiH&yfjcm;wGif a&muf&Sdaeonfh
touf 29 ESpft&G,f rESif;yGifhjzLuqdkonf/
tcsKdUuvnf; oufwrf;wpfavQmufwiG f
tav;pm;qHk; yk*dKvfrsm;xJ AdkvfcsKyfonf
eHygwfwpf odkYr[kwf eHygwfESpfae&mrsm;wGif
&Sdaeonf/
]]uRefawmf av;pm;&wJh yk*Kd vfEpS af ,muf
&Sdw,f/ wpfa,mufu Ak'/ wpfa,mufu
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ AdkvfcsKyfeJY ywfouf&if
eHygwfwpfu udk,fusKd;pGefYwm/ eHygwfESpfu
wnfMunfcHhnm;wm/ eHygwfoHk;u oem;
Muifemwm/ eHygwfav;u tajymxuf vuf
awGUudk ydOk ;D pm;ay;wm/ eHygwfig;uawmh jA[p&kd f
w&m;av;yg;eJY em,u*kPf ajcmufyg;eJY jynhpf kH
w,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh AdkvfcsKyfudk tav;pm;
qHk;tcsufawGyJ}} [k rHk&GmNrdKUwGif aexdkifonfh

touf 23 ESpf t&G,f udkatmifrGefuqdkonf/
AdkvfcsKyfudk MunfndK&if;pGJ&SdNyD;olrsm;rSm
AdkvfcsKyfESifhywfoufonfh trSwfw& "mwfyHk
rsm;? uD;csdef;uav;rsm;udk oGm;av&mwGif
o,faqmifaeMuonfudk awGU&onf/
oufvwfydkif;t&G,f&Sd tiSm;,mOfarmif;
ESio
f w
l pfO;D u ]]uReaf wmfu
h m;xJrmS qdk Adv
k cf sKyfykH
axmifxm;w,f/ t&ifuwnf;u tJ'Dvdkav;
vkyfxm;csifwm/ ckusawmh AdkvfcsKyfyHkawGudk
xifxifay:ay:a&mif;ae 0,faeMuawmh uReaf wmf
vnf; ckrSAdkvfcsKyfyHkudk axmifxm;jzpfwmyg}}
[kqdkonf/
vmrnfh azazmf0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYonf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ 97 ESpfajrmufarG;aeY
jzpfonf/ xdak eYwiG f Adv
k cf sKyftwGu&f nf&,
G Nf yD;
qGr;f uyfMuolrsm;? ukov
kd af &;aqmif&u
G Mf uol
rsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh tcsKdUaomvli,f
rsm;udkvnf; AdkvfcsKyfarG;aeYwGif rnfonfh
tpDtpOf&Sdonfudk ar;jref;Munhfrdonf/
]]uRefawmfuawmh AdkvfcsKyfyHkygwJh tus
0wfr,f/ AdkvfcsKyftkwf*lrSm oGm;uefawmhr,f}}
[k udkpdkif;aevif;OD;u oljyKvkyfrnfh tpDtpOf
udkqdkonf/
xdek nf;wlyif udak tmifreG u
f vnf; ]]'DEpS f
awmh bmvkyjf zpfrvJrpOf;pm;&ao;bl;/ cgwdik ;f
ESpaf wGuawmh vrf;avQmufw,f/ vrf;avQmuf
w,fqdkwm Adkvfwaxmifuae ajreDukef;txd
vrf;avQmufwm/ wpfa,mufwnf;avQmufwm/
av;pm;aomyk*Kd vu
f kd 'Dxufruaom av;pm;rI
awGeYJ vkyjf ycsiaf yr,fh uReaf wmfu bmrSr[kwf
ao;ygbl;}}[k qdkonf/
Adv
k cf sKyEf iS yhf wfoufNyD; rdrrd w
S o
f m;rdonf
rsm;udkvnf; touf 25 ESpft&G,f raomfwm
u ]]AdkvfcsKyfeJYywfouf&if uRefr pmawGyJzwf
zl;w,f/ pmawGxJrSmyJ AkdvfcsKyfudk &if;ESD;cJhwm
yg/ q&mode;f azjrifah &;wJh ]ta&SUuae0ef;xGuf
onfh yrm} pmtkyfudkzwfawmh AdkvfcsKyf&JU
Character udk enf;enf;odvmw,f/ tJ'DxJrSm
AdkvfcsKyfu aemufaz;cef;u xGufvmNyD; a&pdk
aewJhvufudk olrsm;rsufESmokwfy0grSm oGm;
okwfwm/ 0dkif;atmfMuawmhvnf; olu rMum;
ovdkyJ/ NyD;awmh rwfwwfBuD;&yfNyD; pmtkyfudk
zwfaew,fwJh/ olUpdwfMunfh&wm olpdwfr0if
pm;wm? ta&;BuD;w,fvdkY rxifwmawGudk *k
rpdkufwwfbl;xifw,f/ NyD;awmh AdkvfcsKyfu
pufb;D vnf;rpD;wwfb;l wJ/h pufb;D udk ywfcsm
vnfMunfNh yD; Adv
k af e0if; ig pufb;D rpD;wwfb;l
vdYkajymw,fvYkdvnf; zwfz;l w,f/ tao;tzGJ
av;utp AdkvfcsKyf&JUdk;om;rI[m odyfudk
pdwf0ifpm;zdkYaumif;ygw,f}} [k qdkonf/
AdkvfcsKyfESifhywfoufNyD; trSwfw& vGrf;
qGwf uAsmrsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;? udk,fawGUrsm;?
AdkvfcsKyf\ acgif;aqmifrIydkif;qdkif&m avhvmrI
rsm;udkvnf; pmayynm&Sifrsm;u a&;om;azmf
jyxm;onfrsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfudk rod? rrDvdkuf
onfh vli,frsm;twGuf avhvmzG,f&mrsm;jzpf
onf/ xdkenf;wlpGmyif AdkvfcsKyf\vkyfaqmif
csufrsm;udk rsufjrifudk,fawGU awGU&SdcJh&aom
a&SUrD aemufrDvlBuD;rsm;\ jyefajymif;ajymjy
csufrsm;t&vnf; vli,frsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfESifh
aumif;rGefpGm &if;ESD;Edkifonfjzpf&m AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;[lonf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf arhr&
Edkifaom? arhaysmufr&aom tNrJwap*kP,
f l
&rnfh Ekid if ahH cgif;aqmiftjzpfomru vli,frsm;
twGuf av;pm;p&myk*dKvfwpfOD;tjzpfvnf;
tNrJ&SdaeOD;rnfrSm taotcsmyifjzpfonf/
csrf;Nidrf;jzL? aqGNidrf;at;
32
32 THE VOICE WEEKLY
VOICE
The
Vol.8 / No.9 - February 13 - 19 , 2012

