CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study Quoting from Simpson (2008:2), stylistic is a branch of language study which is concerned with the integration of language and literature. In simply view of Butler (2008:3), stylistic is a study of style where style is the deployment of rethorical resources in written discourse to create and express meaning. According to Mistrk (1985) in Mikov (2003), stylistic analysis is a procedure which aims at the linguistics means and devices of a given text, the message, topic and context of analyzed texts are not the focus. The method of stylistic analysis can be equally applied to the study of language use in literary as well as non-literary text. In H. G. Widdowsons view (1975) in Amare (2002), stylistics is the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation. He has point of view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on the side and linguistics on the other side is that it is essentially a means of linking the two and has no autonomous domain of its own. One can conduct enquiries in literary criticism without any reference to linguistics. Some linguists have suggested that the latter is impossible since the literary critic must be involved in a discussion about language. Stylistics can provide a way of mediating between two subjects: English language and literature.

It is a fact that stylistics is neither a discipline nor a subject in its own right, but a mean of relating disciplines and subjects. This relationship is not only between subject and discipline and the reverse. In other words, Widdowson (1975) in Amare (2002) claims that stylistics can serve as a mean whereby literature and language as subjects can be a process of gradual approximation move towards both linguistics and literary criticism, and also a means whereby these disciplines can be pedagogically treated to yield different subjects. Thus, stylistics can provide the progression of a pupil from either language or literature towards either literary criticism or linguists literary institutions and the critics linguistics observations and make their relationship explicit. That is why the stylistic approach is needed within this study. In this study, the researcher is interested in analyzing Shakespeares selected sonnets through stylistic analysis. The focus of this study will be linguistic deviation occurred in the sonnets. Furthermore, linguistic deviation itself can be distinguished into several deviations, however, the researcher only focuses this study in analyzing the lexical deviation and grammatical deviation. Besides, the researcher prefers analyzing sonnets to other forms of poetry. A sonnet is a poem consists of fourteen lines in certain verse and rhyme schemes. Sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea. This single idea makes sonnets quite simple to analyze, this is the reason why the researcher interested in analyzing sonnets. Moreover, the researcher interests in analyzing Shakespeares sonnets because those eight sonnets are more famous than other 152 sonnets, which

William Shakespeare had published. The indication of famous for those sonnets are because those sonnets are quoted regularly by people at all levels of modern western life, sometimes without even realizing that they are quoting a line from a Shakespeare sonnet. The most sonnets approach the great universal themes of love and death, or the slow ageing the preceded death. Those eight famous sonnets are: Sonnet 18, Sonnet 30, sonnet 33, Sonnet 73, Sonnet 104, Sonnet 116, sonnet 129, and Sonnet 130. The researcher is interested in conducting this study because of her love of linguistic and literature. The researcher is fond of poetry so much and interested to show the deviation occurred in poetry through linguistic. She realizes that those deviations have built the aesthetic of the poetry itself. Moreover, through this study, the researcher wishes that this study will find the features of Shakespeare sonnets which will help showing the beauty of the language of the poetry to the readers. Besides, by showing how William Shakespeare built his beautiful sonnets, she wishes that the readers can avoid their anxiety to be creative especially in creating a poetry. Based on the consideration above, the researcher is interested in carrying out a descriptive-qualitative study entitled Linguistic Deviations on Shakespeares Selected Sonnets.

1.2 Statement of the Problems Stylistics has very wide area to be analyzed, because it consists of many parts, as stated above. In focusing the field of investigation then, the researcher formulates several research questions: 1. What lexical deviations occur in the selected sonnets of William Shakespeare? 2. What syntactical deviations occur in the selected sonnets of William Shakespeare? 3. How do those deviants build the features of Shakespeare sonnets?

1.3 Objectives of the Study By doing this research, the researcher wants to find out: 1. The lexical deviation in the selected sonnets of William Shakespeare. 2. The syntactical deviation in the selected sonnets of William Shakespeare. 3. How those deviants build the features of Shakespeare sonnets.

1.4 Significance of the study A piece of literary work can be analyzed not only through literary approach, but also through linguistic approach. Theoretically, this research is meant to contribute the understanding about linguistic deviations in poetry especially in classic

literary works. Furthermore, this study is conducted in order to enrich the knowledge of English Department students about stylistic especially linguistic deviation. Practically, this study is conducted to find out the feature of classic work especially Shakespeare works by viewing at the linguistic deviation occurred in that classic work. By improving the knowledge about stylistic and poetry, it is expected that they can build their creativity in creating poetry and other literary works. The researcher expects that her research can encourage the students of English Department to do more research on the study of literary works using linguistics approach.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study As the limitation to the number is chosen to be analyzed, the researcher uses some criteria. The researcherchooses the eight famous sonnets of William Shakespeare for it can be more interesting to analyze something familiar to the readers. Theoretically, this study is a stylistic analysis of linguistic deviation and will be limited to lexical and syntactical deviation. Therefore, the researcher only analyzes the deviations occur in the word and sentence in Shakespeares selected sonnets. The content and message of the sonnets are not the focus of this study. Practically, this study will take eight sonnets of William Shakespeare which are considered to have deviant language. Those sonnets are Sonnet 18, Sonnet 30, Sonnet 33, Sonnet 73, Sonnet 104, Sonnet 116, Sonnet 129, and Sonnet 130. Those

