Traffic Signs Manual Vol 1

THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS

ROAD DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PHASE 2 PROJECT

CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
ENGINEERING MANUALS AND SPECIFICATIONS AS WELL
AS PROVISION OF INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT

Contract RDP/GN/S008

Traffic Signs Manual
Volume 1

Client:
Ministry of Works, Housing &
Communications
PO Box 10
ENTEBBE

July 2004

Lead Consultant:
TRL Limited
Crowthorne House
Nine Mile Ride
Wokingham
Berkshire
RG40 3GA
United Kingdom
Government of Uganda
Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications

Traffic Signs Manual, Volume 1 July 2004

Table of Contents

Volume 1
A. FOREWORD ..............................................................................................................1
B. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................2
B.1 Purpose ......................................................................................................................2
B.2 Background ................................................................................................................2
B.3 Preliminaries ...............................................................................................................3
C. THE CONTENTS OF THE MANUAL ..........................................................................4
C.1 Overview .....................................................................................................................4
C.2 Reference Numbers ....................................................................................................5
D. TRAFFIC SIGNS ........................................................................................................6
D.1 General Purpose of Traffic Signs ................................................................................6
D.2 Classification of Traffic Signs ......................................................................................7
D.3 Traffic Sign Sizes ........................................................................................................8
D.4 Siting and Mounting of Traffic Signs ............................................................................8
D.5 Warning Signs .......................................................................................................... 13
D.6 Regulatory Signs ...................................................................................................... 18
D.7 Guidance Signs ........................................................................................................ 22
D.8 Information Signs ...................................................................................................... 26
D.9 Supplementary Plates ............................................................................................... 28
D.10 Sign Materials and Manufacture ............................................................................... 30
D.11 Maintenance of Traffic Signs ..................................................................................... 32
E. ROAD MARKINGS ................................................................................................... 34
E.1 Purpose and Classification of Road Markings ........................................................... 34
E.2 Longitudinal Markings ............................................................................................... 35
E.3 Transverse Markings ................................................................................................ 37
E.4 Other Markings ......................................................................................................... 37
E.5 Marking Materials ..................................................................................................... 39
E.6 Reflective Road Studs .............................................................................................. 40
F. TRAFFIC SIGNALS.................................................................................................. 41
F.1 Purpose and Classification of Traffic Signals ............................................................ 41
F.2 Traffic Signals ........................................................................................................... 42
F.3 Pedestrian Signals .................................................................................................... 45
F.4 Traffic Signals at Railway Crossings ......................................................................... 46

Volume 2 Appendices
Appendix 1 The Design of Text-based Traffic Signs
Appendix 2 Layout of Traffic Signs and Markings in Typical Locations
Appendix 3 Sign Pages

Traffic Signs Manual, Volume 1 July 2004

Tables
Table B.1 Traffic speed classes used in the Manual ................................................................... 3
Table B.2 Functional road categories .......................................................................................... 3
Table D.1 Basic traffic sign sizes ................................................................................................. 8
Table D.2 Visibility distance requirements................................................................................... 9
Table D.3 Siting and sizes of standard warning signs ................................................................. 13
Table D.4 Sizes of standard regulatory signs .............................................................................. 18
Table D.5 Siting of advance direction signs ................................................................................ 22
Table D.6 Letter sizes for guidance signs ................................................................................... 23
Table D.7 Lettering size on text-based supplementary plates .................................................... 28
Table E.1 Spacing of reflective road studs .................................................................................. 40
Table F.1 Interpretation of traffic signals at intersections ........................................................... 43
Table F.2 Interpretation of pedestrian signals ............................................................................. 45

Figures
Figure C.1 Overview of the contents of the Traffic Signs Manual ................................................ 4
Figure D.1 Overview of traffic signs .............................................................................................. 7
Figure D.2 Heights and clearances .............................................................................................. 10
Figure D.3 Alternative methods of mounting supplementary plates ............................................. 11
Figure D.4 Signs on a yellow backing board ................................................................................ 11
Figure D.5 Angle of the sign plate ................................................................................................ 12
Figure F.1 Standard design of signals .......................................................................................... 42
Figure F.2 Alternative designs of pedestrian signals ................................................................... 45
Figure F.3 Standard design of traffic signals at railway crossings ............................................... 46