PERSPECTIVE
toifUjyif
aZ,sol
rmEkdifiHwGif; jzpfay:ajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh EkdifiHwum
umpDpD;yGm;a&; todkif;t0dkif;u pdwf0ifpm;aejyD; avhvm axmufvSrf;
H umukrP
MD uD;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmvQif ,if;wdYk ukd trSjD yKum jynfwGif;ukrPDrsm;\ ukex
f w
k v
f yk rf I
jyifqifaeMujyD/ Ekid if w
pGrf;&nf (Productivity) jrifhrm;vmrnfjzpfjyD; EkdifiHhpD;yGm;wdk;wufrnfjzpfaomaMumifh xdkukrPDMuD;rsm;udk qGJaqmif&eeff jrefrmEkdifiH
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIOya'udk topfa&;qGJaeeovd
ovdk ta&;,lydwfqdkYrIrsm; kyfodrf;vkdufygu tjydKiftqdkif0ifa&mufvmvdrfhrnf[k jynfwGif;
jy
nfyu cefYrSef;xm;Muonf/ odkYaomf EkdifiHwum ukrPDMuD;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmkHjzifh jynfwGif;ukrPDrsm;\ u
jynf
ukkefxkwfvkyfrI
pGrf;&nftvdktavsmufwufvmrnfr[kwfbJ rdrdukrPDrsm; pGrf;&nftxdkuftavsmuf&SdaerSom olwdkYxHrS vQHusvmaom
aumif;usKd;rsm;cHpm;&um wdk;wufvmrnfjzpfonfhtwGuf jynfwGif;ukrPDwdkY toifhjyifxm;&efvkdonf/
Ekid if jH cm;wdu
k f u
kd &f if;ES;D jrKyEf rHS I ( Foreign Direct Investment) enf;ynmrsm; vufajymif;&&Sdjcif; (Technology Transfer)
onf EkdifiHhpD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufatmif wGef;tm;ay;EkdifaMumif;
Ekid if w
H umukrP
ED iS hf jynfwiG ;f ukrP
D zufpyfvyk if ef;rsm;rS
urmwGiv
f ufcHxm;MuonfhtwGuf EkdifiHzGHYNzdK;a&;AsL[mwpf&yf vnf;aumif;? jynfwiG ;f ukrP
rD sm;tm; enf;ynmay;um uefxdu
k f
tjzpf EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIrsm;udk EkdifiHtrsm;u olYxufig pepfjzifh xkwfvkyfapaom ukefypnf;rsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;?
tvkt,ufqaJG qmifMuavh&o
dS nf/ xdo
k Ykd qaJG qmif&mwGif tcGef jynfwiG ;f ukrP
rD sm;onf Ekid if jH cm;ukrP
MD uD;rsm;xHrS 0,f,o
l ;Hk pGJ
uif;vGwcf iG rhf sm; ESpt
f wefMumay;jcif; (Tax Holidays)? tajccH onfh azmufonfrsm; jzpfaeyguvnf;aumif; enf;ynmrsm;
taqmuftODrsm; wnfaqmufay;jcif; (Infrastructure)? Ekid if jH cm;om; vufajymif;&&SdEkdifonf/
wdkY pdwfBudKufvkyfcGifhudkifcGifh&atmif pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; a&;qGJ tajrmuftjrm;xkwfvkyfa&mif;cs&jcif;aMumifh
jyifqifjcif; (Regulation) wdYkjzifh rdrEd idk if u
H kd Ekid if w
H um ukrP
MD uD; &onfhtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; (Economies of Scale)
rsm; (Multinational Corporations MNCs) vmcsifvkyfcsifudkifcsif
EkdifiHjcm;ukrPDMuD;rsm;\ 0,fvdktm;aMumifh jynfwGif;
atmif jyifqifMu&onf/ xdkukrPDMuD;rsm; ,laqmifvmonfh ukrPDrsm; tajrmuftjrm;xkwfvkyfa&mif;cs&jcif;jzifh aps;csKdcsKd
enf;ynm? aps;uGu?f pDrcH efYcrJG yI nm ponfwYkdukd jynfwiG ;f ukrP
D jzifh a&mif;csEidk jf cif;? vkyif ef;wd;k csUJ Ekid jf cif; ponft
h usK;d aus;Zl;rsm;/
rsm;u wpfqifhcHjyefvnf&,ljcif;jzihf xdu
k rk P