sonnets are considered as the most famous sonnets of William Shakespeare. The indication of famous for those sonnets are because those sonnets are quoted regularly by people at all levels of modern western life, sometimes without even realizing that they are quoting a line from a Shakespeare sonnets. Besides, those sonnets are often used in teaching literature. Those sonnets will be taken from The Arden Shakespeare: Shakespeares Sonnets.

CHAPTER TWO THEORITICAL REVIEW

2.1 What is Literature? In everyday life, it is almost impossible to avoid a contact with words wherever we are. Words are parts of language which is always used to communicate in society. Besides, words are parts of aesthetic that defines a beauty of written work called literature. That statement is supported by Edmonson (1997) in Pickens (2003:11) stated that literature is written texts which have a certain aesthetic value and some perceived status in the culture of which they are artifacts. In another words, Sanger (2003:98) quoted that literature is a piece of written works which explore the formulaic style of some writing and might use language in a more innovative, unique or uplifting way in order to entertain the readers. Another definition comes from Birch (2005:112) who argued that literature is a different language from the one we ordinarily write and speak, and that there is a special relationship between the form of that language and its meaning. As stated in the definitions above, the researcher conclude that literature is a written text which contains of aesthetic value formed by innovative, imagination, and a number of beautiful words in order to amuse the readers. Innovation becomes a characteristic of literary works since through innovation, the author shows his creativity by creating a new language which illustrates his literary works feature.

Moreover, the author also uses his imagination to make his literary works more interesting to read. Not only for causing it interesting, imagination also makes deeper impression which will touch the readers feeling more effective. Those innovations and imaginations often create a number of beautiful words which dense of meaning.

2.1.1 Literary Language As the researcher has stated before that literature cannot be separated from language which makes literature has its own unique language. The indication of unique language of literary works is because they have several features which do not belong to non-literary works. Those features are creativity, imagery, and indirectness meaning. Creativity is an important point which will differentiate between literary work and non-literary work. Through his creativity, the author often crossed over the normal language intentionally and creating deviants of his literary works in order to make a deeper impression. The author often creates his creation into imagery. The imagery is writing that appeals to one or more of the five senses in order to convey the picture without saying what the image is. Imagery can also stimulate the imagination and create vivid picture in the mind. It will make some people see the things in a different way than other people see them. Those imagery and creativity usually deliver a message which cannot be aware directly called indirectness meaning. The author prefers to use indirectness meaning because the author sometimes wanted to make the readers think and find the meaning by their

perspectives and knowledge. It is important for it can cause the readers drifted with the feeling which they found in literary works. The deviants occurred in literary language are supported by Jakobson in Birch (2005) argued that a case is being made to define whether a text is a kind of literature is from its language. The specific literary language- a language, in the main, defined by its supposed deviation from a norm (the norm being ordinary language). Another support comes from Muka Ovsky (1970) in Birch (2005) stated that literary language is an aesthetically urposeful distortion of standard language. Talking about literary language there are two main camps can be grouped into formalist and functionalist though the division is by no means a clear-cut one. In formalism view, literary language is deviant language. According to this theory, literary language inheres in the degrees to which language use departs or deviates from expected configurations and normal patterns of language. Language use in literature is different for it makes strange, disturbs, upset our routinised normal view of things and thus generates new or renewed perceptions. Based on the definitions above, the researcher concludes that literature has its own unique language called literary language. Literary language can be simply defined as the unique language which violates the norm of ordinary language. Furthermore, we can find the relationship between language and literature and its function in conducting this study.

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2.1.2 Language and Literature Language is a communication tool which is used to have contacts with other people in a certain society whereas literature is a written or spoken material which contains of aesthetic value formed by innovative, imagination, and a number of beautiful words in order to amuse the readers. The language and literature are existed in our daily life and they cannot be separated. They are bounded each other where one needs another and vice versa. According to Thornborrow (2005:2) stated that language and literature complements one another. For example, if we interested primarily in literature, with no previous knowledge of linguistics; on the other hand, we may know more about language than literature, and be interested in application of linguistics to texts. We may already be studying stylistics. It means that stylistic is a bridge to across from literature to language or vice versa. Stylistics comes up as the analytical process in analyzing the literary works through parts of language. In accordance with the theory about stylistic, the researcher is going to conduct a study using stylistics analysis to analyze parts of linguistics in literary works.

