Dunia Kedokteran
International Standard Serial Number: 0125 – 913X
Redaksi
Dunia Kedokteran
International Standard Serial Number: 0125 – 913X
Cermin Dunia Kedokteran menerima naskah yang membahas berbagai sesuai dengan urutan pemunculannya dalam naskah dan disertai keterangan
aspek kesehatan, kedokteran dan farmasi, juga hasil penelitian di bidang- yang jelas. Bila terpisah dalam lembar lain, hendaknya ditandai untuk meng-
bidang tersebut. hindari kemungkinan tertukar. Kepustakaan diberi nomor urut sesuai dengan
Naskah yang dikirimkan kepada Redaksi adalah naskah yang khusus untuk pemunculannya dalam naskah; disusun menurut ketentuan dalam Cummulated
diterbitkan oleh Cermin Dunia Kedokteran; bila telah pernah dibahas atau di- Index Medicus dan/atau Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted
bacakan dalam suatu pertemuan ilmiah, hendaknya diberi keterangan mengenai to Biomedical Journals (Ann Intern Med 1979; 90 : 95-9). Contoh:
nama, tempat dan saat berlangsungnya pertemuan tersebut. Basmajian JV, Kirby RL. Medical Rehabilitation. 1st ed. Baltimore. London:
Naskah ditulis dalam bahasa Indonesia atau Inggris; bila menggunakan William and Wilkins, 1984; Hal 174-9.
bahasa Indonesia, hendaknya mengikuti kaidah-kaidah bahasa Indonesia yang Weinstein L, Swartz MN. Pathogenetic properties of invading microorganisms.
berlaku. Istilah media sedapat mungkin menggunakan istilah bahasa Indonesia Dalam: Sodeman WA Jr. Sodeman WA, eds. Pathologic physiology: Mecha-
yang baku, atau diberi padanannya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Redaksi berhak nisms of diseases. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1974; 457-72.
mengubah susunan bahasa tanpa mengubah isinya. Setiap naskah harus di- Sri Oemijati. Masalah dalam pemberantasan filariasis di Indonesia. Cermin
sertai dengan abstrak dalam bahasa Indonesia. Untuk memudahkan para pem- Dunia Kedokt. l990 64 : 7-10.
baca yang tidak berbahasa Indonesia lebih baik bila disertai juga dengan abstrak Bila pengarang enam orang atau kurang, sebutkan semua; bila tujuh atau lebih,
dalam bahasa Inggris. Bila tidak ada, Redaksi berhak membuat sendiri abstrak sebutkan hanya tiga yang pertama dan tambahkan dkk.
berbahasa Inggris untuk karangan tersebut. Naskah dikirimkan ke alamat : Redaksi Cermin Dunia Kedokteran,
Naskah diketik dengan spasi ganda di atas kertas putih berukuran kuarto/ Gedung Enseval, JI. Letjen Suprapto Kav. 4, Cempaka Putih, Jakarta 10510
folio, satu muka, dengan menyisakan cukup ruangan di kanan-kirinya, lebih P.O. Box 3117 Jakarta.
disukai bila panjangnya kira-kira 6 - 10 halaman kuarto. Nama (para) pe- Pengarang yang naskahnya telah disetujui untuk diterbitkan, akan diberitahu
ngarang ditulis lengkap, disertai keterangan lembaga/fakultas/institut tempat secara tertulis.
bekerjanya. Tabel/skema/grafik/ilustrasi yang melengkapi naskah dibuat sejelas- Naskah yang tidak dapat diterbitkan hanya dikembalikan bila disertai
jelasnya dengan tinta hitam agar dapat langsung direproduksi, diberi nomor dengan amplop beralamat (pengarang) lengkap dengan perangko yang cukup.
GUILLIAN-BARRE SYNDROME tis coxae-sacroiliaca, and HLA- The results showed that in
AND TYPHUS ABDOMINALIS B27 positive were reported. The Jakarta area the lowest resistance
main symptoms were blurred were against cotrimoxazole (5%)
A. Munandar vision, ciliary injection, photo- and against kanamycin (12,5%).
Neurology Unit, Husada Hospital, phobia; fibrin in anterior cham- The resistance towards chlo-
Jakarta, Indonesia.
ber, and low back pain. Tissue ramphenicol, ampiclllin and te-
typing for HLA-B27 antigen was tracycline were higher, reaching
Guillain-Barre syndrome is very positive. The patient have severe 20% and over, signifying that for
rarely seen as a cause of muscle acute inflammatory, with low Jakarta area co-trimoxazole.and
weakness in typhoid fever. The back pain. kanamycin and ampicillin (resis-
author reports a case of Guillain- The patient was controlled with tance = 0%), while for co-tri-
Barre syndrome in a typhoid topical steroid, systemic steroid, moxazole, chloramphenicol and
fever patient, adding to a same and sulfas atropine drops. tetracycyline the resistance
case previously reported by were varied from 5,0% to 6,6%.
Chanamugam. This study showed that 5% of
Cermin Dunia Kedokt. 1994; 93:51–52
Cermin Dunia Kedokt. 1994;93:53–55 the Samonella isolates from
s/wrg
am Jakarta area were multiresistant
towards all five antibiotics tested,
while In Palembang area 5% of
the Salmonella isolated were
multiresistant towards chloram-
phenicol and co-trimoxazole,
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF and 1,6% were multiresistant
SALMONELLA RESISTANCE TO- towards chloramphenicol and
CLINICAL FEATURE OF ACUTE WARDS CHLORAMPHENICOL AND tetracycline.
ANTERIOR UVEITIS IN HLA-B27 OTHER ANTIBIOTIC IN JAKARTA
POSITIVE : CASE REPORT AND PALEMBANG Cermin Dunla Kedokt. 1994; 93: 56–59
ssz/olh
Pudjarwoto Triatmodjo
Suhardjo, Wasisdi Gunawan
Communicable Diseases Research
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty
Centre, Health Research and Develop-
of Medicine University of GadJah Mada,
ment Board, Department of Health,
Jogjakarta, Indonesia
Jakarta, Indonesia.
ABSTRAK
Manusia diciptakan Tuhan untuk hidup di darat dan semua organ tubuh dapat bekerja
dan berfungsi dengan baik dalam kondisi lingkungan darat yang mengelilinginya. Akan
tetapi manusia sejak zaman dahulu ingin terbang seperti burung dan akhirnya berhasil
terbang dengan balon pada abad ke-18.
Sejak abad tersebut dunia penerbangan berkembang sangat pesat baik jarak tempuh,
kecepatan, ketinggian dan daya angkat maupun kegiatannya. Keberhasilan ini telah dapat
meningkatkan kesejahteraan umat manusia, namun bukannya tanpa risiko karena manusia
memang tidak terbiasa tinggal di ketinggian.
Untuk menghadapi hal tersebut maka Ilmu Kesehatan harus mengembangkan diri
untuk mempelajari bahaya-bahaya penerbangan bagi tubuh manusia dan cara-cara pe-
nanggulangannya. Maka lahirlah Ilmu Kesehatan Penerbangan sebagai salah satu cabang
Ilmu Kesehatan, yang dilandasi oleh Fisiologi Penerbangan atau Aerofisiologi.
Faktor-faktor ketinggian yang mempengaruhi faal tubuh manusia adalah menurun-
nya tekanan udara, tekanan parsiil oksigen, suhu udara dan gaya berat dan lain-lain. Di
samping itu manouvre penerbangan dapat mengganggu faal tubuh seperti faal sistem
kardio-vaskuler, sistem pernapasan, penglihatan, keseimbangan, pendengaran dan lain-
lain.
Karena itu mempelajari aspek aerofisiologi dalam penerbangan adalah penting agar
kita dapat mencegah dan mengatasi pengaruh buruk penerbangan. Dengan demikian kita
dapat memanfaatkan udara bagi penerbangan dengan selamat, nyaman, aman dan cepat.
PENDAHULUAN perjuangan tanpa kenal lelah dan gigih akhirnyapada abad ke-18
Umum manusia dapat terbang dengan balon, diikuti dengan keberha-
Manusia diciptakan Tuhan untuk hidup di darat. Sebagai silan terbang dengan pesawat terbang. Bahkan sekarang manusia
makhluk daratan manusia telah terbiasa dan menyesuaikan diri telah berhasil mengarungi ruang angkasa luar.
untuk hidup di lingkungan daratan atau pada, atmosfer yang Dewasa ini banyak orang-orang yang memilih profesinya
paling rendah. Namun sejak zaman dahulu manusia ingin terbang dalam penerbangan, yang berbeda dengan kebiasaan hidupnya di
seperti burung, suatu hal di luar kebiasaannya. Setelah melalui darat. Hal ini tentu saja akan membawa konsekuensi atau risiko-
PENUTUP KEPUSTAKAAN
Telah dibahas berbagai aspek Ilmu Faal dalam penerbangan
1. AFM 160-5. Physiological technician's Training Manual. Department of the
atau Aerofisiologi yang mendasari Ilmu Kesehatan Penerbangan Air Force, Washington D.C., 1968.
dan Ruang Angkasa (Aerospace Medicine). Dalam makalah ini 2. AFP 161-16. Physiology of Flight. Department of the Air Force, Washington
hanyadibahas pokok-pokoknya sajadan belum mencakup seluruh D.C., 1968.
permasalahan Aerofisiologi. 3. AFP 161-18. Flight Surgeon Guide. Department of The Air Force, Washing-
ton D.C. , 1968.
Dengan mengetahui berbagai aspek Aerofisiologi dalam 4. Armstrong HG. Aerospace Medicine. The Williams and Wilkins Baltimore;
kegiatan penerbangan maka diharapkan dapat dengan mudah 1961.
memahami problema yang dihadapi para penerbang, awak pesawat 5. Davidovic, Vaazduhoplovna Fiziologija. Osnovi Vazduhoplovne Medicine,
lain maupun para penumpang khususnya di bidang kesehatan. Beograd. 1965.
6. Dhenin. Aviation Medicine, Physiology and Human Factors. The Tri-Med
Untuk selanjutnya kita mampu melakukan upaya-upaya pence- Bokks Limited, London, 1978.
gahan dan-pertolongan atas pengaruh buruk penerbangan pada 7. Direktorat Kesehatan TNI-AU. Buku Pedoman Dokter Penerbangan TNI-
tubuh manusia. AU. Jakarta, 1990.
Dengan demikian kitadapat memanfaatkan udara (atmosfer) 8. Harding M. Aviation Medicine. The British Medical Association, London,
1968.
Aspek Kesehatan Bandar Udara
Dr. Suroso Wirosoekarto
Departemen Perhubungan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta
ABSTRAK
Bandar Udara (bandara) merupakan tempat bertemunya banyak orang dari segala
penjuru dunia yang datang dan pergi dengan pesawat udara, dan juga tempat berkum-
pulnya banyak orang yang melakukan kegiatannya masing-masing untuk menunjang
operasi penerbangan yang lancar, aman dan nyaman. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut
perlu diantisipasi kemungkinan terjadinya suatu gawat darurat penerbangan, gawat
darurat medik, gawat darurat karena bencana alam, atau suatu kecelakaan kerja. Masalah
hygiene dan sanitasi di bandara harus diperhatikan dan ditangani sungguh-sungguh
karena bandara adalah pintu gerbang suatu negara.
Masalah yang juga penting di bandara adalah yang berhubungan dengan gangguan
kesehatan karena lingkungan kerja, yaitu karena bising,gelombang mikro, debu ra-
dioaktif, dan bahan-bahan kimia yang terdapat di bandara.
Akhirnya masalah penanggulangan dan penyelidikan kecelakaan pesawat udara yang
terjadi di bandara dan sekitarnya, dan selanjutnya sering melalui bandana diangkut
penumpang yang sakit untuk berobat ke kota atau negara.lain; semua ini perlu ditangani.
