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Venturi meter

Adel Atta Mech 207 Fall 2009

Venturi meter
Principle of venturi meter operation
The venturi meter consists of two conical pipes connected as shown in the figure. The minimum cross section diameter is called throat. The angles of the conical pipes are established to limit the energy losses due to flow separation. The flow obstruction produced by the venturi meter produces a local loss that is proportional to the flow discharge. Pressure taps are located upstream and downstream of the venturi meter, immediately outside the variable diameter areas, to measure the losses produced through the meter. Flow rate measurements are obtained using Bernoulli equation and the continuity equation (see below the derivation). An experimental coefficient is used to account for the losses occurring in the meter (Va and Vb are the upstream and downstream velocities and is the density. (Aa and Ab are the cross sectional areas).

p V p V + = + ( Bernoulli ) g 2g g 2g where, p p = gh
a a b b a b m

Q = AbVb
Volumetric flow rate

Qtheor = Qactual

Aa Ab
2 2

2g(

Va Aa = Vb Ab (Continuity )

A a A b = C d Qtheor , C d = 0.95 0.98


2

1)h ,

Pressure transducers
A pressure transducer converts the pressure sensed by the instrument probe into mechanical or electrical signals

Pressure transducer

Transducer read out

Elastic elements used to convert pressure within transducers

Implementation
Example: Pressure Sensor Solutions from Texas Instruments

Applications

Spirometry: PCB board.

Robotic Fueling System

Pressure in pipeline

Pressure in a tank

Challenges
Expensive!

A high pressure Venturi Tube - The design, calculations and construction are performed in accordance with the main international standards, such as ISO, ASME, DIN, BS and UNI.

Venturi:

Adel Atta Venturi meter Mech 207 Fall 2009

Pressure Sensor
Pressure Sensor Solutions from Texas Instruments.

Design Considerations
Pressure sensors convert a physical value - weight, tire pressure, level, force, and flow-into a differential signal in the mV/V range and are referred to as metal thick-film, ceramic or piezoresistive. The majority of designers use the cost-effective piezo-sensors (25mbar - 25bar) that are nonlinear, temperature dependent and have large offset and offset drift, and require attention for electronic calibration and compensation.

Sensor Signal Conditioning - performs all necessary functions to calibrate, compensate for temperature variance, scale, and linearize the sensor signal.

Adel Atta Venturi meter Mech 207 Fall 2009

Analog/Digital Processing - there are two ways to convert and linearize the sensor signal. The analog technique results in an analog solution and provides an analog output. This technique is inexpensive and fast, but limited to a maximum of 11- to 16-bit resolution. Digital is more precise, up to 24 bits, and provides a digital output at moderate speed.

There are highly integrated solution, like the PGA309, tailored for bridge pressure sensors comprising precision, low-drift programmable gain instrumentation amplifiers using auto-zero techniques and include programmable fault monitors and over/under scale limiters. The PGA309 also offers a digital temperature compensation circuit. Other recommended lowest-noise amplifier and instrumentation amplifier for pressure sensor conditioning include the OPAx227, OPAx132, INA118 and INA122, INA326.

Microcontrollers with integrated ADCs - TI's MSP430 and MSC12xx integrated microcontroller solutions family allow the definition of filters and thresholds of critical pressure levels. These are often transmitted back to a central station through the digital interface of RS485 or CAN for recording and operator review.

Additionally, the ADS125x are precision, wide dynamic range, delta-sigma, Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converters with 18 to 24-bit resolution operating from a single +5V supply. The deltasigma architecture supports wide dynamic range and guarantees no missing codes. They are designed for high-resolution measurement applications in cardiac diagnostics, smart transmitters, industrial process control, weigh scales.

Clocks - The CDCE9xx clock families are modular PLL-based low cost, high-performance, programmable clock synthesizers, multipliers and dividers. They generate up to 9 output clocks

Adel Atta Venturi meter Mech 207 Fall 2009

from a single input frequency. Each output can be programmed in-system for any clock frequency up to 230 MHz, using independent configurable PLLs.

Power - LDOs are good for low noise power for amplifiers and data converters because they provide low-ripple power rails leading to better signal fidelity. The REF31xx family are precision, low power, low dropout, series voltage references available in tiny SOT23-3 package. The REF31xx does not require a load capacitor, but is stable with any capacitive load and can sink/source up to 10mA of output current.

