B CHUYN I S - TNG T-DAC

Trong k thut s, ta thy i lng s c gi tr xc nh l mt trong hai kh nng l 0 hoc 1, cao hay thp, ng hoc sai, vv Trong thc t chng ta thy rng mt i lng s (chng hn mc in th) thc ra c th c mt gi tr bt k nm trong khong xc nh v ta nh r cc gi tr trong phm vi xc nh s c chung gi tr dng s. V d: Vi logic TTL ta c: T 0V n 0,8V l mc logic 0, t 2V n 5V l mc logic 1 Nh vy th bt k mc in th no nm trong khong 0 0,8V u mang gi tr s l logic 0, cn mi in th nm trong khong 2 5V u c gn gi tr s l 1. Ngc li trong k thut tng t, i lng tng t c th ly gi tr bt k trong mt khong gi tr lin tc. V iu quan trng hn na l gi tr chnh xc ca i lng tng t l l yu t quan trng. Hu ht trong t nhin u l cc i lng tng t nh nhit , p sut, cng nh sng, Do mun x l trong mt h thng k thut s, ta phi chuyn i sang dng i lng s mi c th x l v iu khin cc h thng c. V ngc li c nhng h thng tng t cn c iu khin chng ta cng phi chuyn i t s sang tng t. Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu v qu trnh chuyn i t s sang tng t -DAC (Digital to Analog Converter). Chuyn i s sang tng t l tin trnh ly mt gi tr c biu din di dng m s ( digital code ) v chuyn i n thnh mc in th hoc dng in t l vi gi tr s. Hnh 5.1 minh ha s khi ca mt b chuyn i DAC.

1.1 PHN GII phn gii (resolution) ca b bin i DAC c nh ngha l thay i nh nht c th xy ra u ra tng t bi kt qua ca mt thay i u vo s. phn gii ca DAC ph thuc vo s bit, do cc nh ch to thng n nh phn gii ca DAC dng s bit. DAC 10 bit c phn gii tinh hn DAC 8 bit. DAC c cng nhiu bit th phn gii cng tinh hn. phn gii lun bng trng s ca LSB. Cn gi l kch thc bc thang (step size), v l khong thay i ca Vout khi gi tr ca u vo s thay i t bc ny sang bc khc.

Dng sng bc thang (hnh 5.2) c 16 mc vi 16 thng thi u vo nhng ch c 15 bc gia mc 0 v mc cc i. Vi DAC c N bit th tng s mc khc nhau s l 2N, v tng s bc s l 2N 1. Do phn gii bng vi h s t l trong mi quan h gia u vo v u ra ca DAC. u ra tng t = K x u vo s Vi K l mc in th (hoc cng dng in) mi bc. Nh vy ta c cng thc tnh phn gii nh sau:

Vi N l s bit

l u ra cc i ( y thang )

Nu tnh theo phn trm ta c cng thc nh sau:

V d nh hnh 5.1 ta c

V d 1: Mt ADC 10 bit c kch thc bc thang = 10mV. Hy xc nh in th u ra cc i ( y thang ) v t l % phn gii. Gii: DAC c 10 bit nn ta c S bc l 210 1 = 1023 bc Vi mi bc l 10mV nn u ra cc i s l 10mVx1023 = 10.23V

T v d trn cho thy t l phn trm phn gii gim i khi s bit u vo tng ln. Do ta cn tnh c % phn gii theo cng thc:

Vi m u vo nh phn N bit ta c tng s bc l 2N 1 bc. 1.2 CHNH XC C nhiu cch nh gi chnh xc. Hai cch thng dng nht l sai s ton thang (full scale error) v sai s tuyn tnh (linearity error) thng c biu bin dng phn trm u ra cc i (y thang) ca b chuyn i. Sai s ton thang l khong lch ti a u ra DAC so vi gi tr d kin (l tng), c biu din dng phn trm. Sai s tuyn tnh l khong lch ti a kch thc bc thang so vi kch thc bc thang l tng. iu quan trng ca mt DAC l chnh xc v phn gii phi tng thch vi nhau. 1.3 SAI S LCH Theo l tng th u ra ca DAC s l 0V khi tt c u vo nh phn ton l bit 0. Tuy nhin trn thc t th mc in th ra cho trng hp ny s rt nh, gi l sai s lch ( offset error). Sai s ny nu khng iu chnh th s c cng vo u ra DAC d kin trong tt c cc trng hp. Nhiu DAC c tnh nng iu chnh sai s lch bn ngoi, s cho php chng ta trit tiu lch ny bng cch p mi bit 0 u vo DAC v theo di u ra. Khi ta iu chnh chit p iu chnh lch cho n khi no u ra bng 0V. 1.4 THI GIAN N NH Thi gian n nh (settling time) l thi gian cn thit u ra DAC i t zero n bc thang cao nht khi u vo nh phn bin thin t chui bit ton 0 n chui bit ton l 1. Thc t thi gian n nh l thi gian u vo DAC n nh trong phm vi 1/2 kch thc bc thang ( phn gii) ca gi tr cui cng. V d: Mt DAC c phn gii 10mV th thi gian n nh c o l thi gian u ra cn c n nh trong phm vi 5mV ca gi tr y thang. Thi gian n nh c gi tr bin thin trong khong 50ns n 10ns. DAC vi u ra dng c thi gian n nh ngn hn thi gian n nh ca DAC c u ra in th. 1.5 TRNG THI N IU DAC c tnh cht n iu ( monotonic) nu u ra ca n tng khi u vo nh phn tng dn t gi tr ny ln gi tr k tip. Ni cch khc l u ra bc thang s khng c bc i xung khi u vo nh phn tng dn t zero n y thang. T s ph thuc dng:

DAC cht lng cao yu cu s nh hng ca bin thin in p ngun i vi in p u ra v cng nh. T s ph thuc ngun l t s bin thin mc in p u ra vi bin thin in p ngun gy ra n. Ngoi cc thng s trn chng ta cn phi quan tm n cc thng s khc ca mt DAC khi s dng nh: cc mc logic cao, thp, in tr, in dung, ca u vo; di rng, in tr, in dung ca u ra; h s nhit, 2.1 DAC dng in tr c trng s nh phn v b khuch i cng. Hnh 5.3 l s mch ca mt mch DAC 4 bit dng in tr v b khuch i o. Bn u vo A, B, C, D c gi tr gi nh ln lt l 0V v 5V.

B khuch i thut ton (Operational Amplifier Op Amp) c dng lm b cng o cho tng trng s ca bn mc in th vo. Ta thy cc in tr u vo gim dn 1/2 ln in tr trc n. Ngha l u vo D (MSB) c RIN = 1k, v vy b khuch i cng chuyn ngay mc in th ti D i m khng lm suy gim (v Rf = 1k). u vo C c R = 2k, suy gim i 1/2, tng t u vo B suy gim 1/4 v u vo A gim 1/8. Do u ra b khuch i c tnh bi biu thc:

du m (-) biu th b khuch i cng y l khuch i cng o. Du m ny chng ta khng cn quan tm.

Nh vy ng ra ca b khuch i cng l mc in th tng t, biu th tng trng s ca cc u vo. Da vo biu thc (4) ta tnh c cc mc in p ra tng ng vi cc t hp ca cc ng vo (bng 5.1). Bng 5.1 u ra ng vi iu kin cc u vo thch hp 0V hoc 5V.

phn gii ca mch DAC hnh 5.2 bng vi trng s ca LSB, ngha l bng 1/8 x 5V = 0.625V. Nhn vo bng 5.1 ta thy u ra tng t tng 0.625V khi s nh phn u vo tng ln mt bc. V d 2: a. Xc nh trng s ca mi bit u vo hnh 5.2 b. Thay i Rf thnh 500W.Xc nh u ra cc i y thang. Gii: a. MSB chuyn i vi mc khuch i = 1 nn trng s ca n u ra l 5V. Tng t nh vy ta tnh c cc trng s ca cc bit u vo nh sau: MSB MSB th 2 MSB th 3 MSB th 4 (LSB) # 5V # 2.5V (gim i 1/2) # 1.25V (gim i 1/4) # 0.625V (gim i 1/8)

b. Nu Rf = 500W gim theo tha s 2, nn mi trng s u vo s nh hn 2 ln so vi gi tr tnh trn. Do u ra cc i ( y thang) s gim theo cng tha s, cn li: -9.375/2 = -4.6875V 2.2 DAC R/2R ladder Mch DAC ta va kho st s dng in tr c trng s nh phn to trng s thch hp cho tng bit vo. Tuy nhin c nhiu hn ch trong thc t. Hn ch ln nht l khong cch chnh lch ng k gi tr in tr gia LSB v MSB, nht l trong cc DAC c phn gii cao (nhiu bit). V d nu in tr MSB = 1k trong DAC 12 bit, th in tr LSB s c gi tr trn 2M. iu ny rt kh cho vic ch to cc IC c bin thin rng v in tr c th duy tr t l chnh xc. khc phc c nhc im ny, ngi ta tm ra mt mch DAC p ng c yu cu l mch DAC mng R/2R ladder. Cc in tr trong mch ny ch bin thin trong khong t 2 n 1. Hnh 5.4 l mt mch DAC R/2R ladder c bn.