2.1.3 What is Stylistics? Stylistic analysis is an approach chosen by the researcher in this study. Since stylistic analysis will be used to analyze the text (in this case, literary work) in

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language background. The focus will be the aspects of linguistic so the content and the message are not the focus. Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of situationally-distinctive uses of language, with particular reference to literary language, and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language. According to Leech and Short (2007:11), stylistic is study of style. Moreover, it can be defined as an exercise in describing what use is made of language so we have to select what aspects of language matter, and the principle of selection depends on the purpose we have in mind. Mistrk (1985) in Mikov (2003) stated that stylistics is regarded as a study of methods to select and implement linguistics, extra-linguistic or artistic expressive means and devices in the process of communication. The stylistics is distinguished into linguistic stylistics and literary (poetic) stylistic. Stylistics analysis concerns to the linguistics means and devices of a given text, therefore, the message, topic and content of analyzed texts are not the focus. To borrow Geoffrey Leechs definition (1969), stylistic is meant the study of the language use in literature that investigates the general characteristics of language, especially the English language, as a medium of literary expression. As Kate Wales remarks in her Dictionary of Stylistics, this subject is also sometimes called confusingly literary stylistics or linguistic stylistics, literary:

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because it tends to focus on literary texts linguistic and linguistic because its model are drawn from linguistics. Because of its edecticism, she tightly comments stylistic has increasingly come to be used as a teaching tool in language and literary studies for both native and foreign speakers of English. Based on the theory above, the researcher presented stylistic as an approach which will be used to describe phenomena in the literary work through language which is in this case the researcher will take eight famous sonnets of William Shakespeare to be analyzed. There are so many aspects of language that can be analyzed so we have to select the chosen ones depends on our purpose in analyzing the text. The stylistic analysis will be a tool to analyze the aspects of linguistics in those sonnets to find out the linguistic deviation. Furthermore, stylistic analysis will be used to answer the problem statements of this study.

a.

Stylistic devices Galperin (ibid.) in Mikov (2003) argued a stylistic device is a conscious and

intentional literary use of some facts of the language in which the most essential features of the language forms are raised to a generalized level and thereby present a generative model. Stylistic devices carry a greater amount of information because if they are at all predictable they are still less predictable than expressive means. It follows that stylistic devices must be regarded as a special code which has still to be deciphered. Stylistic devices can be shown in figure of speech.

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Stylistic devices are special codes which have to interpret deeper to find out the pointed expression which is consciously and intentionally used to derive some information by using special features. For this study is a stylistic analysis, it is important to know what are stylistic devices because in literary work it is possible to find out the figure of speech as stylistic devices. These figures of speech will also be the factors built the linguistic deviations in literary work, especially in form of semantic deviations.

b. Figure of speech According to Perriene (1956) in Nofal (2011) figure of speech is any way of saying something other than the ordinary way. For our purposes then, however, a figure of speech is definable as a way of saying one thing and meaning another, and we need to be concerned with no more than a dozen. There are some reasons why figurative language is very is important. First, figure of speech or figurative language affords us an imaginative pleasure. Imagination may be described as the ability of the mind that proceeds by sudden leaps from one point to another, which goes up a stair by leaping in one jump from the bottom to the top rather than by climbing up one step at a time. Second, figure of speech is way to bring additional imagery into verse, making the abstract more concrete, and making poetry more sensuous. Figurative language is a way of multiplying the sense appeal of poetry.

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Third, figure of speech is a way of adding emotional intensity to otherwise merely informative statements and of conveying attitudes along with information. Fourth, figure of speech is a means of concentration and a way of saying much in brief compass. Like words, figure of speech may be multidimensional. Obviously one of the necessary abilities for reading literature is the ability to interpret figurative language. Every use of figurative language involves a risk of misinterpretation, thought the risk is well worth taking. According to Periene (1959) in Nofal (2011). Figure of speech can be divided into: metaphor and simile, personification, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy, symbol, allegory, verbal irony, overstatement or hyperbola, and understatement. Figure of speech or figurative language is a form of creativity in literature. Through the use of figurative language, the readers will be afforded an imaginative pleasure. Moreover, figure of speech also makes more sense by building imagery in verse. Figurative language has a role in creating a brief text with dense of meaning. The researcher introduces figure of speech to the readers to complete the knowledge about stylistic devices which covered in stylistic analysis. Furthermore, we can find some examples of figure of speech in this study but the researcher will not expand this study to analyze the figure of speech.

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2.1.4 Linguistic Deviation The term foregrounding comes from the term of art criticism, which distinguishes between the foreground and the background of a painting. The theory of foregrounding is probably the most important theory within stylistic analysis, and foregrounding analysis is arguably the most important part of the stylistic analysis in poetry. Foregrounding is very general principle of art which some way deviates from norms which we have learnt to expect in medium used. It means that deviant language takes an important part in foregrounding as its feature. It is also strengthened by Leech (1969) statement who distinguishing foregrounding into linguistic deviation and linguistic parallelism. He divides deviation into eight different types: lexical deviation, grammatical deviation, phonological deviation, graphological deviation, semantic deviation, dialectical deviation, deviation of register, and deviation of historical period. In what follows, according to G.N. Leechs classification, the researcher will only focus this study in syntactical deviation which is a part of grammatical deviation and lexical deviation of Shakespeares Sonnets.