ABSTRAK
Bepergian dengan menggunakan pesawat udara komersial merupakan cara yang
cepat, efisien, aman dan menyenangkan. Akan tetapi bagi pasien-pasien tertentu, naik
pesawat udara berarti membuka kemungkinan menerima risiko medis tambahan, yang
kadang-kadang tidak disadari baik oleh pasien maupun dokter mereka. Masalah ke-
tinggian yang menyebabkan hipoksi dan dekompresi, masalah ergonomi, kelelahan,
irama sirkadian, stress sejak keberangkatan hingga mendarat kembali adalah sebagian
dari faktor-faktor yang dapat menimbulkan risiko medis. Untuk itu dikenal beberapa
pertimbangan yang akan menentukan apakah seseorang/pasien cukup fit untuk terbang
sebagai penumpang pesawat airline/sipil, atau haruskah ia diperlakukan secara khusus.
Dalam makalah ini dikemukakan data pasien yang menggunakan penerbangan
Garuda Indonesia dengan penatalaksanaan medis khusus sesuai dengan ketentuan
IATA–Fitness for Air Travel.
Kata Kunci : fitness - penerbangan - IATA.
Only the man who knows much can know how little he knows
Lakespra Saryanto
sebagai Pusat Pembinaan
Kesehatan Penerbangan
Kol. Kes. Dr. Hartono P. DSKP
Perkespra Pusat, Jakarta
ABSTRAK
TNI Angkatan Udara sebagai pembina berbagai aspek kedirgantaraan nasional pada
tahun 1965 telah mendirikan Lembaga Kesehatan Penerbangan dan Ruang Angkasa
(Lakespra), yang bertujuan untuk menangani masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan
kegiatan penerbangan. Lembaga ini didirikan selain untuk menghadapi perkembangan
ilmu dan teknologi kedirgantaraan saat itu, juga disiapkan untuk mengantisipasi per-
kembangan yang akan timbul dalam dekade berikutnya.
Pimpinan Lembaga yang pertama adalah Alm. Dr. Saryanto, yang selanjutnya nama
beliau diabadikan pada sebutan resmi Lembaga Kesehatan Penerbangan ini.
Tugas pokok dari Lakespra Saryanto adalah membina kesehatan awak pesawat dan
petugas khusus TM-AU, agar mereka dapat tetap sehat serta fit untuk menjalankan tugas-
tugas terbangnya. Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya Lembaga ini ternyata tidak saja
berfungsi dalam pembinaan kesehatan penerbangan di lingkungan TM-AU, tetapi juga
dalam lingkup ABRI maupun Nasional pada umumnya.
Bidang-bidang tugas yang selama ini dilaksanakan meliputi antara lain : seleksi
calon maupun anggota awak pesawat, Indoktrinasi dan Latihan Aerofisiologi (ILA),
Rehabilitasi medik awak pesat, pemeliharaan dan peningkatan kesempatan jasmani,
penelitian dan pengembangan kesehatan penerbangan serta pendidikan di bidang ke-
sehatan penerbangan.
Lakespra Saryanto juga aktif dalam membina kegiatan-kegiatan yang berkaitan
dengan Kedirgantaraan misalnya : Aerosport (FASI), Tim Pendaki Gunung, Human
Engineering IPTN, Evakuasi Medik Udara dan lain-lain.
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang Masalah B. Permasalahan
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret dalam me- Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, maka dirasa sudah
laksanakan Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi yang mencakup saatnya Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret menyu-
Pendidikan dan Pengajaran, Penelitian serta Pengabdian pada sun kurikulum tentang matra kemiliteran yang meliputi matra
Masyarakat perlu tanggap dengan tuntutan perkembangan ilmu kepolisian, darat, laut dan khususnya udara (kedokteran pener-
pengetahuan dan teknologi serta tuntutan kepentingan dan ke- bangan). Untuk itu perludiidentifikasi permasalahan yang ada
butuhan masyarakat. Untuk menghadapi abad 21 yang penuh yang merupakan kendala dan keterbatasan baik sumber daya
dengan perkembangan yang menakjubkan, antara lain termasuk manusia maupun prasarana yang sudah dimiliki institusi Fakul-
kemajuan dalam kedirgantaraan, maka dirasa sudah sangat tas Kedokteran.
mendesak adanya usaha untuk mengantisipasi era kemajuan Menurut pendapat penulis terdapat beberapa kendala yang
teknologi kedirgantaraan dengan menyiapkan anak didik suatu harus dipertimbangkan dan dicari solusinya, yaitu :
pemberian bekal ilmu Kedokteran Dirgantara agar alumninya 1) Keterbatasan sumber daya manusia
dapat bekerja secara paripurna di berbagai medan tugas. Sangat disadari bahwa muatan kurikulum matra kemiliteran
Penggunaan jasa transportasi udara menjadi semakin me- khususnya matra kepolisian, laut dan udara merupakan bidang
masyarakat akibat dari basil pembangunan nasional yang se- baru bagi kurikulum kedokteran di Indonesia umumnya dan di
makin merata, yang menuntut mobilisasi anggota masyarakat Fakultas Kedokteran UNS khususnya, di mana staf pengajar di
yang semakin cepat. Di samping itu adanya kemajuan pengguna- Fakultas Kedokteran belum memiliki kemampuan untuk
an pesawat tempur oleh TNI Angkatan Udara Republik Indo- mengampunya.
nesia yang semakin canggih baik dalam kecepatan maupun ke- 2) Keterbatasan alokasi waktu
mungkinan adanya manuver-manuver udara yang semakin dapat Mengingat kurikulum di Fakultas Kedokteran sudah sangat
mempengaruhi kesehatan dan keselamatan baik pengguna jasa padat, terdapat kendala yaitu dengan disusunnya kurikulum
penerbangan maupun penerbangnya sendiri. Selain itu, sudah matra militer akan mengalami kesulitan alokasi waktu yang
merupakan fakta sejarah bahwa Indonesia telah mulai mema- diperlukan untuk memberikan mata ajaran kematraan tersebut.
suki era penerbangan ruang angkasa dengan terpilihnya calon 3) Keterbatasan kualitas mahasiswa
antariksawan Indonesia yang telah lulus seleksi dan telah men- Untuk menyiapkan mata ajaran matra kemiliteran yang
jalani pendidikan di Amerika Serikat. Hal ini selayaknya men- ideal diperlukan kesiapan fisik, mental dan intelektual serta
jadi- motivator bagi akademisi di Indonesia untuk ikut meng- bakat mahasiswa. Padahal sistem seleksi calon mahasiswa yang
ambil saham terutama dari segi sumber daya manusianya. selama ini dijalankan hanya berdasarkan tes kemampuan kogni-
One's eyes is what one is, one's mouth is what one becomes
Prospek Penelitian Biomedik
di Luar Angkasa
Dr. Pratiwi Sudarmono, PhD
Bagian Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran UI
ABSTRAK
Semenjak manusia bercita-cita menaklukkan ruang angkasa perhatian yang khusus
telah ditujukan kepada berbagai aspek terpenting yaitu perubahan biomedik yang akan
dialami oleh seseorang saat ia berada di luar angkasa. Pengaruh yang paling besar adalah
dari kondisi mikroorganik dan berbagai pengaruh lingkungan hidup yang sangat sulit
untuk disimulasi di bumi.
Kondisi mikrogravitasi menyebabkan terjadinyaperubahan fisiologikpada berbagai
organ seperti sistim homeostasis, sistim kardiovaskuler, sistim muskulo skeletal dan se-
bagainya. Kini kondisi mikrogravitasi dianggap menjadi suatu variabel yang penting
untuk memahami sistim transport ion dan energi dari sel, untuk memantau proses
diferensiasi pada embrio, untuk memahami mekanisme kerja obat dan sebagainya. Pe-
nerbangan luar angkasa melalui pesawat ulang alik dengan program space-lab dan space-
stationnya kini diarahkan sebagai misi ilmiah murni, antara lain untuk penelitian bio-
medik ini.
Diseases that may produce SADIS may have lymphocyte disease expression that is located in an organ of the host, e.g. the
predominance or lymphocyte depletion. There are three catego- lung (bronchogenic carcinoma), the nasopharynx (nasopharynx
ries of diseases that in the advanced stage may produce SADIS carcinoma), the liver (primary hepatocellular carcinoma) and the
(fig. 1), i.e.: cervix of the uterus (cervix carcinoma). The existence of T-
Fig. 1. Three categories of specific acquired deficient immune status
lymphocyte predominance is a characteristic of the Tb-type of
(SADIS) SADIS. In addition, there is a predominance of the cellular
Category I the Tb-type of SADIS immune system in comparison to the humoral immune system
brought about by: (fig. 2).
• Bacteria : M. tuberculosis
: H. pylori
Fig. 2. Some characteristics of the three types of SADIS
• DNA-viruses : HBV, īlPV, HSV-2, EBV
• RNA-virus : HCV. Type of Disease CMIS*
Category 2 the Lk-type of SADIS SADIS expression
Lymphocytes
HIS**
brought about by:
• DNA-virus : EBV Tb-type primary malignancy predominance >1
(epithelial carcinoma)
• RNA-viruses : HTLV-I, HTLV-II.
Category 3 the Lp-type of SADIS Lk-type primary malignancy predominance >1
brought about by: (leukemia, NHL,***
• RNA-viruses : HTLV-III (HIV-1), HIV-2 Hodgkin's dis.)
• bacterium : M. leprae. Lp-type • AIDS, opportunistic depletion <1
malignancy
• KK-type leprosy depletion <1
1) Diseases that may progress to the tuberculosis-type (Tb-
type) of SADIS, comprising diseases caused by the tubercle Note:
bacillus, the Helicobacter pylori, the hepatitis B virus (HBV), the CMIS : cell mediated immune system
hepatitis C virus (HCV), the human papilloma virus (HPV), the HIS : humoral immune system
NHL : non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and the Epstein Barr virus
(EBV). The Lk-type of SADIS has primary hematologic malignancy
2) Diseases that may produce the leukemia-type (Lk-type) of as disease expression that is located in tissues of organs of the
SADIS, comprising a disease caused by the EBV, and diseases host, e.g. in lymph nodes (malignant lymphoma) and in bone
caused by the human T-cell lymphotrope virus type I (HTLV-I) marrow (leukemia). Lymphocyte predominance which is based
and the human T-cell lymphotrope virus type II (HTLV-II). on neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes, is a characteristic of
3) Diseases that may progress to the leprosy-type (Lp-type) of the Lk-type of SADIS. There is also predominance of the cellular
SADIS, comprising diseases caused by the human immunodefi- immune system when compared to the humoral immune system
ciency virus type I (HIV-1), the human immunodeficiency virus (fig. 2).
type II (HIV-2) and a disease caused by the leprosy bacillus. The Lp-type of SADIS that is brought about by HIV-1 has
The Tb-type of SADIS has primary solid malignancy as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as disease
manifestation. It is characterized by the emergence of opportu- Fig. 3. The clinical management of diseases that may bring about develop-
ment of Tb-type SADIS
nistic infections and the development of opportunistic malignan-
cies as well. The Lp-type of SADIS which is caused by the Purpose: Back to basic which means back to the L-type immune status
leprosy bacillus has the lepromatous leprosy (LL-leprosy) as
Prevailing Immune Status
disease manifestation which is characterized by the existence of
primary clinical resistance to antileprosy chemotherapy. It has L-type K-type
KK-type
neither primary nor opportunistic malignancy as disease expres- (Tb-type SADIS)
sion. In addition, it is characterized by the absence of opportu- • early kill of microbial • early kill of microbial • early kill of microbial
pathogen thru specific pathogen thru specific pathogen thru:
nistic infection. There is lymphocyte depletion in both diseases.
antimicrobial chemo- antimicrobial chemo- • surgery
Predominance of the humoral immune system in comparison to therapy therapy • chemotherapy
the cell mediated immune system is found in the Lp-type of • augmentation of early • radiotherapy
SADIS (fig. 2). kill of microbial • stabilization of cure
The specific immune spectrum and the specific immuno- pathogen thru thru specific anti-
immunomodulator microbial chemo-
logic characteristics of a disease that in its Advanced stage may • stabilization of cure therapy (when avail-
produce SADIS, constitute the specific immunologic fingerprint thru immunotherapy able)
of the disease. Determination of the immunologic fingerprint of with BCG • stabilization of cure
diseases following infection with the causative pathogens that thru immunotherapy
with BCG.
can bring about the development of SADIS, may provide rational
basis for the proper tackling and solving of problems that may
arise in the fight against the causative organisms. Knowledge of stabilization of the cure when disease expression is of the K-type
immunologic fingerprints not only enables the diagnosis of the immune status at start of chemotherapy.
related disease to be made more accurately but also provides a B) The clinical management of diseases that emerge as disease
more rational basis for effective clinical management to be based expression of the KK-type immune status (Tb-type of SADIS)
on. (fig. 3).