rD sm;\ ukex
f w
k f
vQu
H s&v'frsm;wGif taumif;csn;f &So
d nfr[kw?f atmufyg
vkyfrIpGrf;tm; wdk;vmap&ef arQmfrSef;xm;Muonf/ wpfqifhcsif; wdkYonf vQu
H s&v'fqdk;rsm; (Negative Spillovers) jzpfonf/
wuf&if;wuf&if; aemufq;Hk wGif jynfwiG ;f ukrP
rD sm;onf jynfy u/ &if;jrpfrsm; qGJ,loGm;jcif;
jynfwGif;ukrPDrsm;&Sd t&nftaoG;jrifhrm;onfh ynm&Sif
ukrP
BD uD;rsm;ESihf wef;wl&ifaygifwef;Edik v
f mum xdo
k w
l Ykd xkwv
f yk f
onfyh pn;f rsm;twdik ;f ? xdo
k w
l Ykd ay;onfh 0efaqmifrIrsm;twdkif; rsm;onf vkyfcvpmESifh tcGifhtvrf;ydkaumif;aom EkdifiHwum
urmwGif xdk;azmuf0ifa&muf&mrS EkdifiHhpD;yGm;t&Sdeft[kef ukrPDMuD;rsm;okdY a&TUajymif;oGm;jcif;/
jrifhvmrnfjzpfonf/ awmifudk&D;,m;? xdkif0rf? a[mifaumif? c/ aps;uGufa0pkcGJay;vdkuf&jcif;
pifumyl? wkwf ponfh ta&SUtm&SEidk if rH sm;onf xdek nf;jzifh zGUH jzdK;rI odkYr[kwf aps;uGufaysmufqkH;jcif;
0ifa&mufvmaom Ekid if w
H umukrP
rD sm;onf jynfwiG ;f aps;uGuf
avSum;xpfrsm;udk wpfqifjh yD;wpfqifh wufvrS ;f vmjyD; xdyyf ikd ;f
odkY a&muf&SdvmMuonf/
(domestic market) udk ypfrw
S x
f m;onfv
h yk if ef;rsm;jzpfaeygu
EkdifiHjcm;wdkufdkuf&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIrsm;aMumifh cHpm;&aom jynfwGif;ukrPDrsm;taejzifh aps;uGufa0pkcGJay;vdkuf&jcif;?
&v'frSm EkdifiHvkH;qdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vQHus&v'frsm;[k ESpfrsdK; r,SOEf idk yf gu tqd;k qk;H taejzifh aps;uGufwpfckvkH; EkdifiHwum
&Sdonf/
ukrP
BD uD;rsm;aemufygoGm;jcif;wdYkjzpfEidk o
f nf/ Oyrm-jrefrmEkid if H
1/ EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m pD;yGm;a&; (Macroeconomy)
wGi;f vufvaD ps;uGuw
f iG f Wal Mart uJo
h Ydk r[mvufvq
D ikd rf sm; 0ifvm
Ekid if jH cm;wdu
k f u
kd &f if;ES;D jrKyfErHS rI sm;aMumifh Ekid if \
H a&cHajrcH? ygu jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;vuf&Sd mart rsm; xdcdkufEkdifjcif;/
vlom;t&if;tjrpfay:rlwnfum Edik if MH uD;xGm;wd;k wufvmrnf/ */ jyifyrS wifoGif;vmjcif;
EdkifiHwumukrPDMuD;rsm;u ukefypnf;xkwfvkyf&mwGif
tvkyt
f udik t
f cGit
hf vrf;rsm; aygrsm;vmjcif;? Balance of Payments
k yfaomypn;f rsm;udk jynfwiG ;f rS r0,f,b
l J jynfy&Sd ,if;wkYd
tcsKd ;rQwjcif;? jynfwiG ;f &if;ES;D jrK yEf rHS w
I ufvmjcif;? ydYu
k ek jf rifrh m;vmjcif; vdt
[laom Ekid if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m pD;yGm;a&;nTe;f ude;f rsm; (Macroeconomic vufpGJ ukefypnf;ay;oGif;olrsm; (Supplier) xHrSom qufvuf
indicators) rsm; wdk;wufvmrnf/
rSm,laomaMumifh jynfwGif;ukefypnf;xkwfvkyfay;oGif;olrsm;
2/ vQHus&v'frsm; (Spillovers)
ae&mr& ab;a&mufoGm;jcif;/
twk,ljcif; (Demonstration Effect)
pk y f , l k E k d i f p G r f ;
txufwGif wifjycJhonfh vQHusaumif;usdK;rsm; (Positive
Ekid if w
H umukrP
MD uD;rsm; ok;H pGo
J nfh enf;ynmrsm;? pDrcH efYcJG
ykrH sm;udk jynfwiG ;f vkyif ef;rsm;u avhvmtwk,u