2.1.4.1 Phonological deviation Phonological deviation involves even more on the surface than those of surface syntactic structure, so it seems that phonological deviation is less important than lexical or syntactical deviation. Phonological deviation is a violations of word

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pronunciation. Most of phonological deviations take place in order to get rhyming effect. Moreover, phonological deviations are proposed for effect of stress or rhyming. In Leech (1969) statement, phonological deviation involves breaking of certain sound patterns. Pronunciations of words fit in here. When there is a violation of certain sound patterns and a pronunciation from the regular pattern, we call it phonological deviation. In poetry, phonological deviation is used for rhyming effect. Phonological deviation can be mostly produced by graphological deviations. For instance, words can be pronounced in an odd way for the effect of stress or rhyming.

2.1.4.2 Graphological deviation Graphological deviation takes place when the typographical elements (elements of writing style) are violated. The graphological deviations involve the violation of the use of capitalization, punctuation, spacing and other normal visual patterns of typography. According to Leech (1969) graphological deviation is related to phonological aspects. Graphology constitutes the typography or style of writing system. Every language has its graphological rules. Hence, graphological deviation can occur when there is a violation of typographical elements in poetry. The primary consideration is the way in which letters and words as well as punctuations are arranged in different ways on the page, so that they visually reinforce the verbal meaning. In most cases, in

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graphological deviation the use of capitalization, punctuation, spacing and the overall shape of the poem and other normal visual patterns which are devices of typography appear to be violated. These types of deviations emerge in the poems of Dylan Thomas and E.E. Cummings and William Carlos Williams. These are some of the linguistic deviations that occur mostly in poetry to produce foregrounding effects.

2.1.4.3 Semantic deviation The concept of semantic deviation deals with the notion of meaning. Meanings are formulated with words and sentences in specific contexts. Therefore, the notion of meaning is governed by the rules of the language. In general, metaphors exhibit this characteristic of deviation, for those metaphorical elements that are joined together do not belong to each other and in the real sense of meaning, they can be regarded as nonsense. Those deviant features produce new meanings that cannot be found in the dictionary. For instance, if we find an expression, which says, the sky rejoices in the morning birth (in Leech, 1969:153) in normal usage, sky could not rejoice. The term rejoice refers to humanness i.e. the habit of becoming happy but sky cannot be happy since it is inanimate. However, it is attributed human quality to refer to its brightness or pleasant atmosphere. Paradoxical relationships also fit into this category. Since they create inconsistent semantic relations, they look nonsensical. By taking such foregrounded items that are semantically odd we can construct

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interpretation. Light and darkness are semantically contradicting. Therefore, the combination possibly shows the opposition of life. Semantic deviation naturally produced new meanings that cannot be found in the dictionary or creates nonsense or paradoxical meaning from the normal rules of the languages. It can also be produced by adding a humanness to the inanimate thing namely personification.

2.1.4.4 Lexical Deviation Lexical deviation refers to the departure from the norms of the lexis in the language. Lexeme is a meaningful linguistic unit that is an item in a vocabulary of a language and usually found in the dictionary as a headword. For instance, eat is a lexeme, but eats, eating and etc. are words formulated from the headword. When we find elements, which are produced by breaking this rule they are regarded as lexical deviation. The most obvious lexical deviation occurs when poets innovate new words that could not be found in dictionaries. Innovation or creation of new words is called neologism and this is considered as formulating meanings beyond the normal resources of a language. G.N Leech (1969) stated that the invention of new words is one of the more obvious ways in which a poet may exceed the normal resources of the language. Leech calls new words nonce formations if they are made for the nonce i.e. for single occasion only. The English rule of word formation permits prefixation of fore

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to a verb, to convey the meaning beforehand as in foresee, foreknow, foretell and forewarn. If this rule were completely free in its application, we would use verbs such as foresell (sell in advance) or foreappear (appear in advance) without even noticing their oddity. However, the rule is in fact limited to a small group of vocabulary items. For instance, in The Waste Land T. S. Eliot augments the group by using the verb foresuffered in the line: And I Teresias have foresuffered all (The Waste Land, 243) This strikes as a novelty and as a surprising extension of the expressive possibilities of the language. Leech maintains that Eliots foresuffered is not just a new word, but the encapsulation of a newly formulated idea that it is possible to anticipate mystically the suffering of the future just as it is possible to foresee or have foreknowledge of future events. Forming new words using affixes is another process used by poets. For examples Eliot invented unflowering. Jeffries (1993) contends that poets are sometimes influenced by spoke language in their lexical choices. The influence may be from number of different sources. It may be, for example, the choice of a poet to use a regionally distinct vocabulary or vocabulary that is clearly colloquial, possibly even slang or taboo. The other lexical deviation that produces foregrounding is, by way of associating words that do not normally belong to each other and as a result the oddity terrifies us. The lexical oddity occurs by way of associating words or inserting words, which are referring to one concept, to words that hold another concept, like words,