Traffic Signs Manual, Volume 1 July 2004 Page 1

A. FOREWORD

Traffic signs are all the signs, traffic signals, road markings, and other devices used by the
road authority to regulate, warn or guide traffic. They are essential for the safe, smooth
movement of road traffic. It is important to have a standard set of signs and to use them in a
consistent manner, so that the travellers can become familiar with them.
The Traffic Ordinance of 1951 provides for the Director of Public Works to determine what
signs are to be used on the roads in Uganda, and to keep a pictorial representation of the signs
available for inspection by the public. No record remains of this. Over the years road
engineers have developed some standards, but, because they have never been formalised and
approved, they are not always followed and their legality is in doubt.
In 2003 the Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications appointed consultants to
collaborate with the Ministrys engineers and the traffic police in devising a new sign system
for Uganda. Out of this came new Traffic Signs Regulations and this Traffic Signs Manual.
The Traffic Signs Manual provides the technical guidance needed to ensure that the new signs
are designed and placed in a standard way. All road authorities must use the new signs, and
all road users must act on the instructions they give. With everyones co-operation the new
signs can contribute significantly to smooth and safe travel in Uganda.

John M. Nasasira
Minister of Works, Housing and Communications



B. INTRODUCTION
B.1 PURPOSE
This Traffic Signs Manual contains technical advice on the use and design of traffic signs in
Uganda. It covers all kinds of signs, including road markings and traffic signals. The Manual
has been written primarily for road engineers who are preparing signing schemes and
designing guidance signs. It may also be helpful to police officers and others who have to
devise traffic management schemes. The adoption of a uniform set of signs will be a big step
forward, but there must also be uniformity in their use and siting. The advice given in the
Manual covers all types of roads and traffic situations, and should be followed by everyone
involved in the signing of roads in Uganda. Nevertheless there will be many situations where
good engineering judgement is required. If further advice is needed, contact the Permanent
Secretary, Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications.
The Manual is made up of two volumes. Volume 1 (this document) describes the new sign
system, illustrates all the signs, and gives advice on sign manufacture and maintenance.
Volume 2 is a set of appendices covering the design of text-based signs, the layout of signs at
intersections and other typical locations, and detailed information on the design and siting of
every sign.
The Traffic and Road Safety (Traffic Signs) Regulations provide the legal basis for the signs
described in this Manual. Refer to the Regulations for the legal meaning of each sign.
The Uganda Police have practical experience of managing the traffic problems on our roads,
and they are also responsible for enforcing the instructions given by the regulatory signs.
Their advice and support will often be helpful in ensuring that new signs are as effective as
possible.

B.2 BACKGROUND
The Manual presents a new standard collection of traffic signs, markings and signals for
Uganda. Account was taken of signing practices in the region, primarily Kenya and the SADC
countries, as well as the need for the signs to conform to the provisions of the United Nations
Convention on Road Signs and Signals (the Vienna Convention).
This Manual contains advice on the design and use of traffic signs in view of the present road
traffic situation in Uganda. The Manual will have to be amended and revised as the road
traffic system changes and develops and the knowledge and experience of signing in Uganda
increases. Examples of changes that will lead to a need to further development of the Manual
are:
Introduction of a road numbering system
Introduction of a road classification system
Introduction of freeways and grade separated interchanges.


B.3 PRELIMINARIES
B.3.1 Traffic Speed
Traffic speed is a key factor in determining sign size and siting. By traffic speed is meant
the 85
th
percentile speed of motor vehicle traffic, i.e., the speed which only 15% of vehicles
exceed. Ideally this should be determined from a speeds survey, but, with practice, engineers
should be able to estimate it well enough from observing the traffic. Note that traffic speed
is not the same as the design speed of the road, or the signed speed limit.
In the Manual the sign sizes are based on the following traffic speed classes.
Traffic speed Typical roads
Up to and including 50 km/h Most urban roads and rural roads of local character
Over 50 km/h and up to and including 80 km/h Major urban roads and most rural roads
Over 80 km/h High-speed rural roads
Table B.1 Traffic speed classes used in the Manual

B.3.2 Functional Road Classification
The colour coding and design of guidance traffic signs are based on the road function.
For the purposes of traffic signing, the rural road network is classified into the following four
categories:
Road category Function
Category A - Primary roads Principal arterial system
Category B - Secondary roads Minor arterial system
Category C - Tertiary roads Collectors
Category D - Feeder roads Local road system
Table B.2 Functional road categories