Diseases of the same category of SADIS may have identical 1) The institution of the "early kill" of microbial antigen
or almost identical principles of clinical management. In addi- through the advent of:
tion, knowledge of immunologic fingerprint has substantially 1.1. surgical resection of the lesion.
broadened our knowledge and understanding of the pathways 1.2. cytotoxic chemotherapy.
through which the disease may progress or regress. Achievement 1.3. radiotherapy,
of a defined knowledge of clinical management of diseases that for the regression of immune status from the KK-type to the K-
have undergone long-term and thorough tackling and solving of type or even further to the L-type immune status.
the related problems, such as tuberculosis and leprosy, may serve 2) The enhancement of the "early kill" of microbial pathogen
as rational paradigm for effective clinical management to be set through the use of specific anti-microbial chemotherapy for the
up in aid of other diseases that may produce the same category of stabilization of the cure following achievement of complete
SADIS. remission of the lesion.
3) The inoculation of BCG as immuno-therapy for the stabili-
I) THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES zation of the cure following the achievement of complete re-
THAT MAY PRODUCE THE TB-TYPE OF SADIS mission of the lesion when specific anti-microbial chemotherapy
Based on the characteristics of the immunologic fingerprint, is not available.
the principles of the clinical management of diseases that may
produce the Tb-type of SADIS are divided into the following: A1) The institution of the "early kill" of microbial antigen
A) The clinical management of diseases that emerge as disease through the advent of specific anti-microbial chemotherapy.
expression of the acute (L-type) and the chronic type (K-type) The tubercle bacillus is the prototype of microbial pathogens
immune status (fig. 3). that can bring about the Tb-type of SADIS. The advent of
1) The institution of "the early kill" of causative microbial adequate anti-TB chemotherapy is crucial in the fight against the
pathogens through the advent of specific anti-microbial chemo- tubercle bacilli before the disease may progress to disease mani-
therapy when disease expression is of the L-type or K-type festation of the Tb-type of SADIS.
immune status. Anti-TB chemotherapy has anti-microbial activity and has
2) The enhancement of the "early kill" of microbial pathogens the added advantage of being able to induce regression of
through the concomitant use of immunomodulators during the immune status from the K-type to the L-type aiming at the
early phase of anti-microbial chemotherapy when disease achievement of better protective immunity. The "early kill" of
expression is of the K-type immune status at start of chemo- tubercle bacilli through the use of adequate anti-microbial
therapy. chemotherapy is essential for the achievement of a successful
The institution of immunotherapy with BCG following result at end of treatment. Anti-tuberculosis drugs exert bacteri-
cessation of a successful anti-microbial chemotherapy for the cidal activity only during a treatment period of six months(1).
During this period, killing of tubercle bacilli and regression of positive patients(6); some may even be cuffed(10). The accelerated
immune status take place. Prolongation of chemotherapy using seroconversion of HBe-Ag coincides with the improvement of
the same treatment regimen produce enhancement of protective clinical, biochemical and histological parameters(10).
capacity without further anti-microbial activity of the drugs(1). Based on the result of a study on the efficacy of interferon
Enhancement of protective immunity is based on the augmenta- given to 18 patients suffering from clinically apparent cirrhosis
tion of bactericidal activity of the macrophage through further of the liver related to chronic hepatitis B, Hoofnagle et al.(11)
regression of immune status to the L-type. pointed out that it is quite reasonable to treat patients with
The advent of anti-Helicobacterpylori drugs such as tetracy- cirrhosis of the liver due to chronic hepatitis B with alpha-
cline hydrochloride or amoxicillin, metronidazole and colloidal interferon. During treatment for the duration of average 12
bismuth subcitrate, known as the triple therapy, has been shown weeks, HBe-Ag and hepatitis B-virus-DNA disappeared from
to be effective for the institution of the "early kill" of Heloco- blood in 12 patients. One to 14 months following cessation of
bacter pylori when disease expression is of the L-type or K-type treatment, hepatitis B-virus-DNA was encountered again in 6 of
immune status. A treatment regimen consisting of colloidal them. The other 6 patients in whom hepatitis B-virus-DNA was
bismuth subcitrate, tetracylin hydrochloride and metronidazole no longer found, remission was achieved in all of them. During
has been shown to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection in 91% a follow-up period of 4.2 years, no signs of cirrhosis were
of an Australian dyspeptic population (quoted from : Asian encountered(11).
Medical News; Medical Tribune International vol. 12, October 2, At present, there are no uniformly effective drugs against
1990). infection with HCV, an RNA-virus. Clinical drug trials have
Current anti-ulcer regimen using drugs usually termed the shown that treatment using recombinant interferon-alpha for six
HZ receptor antagonists, now designated as immunomodulators, months can normalize liver function in up to 46% of patients.
have been successful but the ulcer recurrence is an inconvenient However, the relapse rate following cessation of successful
and sometimes a serious problem(2). Almost 80% of duodenal therapy is high (up to 51%)(12).
ulcer patients caused by Helicobacter pylori that healed follow- Treatment with interferon-alpha has a favourable effect on
ing the advent of H2-receptor antagonists for the duration of serum liver enzyme activities and on the histologic abnormalities
4–6 weeks, developed relapse within one year, but if an anti- in approximately 50% of patients with chronic hepatitis C(13,14).
microbial regimen consisting of colloidal bismuth subcitrate, There is correlation of the response to treatment and the decrease
metronidazole plus amoxicillin or tetracycline hydrochloride of the number of hepatitis C-RNA in serum(15). Alpha-interferon
(triple therapy) is used as well to control Helicobacterpylori, the and beta-interferon, derived respectively from leukocyte and
relapse rate is reduced to less than 10% if it is completely from fibroblast, are produced in the body of the host as natural
eradicated(3,4,5). Two weeks treatment using triple therapy is response to viral infection. They have a very broad spectrum of
adequate to achieve eradication of Helicobacter pylori in most anti-viral activity(16). Gamma-interferon is produced by T-lym-
patients(2). phocyte following antigen specific and non-specific activation
The result of treatment using interferon and aciclovir in and is a lymphokine or cytokine with immunomodulating capa-
patients suffering from chronic hepatitis B, revealed that both city(17).
drugs are effective for the institution of the "early kill" of HBV, Anti-viral chemotherapy must have the capacity to stop
when disease expression is of the K-type immune status. The replication of virus, termed the virustatic action, in infected cells
result of anti-viral treatment in 12 patients suffering from chronic without bringing about the development of radical alteration in
hepatitis B conducted in 1985 revealed that combination therapy the normal metabolism of cell. A virologic aspect that deserves
of interferon and aciclovir appeared to be obviously more effec- attention is that available drugs are in general effective against
tive than when interferon or aciclovir was given as mono- viruses which are replicating and not effective against viruses
therapy(6). Alpha-interferon has a favourable effect on viral which are not replicating in the cell of the host, the latter being
replication and on the levels of liver enzymes in 25–50% of encountered in latent herpes virus infection(16).
selected patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection(7,8). An initial episode of herpes genitalis is a good indication for
Active viral replication of HBV is characterized by the persistent anti-microbial treatment with aciclovir(16) . Aciclovir has a selec-
presence of HBs-Ag, HBe-Ag and HBV-DNA-polymerase in tive virustatic action. This action is based on the inhibition of the
blood. viral DNA-polymerase which is essential for the replication of
The presence of HBs-Ag only indicates the emergence of the viral DNA. The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the
virus-latency; anti-HBe-antibody may also be encountered. During herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are sensitive and the
the latent phase of virus elimination, HBs-Ag is no longer varicella zoster virus (VZV) is moderately sensitive to aciclovir
detectable in blood; anti-HBs-antibody and anti-HBe-antibody in vitro(10). There is some activity of aciclovir against the EBV(16).
may be encountered(9). Anti-viral treatment in chronic hepatitis B The cytomegalovirus (CMV) is insensitive to aciclovir(10,16).
patients is exclusively meaningful when active viral replication Aciclovir is not effective against latent herpes virus infec-
exists which can be confirmed by a positive result of HBs-Ag and tion(10,16) and has only a marginal therapeutic effect on recurrent
HBe-Ag test(9). Combination of interferon plus aciclovir may herpes infection of the skin and mucoid membrane, provided it is
induce a state of virus-latency in 80% of chronic HBe-Ag employed in the early phase of the disease(10). The most striking
characteristic of herpes viruses is that they persist in the body of better stabilization of the cure achieved at end of chemotherape(24).
the host following infection(10) . Aciclovir shortens the duration of Inoculation of BCG as immunotherapy has to be carried out
viral shedding, the time for the achievement of cure, the duration following cessation of a successful anti-TB chemotherapy. When
of symptoms, and inhibits the development of new lesions during given preceding the commencement of chemotherapy, inocula-
treatment of patients suffering from herpes genitalis(16). tion of BCG may have a deleterious effect on the prevailing
Treatment using aciclovir doesn't have influence on the rate immune status as was evidenced by the development of a down-
of development and the severity of herpes genitalis relapses. grading reaction in the immune spectrum of tuberculosis, result-
Foscarnet (phosphonoformate) inhibits the DNA-polymerase of ing in a further deterioration of protective immunity(25). When
herpes virus(18). It is mainly used in immunocompromised pa- given during the implement of anti-TB chemotherapy, BCG will
tients with resistent HSV and VZV infections to aciclovir and be killed by the anti-microbial activity of the anti-TB drugs.
with resistent CMV infection to ganciclovir(16). An synergistic The result of specific immunotherapy with BCG for the
anti-CMV-effect in vitro of ganciclovir and foscarnet has been enhancement of protective immunity achieved at end of a
reported(19,20). Casuistic reports and observations revealed successful anti-TB chemotherapy, opens new prospects for the
encouraging results of treatment with the above combination(21,22). investigation whether inoculation of BCG as non-specific
immunotherapy can enhance protective immunity achieved at
A2) The enhancement of the early kill of microbial pathogen
end of a successful anti-microbial chemotherapy in patients with
through the advent of immuno-modulators.
chronic disease due to for instance theHelicobacterpylori or the
The "early kill" of microbial pathogens through the use of
hepatitis B virus infection.
adequate anti-microbial chemotherapy can be augmented by the
use of immuno-modulators, such as cimetidine, isoprinosine and
B1) The institution of the "early kill" of microbial pathogen
levamisole. The advent of cimetidine concomitantly during the
through the mechanism of regression of the KK-type immune
early phase of anti-TB chemotherapy accelerate the incidence of
status.
sputum negativity(23). Immuno-modulators enhance the micro-
The existence of an optimally functioning immune defense
bicidal activity of the macrophage. When given in the absence of
system is a conditio sine qua non for the proper functioning of
anti-microbial chemotherapy, immuno-modulators may delay
anti-microbial activity of anti-tuberculosis drugs.
the progression of immune status from the K-type to the KK-type
Progression of the K-type immune status which has chronic
(SADIS). It is intriguing to speculate that immuno-modulators
TB as disease expression to the KK-type immune status which
have the capacity of an immuno-biological response modifier.
has primary localized malignancy as disease manifestation, is
They likely have the capacity to modify immune status from the
characterized by the existence of a defective immune defense
prevailing one to a previous one from which it has progressed or
system especially related to cell mediated immunity.
regressed. Immuno-modulator as a therapeutic adjunct in the
Anti-TB chemotherapy is no longer effective when employ-
administration of anti-microbial chemotherapy has to be given
ed to tuberculosis patients during the advanced stage of the
during the early phase of chemotherapy or even preceding the
disease that have primary malignancy as disease expression.
commencement of chemotherapy. When given following
(unpublished data). It is like doing shadow boxing; much energy
cessation of a successful anti-microbial chemotherapy, immuno-
is spent without ever hitting the opponent.
modulator may have a deleterious effect on the outcome of
Based on its localized character, clinical management of
chemotherapy; it may accelerate the development of relapse
primary malignancy as disease manifestation of the TB-type of
following cessation of successful chemotherapy.