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which signify political concepts to words which refer to love, forms lexical oddity. However, the poet uses them for some affect. By this kind of innovation of words, deviant features are produced and the effect of foregrounding emerges in poetry. Although these deviant elements seem to be odd, they create some meanings in their semantic relationships, which the reader will examine and extract in the interpretation process. The lexical deviation occurred if there is a violation of the norms of the lexis in the language. The most obvious lexical deviation is word invention. The poet sometimes creates an odd word to represent the image that he wants to point out. Besides, the lexical deviations also take place in creating word by adding uncommon or inappropriate affixation. According to the theory of lexical deviation above, the researcher tries to find out the lexical deviation in Shakespeare selected sonnets and take a look on them deeper to see how influent the lexical deviation build the Shakespeares sonnet.

2.1.4.5 Grammatical Deviation Leech (1969:44) stated that the grammatical deviations can be simply defined into two main categories: morphology (grammar of word) and syntax (grammar of how words pattern within sentences). Grammatical deviation involves breaking of the structure of the language. Any language structure has its own way of arrangement of the words and sentences based on the language norm. In its widest sense, it considers

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ordering of words and sentences. Thus, when a certain word order or sentence structure is violated from the rule of that particular language structure, we call this grammatical deviation. Grammatical deviation refers to a disordered structure on the surface. For instance, instead of saying he came if we say came he it looks strange but strikes our consciousness to find out why it is expressed in this way. When a poet, exploit such structures, he/she does it on purpose in most cases to give emphasis to the idea that needs to be communicated. In poetry, we can find different grammatical deviations other than the violation of word order. For instance, breaking the rule of conjunctions is one of the linguistic deviations, which occur at this level. For example, when listing some items like women men children we have to use conjunctions like comma, or the conjunctional word and, but here they appear without any conjunction. When we find such deviant features in poetry, they have a stylistic effect. The poet might be trying to show their equal significance as he lists them like this. Thus, grammatical deviation is a very important concept in poetry as these odd characteristics signify something to overall meaning of the poem. The odd characteristics comes from the unusual form of sentence caused by violation of the rule in the way sentences are combined. The researcher takes the grammatical deviation as a guide in analyzing sonnets. She focuses this study in syntactical deviation which is meant violations

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occurred in forming sentence. the researcher will try to find out the syntactical deviation occurred in lines of sonnets.

2.1.5 The Concept of Sonnet Sonnet is a poem, normally of fourteen lines, in any of several fixed verse and rhyme schemes, typically in rhymed iambic pentameter. Iambic pentameter refers to the structure of the line. Iambic refers to the name of the foot, which is composed of a weaker syllable followed by an accented syllable. Pentameter simply refers to the number of feet, in the case of the sonnet, there are five feet in pentameter. Sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea but the division into octaves, sestets, quatrains and couplets allow the poet to switch the focus, dealing with a different aspect of the idea in each section. Gascoigne strengthen this by his quotation (1575) in Fabb(2004:57) stated that sonnet is a poem that consists of fourteen lines, every line containing ten syllables, the metre is iambic pentameter and having a specific rhyme scheme. Those characteristics decided whether a text is a sonnet or not. Furthermore, Gascoigne said that sonnethood can be a matter of degree, perhaps based on how many of the sonnet characteristics a text has. In means that some characteristics are more important than others. From his statement it can be indicated that lineation and metre are considered more important than rhyme.

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According to the statements above, it can be concluded that a sonnet is a fourteen-line poem which have certain pattern rhyme schemes and typically rhymed in iambic pentameter. Gill in his book Mastering English Literature (1995) stated that sonnet is usually formed in one of the ways:

a. The Petrarchan Sonnet The sonnet was originally made as a love poem by the Italian Renaissance Italian poet, Francesco Petrarch. It is always the case with immortal writers that they invent forms inresponse to their strong need to express ideas and emotions for which they cannot find an existing form. The poets use it to express their deepest feelings on love, death, war and religion. This sonnet is also known as Italian Sonnets which is divided into an octave, which is typically rhymes ABBA ABBA and a sestet, which may have varying rhyme schemes. The common rhyme patterns in the sestet are CDECDE, CDCDCD and CDCCDC. Very often, the octave presents a situation, attitude, or problem that the sestet comments upon the resolves.

b. The Shakesperian sonnet Obviously, the Shakesperian or English, sonnet, structured as it is in three quatrains and a couplet, will present a different set of opportunities to the poet. It is a more flexible form. The poet can develop an argument in two or three stages and then