C. THE CONTENTS OF THE MANUAL
C.1 OVERVIEW
In the Traffic and Road Safety Act, section 2 Interpretation, it is stated that:
traffic sign means any object or device (whether fixed or portable) for conveying to traffic,
warnings, information, requirements, restrictions or prohibitions of any description specified
by the Minister by regulation and any line or mark on a road for so conveying such warnings,
information, requirements, restrictions or prohibitions;
Consequently traffic signs legally include not only signs on posts, but also road markings,
traffic signals and other traffic control devices. However, this Manual is limited to signs on
posts (generally and in this Manual called traffic signs), road markings and traffic signals.
For each sign, marking and signal the manual describes:
when to use it
what its layout or design should be
what size it should be
where it should be placed

The Manual covers three main classes of traffic control devices, each of which consists of sub
classes according to the figure below.
Road Studs
Traffic Signs
Railway Crossings
Traffic Signals
Pedestrian crossings Transverse Markings
Longitudinal Markings Intersections
Road Markings
Other Markings
Supplementary Plates
Warning Signs
Regulatory Signs
Guidance Signs
Information Signs

Figure C.1 Overview of the contents of the Traffic Signs Manual



C.2 REFERENCE NUMBERS
Each sign is given a reference number. The reference number system has been chosen to
make it possible to give new signs reference numbers corresponding to the appropriate group
of signs. The reference number consists of a letter (or two) and a two digit number and, for
some signs, a third digit.
Example: W01.1
The letter indicates the main group:
W Warning signs
R Regulatory signs
G Guidance signs
I Information signs
S Supplementary plates
M Road markings
TS Traffic signals
The two digit numbers refer to the specific sign. Subgroups of signs have consecutive
numbers. For example:
W 01-15 are signs warning for the changes in the road layout
W 21-34 are signs warning for the roadway and roadside hazards
The third digit, if any, indicates a variation of the main sign. For warning signs, regulatory
signs and road markings 1 generally indicates Left and 2 indicates Right. For example:
W 01.1 is a warning sign for sharp curves to the left
W 01.2 is a warning sign for sharp curves to the right
M 42.1 is a lane arrow for a left turn lane
M 42.2 is a lane arrow for a right turn lane
For guidance signs 1 refers to the sign for primary roads and 2 refers to signs for secondary
and local roads. For example:
G 05.1 is a lane pre-selection sign on primary roads
G 05.2 is a lane pre-selection sign on secondary and local roads
For some signs, e.g. supplementary plates, the third digit has another meaning.



D. TRAFFIC SIGNS
D.1 GENERAL PURPOSE OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
Clear and efficient signing is an essential part of the road system, and a road with poor sign-
ing or with badly maintained signs is not functioning well. Road users depend on signing for
information and guidance, and road authorities depend on signing for traffic control and
regulation, and for road safety.
The key requirements for each traffic sign are that it should:
meet a need
command attention
be legible
convey a simple, clear meaning at a glance
be placed so as to give road users time to respond
command respect.
Signs must only be used where there is a clear need for them. The incorrect or unnecessary
use of a sign annoys drivers, and when this happens frequently drivers lose respect for the
sign, and it becomes ineffective in situations where it is really needed. For the same reason,
avoid using signs which impose a restriction which will be very unpopular and difficult to
enforce. Drivers will stop taking signs seriously when they see others ignoring them without
being caught.
Using standard signs assists in their quick recognition, as does uniformity of shape, colour
and lettering for each type. To obtain the full benefits of standardisation, the signs must be
used in a consistent manner.
It is important that the message be presented in a simple way. The new signs make a great use
of pictorial symbols, as these are much more effective than words, and can be understood by
those who cannot read. Signs with words are used only where there is no alternative.
Signs must have sufficient impact to be noticed by drivers. This has been taken into account
in the design of the signs, but the size and siting of the sign are also relevant. For most signs
there are several permitted sizes, and it is largely the speed of the traffic at the site that deter-
mines which size is appropriate.
The symbols and legends on signs must be easy to read. This has influenced the design of the
symbols, lettering, letter spacing, colours, etc., but size is again of most importance, as drivers
who are travelling fast need to be able to recognise a sign from a long distance away. This
means that the symbols and lettering need to be large enough to enable drivers to recognise
them at the required distance.
Traffic signs must be visible at night. They must be reflectorised so that they show up clearly
in vehicle headlights.
Traffic signs should be constructed and erected so that they will last for many years without
any attention apart from regular cleaning.