T hnh 5.4 ta thy c cch sp xp cc in tr ch c hai gi tr c s dng l R v 2R. Dng IOUT ph thuc vo v tr ca 4 chuyn mch, u vo nh phn B0B1B2B3 chi phi trng thi ca cc chuyn mch ny. Dng ra IOUT c php chy qua b bin i dng thnh in (Op-Amp) bin dng thnh in th ra VOUT. in th ng ra VOUT c tnh theo cng thc:

Vi B l gi tr u vo nh phn, bin thin t 0000 (0) n 1111(15) V d 3: Gi s VREF = 5V ca DAC hnh 5.4. Tnh phn gii v u ra cc i ca DAC ny? Gii phn gii bng vi trng s ca LSB, ta xc nh trng s LSB bng cch gn B = 00012 = 1. Theo cng thc (5), ta c:

u ra cc i xc nh c khi B = 11112 = 1510. p dng cng thc (5) ta c:

2.3 DAC vi u ra dng Trong cc thit b k thut s i lc cng i hi qu trnh iu khin bng dng in. Do ngi ta to ra cc DAC vi ng ra dng p ng yu cu . Hnh 5.5 l mt DAC vi ng ra dng tng t t l vi u vo nh phn. Mch DAC ny 4 bit, c 4 ng dn dng song song mi ng c mt chuyn mch iu khin. Trng thi ca mi chuyn mch b chi phi bi mc logic u vo nh phn.

Dng chy qua mi ng l do mc in th quy chiu VREF v gi tr in tr trong ng dn quyt nh. Gi tr in tr c trng s theo c s 2, nn cng dng in cng c trng s theo h s 2 v tng cng dng in ra IOUT s l tng cc dng ca cc nhnh.

DAC vi u dng ra c th chuyn thnh DAC c u ra in th bng cch dng b khuch i thut ton (Op-Amp) nh hnh 5.6.

 hnh trn IOUT ra t DAC phi ni n u vo ca b khuch i thut ton. Hi tip m ca b khuch i thut ton buc dng IOUT phi chy qua RF v to in p ng ra VOUT v c tnh theo cng thc:

Do VOUT s l mc in th tng t, t l vi u vo nh phn ca DAC. 2.4 DAC in tr hnh T Hnh 5.7 l s DAC in tr hnh T 4 bit. Trong s c hai loi in tr l R v 2R c mc thnh 4 cc hnh T ni dy chuyn. Cc S3, S2, S1, S0 l cc chuyn mch in t. Mch DAC ny dng b khuch i thut ton (Op-Amp) khuch i o. VREF l in p chun lm tham kho. B3, B2, B1, B0 l m nh phn 4 bit. Vo l in p tng t ng ra. Ta thy cc chuyn mch chu s iu khin ca s nh phn tng ng vi cc cng tc: khi Bi = 1 th cng tc Si ng vo VREF, kho Bi = 0 th Si ni t.

Nguyn l lm vic ca DAC ny cng n gin. Ngi c c th gii thch c hot ng ca mch da trn hnh v v nhng kin thc hc. Chng ta ch cn cho ln lt cc bit Bi bng logic 1 v 0 ta s tnh c VOUT sau dng nguyn xp chng ta s tnh c in p ra:

Biu thc (7) chng t rng bin in p tng t u ra t l thun vi gi tr tn hiu s u vo. Chng ta c th thy rng i vi DAC in tr hnh T N bit th in p tng t u ra VOUT s l:

Sai S Chuyn i i vi mch DAC in tr hnh T th sai s chuyn i do cc nguyn nhn sau: - Sai lch in p chun tham chiu VREF . T cng thc (8) ta c th tnh sai s chuyn i DA do ring sai s lch in p chun tham chiu VREF gy ra nh sau:

Biu thc trn cho thy sai s ca in p tng t DVOUT t l vi sai lch DVREF v t l thun vi gi tr tn hiu s u vo. - S tri im 0 ca khuch i thut ton. S tri im 0 ca b khuch i thut ton nh hng nh nhau i vi mi gi tr tn hiu s c bin i. Sai s DVOUT do tri im 0 khng ph thuc gi tr tn hiu s. - in p ri trn in tr tip xc ca tip im chuyn mch. Cc chuyn mch khng phi l l tng, thc t in p ri khi ni thng ca mch in chuyn mch khng th tuyt i bng 0. Vy in p ri ny ng vai tr tn hiu sai s a n u vo mng in tr hnh T. - Sai s ca in tr . Sai s in tr cng gy ra sai s phi tuyn. Sai s ca cc in tr khng nh nhau, tc ng gy sai s chuyn i DA ca nhng in tr khc nhau v v tr l khc nhau. Tc chuyn i: DAC in tr hnh T cng tc song song (cc bit tn hiu s u vo c a vo song song) nn c tc chuyn i cao. Thi gian cn thit cho mt ln chuyn i gm hai gai on: thi gian tr truyn t ca bit tn hiu vo xa nht n b khuch i thut ton v thi gian cn thit b khuch i thut ton n nh tn hiu ra.

CC DNG MCH DAC

C nhiu phng php v s mch gip to DAC vn hnh nh gii thiu. Sau y l mt s dng mch DAC c bn s gip chng ta hiu r v su hn v qu trnh chuyn i t s sang tng t. 2.1 DAC dng in tr c trng s nh phn v b khuch i cng. Hnh 5.3 l s mch ca mt mch DAC 4 bit dng in tr v b khuch i o. Bn u vo A, B, C, D c gi tr gi nh ln lt l 0V v 5V.

B khuch i thut ton (Operational Amplifier Op Amp) c dng lm b cng o cho tng trng s ca bn mc in th vo. Ta thy cc in tr u vo gim dn 1/2 ln in tr trc n. Ngha l u vo D (MSB) c RIN = 1k, v vy b khuch i cng chuyn ngay mc in th ti D i m khng lm suy gim (v Rf = 1k). u vo C c R = 2k, suy gim i 1/2, tng t u vo B suy gim 1/4 v u vo A gim 1/8. Do u ra b khuch i c tnh bi biu thc:

du m (-) biu th b khuch i cng y l khuch i cng o. Du m ny chng ta khng cn quan tm. Nh vy ng ra ca b khuch i cng l mc in th tng t, biu th tng trng s ca cc u vo. Da vo biu thc (4) ta tnh c cc mc in p ra tng ng vi cc t hp ca cc ng vo (bng 5.1). Bng 5.1 u ra ng vi iu kin cc u vo thch hp 0V hoc 5V.

 phn gii ca mch DAC hnh 5.2 bng vi trng s ca LSB, ngha l bng 1/8 x 5V = 0.625V. Nhn vo bng 5.1 ta thy u ra tng t tng 0.625V khi s nh phn u vo tng ln mt bc. V d 2: a. Xc nh trng s ca mi bit u vo hnh 5.2 b. Thay i Rf thnh 500W.Xc nh u ra cc i y thang. Gii: a. MSB chuyn i vi mc khuch i = 1 nn trng s ca n u ra l 5V. Tng t nh vy ta tnh c cc trng s ca cc bit u vo nh sau: MSB MSB th 2 MSB th 3 # 5V # 2.5V (gim i 1/2) # 1.25V (gim i 1/4)

MSB th 4 (LSB) # 0.625V (gim i 1/8) b. Nu Rf = 500W gim theo tha s 2, nn mi trng s u vo s nh hn 2 ln so vi gi tr tnh trn. Do u ra cc i ( y thang) s gim theo cng tha s, cn li: -9.375/2 = -4.6875V 2.2 DAC R/2R ladder

Mch DAC ta va kho st s dng in tr c trng s nh phn to trng s thch hp cho tng bit vo. Tuy nhin c nhiu hn ch trong thc t. Hn ch ln nht l khong cch chnh lch ng k gi tr in tr gia LSB v MSB, nht l trong cc DAC c phn gii cao (nhiu bit). V d nu in tr MSB = 1k trong DAC 12 bit, th in tr LSB s c gi tr trn 2M. iu ny rt kh cho vic ch to cc IC c bin thin rng v in tr c th duy tr t l chnh xc. khc phc c nhc im ny, ngi ta tm ra mt mch DAC p ng c yu cu l mch DAC mng R/2R ladder. Cc in tr trong mch ny ch bin thin trong khong t 2 n 1. Hnh 5.4 l mt mch DAC R/2R ladder c bn.