l m vku
d v
f v
H yk f Spillovers) udk &,lEidk v
f Qif jynfwiG ;f ukrP
rD sm;onf wpfqifch sif;
udik jf cif;jzifh xdek nf;ynmrsm;? pDrcH efYcyJG rHk sm;udk &,lvu
kd f Ekid jf cif;/ wpfqifhcsif;jzifh EkdifiHwumukrPDrsm;udk trDvdkufEkdifrnfjzpf
vkyfom;rsm; a&TYajymif;jcif; (Movement of Workers)
onf/ rlvuwifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f wkwu
f rk P
rD sm;onf rlvu
Ekid if w
H umukrP
MD u;D rsm;wGif tvkyv
f yk af om jynfwiG ;f vkyo
f m; Ekid if w
H umukrP
MD uD;rsm; vkt
d yfonfh ypn;f rsm;teufrS enf;ynm
rsm;tm; xdu
k rk P
MD uD;rsm;u avhusiahf y;vdu
k jf cif;jzifh xdv
k yk o
f m; edrehf rd yhf pn;f rsm;udk xkwv
f yk af y;&onf/ xdYkaemufwiG f enf;ynm
rsm;onf pGr;f aqmif&nfjrifv
h yk o
f m;rsm;jzpfvmMurnf/ xdv
k yk o
f m; tv,f tvwfrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEkdifvmonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif
rsm;tm; jynfwiG ;f ukrP
rD sm;u jyefvnfimS ;&rf;Ekid o
f nf/ odYkr[kwf wkwEf idk if x
H w
k f Made in China pmwrf;yg Ekid if w
H umukrP
MD uD;
xdkvkyfom;rsm;onf udk,fydkifvkyfief;xlaxmifvmMurnf/
rsm;\ wHqyd rf sm;udk aps;uGuu
f 0,f,o
l ;Hk pG&J mrS Made in China
jynfyaps;uGufokdYvufvSrf;rDjcif; (Access to Export Markets) udk vufcv
H mMuonf/ aemufyikd ;f wGif wkwu
f rk P
rD sm;onf rdrd
Ekid if w
H umukrP
MD uD;rsm;\ *kPo
f wif;ESihf ,if;wdYk azmuf wdkYudk,fydkifwHqdyfjzifh EkdifiHwumaps;uGufrsm;odkY 0ifa&mufvm
xm;aom vrf;aMumif;rsm;udk ok;H pGjJ cif;jzifh jynfyaps;uGurf sm;odYk Muonf/ xked nf;udk a&SUydik ;f wGif awmifu&kd ;D ,m;? xdik 0f rfwYkd ok;H cJMh u
jynfwGif;ukrPDrsm;\ xkwfukefrsm;vufvSrf;rDEkdifrnf/ rlvu jyD;jzpfonf/ ,aeYacwfwiG f awmifu&kd ;D ,m;onf a&SUrSomG ;onfh
wkwEf idk if x
H w
k yf pn;f Made in China rsm;tm; rnforl Q rok;H pGv
J kd *syefwdkYudkyif e,fy,ftcsKdUwGif tvJxkd;aejyD/ tar&duef
Mu/ Ekid if w
H umukrP
MD uD;rsm;u wkwEf idk if w
H iG f xkwv
f kyfaom jynfaxmifprk S wDxiG zf efw;D rI jrifrh m;vSaom Apple \emrnfausmf
ypnf;rsm;udkrl Made in China jzpfaomfvnf; EkdifiHwum iPad udk awmifudk&D;,m;\ Samsung Galaxy u aps;uGufa0pk
ukrPDMuD;rsm;\ wHqdyft&Sdefjzifh vufcHMuonf/ aemufydkif; vkaejy/D odYkaomf xdk Spillover rsm;udk pky,
f El idk &f ef jynfwiG ;f ukrP
D
wGif wkwu
f rk P
rD sm; ud,
k w
f ikd x
f w
k af om ,if;wdYku,
kd yf ikd w
f q
H yd f rsm;\ pky,
f t
l ok;H csEidk pf rG ;f &nf (Absorptive Capacity) jrif&h efvkd
jzifh Made in China ypnf;rsm;udkyg vufcHvmMuonf/
aMumif; okawoersm;wGif awGU&S&d onf/ pky,
f El idk pf rG ;f qdo
k nfrmS
jynfwGif;vkyfief;e,fy,fopfrsm;? aps;uGufopfrsm; ay:ayguf jynfwiG ;f ukrP
rD sm;\ vlYprG ;f tm;&if;jrpf? pDrcH efYcrJG aI umif;rGejf cif;?
vmjcif; (Local supplier industries and markets)
okawoeESifh zGHUjzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm; tm;ay;xm;jcif;wdkYESifh