D.2 CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
The main functions of traffic signs are to warn, regulate, guide and inform. There is a group
of signs for each of these functions, and the signs in each group have a special shape and
colour to help drivers recognise them quickly. Two very important signs, the Stop and
Give Way signs, have their own unique shapes.
Where there is a need to qualify or expand the message on the main sign the additional
information is contained on a supplementary plate. The five main groups of traffic signs are:
Warning Signs - warning drivers of dangers or difficulties on the road ahead
Regulatory Signs - telling drivers what they must do or must not do
Guidance Signs - helping drivers to find the way to their destination
Information Signs - helping drivers find services and places of interest
Supplementary Plates - giving supplementary information to the main sign

Each of these groups can be divided into sub groups according to the chart below.
Advance direction
signs
Travelling directions
Temporary warning
signs
Reserved routes
Information Guidance
Guidance signs Information signs
Services facilities and
places of interest
Tourist attractions
Road and traffic
End of restriction
Vehicle categories
Direction signs
Regulation
Mandatory signs
Vehicle movements
and use
Confirmatory signs
Place identification
signs
Distances and
directions
Priority and give way
Temporary guidance
signs
Supplementary plates
Text information
Warning
Vehicle categories
Vehicle dimensions
and weight
Hazard marker signs
Standard warning
signs
Warning signs Prohibitory signs

Figure D.1 Overview of traffic signs



D.3 TRAFFIC SIGN SIZES
Most warning signs are triangular and most regulatory signs are circular. The sign sizes to be
used for different speed classes are shown in the table below.
Traffic speed
Size of triangular signs Size of circular signs
Side length (mm) Diameter (mm)
50 km/h 720 600

>50 km/h and 80 km/h 900 750

> 80 km/h 1100 900

Table D.1 Basic traffic sign sizes

D.4 SITING AND MOUNTING OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
D.4.1 Introduction
The way signs are arranged and positioned is very important for their effectiveness. There are
four things to consider:
whether the sign will be mounted with other signs, or with a backing board
its position in relation to the edge of the carriageway
the height of the sign plate and its angle to the road
where it is to be sited in relation to the intersection, hazard, etc., to which it refers.
General advice on sign mounting and positioning is given below. Where there are special
requirements for a specific sign, these are referred to on the sign page in Appendix 3 (Volume
2). The recommendations should be used as a guide, because the precise positioning can only
be determined on site. There are often limitations on where signs can be placed, especially in
urban areas. Always check that:
the signs are clearly visible from the appropriate distance
there is no confusion about which road the sign refers to
the signs do not obstruct the view of drivers
the signs are not placed where they could be struck by vehicles.
If necessary, alter the siting or mounting to overcome the problem.


D.4.2 Siting
Signs should generally be sited on the left-hand side of the road. However, at sharp left-hand
bends it may be better to put the sign on the right-hand side of the road where it will be more
noticeable. On dual carriageway roads warning and regulatory signs are normally installed in
pairs one on the left-hand side and another on the median. Speed limit signs are always put
on both sides of the road, for maximum impact.
Most warning signs, and some guidance signs, have to be sited in advance of the hazard or
intersection to which they relate. The distance depends on the traffic speed at the site.
Guidance on siting distances is given in the section of the Manual on each sign group. It is
important to be consistent, so that drivers will become familiar with the rate at which they
have to slow down. When signs have to be sited far away from their standard position, a
supplementary plate may be used to give the distance to the intersection or hazard. It is better
to increase the distance between a sign and the intersection or hazard to which it relates, rather
than decrease it.
Regulatory signs are normally sited at or near the point where the instruction applies. Care
must be taken to ensure that there is no confusion about which road they refer to.
Signs are designed to be read from a specific distance, so the sign must be sited where it can
be seen from this distance. The visibility distances are set out in the table below.

Traffic speed
(km/h)
Visibility distance to the sign
(m)
Up to and including 50 km/h 50
Over 50 km/h and up to and including 80 km/h 150
Over 80 km/h 200
Table D.2 Visibility distance requirements

Where two traffic signs are needed, such as on the approach to a sharp bend leading onto a
narrow bridge, the sign for the nearest hazard should be seen first. The second sign should be
placed at least 0.6v beyond the first sign (where v is the traffic speed in km/h) to prevent it
being obscured by the first sign. The minimum separation should be 30 metres. Where this is
difficult to achieve consider mounting the two signs on the same pole.

