GII PHNG TRNH BNG PHNG PHP T N PH

V PHNG PHP A V PHNG TRNH TCH

I- PHNG PHP T N PH
1- Phng php
- i vi mt s phng trnh lng gic, ta c th biu din tt c cc s hng bng mt hm s lng
gic duy nht, l n s ca phng trnh. Khi phng trnh lng gic c quy v phng trnh i
s qua php t n ph.
a) t t = sinx ; t = cos x (

t 1) ; t =

1
1
,t=
( t 1)
sin x
cosx

t = tanx ; t = cotx (t R )
- Nu phng trnh khng thay i khi th:
+ x bi - x, chn n cosx
+ x bi - x, chn n sinx
+ x bi + x, chn n tanx

1 2
2
5
tan x + =0
2
cos x 2

VD1: Gii phng trnh:

-iu kin: Cosx

0 x

+ k (k Z)

1
1
2
5
(
- 1) + =0
2
2 cos x
cos x 2
1
Dat t=
( ( t 1)
cos x
1
5
1
Ptbd (t2-1)-2t+ =0 t2-2t+2=0
2
2
2
Pt

t+2

1
1
=2 cosx=
2
cos x

+2k (k Z)
3

x=

Vay pt co 2 ho nghiem
VD2:gii phng trnh: cotx=tanx+2tan2x

sin x 0

iu kin: cos x 0
cos 2 x 0

sin 2 x 0

cos 2 x 0

sin4 x 0 4x

k
4

(k Z).

*Cch 1: S dugj phng php t n ph:

t t = tanx cotx =

1
t

=t+

1
t

v tan2x =

2t
. Khi phng trnh c dng:
1-t 2

4t
1- t2= t2(1-t2)+4t2 t4-6t2+1=0
1-t 2

t 2 -2t-1=0

t 2 +2t-1=0

t=1 2

t=-1 2

tanx=1- 2 =tan1

tanx=1- 2 =tan2

tanx=-1- 2 =tan3
tanx=-1+ 2 =tan4

Vy phng trnh c 4 h ngim.

*Cch 2: S dng phng php lun h s phn tch:

x=1+k
x=2+k

x=3+k

x=4+k

(k Z)

pt cotx-tan2x=tanx+tan2x

cosx sin2x
-

sinx cos2x

cos3xcosx-sin3xsinx=0 cos4x=0 4x=

sin3x

(cosxcos2x-sin2xsinx)cosx=sin3xsinx

cosx.cos2x
+ k x=

k
4

(k Z)

Vay
*Nhn xt: Thng qua 2 cch gii trn, ta thy vi nhiu PTLG cch gii chnh quy i khi khng t ra
hiu qu.

2x= +k

VD3: Gii phng trnh: tan2x+cotx=8cos x dk:

2
x=k
2

*Cch 1: Xt x

x= + k

4 2 (k Z)
x=k (1)

+k v tha mn dk (1).
2
2tanx
8
1
pt
+
=
2
1-tan x tanx 1+tan 2 x
2t 1
8
8 1
t4+8t3+2t2-8t+1=0 t2+8t+2- +
t t=tanx ( t 0 va t 1)ta c:
+
=
=0
t t2
1-t 2 t 1+t 2
1
1
1
1
(t- )2+8(t- ) +4=0 t- =-4 2 3 m t- = tanx-cotx=-2cot2x
t
t
t
t
cot2x=tan =cot 5
2x= 5 +k
x= 5 + k

cot2x=2- 3

24 2
12
12
12



Vy suy ra:
(k Z)
cot2x=2+ 3
cot2x= 1 =cot
2x= +k
x= + k

24 2

12
2- 3
12
Cc h nghim ny u tha mn dk. Vy
*Cch 2: pt

sin2x
cos2x

cosx
sinx

cosx=8cos xsinxcos2x
2

=8cos2x sin2xsinx+cos2xcosx=8cos2xsinxcos2x

cosx=0
cosx=0

8sinxcosxcos2x=1 sin4x= 1

*Nhn xt: Cch 2 ngn gn hn, cch 1 lm mt 1 h nghim x=

*Ch : Khi t n ph t=tanx, cn th xem x=

x= +k
2

4x= +k2

5
4x= +k2
6

x= +k
2

x= + k (k Z)
24 2
5 k
x= +
24 2

+k (k Z)

+k (k Z) c l nghim ca phng trnh khng. Nu

khng lm nh vy c th xy ra vic mt nghim (mt nghim thng xy ra khi trong s cc iu kin

phng c ngha khng c iu kin x=
b) t t = cos2x (t [ 1;1] ):

+k (k Z) ).