jynfwGif;wGif e*dku 0,fvdktm;r&Sdaom? rxkwfvkyfcJhzl; oufqikd jf yD; awmifu&kd ;D ,m;? xdik 0f rfwYdk\a'ocHvyk if ef;rsm;onf
aomypn;f rsm;udk Edik if w
H umukrP
MD u;D rsm;\ vdt
k yfcsut
f & jynfwiG ;f pky,
f El idk pf rG ;f &nfjrifch MhJ uojzifh a&SUwef;odYk a&mufvmcJjh cif; jzpfonf/
ukrP
rD sm;xHrS 0,f,jl cif;jzifh jynfwiG ;f wGif vkyif ef;e,fy,fopf
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif jrefrmwdkY jyifqifxm;aomaMumifh
rsm; ay:aygufvmum aps;uGufopfrsm; ay:aygufvmEkdifonf/ jrefrmhwdkif;&if;om;vkyfief;wdkY ,ckxuf tm;aumif;armif;oef
jref
jzpfaevQif wpfcsufcw
k f ok;H csufjywf atmufygtusKd;ok;H rsKd;vk;H
cHpm;&rnf/
1/ 0ifvmaom Ekid if jH cm;ukrP
rD sm;xHrS vQu
H saomaumif;usK;d
rsm; (Positive Spill-over effects) udk tqifoifh csufcsif;
vufiif;cHpm;Ekid rf nf/
2/ 0ifvmaom EkdifiHjcm;ukrPDrsm;ESifh ,SOfjydKifEkdifrnf/
vQHusqkd;usKd;rsm; avQmhcsEkdifrnf/
3/ tmqD,H vGwfvyfaomukefoG,fe,fajrtjynfht0
pwifcsdef (2015) wGif EkdifiHwGif;0ifvmaom tmqD,Hxkwfukef
rsm;ESifh rdrdxkwfukefrsm; ,SOfNydKifEkdifrnfjzpfovkd tmqD,HEkdifiH
rsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? tmqD,Hr[kwfonfh tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;odkY
vnf;aumif; rdrdxkwfukefrsm; wifydkY,SOfjydKifEkdifrnfjzpfonf/
wdkif;&if;om;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;tcsKdUrSm jrefrmEkdifiH
twdkif;twmjzifh MuD;rm;aomfvnf; tpdk;&udkom a&mif;
(0efaqmifrI? ukefypnf;rsm;a&mif;)&if; MuD;yGm;vmcJhonfrsm;
jzpfaomaMumifh jynfwGif;jynfyaps;uGufwGif; jydKifqdkifrI
tawGUtBuKHenf;cJhonfhtwGuf EdkifiHwumukrPDMuD;rsm;
0ifvmonfhtcgwGif jydKifMuqdkifMu onfhtcg acsmfvJEkdifonf/
aps;uGuo
f nf nmwmjcif;oabm r&S?d ]awmfoal e? rawmfoal o}
jzpfonf/
okYd aomf jyifqifxm;ygu jydKifqikd jf cif;udk aMumuf&efrvd?k
aMumufvnf;rxl;? jydKifqdkifjcif;onf aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;\
tESpo
f m&wpfcjk zpfonf/ w&m;ojzifh jydKifqikd jf cif;jzifh jynfwiG ;f
ukrPDrsm;\ t&nftaoG; wdk;wufvmum EkdifiHwumodkY
xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufEkdifrnf/
ukojcif;xuf MudKwifumuG,fjcif;u aumif;onf
]Prevention is better than cure}[k aq;ynmu qdkonf/ ,ck
tajctaewGifvnf; 0ifvmcgrS uref;uwef; vdkufvHzmax;
jcif;xuf MudKwifjyifqifxm;jcif;u ydkaumif;ygonf/
uHaumif;jcif;qkdonfrSm ]tcGifhtvrf;ESifh jyifqifjcif;wdkY
qkHrdjcif;} jzpf&m tcGifhtvrf;ay:vmvQifyif jyifqifrxm;olwdkY
uHraumif;Ekdif/ wpfzef Ak'bmomt& ]uHqdkonfrSm tvkyf}
jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHom; wdkif;&if;om;vkyfief;&Sif MuD;i,fwdkY
tm; uHaumif;apvdkygonf/ olwdkYuHaumif;rSom jrefrm
wpfEkdifiHvkH; uHaumif;rnfjzpfonf/
aZ,sol
PERSPECTIVE
33
VOICE
The
,ciftywfrStquf
jrefrmUEkdifiHa&; avUvmqef;ppfcsuf (2) 1948-1988