SADIS, whatsoever is the causative pathogen, should aim at the
It can be expected that the concomitant use of immuno-
achievement of rapid complete remission of the lesion, i.e.
modulator and specific anti-microbial chemotherapy in patients
through the implement of surgical resection of the malignancy as
suffering from diseases that can produce the Tb-type of SADIS
far as it is still operable, curable and resectable. The principal
in their chronic stage (K-type immune status), may accelerate the
advantage of surgery over radiotherapy or cytotoxic chemo-
regression of immune status from the K-type to the L-type. This
therapy lies in the absence of the development of seccundary
implies that in patients with gastric ulceration due toHelicobacter
malignancy. Lymphocyte predominance is a characteristic of the
pylori infection, healing of ulcer will be accelerated.
Tb-type of SADIS. Clinical management of primary malignancy
The use of immuno-modulator in patients with chronic
as disease expression of the TB-type of SADIS, no matter what
hepatitis can be expected to delay the progression of chronic
the causative organism may be, should aim at the achievement of
hepatitis to the development of malignancy.
a complete remission of the malignancy through normalization
A3) The stabilization of cure through the advent of immuno- of the prevailing lymphocyte predominance by way of the advent
therapy. of immuno-suppressive medication especially when the disease
Inoculation of BCG for the purpose of immunotherapy is no longer resectable or operable. Immuno-suppression through
following cessation of a successful anti-tuberculosis chemo- the advent of radiotherapy and/or the use of cytotoxic chemo-
therapy in patients with chronic tuberculosis, gives rise to further therapy are eligible tools for the normalization of the lymphocyte
regression of immune status from the K-type to the L-type, predominance.
resulting in the generation of better protective immunity for Radiotherapy remains a localized form of treatment for what
is usually a disease that tends to disseminate. Its principal The institution of specific anti-microbial chemotherapy when
advantage over surgery is the preservation of structure and available following the achievement of complete remission of
function of treated organs(26). It is unlikely that a malignancy with malignancy through the advent of surgery, cytotoxic chemo-
a mass greater than 5 cm in diameter can be sterilized by radio- therapy and/or radiotherapy, is essential for the stabilization of
therapy(27). Radiation induces profound lymphopenia in lym- cure, the mechanism of which is based on the eradication of the
phoid organs and in the general circulation as well. In addition, remaining causative microbial pathogens.
it suppresses most immuno-competent cell function(28). X-ray Beside its killing effect on the remaining causative microbial
irradiation has a toxic effect on proliferating and intermitotic pathogens, anti-microbial chemotherapy has the added advan-
cells as well and has the effect of cycle-nonspecific drugs in tage of being able to bring about a further shift of the position of
addition. The great majority of immunologically competent immune status in the immune spectrum of the disease from that
lymphocytes are in the intermitotic phase of the proliferaring of healthy subjects following natural infection to that of subjects
cycle. Consequently, radiotherapy may reduce the number of following vaccination.
blood or tissue lymphocytes and may cause a generalized deple-
tion of immunologically competent cells(28). B3) Stabilization of the cure following complete remission of
Cytotoxic chemotherapy is not selectively toxic for compe- malignant lesion through the advent of immuno-therapy.
tent lymphocytes but is potentially capable of killing any cell that When specific anti-microbial chemotherapy is not available
has the capacity to replicate(28). Based on their capacity to kill or when the causative pathogen is not known, inoculation of BCG
cells in different phases of the mitotic cycle, cytotoxic drugs can as immuno-therapy is the eligible alternative measure for the
act as phase-nonspecific drugs, cycle-specific drugs and cycle- stabilization of cure. Immuno-therapy through the advent of
nonspecific drugs. As cycle-nonspecific drugs, cytotoxic drugs BCG is aimed at bringing about further shift of the immune status
are equally toxic to both proliferating and intermitotic cells(28). that has taken place from the KK-type to the K-type following
Consequently, reduction of the number of lymphocytes or even complete remission of malignant lesions through the advent of
lymphocyte depletion may be the outcome of therapy as a great surgery, radiotherapy or cytotoxic chemotherapy. In other words,
deal of the immuno-competent lymphocytes are in an inter- immuno-therapy with BCG following complete remission of
mitotic phase of the proliferating cycle. In general, cytotoxic malignant lesions through the advent of surgery, radiotherapy
chemotherapy and radiotherapy are given separately and in and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy, may bring about a further shift of
sequence(29) . the position of immune status in the immune spectrum of the
Corticosteroids are important adjuncts to the advent of disease from that of healthy individuals following natural infec-
immuno-suppressive therapy using cytotoxic chemotherapy tion to that of healthy individuals following vaccination.
and/or radiotherapy. The production of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes In cancer therapy, immuno-therapy is usually employed
from the non-cytotoxic precursor cells is diminished by cortico- after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Non-specific systemic
steroids in vitro and in vivo as wellm. Corticosteroids appear to immuno-stimulation can be carried out using agents such as
stop the T-helper cells from secreting T-cell growth factor by an BCG, with the aim of general stimulation of immunologic
indirect effect. They actively preclude macrophages from secret- responsiveness.
ing interleukin-1 which is known to interact with the T-helper Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) is a viable attenuated strain
cells that subsequently elaborate T-cell growth factor(30). Con- of M. bovis obtained by progressive reduction of virulence via
sequently, based on their effect on cell mediated immunity, culture medium enriched with beef bile). It is a whole bacillus
corticosteroids reduce the number of lymphocytes. The effect of vaccine. Bacillus Calmette Guerin acts mainly by stimulating the
corticosteroids on humoral immunity is less profound. Chronic reticulo-endothelial system, i.e. the activation of T-cell and
administration of the drug decreases IgG synthesis, while short- lymphokine production and the activation of macrophage. It also
course treatment doesn't dampen primary or secondary antibody stimulates natural killer cells which can kill different malignant
responses(30). cells non-specifically and without previous sensitization(31). It is
The achievement of complete response to radiotherapy possible that macrophages activated by BCG are more active
and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy as is based on the acievement of killer cells and are more efficient in cleaning antigens or antigen-
complete remission of the disease is a good prognostic sign. antibody complexes, or are capable of inducing active participa-
Achievement of complete remission of pathologic lesion follow- tion of other cells of the immune system in the fight against
ing surgical resection or following immuno-suppressive medica- proliferating tumor cells(31). Bacillus Calmette Guerin appears to
tion through the advent of radiotherapy and/or cytotoxic chemo- enhance the production of stem cells, as was measured by
therapy means the achievement of cure which implies the achieve- hematopoietic colony formation. In addition, some investigators
ment of immune status inherent in healthy naturally infected have made the suggestion that BCG cross-reacts immunologi-
individuals or in healthy BCG-vaccinated individuals in the cally with hepatoma, melanoma and leukemic cells. Immuno-
immune spectrum of tuberculosis. therapy with BCG is employed as adjuvant treatment following
cytoreductive treatment of measurable cancer in order to destroy
B2) The enhancement of the early kill of microbial pathogen
micrometastasis and the residual tumor cells(31).
through the use of anti-microbial chemotherapy.
II. THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES therapy for the stabilization of the cure following achievement of
THAT MAY PRODUCE THE LK-TYPE OF SADIS. complete remission of the disease.
(FIG. 4). 3) The inoculation of BCG as immuno-therapy for the stabili-
Fig. 4. The clinical management of diseases that may bring about develop-
zation of the cure following achievement of complete remission
ment of Lk-type SADIS of the disease when specific anti-microbial chemotherapy is not
(yet) available.
Purpose: Back to basic which means back to L-type immune status
A. The clinical management of diseases that emerge as
Prevailing Immune Status
disease manifestation of the acute (L-type) and the chronic
L-type K-type
KK-type (K-type) immune status (fig. 4).
(Lk-type SADIS) Achievement of cure following EBV-infection occurs spon-
• Early kill of microbial • Early kill of microbial • Early kill of microbial . taneously in general in the course of 4–6 weeks. In some of the
pathogen thru specific pathogen thru specific pathogen thru: patients symptomsa may persist during months or years; these
antimicrobial chemo- antimicrobial chemo- • chemotherapy
therapy therapy • radiotherapy patients are considered as suffering from chronic persistent
• Augmentation of early • Stabilization of cure EBV-infection. Most striking is the presence of antibodies against
kill of microbial thru specific anti- EBV-early antigen (EBV-EA) ofteen in high titers(32). There is
pathogen thru microbial chemo- hitherto still no effective drug available for the "early kill" of
immunomodulator therapy (when avail-
• Stabilization of cure able) EBV during the acute and the chronic stage of the disease.
thru immunotherapy • Stabilization of cure According to Lange and Van der Noordam, aciclovir has some
with BCG. thru immunotherapy activity against EBV.
with BCG. Of the herpes viruses, the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-
1) and the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are sensitive to
Like in patients with the Tb-type of SADIS, there is T- concentrations of aciclovir; the Epstein Barr virus and the cyto-
lymphocyte predominance in patients with the Lk-type of SADIS. megalovirus (CMV) are not sensitive to aciclovir. The Varicella-
There is also predominance of the cellular immune system when Zoster-virus (VZV) is moderately sensitive to aciclovir(11).
compared to the humoral immune system (fig. 2). Aciclovir is a selective virustaticum. The drug is active following
Based on the characteristics of the immunologic fingerprint conversion into aciclovir-triphosphate which takes place in the
and its resemblance to the Tb-type of SADIS, the principles of cell that is infected with the virus. Aciclovir is much easier bound
clinical management of diseases that may produce the Lk-type of to viral thymidine-kinase than to thymidine-kinase of the host.
SADIS are the following: The action of aciclovir-triphosphate is based on inhibition of the
A) The clinical management of diseases that emerge as disease viral DNA-polymerase which is essential for the viral DNA
manifestation of the acute (L-type) and chronic (K-type) immune replication. It is important to note that aciclovir is not effective in
status. latent viral infection(10).
1) The institution of the "early kill" of causative microbial No effective drugs are hitherto available for the "early kill"
pathogens through the advent of specific anti-microbial chemo- of HTLV-I and HTLV-H during the acute and chronic stage of the
therapy when disease expresion is of the L-type or the K-type disease. In a small group of Japanese patients suffering from
immune status. HTLV-I infection in the chronic stage of the disease (tropical
2) The augmentation of the "early kill" of causative microbial spastic paraparesis), improvement has been observed following
pathogens through the advent of immuno-modulators during treatment with corticosteroids(32). In other group of patients, this
the early phase of anti-microbial chemotherapy when disease favourable response of treatment was not confirmed(3,4).
expression is of the K-type immune status at start of chemo- The result of analysis on the significance of the mobility of
therapy. the spectrum of the pattern of tuberculin reaction in the immune
3) The institution of immuno-therapy following cessation of a spectrum of tuberculosis related to the use of immuno-modula-
successful anti-microbial chemotherapy for the stabilization of tor(23), opens new prospects for the investigation whether immuno-
the cure when disease expression is of the K-type immune status modulators given to subjects with chronic disease caused by
at start of chemotherapy. EBV, HTLV-I or HTLV-II can accelerate the achievement of
B) The clinical management of diseases that emerge as disease spontaneous cure or delay the progression of the immune status
expression of the KK-type immune status (Lk-type of SADIS). of chronic disease (K-type) to the Lk-type of SADIS.