T hnh 5.4 ta thy c cch sp xp cc in tr ch c hai gi tr c s dng l R v 2R. Dng IOUT ph thuc vo v tr ca 4 chuyn mch, u vo nh phn B0B1B2B3 chi phi trng thi ca cc chuyn mch ny. Dng ra IOUT c php chy qua b bin i dng thnh in (Op Amp) bin dng thnh in th ra VOUT. in th ng ra VOUT c tnh theo cng thc:

Vi B l gi tr u vo nh phn, bin thin t 0000 (0) n 1111(15) V d 3: Gi s VREF = 5V ca DAC hnh 5.4. Tnh phn gii v u ra cc i ca DAC ny?

Gii phn gii bng vi trng s ca LSB, ta xc nh trng s LSB bng cch gn B = 00012 = 1. Theo cng thc (5), ta c:

u ra cc i xc nh c khi B = 11112 = 1510. p dng cng thc (5) ta c:

2.3 DAC vi u ra dng Trong cc thit b k thut s i lc cng i hi qu trnh iu khin bng dng in. Do ngi ta to ra cc DAC vi ng ra dng p ng yu cu . Hnh 5.5 l mt DAC vi ng ra dng tng t t l vi u vo nh phn. Mch DAC ny 4 bit, c 4 ng dn dng song song mi ng c mt chuyn mch iu khin. Trng thi ca mi chuyn mch b chi phi bi mc logic u vo nh phn.

Dng chy qua mi ng l do mc in th quy chiu VREF v gi tr in tr trong ng dn quyt nh. Gi tr in tr c trng s theo c s 2, nn cng dng in cng c trng s theo h s 2 v tng cng dng in ra IOUT s l tng cc dng ca cc nhnh.

DAC vi u dng ra c th chuyn thnh DAC c u ra in th bng cch dng b khuch i thut ton (Op Amp) nh hnh 5.6.

hnh trn IOUT ra t DAC phi ni n u vo ca b khuch i thut ton.

CHUYN I TNG T - S ADC

1.1 S khi

B chuyn i tng t sang s ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) ly mc in th vo tng t sau mt thi gian s sinh ra m u ra dng s biu din u vo tng t. Tin trnh bin i A/D thng phc tp v mt nhiu thi gian hn tin trnh chuyn i D/A. Do c nhiu phng php khc nhau chuyn i t tng t sang s. Hnh v 5.16 l s khi ca mt lp ADC n gin.

Hot ng c bn ca lp ADC thuc loi ny nh sau: Xung lnh START khi ng s hot ng ca h thng. Xung Clock quyt nh b iu khin lin tc chnh sa s nh phn lu trong thanh ghi. S nh phn trong thanh ghi c DAC chuyn i thnh mc in th tng t VAX. B so snh so snh VAX vi u vo trng t VA. Nu VAX < VA u ra ca b so snh ln mc cao. Nu VAX > VA t nht bng mt khong VT (in th ngng), u dra ca b so snh s xung mc thp v ngng tin trnh bin i s nh phn thanh ghi. Ti thi im ny VAX xp x VA. gi dtr nh phn thanh ghi l i lng s tng ng VAX v cng l i lng s tng ng VA, trong gii hn phn gii v chnh xc ca h thng. Logic iu khin kch hot tn hiu ECO khi chu k chuyn i kt thc.

Tin trnh ny c th c nhiu thay di i vi mt s loi ADC khc, ch yu l s khc nhau cch thc b iu khin sa i s nh phn trong thanh ghi. 1.2 Cc ch tiu k thut ch yu ca ADC phn gii phn gi ca mt ADC biu th bng s bit ca tn hiu s u ra. S lng bit nhiu sai s lng t cng nh, chnh xc cng cao. Di ng, in tr u vo. Mc logic ca tn hiu s u ra v kh nng chu ti (ni vo u vo). chnh xc tng i Nu l tng ha th tt c cc im chuyn iphi nm trn mt ng thng. chnh xc tng i l sai ds ca cc im chuyn i thc t so vi c tuyn chuyn i l tng. Ngoi ra cn yu cu ADC khng b mt bit trong ton b phm vi cng tc. Tc chuyn i Tc chuyn i c xc nh thi gian bi thi gian cn thit hon thnh mt ln chuyn i A/D. Thi gian ny tnh t khi xut hin tn hiu iu khin chuyn i n khi tn hiu s u ra n nh. H s nhit H s nhit l bin thin tng i tn hiu s u ra khi nhit bin i 10C trong phm vi nhit cng tc cho ph p vi iu kin mc tng t u vo khng i. T s ph thuc cng sut Gi s in p tng t u vo khng i, nu ngun cung cp cho ADC bin thin m nh hng n tn hiu s u ra cng ln th t s ph thuc ngun cng ln. Cng sut tiu hao. 1.3 Cc bc chuyn i AD Qu trnh chuyn i A/D nhn chung c thc hin qua 4 bc c bn, l: ly mu; nh mu; lng t ha v m ha. Cc bc lun lun kt hp vi nhau trong mt qu trnh thng nht. 1.3.1 nh l ly mu