CASE STUDY OF MYANMAR POLITICS 1948-1988
ausm0f if;
a&cHajrcH
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ordkif;udk jyefMunhfvkdufaomtcgumv
tm;jzifh t&SnfMumqHk;jzwfoef;cJh&onfrSm ya'o&mZfacwf
jzpfonf/ taemf&xmeef;wufaom 1044 rS oDaygbk&ifygawmf
rlaom 1885 txd a&wGufvQifyif ESpfaygif;&Spf&mausmfonf/
umv&SnfBuD;twGif; tajccHt&rajymif;rvJ &SdaecJhonfrSm
]t<uif;rJhbk&ifpepf} (Absolute Monarchy) jzpfonf/ ordkif;
ynm&Sifrsm;\tvkdt& tqkdygt<uif;rJhbk&ifpepfwGif xl;jcm;
vuPmoHk;&yf&Sdonf[kqdkygonf/ onfwkdYrSm ...
1/ bk&if\A[dktcsuftcsmtcef;
(Central Position of Kingship)
jrefrmtygt0if tm&SEkdifiHrsm;\ ya'o&mZfpepfrSm

taemufEidk if rH sm;jzwfoef;cJMh uaom ya'o&mZfpepfEiS hf rwlyg/
a,bk,stm;jzihf taemuf\ya'o&mZfpepfwGif ]yg0gA[dk}
(Power Center) oH;k ck&o
dS nf[k qkEd idk o
f nf/ bk&if (King)? a'ocH
ya'o&mZf (Local Feudal Landlord) ESifh ausmif;awmf (Church)
wdYk jzpfonf/ a'ocHya'o&mZfrsm;ESihf ausmif;awmfwiG f ud,
k yf ikd f
ydik pf m;e,fajr? ud,
k yf ikd pf ;D yGm;a&;ESihf ud,
k yf ikd v
f ufeufuikd w
f yfzUJG
rsm;&Sd&m bk&ifESifhtNydKifyg0gA[dkrsm;jzpfaeonf/ tm&S (txl;
ojzifh) jrefrmhya'o&mZfpepfwGifrl oabmrsKd;r&Sdygacs/
jrefrmjynf&Sd a'ocHya'o&mZfrsm; (&Gmpm;? NrdKUpm;? e,fpm;)
rsm;rSm bk&if\aqGawmfrsKd;awmfESifh bk&ifhpdwfwkdif;uscefYxm;cH
&olawGomjzpfonf/ bk&iftvkdrusonfESifh &mxl;omru
ZufygjyKwfEkdifonfjzpf&m bk&ifudktefwkAvjyKEkdifonfhtae
txm;wGif r&Sdyg/ tvm;wlyif Oa&my? ya'o&mZfpepf&Sd
ausmif;awmfvdk bk&if\tmPmpufux
kd yd g;Ekid af om bmoma&;?
Ekid if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;rsK;d vnf; jrefrmhorkid ;f wGirf &Scd yhJ gacs/ (taemf&xm
rwdkifrDu t&nf;BuD;rsm;rSm oabmrsK;d jzpfaumif; jzpfEidk af omf
vnf; taemf&xmaemufydkif;rSp EdkifiHa&;udkpGufzufEkdifaom
bmoma&;tzGUJ tpnf;rsK;d tajccHt&r&Sad wmh[q
k &dk ygvdrrhf nf/)
Oa&myESifh rwlonfhaemufxyfxl;jcm;csufwpf&yfrSm vl
wef;pm;zGJUpnf;yHkjzpfonf/ Oa&my? ya'o&mZfpepfwGif ueOD;
uwnf;u Mum;vlwef;pm;wpfck&SdcJhonf/ ukefxkwfud&d,mjyK
vkyMf uaom vufrv
I yk if ef;&Siaf v;rsm;jzpfygonf/ ukeo
f ,
G af &;
zGHUNzdK;vmaomtcg olwdkYwpfawGonfyif ukefonfav;rsm;jzpf
vmNyD; aemufyikd ;f pufraI wmfveS af &;ay:aygufvmaomtcg pufrI
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;jzpfvmMuygonf/ (blZGmrsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/)
tqkdygMum;vlwef;pm;wpfenf;? vlvwfwef;pm;\OD;aqmifrI
jzifhyif ya'o&mZfpepfudk awmfvSefajymif;vJNyD; acwfopfodkY
a&muf&SdvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
jrefrmhya'o&mZfpepfwGifrl rlvuwnf;u qdkcJhyg
Mum;vlwef;pm;rsK;d tm;aumif;cJo
h nfr[kwyf g/ jrefrmv,form;
rsm;rSm v,fvkyfud&d,mudk udk,fwkdifxkwfvkyfMuonfursm;&m
vufrv
I yk if ef;&Siq
f adk om tvTmwpfcrk v
l uwnf;u tm;aumif;
armif;oefr&Scd /hJ jrefrmhajr,mpD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf; a&mif;ukepf ;D yGm;
a&;oabmr[kwfaom obm0pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fxJrS rxGufEkdif
cJh&m acwfopfukefonfvlwef;pm;rsKd;txd jzpfwnfrvmEdkifcJh
yg/ xdYk xuf pufraI wmfveS af &;\arG;&yfajrvnf;r[kwcf ahJ v&m
acwfopfudkOD;aqmifyHkazmfrnfh blZGmrsm;(vlvwfwef;pm;) tm;
aumif;armif;oefr&SdcJh[k qdk&rnfomjzpfygonf/ qdk&vQif
jrefrmhya'o&mZf vlYtzGUJ tpnf;wGit
f yk pf ;kd ol (bk&ifEiS hf olYtodik ;f
t0dik ;f )ESifh tkyfpdk;cH (v,form;rsm;) qkdaomvlrItvTmESpfckom
&SdNyD; wwd,tiftm;pkr&Sd/ odkYESifhtrQ Mum;vlwef;pm;udk udk,f
pm;jyKaom EkdifiHa&;twdkuftcHrsKd;vnf; b,fwkef;urSr&SdcJhyg
acs/ bk&if\tmPmpufonfom NydKifbufr&Sd? tcsuftcsm
tcef;wGif wpfavQmufvHk;&SdaecJhygonf/
2/ t<uif;rJhoufOD;qHydkifpepf
(Absolute Despotism)
qkcd yhJ g bk&if\A[dt