1) The institution of the "early kill" of causative microbial On the basis of the result of the advent of immuno-therapy
pathogens through the advent of: with BCG in tuberculosis patients following the achievement of
1.1. cytotoxic chemotherapy successful result of chemotherapy(24), it is intriguing to speculate
1.2. radiotherapy that immuno-therapy with BCG given to subjects with chronic
for the regression of immune status from the KK-type to the K- disease caused by EBV, HTLV-I or HTLV-H following the
type or even further to the L-type immune status. achievement of successful result of chemotherapy using effec-
2) The enhancement of the "early kill" of causative microbial tive drugs that hopefully will be made available, may stabilize the
pathogens through the use of specific anti-microbial chemo- achievement of cure.
B. The clinical management of diseases that emerge as typifying has also to be done in order to know whether the NHL
disease expression of the KK-type immune status (Lk-type of is of the B- or the T-cell origine(39).
SADIS) (fig. 4). Patients in stage I or II are treated with radiotherapy on the
Unlike in patients with the Tb-type of SADIS, in patients affected lymph node station or on the affected lymph node
with the Lk-type of SADIS, primary malignancy as disease stations (the socalled involved field radiation therapy(39,40). The
manifestation of SADIS is located in tissues of various organs of disease-free 5-10 year survival is 60% and 50% respectively(41).
the host and tends to have a disseminated rather than a localized This latter group of patients are likely cured(39). The involved
character. Surgical resection of the disease is in general not field radiotherapy is hitherto the only curative treatment mo-
indicated as an effort to achieve complete remission of the lesion. dality in patients with low grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in
In patients with the adult T-cell leukemia as disease expression stage I or II(39). Young age-group (< 40-60 year) and/or small
of the Lk-type of SADIS due to HTLV-I, the result of treatment tumor mass are thereby the most important favourable prognostic
with cytostatica is in general bad; remission is not observed or factors. More extensive radiotherapy, i.e. on more lymph node
only of short duration (quoted from: S. Daenan; Nederl. Tijdschr. stations, or combination therapy with chemotherapy, has not led
v. Geneesk. 1984, 128, 957-960). Aggressive treatment is con- to an obvious improvement of the chance for the achievement of
sidered necessary, but the "classical" combination regimens have cure(39).
very little influence on the survival. Usually there is only a In patients with stage III and IV NHL, the follicular lym-
response of short duration. Deoxycoformycine (DCF) has been phoma is very sensitive to chemotherapy(39,40). In 50-60% of
given to a petient with the adult T-cell leukemia with good result. patients, complete remission is achieved and in 10-30% a good
Complete remission was observed. partial remission is achieved with cytostatics like chlorambucil,
Other cytostatics for further eradication of the abnormal T- cyclophosphamide, or a combination therapy with cyclo-
cell (a combination of high dosage corticosteroids, cytarabine, phosphamide, vincristine and prednison (CVP). The advantage
vincristine, doxorubicine and cyclophosphamide) were admi- of the combination treatment is that remission is achieved earlier
nistered following the achievement of complete remission in an in the course of treatmentm. The median duration of remission
effort to "consolidate: this effect. A bone marrow aplasia de- is 2-3 years and afterwards treatment of relapse cases with the
veloped following the use of the above combination treatment. socalled second line chemotherapy leads to remission of 2–3
There was no development of relapse during a follow-up period years duration in 60-70% of the patients(42). The mean duration
of 12 months and the patient remained in good health without of survival in patients with low grade NHL in stage III or IV is 7
specific treatment (quoted from: S. Daenen, Nederl. Tijdschr. v. years.
Geneesk. 1984, 128, 957-960). Although the results of some investigations reveal a higher
Treatment with interferon can be considered on the basis of remission-percentage and prolongation of disease-free interval,
the probable viral genesis(35). Deoxycoformycine (DCF) inhibits the total survival duration with more intensive chemotherapy
specifically the adenosinedeaminase which leads to cumulation does not appear to be prolonged(43). Of much influence on the
of deoxyadenosine and deoxyadenosine triphosphate that are prognosis is whether or not histologic transformation to a higher
toxic for the cell. A peculiar effect of the drug is that only degree of malignancy has taken place. In the course of the disease
lymphocytes, in particular T-lymphocytes, are sensitive to DCF this transformation occurs in 30–40% of the patients. The
(quoted from: S. Daenan: Nederl. Tijdschr. v. Heneesk. 1984. prognosis hereafter is bad. Despite aggressive chemotherapy,
128, 957-960). the median duration of survival is only 1 year(39). Long term treat-
Patients suffering from the hairy cell leukemia with sple- ment with interferon-alpha appears to lead to remission in 40%
nomegaly and pancytopenia should be treated by splenectomy. of patients with follicular lymphoma@3>
Chemotherapy should be reserved for those patients that fail to At the moment examinations are done in several clinical
respond to splenectomy or that exhibit development of relapse investigations to know whether addition of interferon-alpha to
after a transient response to splenectomy(36). conventional chemotherapy leads to improvement of the result of
The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are a heterogenous group of treatment(39). Chemotherapy is given to almost every patient
malignancies which primarily involve lymphoid tissues. Radio- suffering from NHL located in the pancreas. Complete remission
therapy and/or chemotherapy are useful tools of management in during a minimal follow-up period of 18 months was observed in
patients with NHL. A suitable lymph node, which emerges as a 50% of patients under treatment with chemotherapy as was
single palpable lymph node, should be identified and the whole reported by de Jong et al.(44).
node removed at operation with the minimum of trauma(37). In Treatment of NHL of intermediate and high grade ma-
cases with single site involvement of bowel, i.e. at the ileocaecal lignancy consists primarily of combination chemotherapy. In
junction or the stomach, resection with bowel anastomosis is some treatment schedule, radiotherapy is added as consolidation
indicated(37). Histopathologic diagnosis is of essential impor- treatment, but its additive value has still to be confirmed in an at
tance for the choice of treatment and the prognosis of patients random investigation(45,46). Patients with localized intermediate
with NHL. New diagnostic and therapeutic developments in the grade lymphoma may be put under treatment with radiotherapy
last decades have shown that more patients with NHL can be alone, but apart from the large cell lymphomas, the risk of relapse
cured(38). Beside histopathologic examination, immuno-pheno is high(37).
Patients with stage II–IV large cell lymphoma are at present before diagnosis and fever of more than 38°C with no obvious
treated intensively with combination chemotherapy. Complete infection(52).
remission rate as high as 80% or more have been reported and as Patients with advanced HD (stages IIB-IVB) should be put
many as 40% of patients are cured(37). Patients with stage I under treatment with chemotherapy. Evidence reported by a
(10–20% of all patients with an intermediate or high grade NHL) number of clinical trials now suggests, that adriamycin contain-
can for the greater part (80–90%) be cured with a limited number ing combinations should have a role in the primary treatment of
of CHOP-courses (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicine, vincristine, advanced HD. Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarba-
prednison) followed by involved field radiotherapy(45,46). zine (ABVD) have been used alone or in combination with
In stage II–N, a remission percentage of 40–60% is MOPP (mustine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisolon) by a
observed with the standard treatment CJOP. With this treatment, number of centers, and existing data suggest that this may be
30% of all patients may be cured(47). associated with improved cure rates(52).
Hodgkin's disease (HD) is a multifocal disease(48). The On account of the prolonged survival in patients that have
disease begins in a single lymph node followed by dissemination been put under treatment, late adverse reaction due chemo-
to adjacent lymph nodes and then to other organs in a fairly therapy may emerge, especially the development of neoplasia,
consistent pattern(49). There are the lymphocyte predominance in particular the hematologic malignancies(51).
and the lymphocyte depletion type in HD. Lymphocyte predomi- Since the application of the megavolt apparatus and later the
nance type is observed in younger patients, is usually limited in polychemotherapy it is possible to obtain spectacular response
extent and has an excellent prognosis. Most investigators feel that percentages, resulting in 80–90% disease-free interval in the
the lymphocyte-infiltrate found in HD lesion represents the early stages(58,59) and 60–70% in the advanced stages of the
cellular immune response against the tumor and correlates with disease(60). A child with HD should be treated primarily with
a more favourable prognosis. chemotherapy(61).
Lymphocyte depletion type is at the opposite end of the Radiotherapy in children has important disadvantages.
spectrum, usually presenting with wide-spread disease and Radiotherapy in the period of growth and development appears
constitutional symptoms and having a poor prognosis(50). to be able to bring about growth disturbances of the tissue under
Depletion of lymphocyte is comparatively rare in HD(51,52). treatment which results in misformation. Besides, secondary
Progression from lymphocyte predominance to lymphocyte tumor may develop following radiotherapy.
depletion is associated with worse prognosis(53). The prognosis of In a study on the efficacy of cytostatic therapy alone without
patients suffering from HD is markedly better than that of additional radiotherapy in children with HD of all stages,
patients suffering from NHL as was based on survival chances(54). Behrendt(61) has given to children with small (less than 4 cm)
There is no standard treatment in patients with HD(55). lymph node tumors cytostatic therapy according to MOPP
Radiotherapy is used in patients with HD; chemotherapy is at scheme. Children with initially big (more than 4 cm) lymph node
least a component of treatment for advanced disease(52). Since the tumors have been given the same cytostatic therapy plus involved
advent of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for treatment of pa- field radiotherapy as complementary therapy. The result of the
tients suffering from HD, the prognosis is impressively im- study revealed that of the 16 children treated with chemotherapy
proved; 70% of the patients under treatment may even make alone, survival was 100% during follow-up periods ranging from
recovery(51). 27 to 123 months (median 74 months). Recurrence-free survival
Both chemotherapy and radiotherapy eradicate the disease in this group of children amounted to 87.5%. The survival of the
under certain circumstances. At present time, the best approach 14 children given additional radiotherapy amounted to 93%
to treatment is to use either radiotherapy or combination chemo- during follow-up periods ranging from 26 to 92 months (median
therapy alone in the appropriate stage(48). Radiotherapy and 58 months). Recurrence-free survival in this group of children
chemotherapy are also recommended for treatment of HD(56). For amounted to 85%. Behrendt(61) made the conclusion that a child
most patients with early HD (stages I-IIA), radiotherapy to a with HD should be treated primarily with chemotherapy.
mantle field remains the treatment of choice. Approximately The achievement of complete remission of disease mani-
70% of patients will be cured using radiotherapy alone. Patients festations of the Lk-type of SADIS means the achievement of
in whom relapse develops are put under treatment with chemo- cure and the regression of immune status from the KK-type to the
therapy(52). K-type or even to the L-type, resulting in the augmentation of the
It is unlikely that a tumor with a mass greater than five microbicidal activity of the macrophage. Like in the Tb-type of
centimeter in diameter can be sterilized and the dose of radiation SADIS, it can be expected that in the Lk-type of SADIS specific
would have to be very high(57). Patients with bulky mediastinal chemotherapy against the causative organism (when available)
lymph node enlargement are usually treated with chemotherapy may be given following the achievement of complete remission
initially as are patients with advanced HD, many older patients of the disease with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in order to
and those with B symptoms or unfavourable histology(52). stabilize the cure. When specific chemotherapy against the
Approximately 30% of patients have B symptoms as defined by causative organism is not available, inoculation of BCG as
the Ann Arbor staging classification. B-symptoms include night immuno-therapy may then be contemplated.
sweat, unexplained weight loss of more than 10% in 6 months Bacillus Calmette Guerin was first tried by Mathd and
coworkers in patients that suffer from acute lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1501-6. Quoted from: Lange JMA en Van der
Noordaa J. Nederl Tijdschr v Geneesk, 1992; 136: 958–64.