Adel Atta Venturi meter Mech 207 Fall 2009

References: 1. Flowrate measurement of air-water two-phase flow using an Electrical Resistance Tomography sensor and a Venturi meter Zhenzhen Meng; Zhiyao Huang; Baoliang Wang; Haifeng Ji; Haiqing Li; Intrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2009. I2MTC '09. IEEE 5-7 May 2009 Page(s):118 - 121

2. A smart software sensor for feedwater flow measurement monitoring Man Gyun Na; Yoon Joon Lee; In Joon Hwang; Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on Volume 52, Issue 6, Part 2, Dec. 2005 Page(s):3026 - 3034 3. Van der Waals and ideal gas models for compressibility by means of pressure in pneumatic pipes from 1 to 100 Lpm Mugruza Vassallo, C.A.; Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2004. IEMBS '04. 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Volume 1, 1-5 Sept. 2004 Page(s):2034 2037 4. Inferential Sensing and Monitoring for Feedwater Flowrate in Pressurized Water Reactors Man Gyun Na; In Joon Hwang; Yoon Joon Lee; Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on Volume 53, Issue 4, Part 2, Aug. 2006 Page(s):2335 - 2342 5. An Accurate Machine for Real-Time Two-Phase Flowmetering in a Laboratory-Scale Flow Loop Meribout, M.; Al-Rawahi, N.Z.; Al-Naamany, A.M.; Al-Bimani, A.; Al Busaidi, K.; Meribout, A.; Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on Volume 58, Issue 8, Aug. 2009 Page(s):2686 - 2696 6. Performance of the US quench detection systems in the QUELL experiments Pourrahimi, S.; Smith, S.P.; Schultz, J.H.; Minervini, J.V.; Ezekiel, S.; Anghel, A.; Vecsey, G.; Takahashi, Y.; Applied Superconductivity, IEEE Transactions on Volume 7, Issue 2, Part 1, June 1997 Page(s):447 - 450 7. A Novel Fluid Suction Tool for Capsular Endoscope Koo, Kyo-In; Park, Sunkil; Ban, Jae-won; Cho, Dongil "Dan"; Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, 2007. TRANSDUCERS 2007. International 10-14 June 2007 Page(s):1335 - 1336 8. Robotic fueling system Andrews, M.K.; Thompson, C.; Warner, E.; Jouaneh, M.; Technologies for Practical Robot Applications, 2008. TePRA 2008. IEEE International Conference on

Adel Atta Venturi meter Mech 207 Fall 2009

10-11 Nov. 2008 Page(s):1 - 6

9. ECC Hardware Coprocessors for 8-bit Systems and Power Consumption Considerations Bertoni, G.; Breveglieri, L.; Venturi, M.; Information Technology: New Generations, 2006. ITNG 2006. Third International Conference on 10-12 April 2006 Page(s):573 - 574

10. Adaptive Self-Calibration Algorithm for Smart Sensors Linearization Dias Pereira, J.M.; Postolache, O.; Silva Girao, P.; Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2005. IMTC 2005. Proceedings of the IEEE Volume 1, 16-19 May 2005 Page(s):648 - 652

11. Power aware design of an elliptic curve coprocessor for 8 bit platforms Bertoni, G.; Breveglieri, L.; Venturi, M.; Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops, 2006. PerCom Workshops 2006. Fourth Annual IEEE International Conference on 13-17 March 2006 Page(s):5 pp. - 341

12. A Differential Pressure Approach to Spirometry Carta, R.; Turgis, D.; Hermans, B.; Jourand, P.; Onclin, R.; Puers, R.; Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 2007. BIOCAS 2007. IEEE 27-30 Nov. 2007 Page(s):5 - 8 Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/BIOCAS.2007.4463295 13. Ground testing of a liquid fueled rocket motor Puskulcu, G.; Sumer, B.; Gunduz, D.E.; Yildirim, C.; Yazici, C.; Orhan, F.E.; Gonc, L.O.; Ak, M.A.; Recent Advances in Space Technologies, 2005. RAST 2005. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on 9-11 June 2005 Page(s):319 - 323

14. Oil-water two-phase flow measurement based on a hybrid flowmeter and dominant phase identification Zhiyao Huang; Xia Li; Haifeng Ji; Baoliang Wang; Haiqing Li; Intrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2009. I2MTC '09. IEEE 5-7 May 2009 Page(s):711 - 714

Adel Atta Venturi meter Mech 207 Fall 2009

15. A dilution/sampling apparatus to continuum process monitoring Zinnai, A.; Venturi, F.; Andrich, G.; Environment Identities and Mediterranean Area, 2006. ISEIMA '06. First international Symposium on 9-12 July 2006 Page(s):609 - 613

Adel Atta Venturi meter Mech 207 Fall 2009

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