k csut
f csmtcef;udk wufuek &f u
G u
f ek f
zGifhapcJhonfrSm bk&if\tuefYtowfr&Sd vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmjzpf
onf/ jrefrmrIwiG f ]a&ajrhoeif;jynh&f iS rf if;}qkad om toH;k tEIe;f
wpfc&k &dS m wkid ;f jynf\a&ajrawmawmifobm0t&if;tjrpftm;
vHk;udkomru wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;\ touftkd;tdrfpnf;pdrf
udyk g bk&ifuydik q
f ikd o
f nfo
h abmyifjzpfonf/ wpfenf;qk&d vQif
]t<uif;rJhoufOD;qHydkifpepf}usifhoHk;ykdifcGifhyifjzpfonf/
ae&mwGif apm'uwufEkdifzG,f&mwpfckrSm jrefrmhtpOf
tvmwGif ]rif;usifw
h &m;q,fyg;}uJo
h Ykd aom bk&iftwGuo
f wf
rSwfxm;onfh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;tcsKdU&Sdygonfqkdaom axmuf
uGufjzpfonf/ trSefpifppf rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;rSm Oya'vkd
tmPmwnfonfrsKd;um; r[kwfyg/ usifh0wfoufoufrQom

jzpfonf/ bk&ifwpfyg;taeESifh rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;udk
vkdufemapmifhxdef;vQif ]rif;aumif;rif;jrwf}tjzpf jynfolvlxk
\cspfcifMunfdkrIudk&rnf/ rvdkufemvQifrl ]rif;qkd;rif;npf}
tjzpf &ifxJuowfrSwfHkrQom&SdNyD; bk&ifudkOya'aMumif;t&
w&m;pGJEdkifonfrsKd;r&Sdygacs/ odkYaom rif;qdk;rif;npf\'Pf
udkrcHEkdifvGef; ykefuefjcm;em;Muaom v,form;olykeftcsKdU
jrefrmhordkif;wGif &Sdoavmuf&Sdygonf/ odkYwap ykefuefrI
rsm;rS pepfopfwpf&yfay:xGufvmonfrsKd;um; b,fwkef;urS
r&SdcJh/ ]iwyg;rif;} (rif;rsKd;eef;dk;r[kwfaombk&if)wpfyg;wuf
vmNyD; rif;qufajymif;HkrQom wwfEkdifcJhonf/
aemufxyfapm'uwpfckrSm jrefrmbk&ifpepfwGif orkdif;OD;
yk*aH cwfuwnf;u ]vTwaf wmf}&Scd yhJ gonfqadk omacsycsujf zpfyg
onf/ yk*HacwfaZ,sodcFrif;vufxuf (1197-wpf0dkuf)wGif
vTwaf wmfpwifay:aygufco
hJ nfqadk om orkid ;f taxmuftxm;
&SdonfrSmvnf; trSefyifjzpfonf/ ae&mwGif b,fenf;b,f
yHjk zifv
h w
T af wmfay:aygufvmonfqadk om orkid ;f yHjk yifwpfcv
k nf;
&Sad v&m pdw0f ifpm;zkYd aumif;ygonf/ yHjk yifrmS orkid ;f r[kwo
f nfh
wkdif vlxk\w&m;0ifazmfjycGifhr&aom cHpm;rItptersm;yg0if
Ekid o
f nfjzpf&m qifjcifEikd zf ,
G &f mtcsKUd &Sv
d rd rfh nfxifonf/ tqkyd g
yHkjyifum; ,ckvdk ...
]]aZ,sodcFac: eef;awmif;rsm;ac: xD;vdkrif;vdkac: oHk;
rnf& xdkbk&if\ crnf;awmf e&ywdpnfolrif;BuD;wGif rdzk&m;
acgif;BuD;av;yg;u zGm;jrifaom om;awmfBuD;av;yg;&Sdonf/
aZ,socd rF mS rdz&k m;i,fwpfyg;rSarG;aom om;ti,fq;kH jzpfav&m
tpOftvmt& xD;eef;qufccH iG rhf &S/d om;awmfBuD;awGom quf
cHcGifh&Sdonf/ odkYwkdifatmif e&ywdpnfolrif;BuD;rSm om;i,f
aZ,sodcFudkom xD;eef;ay;ygrnf[k olYr,fawmfrdzk&m;i,fudk
uwdveG Nf yD;jzpfaeonf/ tjzpfu odYk ? wpfcgaomf rif;BuD;\
vufKS ;d wGif clemaygufNyD; jynfuu
kd
f rtdyEf idk jf zpfav&m rdz&k m;
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35
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36
VOICE
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PERSPECTIVE
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2/
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6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/
13/
14
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6.2.2012
732500
731000
685000
7.2.2012
731000
730000
684500
8.2.2012
738000
742000
695700
9.2.2012
743000
743500
697000
Source / / &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;a&Tvkyfief;&Sifrsm;toif;?
atmiform"da&Tqdkif/ (aeYpOftcsed Ef iS t
hf rQ aps;EIe;f tajymif;tvJ&EdS idk yf gonf/)
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=
=
=
=
812 usyf
824 usyf
tar&duefa':vm 925.17
tu&m
aps;EIe;f
rSwfcsuf
(usyfodef;)
Suzuki Wagon R+
Surf KZN - 130 (95)
Suzuki R-
('DZ,f)
a&Tig; 2.5 G(2000)
Saloon Mark II 92
Mark II
SE Saloon Limited 88
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Sunny Super Saloon 90
Toyota
zifaumuf "mwfqD 96
Sunny Super Saloon