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conclude it with a couplet, or produce one idea and two variations upon it before moving to the conclusion. Another option is that of using the entire twelve lines to build up a picture, recount an experience, or develop a single argument, and then using the couplet to affirm, deny or modify what has been said. You will see from this that the Shakespearian sonnet lays more importance on the concluding couplet. This, in itself, is a challenge, particularly when the couplet has to deny or overturn what the first twelve lines have been saying. It is obvious that the sonnet is fourteen-line poem, having iambic pentameter, and having specific rhyme scheme. To be a sonnet the text should contain those characteristics. The characteristics form a degree where one characteristic is more important than others. The sonnets are distinguished into Petrarchan sonnets and Shakesperian sonnets which has their own characteristics. The researcher will analyze some examples of Shakesperian sonnets which are sonnet 18, sonnet 30, sonnet 33, sonnet 73, sonnet 104, sonnet 116, sonnet 129, and sonnet 130. The sonnets contain fourteen lines divided into three quatrains and a couplet. The rhyme is ABABCDCDEFEFGG. The sonnets above will be analyzed whether there are lexical deviations or syntactical deviations in the lines.

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2.1.6 The Selected Sonnets of William Shakespeare Shakespeare published 152 sonnets, and although they are all poems that are of the highest quality, there are some that have entered deeply into the consciousness of our culture to become the most famous of Shakespeares sonnets. Those sonnets are quoted regularly by people at all levels of modern western life sometimes without even realizing that they are quoting a line from a Shakespeare sonnet. The most famous sonnets approach the great universal themes of love and death, or the slow ageing that precedes death. In our humble opinion the sonnets below represent Shakespeares most famous:

Sonnet 18: Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Perhaps the most famous of all the sonnets is Sonnet 18, where Shakespeare addresses a young man to whom he is very close. It would be impossible to say whether Shakespeare was an arrogant man because we dont know what he was like. We also dont know whether he thought he was the great, immortal writer that we regard him as today. However, after describing the young mans great beauty, he suggests that his poetry is eternal and ends by stating that as long as there are people who can still read, the sonnet, and therefore the description of the young mans beauty, will still be there.
(Quoted from http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/sonnets/shakespeare-famous

sonnets/)

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Sonnet 30: When to the sessions of sweet silent thought An interesting take on ageing and love. The narrator describes the things that people agonise over as they descend into old age all the regrets and the pain of reliving the mistakes he has made. Its full of agony but when he thinks about his beloved all the regrets and pain evaporate.
(Quoted from http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/sonnets/shakespeare-famous

sonnets/)

Sonnet 33: Full many a glorious morning have I seen This is a poem about loss; the loss of a loved one. Shakespeare approaches it by expressing the contrast in the way we feel when the morning sun is shining brightly and when its obscured by clouds, making the world a forlorn place. When he was loved by the beloved it was like the glorious morning, but now, having lost the beloved, it feels like an overcast and gloomy morning. He concludes that he doesnt condemn the beloved because human frailty, even among the best of humanity, is just as much a part of nature as the obscuring clouds are. (Quoted from http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/sonnets/shakespeare-famous sonnets/)

Sonnet 73: That time of year thou mayst in me behold The narrator of Sonnet 73 is approaching death and thinking about how different it is

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from being young. Its like the branch of a tree where birds once sang but the birds have gone and the leaves have fallen, leaving only a few dry yellow leaves. Its like the twilight of a beautiful day, where there is only the black night ahead. Its like the glowing ashes of a fire that once roared. The things that one gave him life have destroyed his life. From that experience he has learnt that one has to love life as strongly as one can because it will end all too soon. (Quoted from http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/sonnets/shakespeare-famous sonnets/)

Sonnet 104: To me, fair friend, you never can be old Here Shakespeare expresses the love one person has for another by showing how the beauty of the beloved doesnt change in the eyes of the lover. He shows time passing through the seasons and the years, everything changing. Except the beauty of the beloved. He goes further by saying that no matter how long the world will endure, even though the beloved is long dead there will never be another as beautiful. (Quoted from http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/sonnets/shakespeare-famous sonnets/)

Sonnet 116: Let me not to the marriage of true minds admit impediments There are two striking definitions of love that we refer to again and again. Perhaps the most popular of the two is in Pauls letter to the Corinthians (Corinthians 13: 4-8):

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Pauls text is as well known as Sonnet 116 because it is used in most weddings as the young couple stands before the minister. Nevertheless, Shakespeares sonnet employs an amazing array of poetic devices to convey the eternal nature of love. Shakespeare ends by staking everything on his observations about love by asserting that if he is wrong about it then no-one ever wrote anything and no-one ever loved. (Quoted from http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/sonnets/shakespeare-famous sonnets/)

Sonnet 129: The expense of spirit in a waste of shame Sonnet 129 is an interesting take on the imperative force of lust, but its ultimate shallowness. Everyone knows how shallow and guilt producing lust is but very few men can avoid it. Shakespeare shows how lust brings out the very worst in people and the extremes they will go to. And then he explains the guilt that follows the satisfaction of ones lust. (Quoted from http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/sonnets/shakespeare-famous sonnets/)