VD4: Gii phng trnh : sin6x+cos6x=sin4x+cos4x

pt (

1-t
2

)3+(

1+t
2

)3=(

1-t
2

)2+(

1+t
2

)2 1+3t2=2(1+t2) t2=1 t= 1(nhn)

x=k

(k Z) x= k
x= +k
2
2
c) t t = asinx + bcosx ( t a 2 + b 2 )
cos2x= 1

t = cotx + tanx (
VD5: Gii phng trnh:
*iu kin :

t 2)
1
5
+cot2x- (tanx+cotx)+2=0
2
2
cos x

sin x 0
k
sin2x 0 x
(k Z)

2
cos x 0

pt 1+ tan2x+ cot2x-

5
2

(tanx-cotx)+2=0 (tanx+cotx)2-

5
2

(tanx+cotx) + 1=0

( t 2 ), ta dc:
sinxcosx sin2x
t = 2
5
1
2
t - t+1=0
1 (loi t = )
t =
2
2
2
2

Vay
=2 sin2x=1 2x = +k2 x= + k (k Z)
sin2x
2
4
dat t= tanx + cotx =

VD6:Gii phng trnh: cos2x+5=2(2-cosx)(sinx-cosx)

[ ( cosx+sinx ) +2(2-cosx)+5] =0
(cosx-sinx) [ 4 ( cosx-sinx ) ] +5=0

pt cos2x-sin2x+5=2(2-cosx)(sinx-cosx) (cosx-sinx)

Dat t= cosx-sinx ( t

t = -1
( loi nghimx=5)
2 ). Khi do pt tro thanh t(t-4)+5= t2-4t+5=0
t = 5
cosx-sinx=-1

2sin(x -

) =1

x- = +2k
x= +2k

2 4 4
2
sin(x - ) =
(k Z)

3
4
2
x- = +2k
x=+2k
4 4
Vy phng trnh c 2 h nghim.
*Nhn xt: Cch t n ph to thun li chuyn PTLG v dng i s, t d dng gii v kt lun.
d) t t = tan

x
(t R)
2

VD7: Gii phng trnh: sinx-cosx=1

*Cch 1: dat t=tan

x
2

ta dc pt:

2t 1-t 2
x

=1 t=1 tan =1 x= +k2 (k Z).

2
2
2
2
1+t 1+t

*Cch 2:
pt (

2
2

sinx-

2
2

cosx)=

x - = + k2
4 4

2 sin(x - )=1 sin(x - )=
2
4
4
x - = 3 + k2
4
4

x = + k2
(k Z)

2

x = + k2

2
2

* Vy phng trnh c 2 h nghim.

* Nhn xt: Cch 2 n gin hn v khng lm mt nghim.
*Ch : Trc khi t n ph l t = tan

x
2

, cn kim tra trc tip xem x=(2k+1) c phi l nghim khng

trnh nhng trng hp c th mt nghim.

e) Mt s phng php khc
VD 8: Gii phng trnh: 2(
Dk: cosx 0 x
Dat t =

2
cosx

4
2
+ cos 2 x) + 9(
- cosx) = 1
cosx
cos 2 x

+ k (k Z)

- cosx

4
+ cos 2 x =t2+4. Khi phng trnh tr thnh:
2
cos x

2 - cosx = -1
t = - 1
cosx

2(t2+4)+9t-1=0 2t2+9t+7=0
7
t = 2
1

- cosx =
2
cosx
2
cosx = -1
cosx = 2
x = + k2
cos 2 x - cosx - 2 = 0

(k Z)

2
1

x
=

+
k2
cosx
=
2cos 2 x - 7cosx - 4 = 0

3
2

cosx = 4
Vy phng trnh c 3 h nghim.

VD 9: Gii phng trnh: 4tan x +

Dk: cosx 0 x
Ta c pt 4(

4
cosx

-3=0

+k (k Z)

1
4
4
4
-1)+
-3=0
+
-3=0
cosx
cosx
cos 2 x
cos 2 x

t = 1
2

Dat t=
( t 2 ), khi phng trnh tr thnh: t2+2t -3=0
cosx
t = - 3
cosx=2(v nghim)

cosx=
3

2 =1
cosx

2 =-3
cosx

2
x=arccos(- )
3

Vy phng trnh c 2 h nghim.

VD10:
2- Bi tp v d:
VD11: Gii phng trnh: sinx + tan

x
2

=2 (dat t = tan

x
2

DS: x=

+k2

VD12: tanxsin2x-2sin2x=3(cos2x+sinxcosx) (bin i phng trnh ri t t=tanx)

DS: pt c 3 h nghim: x=

+ k ; x = -

+ k

II- Phng php a v phng trnh tch

- Phng php a v phng trnh tch l mt phng php rt hu dng trong gii PTLG.
1- Phng php
- Nu pt f(x) = 0 c bin i v dng f1(x). . . fn(x) = 0 th tp nghim ca f(x) = 0 l tp hp cc
nghim ca cc phng trnh f1(x) = 0, f2(x) = 0, , fn(x) = 0.
- t c nhn t chung, cn lu :
Sin2x, sin3x, tanx, tan3x, tan2x c nhn t chung sinx.
Sin2x, cos3x, tan2x, cot3x, cotx c nhn t chung cosx.
x

Cos2 2 , cot2 2 , sin2x, tan2x c nhn t chung 1 + cosx.

Sin2 2 , tan2 2 , sin2x, tan2x c nhn t chung 1 - cosx.
Cos2x, cot2x, 1 + sin2x, 1 + cotx, 1 + tanx, tanx - cotx c nhn t chung sinx + cosx.
Cos2x, 1 - sin2x, cot2x, 1 - tanx, 1 - cotx, tanx - cotx c nhn t chung cosx - sinx.

x
2