The attempt was based on the experimental observation that 14. Di Bisceglie AM, Martin P, Kassiandes C et al. Recombinant interferon-
drugs were not able to kill all the tumor cells and that other means, alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C; a randomized, double-blind, placebo-
such as immuno-therapy, were therefore considered necessary to controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1506-10. Quoted from: Lange
kill the residual leukemic cells(31). Bacillus Calmette Guerin was JMA en Van der Noordaa J. Nederl Tijdschr v Geneesk, 1992; 136: 958–64.
15. Shindo M, Di Bisceglie AM, Cheung Let al. Decrease in serum hepatitis V
found to be effective in leukemic mice if the number of residual viral DNA during alpha-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C Ann
malignant cells did not exceed 105 (31). The rationale behind the Intern Med, 1991; 115: 700–4. Quoted from: Lange JMA en Van der
above finding must be based not on the direct killing effect of Noordaa J. Nederl Tijdschr v Geneesk, 1992; 136: 958–64.
BCG but on the effect of BCG on the bactericidal effect of the 16. Lange JMA, Van der Noordaa J. Ontwikkeling en plants bepaling van
antivirale middelen. Nederl Tijdschr v Geneesk, 1992; 136: 958–64.
macrophage. Patients receiving weekly doses of BCG by 17. Nokta MA, Reichman RC, Pollard RB: Pathogenesis of viral infection. In:
scarification for a total duration of 5 years following complete Galasso GJ, Whitley RJ, Merigan TC eds. Antiviral agents and diseases of
remission of acute lymphocytic leukemia through the advent of man. New York: Raven Press, 1990; 49–85. Quoted from: Lange JMA,
chemotherapy and radiotherapy (of the central nervous system) Van der Noordaa J. Nederl Tijdschr v Geneesk, 1992; 136: 958–64.
18. Oberg B: Antiviral effects of phosphonoformate. Pharmacol Ther 1983,19:
appear to have responded best since 7 of 20 (35%) are still in 387–415. Quoted from: Lange JMA, Van der Noordaa J. Nederl Tijdschr v
remission 19 years after initiation of treatment. In contrast, only Geneesk, 1992; 136: 958–64.
21 of 269 children (17.8%) receiving maintenance chemotherapy 19. Freitas VR, Fraser-Smith EB, Matthews TR. Increased efficacy of gan-
alone survive for more than five years(31). ciclovir in combination with foscarnet against cytomegalovirus and herpes
simplex type 2 in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res. 1989; 12: 205–12.
Immuno-therapy with intradermal BCG (approximately 106 Quoted from: Lange JMA, Van der Noordaa J. Nederl Tijdschr v Geneesk,
viable bacilli) following radiotherapy in patients with lymphoma 1992; 136: 958–64,
(stage IA and stage IIA) give rise to a lower incidence of relapses 20. Manischewitz JF, Quinnan Jr GV, Lane HC, Wittek AE. Synergistic effect
and longer duration of remission(31). of ganciclovir and foscarnet on cytomegalovirus replication in vitro.
Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy 1990; 34: 333–5. Quoted from:
Lange JMA, Van der Noordaa J. Nederl Tijdschr v Geneesk, 1992; 136:
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Kegiatan Ilmiah
August 16–18, 1994 – 7th ASEAN Congress of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Bangkok
Information : Congress Secretariat,
Dept of Plastic Surgery, Siriraj Hospital,
Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
Staple Food – Based
Oral Rehydration Solutions
Sukwan Handall*, Hao Llying*, Martha Kombong**, Ata Nalun***
* District Health Office, PO Box 108, Wamena 99501
** Irian Jaya Training, World Vision International, Wamena
*** Regional Health Laboratory, Jayapura
PENDAHULUAN ringan demam, lesu, muntah, diare. Gejala yang paling menon-
Sindrom Hemolitik Uremia (SHU) adalah penyakit akut jol dan hampir selalu terjadi adalah gastroenteritis(6).
dengan ditandai gejala anemia hemolitik mikroangiopatik, trom- 2) Fase akut
bositopeni dan gagal ginjal akut(1). Timbul pada semua usia, Gejala penderita bertambah berat dengan adanya(3) :
tetapi lazimnya pada usia anak-anak, khususnya pada usia pra- a. Oliguri, hipertensi, edema, hematuri.
sekolah(2). Sindrom ini di negara barat merupakan penyebab b. Anemia hemolitik.
utama kegagalan ginjal akut pada bayi dan anak(3). c. Trombositopeni.
ABSTRAK
PENDAHULUAN fobia, lakrimasi, rasa sakit, clan penglihatan kabur. Mata yang
Uveitis anterior merupakan radang iris dan badan siliar terkena biasanya satu pihak, disertai dengan adanya flare dan sel
bagian depan atau pars plikata. Berdasarkan reaksi radang, di dalam bilik mata depan; jarang dijumpai adanya hipopion.
uveitis anterior dibedakan tipe granulomatosa dan non granu- Variasi gejala sering dijumpai, hal ini berhubungan dengan
lomatosa. Penyebab uveitis anterior dapat bersifat eksogen dan faktor penyebab. Uveitis anterior yang disebabkan oleh reaksi
endogen. Untuk selanjutnya, yang banyak dibicarakan adalah anafilaksis terhadap protein lensa akan didominir oleh adanya
uveitis anterior endogen. Penyebab uveitis anterior meliputi: sel-sel besar di bilik mata depan; sedang jika disebabkan oleh
infeksi, proses autoimun, yang berhubungan dengan penyakit sindroma Reiter justru didominir oleh eksudat fibrin dan sel-sel
sistemik, neoplastik, dan idiopatik(1). Pola penyebab uveitis kecil atau lazim disebut radang non granulomatosa.
anterior terus berkembang sesuai dengan perkembangan teknik Dalam menentukan penyebab uveitis anterior, sering di-
pemeriksaan laboratorium sebagai sarana penunjang diagnostik. jumpai banyak kendala di Indonesia. Pemeriksaan cairan hasil
Lebih dari 75% uveitis endogen tidak diketahui penyebabnya, parasentesis dari bilik mata depan merupakan pemeriksaan yang
namun 37% kasus di antaranya ternyata merupakan reaksi imu- lazinrdikerjakan untuk menegakkan diagnosis, namun hal terse-
nologik yang berkaitan dengan penyakit sistemik(2). Penyakit but masih sulit diterima para pasien mengingat risiko tindakan
sistemik yang berhubungan dengan uveitis anterior meliputi: juga tidakringan. Di samping itu, beberapa teknik pemeriksaan
spondilitis ankilosa, sindromaReiter, artritis psoriatika,penyakit laboratorium terutama yang menyangkut pemeriksaan imuno-
Crohn, kolitis ulserativa, dan penyakit Whipple(1). Keterkaitan logik masih relatif mahal. Teknik pemeriksaan histokompatibi-
antara uveitis anterior dengan spondilitis ankilosa pada pasien litas HLA-B27 relatif langka dan tidak terjangkau pada pasien
dengan predisposisi genetik HLA-B27 positif pertama kali di- uveitis anterior umumnya. Pemeriksaan HLA-B27 pada uveitis
laporkan oleh Brewerton et al(3). anterior dapat untuk menentukan diagnosis dan prognosis penya-
Angka prevalensi uveitis anterior sekitar 0,19%; namun kit(7). Di Indonesia belum pernah dilaporkan mengenai gambaran
angka tersebut meningkat menjadi 1% pada kelompok.populasi klinis uveitisanterior pada pasien dengan HLA-B27 positif.
HLA-B27 positif(4). Uveitis anterior merupakan salah satu ra- Kasus demikian mungkin saja banyak dijumpai, namun se-
dang di dalam bola mata yang paling sering dijumpai, dengan hubungan dengan beberapa keterbatasan dalam pemeriksaan
insidensi pertahun bervariasiantara 8,2–12 setiap 100.000 pen- HLA-B27 sehingga tidak pemah ditelaah di Indonesia.
duduk(5,6). Uveitis anterior akuta pada HLA-B27 positif lebih Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melaporkan kasus uveitis ante-
sering terjadi pada orang Kaukasia dibandingkan orang Jepang. rior akuta dengan gejala sangat spesifik yang disertai adanya
Umur penderita biasanya bervariasi antara usia prepubertal –50 spondilitis ankilosing. Diharapkan tulisan ini dapat menambah
tahun(5). wawasan dalam penanganan uveitis anterior, serta agar dapat
Gejala-gejala uveitis anterior meliputi: mata merah, foto- difahami tentang pentingnya pemeriksaan HLA-B27.
Disajikon pads Konas III Peratnu ni, di Bandung, 22–26 Juni 1993
LAPORAN KASUS serabut fibrin di tepi iris, lensa jemih, segmen belakang tidak
Seorang wanita Ny. M umur 34 tahun, alamat: Jetis, Pedan, dijumpai kelainan. Pasien diperbolehkan pulang, dan bisa di-
Klaten, Jawa Tengah; pada tanggal 7-11-1992 masuk RSUP Dr lakukan rawat jalan.
Sardjito dengann keluhan mata kanan sakit, penglihatan sangat Hasil pemeriksaan terakhir tanggai 4-2-1993 didapatkan
kabur, mata merah, dan berair. Keluhan tersebut diderita sejak 7 status oftalmologis: tidak dijumpai adanya tanda-tanda uveitis
hari sebelumnya, dan sudah berobat ke RSU Tegalyoso namun anterior. Penderita masih sering mengeluh adanya nyeri punggung
tidak ada perbaikan. Berdasarkan basil pemeriksaan didapatkan: bawah yang hilang timbul. Status reumatologis: spondilitis
visits matakanan 1/300, palpebra bleparospasmus berat, injeksi ankilosa; karena penderita tidak tahan terhadap efek samping
siliar pada konjungtiva, kornea udem, bilik mata depan flare 4+, obat anti radang non steroid per oral, disarankan pemberian se-
set 3+, eksudat fibrin hampir menutup pupil, hipopion setinggi cara topikal. Penderita tetap dianjurkan fisioterapi, guna meng-
2 mm, lensa dan belakang lensa tidak dapat dinilai. Mata kiri hindarkan gejala sisa yang timbul akibat spondilitis ankilosa.
visus 6/6, dan tidak dijumpai kelainan. Riwayat keluarga: ayah
pasien menderita sakit sendi tulang belakang. DISKUSI
Hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium rutin didapatkan: angka Reaksi radang yang didominir oleh eksudat fibrin, reaksi
leukosit 14.400, Hb 13,6 g%, laju endap darah 74 mm, per- seluler yang kurang menonjol, adanya hipopion, dan proses
sentase jenis leukosit batang 1%, segmen 90%, dan limfosit 9%. radang bersifat mendadak menunjukkan suatu radang non gra-
Kadar glukosa darah puasa 75 mg%. Kadar enzim fosfatase alkali nulomatosa. Reaksi radang yang berat pada kasus ini ditunjukkan
66 lU/ml, dalam batas normal. dengan rasa sakit yang memaksa pasien harus dirawat, di sam-
Hasil pemeriksaan imunologik: faktor reumatoid negatif, ping visus yang turun sampai tingkat kebutaan. Menurut Rao et
CRP 1/40, ASO 200 lU/ml (+), VDRL negatif, IgG Tokso 600 al (1992) gambaran Minis uveitis anterior pada HLA-B27 ber-
lU/ml, IgM Tokso-ISAGA negatif, HLA-B27 positif. Uji PPD sifat akut, berat, sering kambung, dwipihak tetapi biasanya tidak
pada kulit negatif. Hasil pemeriksaan foto Ro: artritis sakro- bersamaan(1). Kekambuhan biasanya terjadi walaupun penyem-
iliaka dan coxae. buhan uveitis anterior telah menyeluruh. Lama serangan uveitis
Hasil konsultasi antar unit didapatkan: status reumatologis anterior jarang melebihi 6 minggu(8).