Sonnet 130: My mistress eyes are nothing like the sun Shakespeare is expressing the kind of love that has nothing to do with the beloveds looks. He satirises the usual way of expressing love for a woman praising her lips and her hair, the way she walks, and all the things that a young man may rave about

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when he thinks about his beloved. What he does is invert those things, assert that his beloved is ugly, ungainly, bad-smelling etc, but ends by saying that his love for her is as rare as that of any young man who writes flatteringly about the object of his love. (Quoted from http://www.nosweatshakespeare.com/sonnets/shakespeare-famous sonnets/)

2.1.7 Previous Studies There are some studies which are relevant to this study. They are studies conducted by Amare, Abeba (2002) and Widodo, Meliana Sri Rahayu (2004). 1. The study of Amare, Abeba (2002) A previous study of stylistic analysis was done by Abeba Amare (2002). In his study, he was concerned with a stylistic analysis of some selected English poems of three poets; namely Tsegaye G/Medhen, Solomon Deressa and Eyasu Gorfu. His research focused on how these poets communicated their ideas through language choices. Therefore, the central purpose of his thesis was to explore the language use of the poets and to find out how the language conveys meanings in each given poem and also to bring out the recurrent themes in each poet's work. The method adopted in this study was a stylistic approach. Thus, noting and examining unique features of the poems and their relationships as central to stylistic approach, the analysis of the poems had been systematically carried out.

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The researcher will use the same approach with Amare which is stylistics analysis but in different object of analysis. Concerning to the difference of the study conducted by Abeba Amare (2002), the researcher will try to analyze syntactical and lexical deviations instead of how the poets communicated their idea through language which are being the focus of Amares study (2002). Moreover, the researcher will find out the syntactical and lexical deviation in Shakespeare sonnets which are the most famous of all Shakespeares sonnets published.

2. The study of Widodo, Meliyana Sri Rahayu (2004) This study dealt with stylistics devices in songs, especially the songs in Psalm, whose forms were the same with poetry. By conducting this research, Widodo (2004) tried to find out stylistic devices and syntactic deviation that occured in the songs of Psalm. Finally, through this research, she also wanted to find out the tone and theme in the selected articles of Psalm. She analyzed the psalm by using some theories. She used stylistic theory because she intended to find out the stylistics devices that were used in Psalm. She also analyzed the syntactic deviation and lexical selection, she uses the theory of diction and syntax. Therefore, the theories of Pragmatics and Discourse are needed. Widodo (2004) had conducted a study of stylistic analysis occurred in Psalm. Her study was conducted to find out the syntactical deviation and lexical selection on Psalm. Concerning with the differences with the previous study above, the researcher

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will try to analyze Shakespeares sonnets using Leech theory about linguistic deviation through stylistic approach. The researcher will try to find out the syntactical and lexical deviation occur in the most famous sonnets of William Shakespeare. The researcher prefers choosing Shakespeares sonnet because those sonnets are famous in indication those are regularly quoted by all western people. This previous study gave the researcher interpretation about how analyze the literary works using stylistic analysis and show her how the deviants build the characteristics of the poems. To make a different study, the researcher will try to use the same approach to analyze linguistic deviations in order to show the Shakespeare characteristics looking from the syntactical and lexical deviation occurred in his sonnets.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher will discuss the Design of Study, Data and Source of Data, Research Instrument, Data Collection Procedure, and Data analysis Technique.

3.1. Research Design The researcher uses qualitative approach since the data is in the form of words rather than numbers. This study attempts to describe the linguistics deviation occurred in eight selected Sonnets of Shakespeare; covering how the stylistic-devices are used in those sonnets. In addition, qualitative approach will be used since the researcheris interested in studying the construction of the Shakespeares Sonnets which contains the aesthetic form. Qualitative research is not putting together a puzzle whose picture they already know (Bodgan and Biklen, 1992:31). Thus the researcheris interested in constructing a picture that takes shapes as she will collect and examine the verses of the Shakespeare Sonnets. Moreover, this research is using qualitative approach to answer the research questions. The researcher will have the data from Shakespeares Sonnets edited by Katherine Duncan-Jones as the source of data. The collected data are in the form of

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lines of Shakespeare sonnet. Those lines are considered to have lexical and syntactical deviation. While collecting the data, the researcher will also analyze the data at once since this study is a qualitative research. The researcher will use some procedure in collecting the data: read the sonnets, identify the deviants and their types, then analyze them by using linguistic deviation theory to answer the research questions. In conducting the study, the researcher will be the key instrument who has knowledge all about the study. As the key instrument the researcher will be the one who collect the data, then reduce the data in order to make it more focus and simpler to analyze, afterwards the researcher will display the data which are ready to be conclude and verify as the next step.