Toyota pufkyf(yg0g&def;*sm;)
CE 96 (90)
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3*
4*
6c
9u
6*
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7*
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6*
v?o?t
6*
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6*
170
350
130
210
340
140
135
130
150
250
130
335
210
125
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EkdifiHwumukefpnfaps;EIef;
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tar&duef 1 a':vm = ,ldk 0.75? NAdwdoQaygif 0.63? MopaMw;vsa':vm 0.92? wkwf,Grf 6.29?
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20850? a[mifaumifa':vm 7.75? xkdif0rfa':vm 29.46? umwm&Dt,f 3.64? ,lattD;'Dtm[rf 3.67?
aqmf'D&D,,f 3.75
6 . 2 . 2012
9 . 2 . 2012 +^3800
3800
1725
1730
+
150-535
140-550
800-1500
775-1475 950
1000
+
350
365-375
+
2400-2800
2500-2750
1030
950-980
580
560
575-600
600
14500
14500
21500-24000 21500-24000
22500-23500 23000-24000 +
29500-32000 29500-32000
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1 bbl
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1 lb
1 Ton
1 bu
1 bu
1 bu
1 lb
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tar&duefa':vm
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tar&duefa':vm
qifh
qifh
qifh
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117.510
2.444
997.00
24.530
322.500
642.750
663.500
724.750
388.350
Source : Bloomberg
39
VOICE
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40
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YMO
THE VOICE WEEKLY 41
Vol.8 / No.9 - February 13 - 19 , 2012
41
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
VOICE
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47
The
Weekly
Vol.8 / No.9
VOICE
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Monday, Feburary 13 - 19, 2012
POLITICS
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The Voice 8-9

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VOICE

Monday, February 13 - 19 , 2012

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Monday, February 13 - 19 , 2012

Monday, Feburary 13 - 19, 2012

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THE VOICE WEEKLY 33

Vol.8 / No.9 - February 13 - 19 , 2012

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LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Monday, February 13 - 19 , 2012

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VOICE OF THE WEEK

Monday, February 13 - 19 , 2012

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Monday, February 13 - 19 , 2012

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