didapatkan spondilitis ankilosa, status THT didapatkan etmoidi- Uveitis anterior akuta yang disertai spondilitis ankilosa
tis, status ortopaedis didapatkan skoliosis torakolumbal yang sering mirip dengan sindrom Reiter, karena secara imunologik
balanced, status dermato-venerologis ada persangkaan servisitis sama-sama memikiki HLA-B27 positif dan faktor Rheuma yang
Gonore, status gigi dan mulut didapatkan gigi L 6 gangren. negatif. Pada sindrom Reiter dikenal tiga jelala utama: uretritis,
Berdasarkan hasil anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan poll artritis, dan konjungtivitis. Gejala pada mata ini dapat diikuti
laboratorium penunjang, dan pemeriksaan konsultasi antar unit, adanya uveitis anterior, walaupun sangat jarang(1,5). Pada kasus
dibuat diagnosis: mata Icarian uveitis anterior akuta pada HLA- ini tidak dijumpai adanya: konjungtivitis, artritis sendi lutut,
B27 positif, spondilitis ankilosa, etmoiditis, gigi L 6 gangren, sendi mata kaki dan tendo Achilles. Pada sindrom Reiter dapat
dan persangkaan servisitis gonore. ditemukan bakteri spesies Chlamydia, Mycoplasma dan spesies
Dilakukan terapi non spesifik pada mata yang meliputi: Salmonella baik dalam discharge uretra maupun cairan sendi
steroid topikal tiap jam, sulfas atropin tetes 1%, injeksi steroid yang mengalami peradangan. Pada kasus ini terdapat persangkaan
sub-tenon anterior 0,8 ml deksametason/hari selama 5 hari, servisitis Gonore yang ditandai dengan adanya discharge muko-
injeksi deksametason 2 ml intra muskuler/hari dap pagi selama purulen serta bakteri Gram negatif. Keberadaan infeksi bakteri
5 had. Untuk etmoiditis, diberikan amoksilin 3x500 mg selama Gram negatif pada saluran genitourinarius dapat dianggao se-
5 hari. Tiamfenikol 3 g/hari selama 2 hari diberikan untuk me- bagai pencetus terjadinya uveitis anterior akuta maupun spon-
nanggulangi persangkaan servisitids gonore. Untuk spondilitis dilitis ankilosa pada pasien dengan predisposisi genetik HLA-
ankilosa perlu diberikan senyawa anti radang non steroid, serta B27(9).
dilakukan fisioterapi. Gigi L 6 gangren yang diduga sebagai Menurut Rothova et al(10) uveitis anterior pada HLA-B27
fokal infeksi dilakukan ekstraksi. positif mempunyai karakteristik: umur rerata yang terkena 34,9
Pemeriksaan setelah 7 hari mendapatkan: visus mata kanan tahun, lama serangan 6,1 minggu, interval kekambuhan 100,6
6/60, segmen depan dijumpai reaksi radang ringan, kornea tidak minggu, dan visus turun rerata 3,2 baris Snellen. Bila dibanding-
udem, bilik mata depanflare 2+, sel 1+, beberapa eksudat fibrin, kan dengan kelompok uveitis anterior dengan HLA-B27 negatif:
hipopion tidak ada, pupil luas dengan tepi kurang rata akibat ada- umur rerata 43,2 tahun, lama serangan 4,4 minggu, interval
nya sinekia posterior, terdapat beberapa sisa fibrin dan pigmen kekambuhan 58,3 minggu, visus turun rerata 2,1 bans Snellen.
iris di permukaan depan lensa. Segmen belakang tidak dijumpai Keberadaan eksudat fibrin di bilik mata depan, hal itu merupakan
kelainan. Dosis terapi steroid diturunkan secara bertahap sampai tanda karakteristik pada uveitis anterior dengan HLA-B27 po-
dosis rumat, sedang pemberian steroid topikal masih tetap. sitif. Pengamatan terhadap 73 penderita uveitis anterior dengan
Setelah perawatan 14 hari diperoleh hasil: visus mata kanan HLA-B27 positif ternyata 56% menjumpai adanya fibrin di bilik
6/6, segmen depan tenang, bilik mata depan flare 0, se10, pupil mata depan; namun sebaliknya hanya 10% path kelompok
luas, ada beberapa pigmen iris menempel pada kapsul lensa, sisa uveitis anterior dengan HLA-B27 negatif(10). Disimpulkan bahwa
prognosis dan penyulit yang terjadi pada kelompok HLA-B27 penyebab spondilitis ankilosa tidak diketahui, namun predis-
positif ternyata lebih serius(10). Pada kasus ini juga dijumpai posisi genetik HLA-B27 dan faktor lingkungan dihipotesiskan
adanya hipopion; keberadaan hipopion menunjukkan bahwa ikut berperanan(4). Menurut Rothova et al (1987), pada pasien-
reaksi radang sangat berat dan bersifat hiperakut(5). pasien spondilitis ankilosa yang disertai serangan akut uveitis
Penyebab uveitis anterior pada kasus ini menyangkut bebe- anterior dijumpai kenaikan kadar IgA dan IgA circulatory
rapa hal, antara lain: tingginya titer anti streptolisin 0, adanya immune complex serum yang berhubungan dengan adanya
infeksi bakteri Gram negatif pada saluran genitourinarius, adanya infeksi bakteri Gram (–) di usus(9). Dalam hal ini antigen bakteri
etmoiditis, dan terjadinya gangren pada gigi L 6. Woods (1956) yang menembus mukosa usus dianggap sebagai faktor pencetus
melaporkan bahwa keberadaan bakteri streptokokus, gonokokus, pada orang dengan predisposisi genetik HLA-B27. Terjadinya
pneumokokus, pseudomonas, dan bakteri koliform dalam suatu deposisi kompleks imun pada uvea anterior dalam waktu tertentu
fokus infeksi akan menimbulkan reaksi hipersensitivitas dengan dapat menimbulkan reaksi radang. Pada kasus ini ternyata sudah
sasaran jaringan uvea anterior. Namun teori tersebut sudah terjadi deformitas berupa skolibsis, dan diperlukan fisioterapi
mulai ditinggalkan, semenjak ditemukannya faktor predisposisi guna mencegah terjadinya penyulit lebih lanjut.
genetik HLA-B27. Infeksi dianggap sebagai pencetus, khusus-
nya infeksi Gram (–) pada saluran gastro intestinal(11). Antigen KESIMPULAN
bakteri dan HLA-B27 pada membran sel akan menimbulkan Pada setiap kasus uveitis anterior non granulomatosa
reaksi sitotoksis sel T, dan mengakibatkan respons imunologik perlu diperiksa keberadaan HLA-B27, serta kemungkinan
yang tidak lazim(12). Pada kasus ini mungkin yang berperan infeksi bakteri Gram () pada saluran gastro intestinal maupun
sebagai pencetus adalah infeksi bakteri Gram (–) pada saluran genitourinarius. Pada uveitis anterior yang disertai hipopion
genitourinarius. dan fibrin harus dicurigai adanya predisposisi genetik HLA-
Beberapa penyulit yang sering timbul pada uveitis anterior B27. Kasus demikian perlu dikonsulkan untuk dicari kemung-
dengan HLA-B27 positif antara lain: sinekia posterior, katarak, kinan adanya penyakit sistemik yang berkaitan khususnya
glaukoma sekunder, edema makula kistoid, kebutaan, dan bebe- spondilitis ankilosa, dan sindrom Reiter. Perlu dilakukan pe-
rapa kasus perlu intervensi pembedahan(10). Kelompok HLA- nelitian lebih lanjut mengenai pola gambaran klinis penderita
B27 negatif ternyata mempunyai penyulit jauh lebih ringan. uveitis anterior pada HLA-B27 positif di Indonesia, mengingat
Pada kasus ini walaupun terjadi sinekia posterior, tetapi dapat adanya perbedaan etnik maupun lingkungan geografik diban-
dihilangkan; sedang penyulit yang lain tidak dijumpai. dingkan di negara-negara Barat.
Tujuan terapi uveitis anterior antara lain: mencegah sinekia
posterior, mengurangi kekambuhan, mencegah kerusakan vasa
darah iris, mencegah terjadinya penyulit yang mampu menurun- KEPUSTAKAAN
kan visus secara permanen termasuk di sini katarak komplikata
1. Rao NA, Forger DJ, Augsburger H. The Uvea, Uveitis and Intra ocular
dan edema makula kistoid(5,8). Pada kasus ini reaksi radang sangat Neoplasms. London: Gower Med. Publ, 1992.
berat, terapi pilihan yang tepat adalah steroid dosis tinggi baik 2. Baohua F. Endogenous uveitis of the Cantonese. Proc 9th Congres APAO,
topikal, peri okuler, maupun sistemik. Perjalanan klinis uveitis Hongkong, 1983.
anterior akuta terutama yang menyangkut visus tergantung berat 3. Brewerton DA, Caffrey M, Nicholls A. Acute anterior uveitis and HLA-
B27, Lancet 1973; 2: 41-5.
ringannya serangan, jumlah angka kekambuhan, dan responsi- 4. Linssen A, Deller-Says AJ, Dandrieu MR. The HLA-B27 Associated
bilitas terhadap terapi steroid(7). Pada kasus ini keberhasilan Syndrome, Excerpta Medics 1982; 134: 85-8.
terapicukup menggembirakan, mengingat penderita datang dalam 5. Smith RE, Nozik RA. Uveitis, A Clinical Approach to Diagnosis and
kondisi buta dan pulang dengan visus normal. Pemberian anti Management. London: Williams & Wilkins, 1983.
6. Vadot E, Barth E, Billet P. Epidemiology of Uveitis, Preliminary results of
radang non steroid pada uveitis anterior agak mengecewakan prospective study in Savoy. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publ, 1984.
hasilnya, walaupun mampu sedikit mengurangi beratnya reaksi 7. Feltkamp TEW. H:LA-B27, acute anterior uveitis and ankylosing spondili-
radang(5): Mungkin secara analogis dapat mengurangi penyulit tis, In: Ziff M, Cohan SB (eds.): Advances in Inflammation Research, Vol.
edema mākula kistoid, berhubung preparat tersebut mampu 9, New York: Raven Press, 1985.
8. Kanski JJ. Clinical Ophthalmology, A Systematic Approach 2nd ed.
mencegah edema makula kistoid pasca bedah katarak(1). London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1989.
Keterkaitan uveitis anterior dengan penyakit sistemik me- 9. Rothova A, Luyendijk L, Linssen A, Kijlstra A. IgA serum levels and
liputi spondilitis ankilosa, sindrom Reiter, artritis psoriatika, circulating immune complexes containing IgA in different uveitis entities.
penyakitCrohn, kolitis ulserativa, dan penyakit Whipple. Uveitis In: Fregona I, Secchi AG (eds): Proc 4th International Symposium on the
Immunology and Immunopathology of the Eye. Padua, 1987.
anterior akuta merupakan pengejawantahan ekstraartikuler yang 10. Rothova A, Veenendaal WB, Linssen A. Clinical features of Acute
paling serius pada spondilitis ankilosa. Uveitis anterior akuta Anterior Uveitis, Am J Ophthalmol 1987; 100: 375-9.
terjadi pada 20–30% pasien spondilitis ankilosa(3). Pasien uveitis 11. Saari KM, Laitinen 0, Leirisals M. Ocular inflammation associated with
anterior akuta dengan HLA-B27 positif harus dikonsulkan ke Yersinia infection, Am J Ophthalmol 1980; 89: 84-8.