3.2. Data Collection 3.2.1 Data and Source of Data The data for this research will be taken from Shakespeares Sonnets edited by Katherine Duncan-Jones. The data are in the form of lines which are considered to have lexical and syntactical deviation. The researcher will choose eight sonnets of Shakespeare Sonnets as the source of data. The reason why the researcher chooses these eight sonnets is because of the sonnets fame. The indication of famous for those sonnets are since those sonnets are quoted regularly by people at all levels of modern western life, sometimes without even realizing that they are quoting a line

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from Shakespeares Sonnets. These sonnets are: Sonnet 18, Sonnet 30, Sonnet 33, Sonnet 73, Sonnet 104, Sonnet 116, Sonnet 129, and Sonnet 130.

3.2.2. Research Instrument The instrument of the study is the researcher herself since the researcher is considered as the expert who has much knowledge about the study included the data, the method and the approach used in this study. This is supported by statement from Bodgan and Biklen (1992) who suggests that in conducting qualitative research, the researcher being the key instrument. the instrument of the study is the researcher herself. The researcher will be the one who collects the data and conducts the research. The researcher will collect the data which are lines considered to have lexical and syntactical deviation from the data sources which are Shakespeare sonnets.

3.2.3. Procedure of Data Collection Since this study is qualitative research, the researcher will collect the data while analyzing the data and follows the steps mentioned below: 1. The researcher read the sonnets. While reading, the researcher collects and writes down the data by searching through the sonnets that revealed the lines which are considered to have lexical and syntactical deviations. 2. Identify the deviants occurred in the sonnets line by line.

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3. Identify the types of those deviants 4. Analyze them by using stylistics analysis in order to find out the deviants occurred in lines of selected Shakespeare sonnets where the researcher intentionally look for syntactical deviation and lexical deviation as meant by Leechs theory about linguistic deviations 5. Analyze them to find out: a. The syntactical deviation which is meant the violation of the normal rule in forming a sentence. b. The lexical deviation which is the departure from the norms of the lexis in the language where the author creates or innovates a new words and formulating meanings of it beyond the normal resources of language. c. The feature of Shakespeares sonnets has been built by those deviants. This feature is a aesthetic value and being the uniqueness of Shakespeare sonnets and make them different with others.

3.3. Method of Data Analysis To analyze the data, this study will use technique that formulated by Miles and Huberman who stated what we have to consider to analyze. We consider that analysis consist of four concurrent flows of activity: data collection, data reduction, and data display and conclusion drawing/verification (1994:10).

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Miles and Huberman hand to formulation of analysis into four cycles that interact each other, it is showed as he following diagram:

Data Collection

Data Display

Data Reduction Conclucions: Drawing/Verifying

1. Data Collection The researcher read the sonnets repeatedly in order to find out the lines which are considered to have syntactical and lexical deviations occur in selected sonnets of Shakespeare. Data collection will be done only once, but the process must be done repeatedly. According to Miles and Huberman (1994:17), analysis during data collection lets the fieldworker cycle back and forth between thinking about the existing data and generating strategies for collection new-often better quality data.

2.

Data Reduction In this part, the researcher will use data collection sheet as reduction the data.

Every concept that iscalled category or parameter is prepared other paper. She will choose the lines of selected sonnets which are considered to have the syntactical and

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lexical deviation guided by Leechs theory. Besides, she will select and simplify the data so it can be easily understood for further conclusion.

3. Data Display Data display ready to begin by using data collection card and other data. The reduction data will be interpreted to find out the syntactical and lexical deviations occur in the selected sonnets. In this process, the researcher will interpret the data

4. Conclusion/verification This step does not mean that it ends in chapter V, but the activity of analysis to get the correct data from primary data in the sonnets. The researcher checks and rechecks data so that data is guaranteed. This step is called drawing conclusion or making conceptual or theoretical coherence. Then, the researcher tested or rechecks, this is called verification. According to Miles and Huberman (1994), the meanings of emerging from the data have to be tested their plausibly, their sturdiness, their confirm ability, that is validity.

3.4. The Trustworthiness of Data Analysis To have the trustworthiness of data analysis, the researcher will conduct the procedure of triangulation. According to Denzin (1970), there are four types of triangulation, they are:

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1. Data triangulation, which entails gathering data through several sampling strategies, so that slices of data at different times and social situations, as well as on a variety of people, are gathered. 2. Investigator triangulation, which refers to the use of more than one researcher in the field to gather and interpret data. 3. Theoretical triangulation, which refers to the use of more than one theoretical position in interpreting data. 4. Methodological triangulation, which refers to the use of more than one method for gathering data. In this research, the researcher will apply two types of triangulation namely theoretical triangulation and investigator triangulation. The researcher choose the theoretical triangulation since the researcher hold the study with several theory namely theory of poetry, theory of stylistic, and theory of linguistic deviations. Besides, the researcher also uses the investigator triangulation. In this case, the researcher will work together with another investigator of this study who are considered who have good knowledge in the field of her study.