i vi tn hiu tng t VI th tn hiu ly mu VS sau qu trnh ly mu c th khi phc tr li VI mt cch trung thc nu iu kin sau y tha mn: fS 2fImax Trong fS : tn s ly mu (10)

fImax : l gii hn trn ca gii tn s tng t Hnh 5.17 biu din cch ly mu tn hiu tng t u vo. Nu biu thc (10) c tha mn th ta c th dng b t lc thng thp khi phc VI t VS. V mi ln chuyn i in p ly mu thnh tn hiu s tng ng u cn c mt thi gian nht nh nn phi nh mu trong mt khong thi gian cn thit sau mi ln ly mu. in p tng t u vo c thc hin chuyn i A/D trn thc t l gi tr VI i din, gi tr ny l kt qu ca mi ln ly mu.

1.3.2 Lng t ha v m ha Tn hiu s khng nhng ri rc trong thi gian m cn khng lin tc trong bin i gi tr. Mt gi tr bt k ca tn hiu s u phi biu th bng bi s nguyn ln gi tr n v no , gi tr ny l nh nht c chn. Ngha l nu dng tn hiu s biu th in p ly mu th phi bt in p ly mu ha thnh bi s nguyn ln gi tr n v. Qu trnh ny gi l lng t ha. n v c chn theo qui nh ny gi l n v lng t, k hiu D. Nh vy

gi tr bit 1 ca LSB tn hiu s bng D. Vic dng m nh phn biu th gi tr tn hiu s l m ha. M nh phn c c sau qu trnh trn chnh l tn hiu u ra ca chuyn i A/D. 1.3.3 Mch ly mu v nh mu Khi ni trc tip in th tng t vi u vo ca ADC, tin trnh bin i c th b tc ng ngc nu in th tng t thay i trong tin trnh bin i. Ta c th ci thin tnh n nh ca tin trnh chuyn i bng cch s dng mch ly mu v nh mu ghi nh in th tng t khng i trong khi chu k chuyn i din ra. Hnh 5.18 l mt s ca mch ly mu v nh mu.

(Phn 2)

CC DNG MCH ADC 2.1 ADC dng sng bc thang 2.1.1 s khi Phin bn n gin nht ca lp ADC hnh 5.16 s dng b m nh phn lm thanh ghi v cho php xung nhp y b m tng mi mt bc, cho n khi VAX > VA. y gi l ADC sng dng bc thang, v dng sng ti VAX c tng bc i ln. Ngi ta cn gi l ADC loi b m. Hnh 5.20 l s biu din mt ADC dng sng bc thang.

Cc thnh phn ca DAC dng sng bc thang hnh 5.20 gm: mt b m, mt DAC, mt b so snh tng t, mt cng NAND 3 ng vo iu khin. u ra ca b so snh dng lm

tn hiu

(End Of Conversion kt thc chuyn i).

2.1.2 Hot ng ca b ADC dng sng bc thang Gi s VA, tc mc in th cn chuyn i l dng th tin trnh hot ng din ra nh sau: Xung Khi ng c a vo Reset b m v 0. Mc cao ca xung Khi ng cm khng cho xung nhp i qua cng AND vo b m. Nu u ca DAC ton bit 0 th u ra ca DAC s l VAX = 0V. V VA>VAX nn u ra b so

snh

s ln mc cao.

Khi xung Khi ng v thp th cng AND cho php xung nhp i qua cng ny v vo b m. Khi gi tr b m tng ln th u ra DAC l VAX s tng mi ln mi bc, nh minh ha hnh 5.20.