D.4.3 Mounting
D.4.3.1 Mounting Height
Signs should normally be mounted so that the lower edge of the primary sign plate is 1.8
metres above the highest point of the carriageway. Mounting the sign at this height helps to
discourage vandalism and theft. Where the sign is mounted over or alongside a footway (or
footpath) the lowest edge should be 2.1 metres above footway level. Some signs are used at
non-standard mounting heights and where this is the case it will be specified on the sign page
in Appendix 3 (Volume 2). Signs should never be mounted less than 1 metre above
carriageway level, as below this level they will get too dirty from rain splash and vehicle
spray.


Mounting height for overhead signs and signals on gantries and mast arms should be 5.2
metres, measured from the bottom edge of the sign to the carriageway. This allows for the
possibility that the carriageway level might rise when the road is resurfaced. Road authorities
should ensure that there is always 5.0 metres clearance between overhead structures and the
carriageway.

Minimum (mm) Desirable (mm) Maximum (mm)
A 600 1000 2500
B 1000 1500 2500
C 300 600
D 1000 1800 2500
E 2100 2100 2500
F 5000 5200
G 750
H 5000
Figure D.2 Heights and clearances

D.4.3.2 Clearance from the Edge of the Road
Signs must be set back from the road to reduce the risk of them being hit by passing vehicles.
On unkerbed roads the nearest edge of a sign should be at least 600mm clear of the road
shoulder and should not be less than 1 metre from the edge of the traffic lane, see Figure D.2.
On kerbed roads the edge of the sign should be not less than 300mm from the kerb face. Signs
on traffic islands are especially vulnerable to being hit, and a small-size sign may have to be
used to achieve the necessary clearance. Avoid siting signs at places where vehicles park on
the shoulder.
B
D
G
A
D
H
E
C
D
C
C A
F
Footway
Kerb
Kerb
No shoulder Shoulder


D.4.3.3 Multiple Signs
Two signs can be mounted on the same sign pole. When two warning signs are mounted
together the sign at the top should refer to the nearest of the two hazards. When two rectan-
gular signs are being mounted on the same poles it looks neater if the two signs are made the
same width.

D.4.3.4 Supplementary Plates
These plates are mounted beneath the primary sign to which they refer and there is normally a
gap of 75mm between them. Supplementary plates are more easily vandalised than larger
signs. One solution, though more costly, is to combine the supplementary plate with the
primary sign on the same sign plate or backing board.

Figure D.3 Alternative methods of mounting supplementary plates

D.4.3.5 Backing Boards
Signs can sometimes be difficult to see against the background. Where this is a problem the
sign can be mounted on grey or yellow backing boards. Yellow backing boards can be very
effective, especially if the yellow is fluorescent, but they should only be used for important
signs in difficult-to-see situations. If yellow backing boards are very widely used people will
stop noticing them. An alternative way of making a sign more noticeable is to increase its
size.
0.05H
H
0.05H
0.1 Dia.
Diameter
0.1 Dia.
0.05H
0.1 Dia.

Figure D.4 Signs on a yellow backing board

Traffic signal heads should be fitted with black backing boards to make them more visible.



D.4.3.6 Angle of the Sign Plate
Sign plates are normally mounted so that they face the driver. The plate should be angled
slightly away from the road to avoid mirror reflection when illuminated by vehicle headlights.
To obtain a 95 the sign should be angled 90mm per metre sign width. Signs on curves should
be at right angles to the drivers line of sight, measured from when the driver is about 100
metres from the sign.

Figure D.5 Angle of the sign plate

Signs should normally be installed vertically, but on steep hills signs can be tilted forward (or
back) from the vertical to improve the viewing angle. Overhead signs are usually tilted back
about 3
0
to reduce glare from the vehicle headlights.
95
o


D.5 WARNING SIGNS
D.5.1 Purpose and Use
Warning signs are used to alert drivers to danger or potential danger ahead. They indicate a
need for extra caution by road users and may require a reduction in speed or other manoeuvre.
This section contains an overview of all warning signs. Advice on when to use each sign is
given in Appendix 3 (Volume 2).
Adequate warning signs can greatly assist road safety. To be most effective however, they
should be used sparingly. Their frequent use to warn of conditions which are otherwise
readily apparent tends to detract from their effectiveness.
Do not use warning signs in situations where the problem is obvious, or is so minor that no
extra care is necessary. If they are over-used, drivers will lose respect for them. This is
particularly true when specifying signs for urban roads. Side road intersections for example
are not usually a danger when traffic speeds are low.
Most warning signs are triangular in shape with a red border encompassing a black symbol on
a white background. The black symbol represents the hazard. Sometimes additional informa-
tion is put on a supplementary plate below the main sign.