12. Simonsen M, Olsson L. Possible roles of compound membrane receptors
rheumatologist untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya spondilitis in the immune system, Ann Immunol 1983; 134: 85-9.
ankilosa; hal ini mengingat diagnosis awal spondilitis ankilosa 13. Linssen A, Rothova A, Luyendijk L. Acute anterior uveitis in relation to
sangat penting. Serangan awal spondilitis ankilosa umumnya Ankylosing Spondilitis and HLA-B27, An epidemiologic survey, 1987.
sudah terjadi 10 tahun sebelum diagnosis ditegakkan(4). Walaupun 14. Woods AC. Endogenous Uveitis. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1956.
Distribusi Geografis Pola Resistensi
Salmonella terhadap Khloramfenikol
dan Antibiotik Pilihan Lainnya
di Daerah Jakarta dan Palembang
Pudjarwoto Triatmodjo
Pusat Penelitian Penyakit Menular Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan
Departemen Kesehatan RI, Jakarta
RINGKASAN
Untuk mengetāhui pola resistensi Salmonella di berbagai daerah terhadap antibiotik,
telah dilakukan uji resistensi isolat Salmonella yang berasal dari pendefita gastroenteritis
di Jakarta dan Salmonella dari penderita demam typhoid di Palembang terhadap 5 jenis
antibiotik yaitu Khloramphenikol dengan potensi disk sebesaz 30 µg, Kanamisin 30 µg,
Ampisilin 10 µg, Tetrasiklin 30µg dan Kotrimoxazol 25 µg. Uji resistensi ini dilakukan
secara in-vitro dengan cara Disk Diffusion (Kirby-Bauer, 1966).
Hasil pengujian menunjukkan, untuk daerah Jakarta tingkat resistensi Salmonella
paling rendah terjadi pada antibiotik Kotrimoxazol sebesar 5,0% dan Kanamisin 12,5%.
Terhadap 3 jenis antibiotik yang lain yaitu Khloramphenikol, Ampisilin dan Tetrasiklin
tingkat resistensi Salmonella mencapai 20,0% ke atas. Ini berarti Kotrimoxazol dan
Kanamisin adalah dua jenigantibiotik yang paling efektif untuk Salmonella khususnya di
Jakarta. Untuk daerah Palembang umumnya ke lima jenis antibiotik yang diujikan di sini
masih cukup efektif terhadap Salmonella. Namun di antara ke lima jenis antibiotik
tersebut yang paling efektif adalah Kanamisin dan Ampisilin karena tingkat resistensi
Salmonella terhadap kedua jenis antibiotik masih 0,0%. Sedangkan terhadap Kotri-
moxazol, Khloramphenikol dan Tetrasiklin tingkat resistensinya antara 5,0% — 6,6%.
Kejadian multiresisten dalam pengujian ini menunjukkan bahwa 5,0% isolat Sal-
monella di Jakarta bersifat multiresisten terhadap 5 jenis antibiotik yaitu terhadap
Khloramphenikol, Tetrasiklin, Ampisilin, Kanamisin dan Kotrimoxazol. Di Palembang
5,0% isolat Salmonella bersifat multiresisten terhadap dua jenis antibiotik yaitu terha-
dap Khloramphenikol dan Kotrimoxazol,1,696 multiresisten terhadap Khloramphenikol
dan Tetrasiklin.
Gambar 1. Diagram resistensi isolat Salmonella (dalam %) yang berasal dari Jakarta dan Palembang
terhadap 5 jenis antibiotik tahun 1989
Tabel 5. Pula Resistensi Isolat Salmonella yang berasal dari penderita Salmonella typhi dan S. paratyphi A.
demam tifold dl Palembang terhadap 5 jenis antibiotik dengan
Di Jakarta 2 jenis antibiotik yang paling efektif untuk Sal-
cara Disk Diffusion (Kirby Bauer, 1966) (n = 60)
monella adalah kotrimoxazol (sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim) dan
Multi antlbiotlk Jumiah isolat resisten 96 kanamisin, sedangkan di Palembang adalah ampisilin dan
kanamisin. Multiresistensi isolat Salmonella di Jakarta lebih
C, SxT 3 5,0
C, Te 1 1,6
complicated daripada multiresistensi di Palembang. Di Jakarta
multiresistensi isolat Salmonella mencapai 5 jenis antibiotik
Keterangan : C = Chloramphenieol yaitu khloramphenikol, kanamisin, ampisilin, tetrasiklin dan
Te = Tetracyclin kotrimoxazol, sedangkan di Palembang hanya dua jenis anti-
X = Kanamrycin biotik yaitu terhadap khloramphenikol dan kotrimoxazol.
Am = Ampicillin
SxT = Sulfametoxazol-Trimetoprim (Kotrimoxazol)
KEPUSTAKAAN
(5)
antibiotik secara berlebihan . Mekanisme multiresistensi ini 1. Anonimous. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility
telah dapat diungkapkan oleh beberapa ahli pada tahun 1970(7) Test. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1976.
yang ternyata berlangsung secara genetik, di mana terdapat suatu 2. Simanjuntak CH. Aspek mikrobiologi penyakit diare (Review). Proc
segmen DNA bersifat mobil yang disebut R-Plasmid yang dapat Patemuan British Penelitian Penyakit Dice di Indonesia. Badan Penelitian
dan Pergembangan Kesehatan Dep Kes RI. Jakarta. 21–23 Oktober 1982.
berpindah dari plasmid yang satu ke plasmid yang lain atau dari Hal: 199-208.
plasmid ke khromosom. R-Plasmid sebagai faktor pembawa 3. Haeruddin Pagam, Ch. Makaliwy. Demam Tifoid pads Antic di RSU
sifat resisten mengkode resistensi kuman terhadap antibiotika. Ujung Pandang. Medika (Jull)1986;12(7): 622-6.
Transfer R-Plasmid di dalam tubuh manusia terjadi karena hi- 4. Gan, R. Setiabudy. Antimikroba. Fannakologi dan Terapi, Edisi III. Pe-
nerbit: Bagian Farmakologi FKUI 1987. Hal: 514-526.
langnya flora normal usus akibat penggunaan antibiotik secara 5. Sudannato P. Kebijakan pemakaian antibiotika dalam kaitannya dengan
berlebihan. Dalam hubungan ini apakah proporsi penggunaan resistensi kuman. Mikrobiologi Klinik Indonesia 1986; I: 22-7.
antibiotik secara berlebihan di Jakarta lebih besar daripada di 6. Anonimous. Pilihan antimikroba pads berbagai infeksi. Infornatorium
Palembang sehingga multiresistensi yang timbul di Jakarta Obat Generik. Direktorat Jenderal POM, Dep Kes RI, 1989.
7. Muhario LH. Aspek genetik resistensi kuman. Kumpulan Makalah Sim-
menjadi lebih complicated merupakan suatu hal yang sangat posium Perkembangan Antibiotika pads Penanggulangan Infeksi dan
menarik untuk diteliti lebih lanjut. Resistensi Kuman. Jakarta, 6 September 1986.
8. WHO. CDD Program for Control Diarrhoeal Diseases. Manual for Labo-
KESIMPULAN ratory Investigation of Acute Enteric Infection, 1987.
9. Suparnan dkk. Ilmu Penyakit. Dalam. Jilid I, Edisi II. Jakarta: Balai
Distribusi spesies Salmonella untuk penyebab diare di Jakarta Penerbit FKUI 1987. hal: 32-48.
meliputi Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi B dan C, S. Group D dan 10. Rianto Setiabudi. Pemilihan antibiotik secara rational. Maj Farmakol dan
E. Untuk penyebab demam tifoid di Palembang ditemukan Terapi Indon 1988; 5(1): 29–36.
Kegiatan Ilmiah
October 9–14, 1994 – 20th International Congress of the International Academy
of Pathology & 11th World Congress of Academic and
Environmental Pathology
Hong Kong
Information : Congress Coordinator,
Department of Anatomical and Cellular Patho-
logy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Room 38019, 1/F, Prince of Wales Hospital,
Shatin, Hong Kong.
Informasi Obat
Clamobit®
KOMPOSISI : Clamobit ® 250 mg.
Setiap kaplet Clamobit® 500 mg mengandung :
Amoksisilin trihidrat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 mg PERINGATAN DAN PERHATIAN :
setara dengan Amoksisilin anhidrat . . . . . . . . . . . 500 mg – Kadang-kadang menimbulkan reaksi hipersensitif pada
Kalium klavulanat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,75 mg penderita yang mempunyai riwayat sensitif terhadap ber-
setara dengan Asam Klavulanat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 mg macam alergi.
– Hati-hati bila diberikan pada wanita hamil dan pada bayi
INDIKASI : yang ibunya sensitif terhadap amoksisilin.
Untuk pengobatan : – Pengobatan hendaknya tidak melebihi 14 hari tanpa penin-
– Infeksi traktus respiratorius bagian atas jauan kembali.
– Infeksi traktus respiratorius bagian bawah
– Infeksi traktus urinarlius EFEK SAMPING :
– Infeksi kulit dan urinarlius Amoksisilin/kalium klavulanat umumnya ditoleransi dengan
– Infeksi kulit dan jaringan lunak baik. Efek samping kadang-kadang bisa terjadi diare, mual,
– Gonorhoea. urtikaria. Rēaksi kepekaan yang serius dan fatal adalah anati-
termasuk yang disebabkan oleh kuman penghasil penisilinase laksis terutama terjadi pada penderita yang hipersensitif terhadap
penisilin.
POSOLOGI :
Dewasa dan anak di atas 12 tahun (> 40 kg) infeksi berat 1 KONTRA INDIKASI : Penderita yang hipersensitif terhadap
kaplet, 500 mg 3 x sehari. penisilin.
Infeksi ringan sampai dengan sedang, 1 kaplet 250 mg 3 x sehari. CARA PENYIMPANAN : Simpan di tempat sejuk dan kering.
Pemakaian 1 kaplet Clamobit 500 mg tidak dapat diganti dengan KEMASAN :
2 kaplet Clamobit® 250 mg karena kadar asam klavulanat dalam Clamobit® 500 mg. botol isi @ 15 kaplet No. Reg.
satu kaplet Clamobit® 500 mg tidak sama dengan dua kaplet DKL930280850981
Motipep®
Komposisi : Motipep® mengalami metabolisme lintas pertama secara mini-
Motipep® 20 : Setiap kaplet mengandung Famotidine 20 mg mal. Setelah pemberian dosis oral kadar puncak plasma tercapai
Motipep ® 40 : Setiap kaplet mengandung Famotidine 40 mg dalam 1 - 2 jam.
Kadar plasma setelah pemberian dosis berulang sama dengan
Cara Kerja Obat : pemberian dosis tunggal.
Motipep® suatu antagonis reseptor Histamin H2 yang bekerja Waktu paruh eliminasi Famotidine 2 - 3 jam.
menghambat sekresi asam lambung dan menurunkan sekresi
pepsin yang dirangsang oleh pentagastrin. Indikasi :
pH intragastric noctural meningkat dengan pemberian Moti- – Pengobatan jangka pendek pada duodenal ulcer aktif.
pep® per malam hari yaitu 5,0 dan 6,4. – Terapi pemeliharaan pada penderita yang baru sembuh dari
– duodenal ulcer aktif. Efek Samping:
– Pengobatan pada kondisi hipersekresi patologis seperti Headache, dizziness, konstipasi, diare, thrombocytopenia dan
sindrom Zallinger-Ellison & adenoma endokrin multipel. arthralgia.
10. B 5. D
9. C 4. A
8. A 3. C
7. B 2. D
6. C 1. B : JAW ABAN RPPIK