Tin trnh c tip tc cho n khi VAX ln n bc vt qu VA mt khong

VT. Ti thi

im ny ng ra ca b so snh nn b m s ngng m.

v thp v cm khng cho xung nhp i vo b m

Tin trnh chuyn i hon tt khi tn hiu

chuyn t trng thi cao xung thp v ni

dung ca b m l biu th dng s ca in p tng t vo VA. B m s duy tr gi tr s cho n khi no xung Khi ng k tip vo bt u tin trnh chuyn i mi. 2.1.3 phn gii v chnh xc ca ADC dng sng bc thang Trong ADC dng sng bc thang c nhiu yu t nh hng n sai s ca qu trnh chuyn i nh: kch c bc thang, tc phn gii ca DAC ci trong n v nh nht. Nu gim kch c bc thang ta c th hn ch bt sai s nhng lun c khong cch chnh lch gia i lng thc t v v gi tr gn cho n. y gi l sai s lng t. Cng nh trong DAC, chnh xc khng nh hng n phn gii nhng li ty thuc vo chnh xc ca linh kin trong mch nh: b so snh, in tr chnh xc v chuyn mch dng ca DAC, ngun in quy chiu,Mc sai s = 0.01% gi tr cc i (y thang) cho bit kt qu ra t ADC c th sai bit mt khong nh th, do cc linh kin khng l tng. V d 1 Gi s ADC dng sng bc thang hnh 5.20 c cc thng s sau y: tn s xung nhp = 1Mz; VT = 0.1mV; DAC c u ra cc i = 10.23V v u vo 10 bit. Hy xc nh: a. Gi tr s tng ng cho VA = 3.728V b. Thi gian chuyn i c. phn gii ca b chuyn i ny Bi gii: a. DAC c u vo 10 bit v u ra cc i = 10.23V nn ta tnh c tng s bc thang c th c l: 210 1 = 1023 Suy ra kch c bc thang l:

Da trn thng s trn ta thy VAX tng theo tng bc 10mV khi b m m ln t 0. v VA = 3.728, VT = 0.1mV nn VAX phi t t 3.728 tr ln trc khi b so snh chuyn sang trng thi mc thp. Nh vy phi c s bc:

khi cui tin trnh chuyn i, b m duy tr s nh phn tng ng 37310, tc 0101110101. y cng chnh l gi tr s tng ng ca VA = 3.728V do ADC ny to nn. b. Mun hon tt qu trnh chuyn i th i hi dng sng dbc thang phi ln 373 bc, c ngha 373 xung nhp p o vi tc 1 xung trn 1ms, cho nn tng thi gian chuyn i l 373ms. c. phn gii ca ADC ny bng vi kch thc bc thang ca DAC tc l 10mV. Nu tnh theo t l phn trm l

2.1.3 Thi gian chuyn i Thi gian chuyn i l khong thi gian gia im cui ca xung khi ng n thi im

kch hot u ra ca

. B m bt u m t 0 ln cho n khi VAX vt qu VA, ti thi

im

xung mc thp kt thc tin trnh chuyn i. Nh vy gi tr ca thi gian

chuyn i tC ph thuc vo VA. Thi gian chuyn i cc i xy ra khi VA nm ngay di

bc thang cao nht. Sao cho VAX phi tin ln bc cui cng kch hot Vi b chuyn i N bit, ta c: tC(max) = (2N 1) chu k xung nhp ADC hnh 5.20 s c thi gian chuyn i cc i tC(max) = (210 1)x1ms = 1023ms

i khi thi gian chuyn i trung bnh c quy nh bng thi gian chuyn i cc i. Vi b chuyn i dng sng bc thang, ta c:

Nhc im ca ADC dng sng bc thang l thi gian chuyn i tng gp i vi tng bit thm vo b m. Do vy ADC loi ny khng thch hp vi nhng ng dng i hi phi lin tc chuyn i mt tn hiu tng t thay i nhanh thnh tn hiu s. Tuy nhin vi cc ng dng tc chm th bn cht tng i n gin ca ADC dng sng bc thang l mt u im so vi cc loi ADC khc. 2.2 ADC lin tip - xp x B chuyn i lin tip - xp x ( Successive Approximation Convetr-SAC) l mt trong nhng loi ADC thng dng nht. SAC c s phc tp hn nhiu so vi ADC dng sng bc thang. Ngoi ra SAC cn c gi tr tC c nh, khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca u vo tng t. Hnh 5.21 l mt cu hnh c bn ca SAC, tng t cu hnh ca ADC dng sng bc thang. Tuy nhin SAC khng s dng b m cung cp u vo cho DAC m thay vo l thanh ghi. Logic iu khin sa i ni dung lu trn thanh ghi theo tng bit mt cho n khi d liu thanh ghi bin thnh gi tr s tng ng vi u vo tng t VA trong phm vi phn gii ca b chuyn i.