D.5.2 Siting and Sizes
Drivers must be able to see the sign in time to read the message. The distance varies with the
traffic speed refer to Table D.2. Warning signs are placed at the left-hand side of the road.
It takes time for a driver to act on the message given by a sign and slow the vehicle down to a
safe speed. Therefore signs must be sited sufficiently far ahead of the hazard to allow for this.
Signs must also be large enough to be read clearly by drivers travelling at above average
speeds. Table D.3 gives the siting distances and sizes of standard warning signs for different
traffic speeds. If it is necessary to site the sign away from the standard position, the distance
to the hazard should be indicated on a supplementary plate.

Traffic speed
Normal distance of
sign from hazard
(m)
Sign size
Side length
(mm)
Up to and including 50 km/h 50 720
Over 50 km/h and up to and including 80 km/h 100 900
Over 80 km/h 150 1100
Table D.3 Siting and sizes of standard warning signs

Some warning signs, hazard marker signs and temporary warning signs are sized and sited
differently. The necessary information is given in Appendix 3 (Volume 2).



D.5.3 Schedule of Warning Signs
The schedule contains the name, reference number and a small picture of each sign. The
detailed design and use of each sign is described in Appendix 3 (Volume 2).
D.5.3.1 Standard Warning Signs
Road Layout
W01 Sharp curve W02 Hairpin curve

Temporary

Temporary

W03 Combined curves W04 Crossroad

Temporary

Temporary

W05 Side road W06 T-intersection

Temporary

Temporary

W07 Y-intersection W08 Staggered intersection

Temporary

Temporary

W09 Roundabout W10 Traffic signal

Temporary

Temporary

W11 Road narrows on both sides W12 Road narrows one side

Temporary

Temporary

W13 Dual carriageway ends W14 Dual carriageway ahead

Temporary

Temporary

W15 Two-way traffic

Temporary



Roadway and roadside hazards
W21 Other danger W22 Height restriction

Temporary

Temporary

W23 Uneven road W24 Hump

Temporary

Temporary

W25 Drift W26 Narrow bridge

Temporary

Temporary

W27 Loose gravel W28 Slippery road

Temporary

Temporary

W29 Falling rocks W30 Steep descent

Temporary

Temporary

W31 Steep ascent W32 Quay or river bank

Temporary

Temporary

W33 Low flying aircraft W34 Crosswinds

Temporary

Temporary
Other vehicles, road users and animals
W41 Railway crossing with gate or barrier W42 Railway crossing without gate or barrier

Temporary

Temporary
W43 Pedestrian crossing W44 Pedestrians in the road

Temporary

Temporary



W45 Children in the road W46 Cyclists in the road

Temporary

Temporary

W47 Agricultural vehicles W48 Domestic animals

Temporary

Temporary

W49 Wild animals

Temporary

D.5.3.2 Hazard Marker Signs
W61 Long chevron W62 Short chevron

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

W63 T-intersection chevron W64 Roadside hazard plate

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

W65 Roadway hazard plate W66 Delineators

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

W67 Railway crossing, one line W68 Railway crossing, more than one line

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

W69 Distance indicators

No temporary
version



D.5.3.3 Temporary Warning Signs
W81 Roadworks W82 Lane closed
Temporary
sign only

Temporary
sign only

W83 Cross-over to opposing roadway W84 Barricade (no entry)
Temporary
sign only

Temporary
sign only

W85 Traffic control ahead
Temporary
sign only
+^ `
` +^



D.6 REGULATORY SIGNS
Regulatory signs are the means of putting into practical effect the regulation or control of
traffic. For example, they may impose restrictions on speed or on the turning of traffic at an
intersection.
Regulatory signs are either prohibitory or mandatory.
The prohibitory signs give instructions to drivers about what they must not do. Speed limit
signs and signs for parking restrictions are some examples. Most prohibitory signs are circular
with a red border and have a black symbol on a white background.
The mandatory signs give instructions to drivers about what they must do. Most mandatory
signs are circular with a white symbol and border on a blue background.
Regulatory signs must only be used where it is considered essential that traffic be controlled
for safety reasons or for efficient use of the road system. Drivers will take more notice of
them if they can see why they are needed.