Hot ng ca ADC lin tip xp x nh sau: Mch ADC hot ng theo lu hnh 5.22.

Chng ta c th gii thch hot ng ca ADC ny bng cch da vo lu . V d 2 SAC 8 bit c phn gii l 20mV. Vi u vo tng t l 2.17V, hy tnh u ra s tng ng. Gii S bc ca SAC:

Nh vy bc th 108 s c VAX = 2,16V, bc 109 c VAX = 2.18V. SAC lun sinh u ra VAX cui cng ti bc thang bn di VA. Do vy, trng hp VA = 2.17, u ra s s l 10810 = 011011002. Thi gian chuyn i SAC hnh 5.22, logic iu khin m tng bit trn thanh ghi, gn 1 cho n, quyt nh c cn duy tr chng ti mc 1 hay khng ri chuyn sang bit k tip. Thi gian x l mi bit ko di mky chu k xung nhp, ngha l tng thi gian chuyn i ca SAC N bit s l N chu k xung nhp. Ta c: tC cho SAC = N x1 chu k xung nhp thi gian chuyn i ny lun nh nhau bt chp gi tr ca VA. iu ny l o logic iu khin phi x l mi bit d xem c cn n mc 1 hay khng. V d 3 So snh thi gian chuyn i ca ADC 10 bit c dng sng bc thang v SAC 10 bit. Gi thit c hai u p dng tn s xung nhp 500kHz. Gii Vi ADC dng sng bc thang, thi gian cc i s l: (2N 1) x (1 chu k xung nhp) = 1023 x 2ms = 2046ms Vi SAC, thi gian chuyn i lun bng 10 chu k xung nhp tc l 10 x 2ms = 20ms

Vy vi SAC th thi gian chuyn i nhanh gp 100 ln ADC dng sng bc thang. 2.3 ADC nhanh B chuyn i nhanh (flash converter) l ADC tc cao nht hin nay c mt trn th trng, nhng s mch phc tp hn cc loi khc. V d mt ADC nhanh 6 bit i hi 63 b so snh tng t, cn ADC nhanh 8 bit th con s ny ln n 255, 10 bit th ln n 1023. Nh vy s lng b so snh qu ln gii hn kch c ca ADC nhanh.

Hnh 5.23 l s ca mt ADC nhanh ADC nhanh hnh 5.23 c phn gii 3 bit. Kch thc bc thang l 1V. B chia in th thit lp mc quy chiu cho tng b so snh c c 7 mc ng vi 1V ( trng s ca LSB ), 2V, 3V, 7V (y thang). u vo tng t VA c ni n u vo cn li ca tng b so snh. Vi VA < 1V th tt c u ra ca b so snh u ln mc cao. Vi VA > 1V th t mt u ra tr ln s xung mc thp. u ra ca b so snh c a vo b m ho u tin tch cc mc thp, sinh u ra ng vi u ra c s th t cao nht mc thp ca b so snh. L lun tng t ta s c c bng gi tr nh bng 5.4 Bng 5.4 Bng s tht ca ADC nhanh 3 bit hnh 5.23

ADC nhanh hnh 5.23 c phn gii 1V v u vo tng t phi thay i mi ln 1V mi c th a u ra s ln bc k tip. Mun c phn gii tinh hn th phi tng tng s mc in th vo (ngha l s dng nhiu in tr chia th hn) v tng s b so snh. Ni chung ADC nhanh N bit th cn 2N 1 b so snh, 2N in tr, v logic m ho cn thit. Thi gian chuyn i B chuyn i nhanh khng cn thit tn hiu xung nhp v tin trnh ny xy ra lin tc. Khi gi tr u vo thay i th u ra ca b so snh s thay i lm cho ng ra ca b m ha thay i theo. Nh vy thi gian chuyn i l thi gian cn thit xut hin mt u ra s mi p li mt thay i VA. Thi gian chuyn i ch ph thuc vo khong tr do truyn ca b so snh v b m ha. V vy m ADC nhanh c thi gian chuyn i v cng gn.