Regulatory signs are normally sited at or near the point where the instruction applies. It is
important to make sure that there is no confusion about which road they refer to. Drivers must
be able to see the sign in time to read the message and act on it. The distance varies with the
traffic speed refer to Table D.2. Regulatory signs are placed at the left-hand side of the road,
but a second sign on the right-hand side may be used where extra emphasis is needed - for
example on dual carriageways. Table D.4 gives the sizes for standard regulatory signs at
different traffic speeds.
Traffic speed
Diameter of sign
(mm)
Low speed areas where space is limited 400
Up to and including 50 km/h 600
Over 50 km/h and up to and including 80 km/h 750
Over 80 km/h 900
Table D.4 Sizes of standard regulatory signs

Some priority signs are sized differently. The necessary information is given in Appendix 3
(Volume 2).

D.6.3 Schedule of Regulatory Signs


D.6.3.1 Prohibitory Signs
Restricted vehicle categories
R01 No entry for any vehicle R02 No entry for motor vehicles

No temporary
version

Temporary

R03 No entry for motor vehicles except
motorcycles
R04 No entry for trucks

Temporary

Temporary

R05 No entry for buses and coaches R06 No entry for motorcycles

Temporary

Temporary

R07 No entry for tractors or slow-moving
vehicles
R08 No entry for cycles

Temporary

Temporary

R09 No entry for pedestrians R10 No entry for animal-drawn vehicles

Temporary

Temporary
Restricted vehicle dimensions and weight
R21 Length limit R22 Height limit

Temporary

Temporary

R23 Width limit R24 Gross weight limit

Temporary

Temporary

R25 Axle weight limit

Temporary



Restricted vehicle movements and use
R41 No Left/Right Turn R42 No U Turn

Temporary

Temporary

R43 No overtaking R44 No overtaking by goods vehicles

Temporary

Temporary

R45 No use of horn R46 Compulsory stop

Temporary

Temporary

R47 No Parking R48 No Stopping

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

R49 Speed limit

Temporary

End of restrictions
R51 End of restriction R52 End of speed limit

Temporary

Temporary

D.6.3.2 Mandatory Signs
Priority and give way
R61 Stop R62 Give Way

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

R63 Temporary traffic control - STOP R64 Temporary traffic control - GO
Temporary
sign only

Temporary
sign only



R65 Give way to oncoming vehicles

No temporary
version

Travelling directions
R71 Ahead Only R72 Turn Left / Right

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

R73 Turn Left / Right Ahead R74 Ahead or Turn Left / Right

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

R75 Pass Left / Right Side Only R76 Pass Either Side

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

R77 Roundabout

No temporary
version

Reserved routes
R81 Route for Buses Only R82 Route for Cycles Only

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

R83 Route for Pedestrians only

No temporary
version



D.7 GUIDANCE SIGNS
Guidance signs give road users information on how to find their way to their destination.
They also help to reduce delay and keep traffic flowing smoothly and safely through
intersections. It is important that the signing is consistent along the route. Once a destination
appears on a guidance sign it must appear on all subsequent guidance signs until that place is
reached.
Guidance signs belong to one of three major groups:
Advance Direction Signs give route information ahead of intersections. There are three
alternative layouts for advance direction signs:
Map-type that shows a map of the intersection
Stack-type - that lists the destinations alongside direction arrows
Lane pre-selection sign - that indicate the lane to use to get to each destination.
Map-type signs are generally larger than stack-type, and thus more expensive, but they give
drivers a better understanding of how the intersection is laid out. They should always be used
where there is a roundabout or where the intersection layout is in any way complex. Stack-
type signs should only be used at simple intersections, and should not indicate more than three
directions.
Small-sized warning signs and regulatory signs, e.g. height and weight restrictions, may be
incorporated into advance direction signs and direction signs if the information will be
essential in deciding which route to take.
Direction Signs give route information at intersections
Confirmatory Signs confirm the destinations on the route ahead
Place Identification Signs give place names.

D.7.2 Siting
Drivers must be able to see the sign in time to read the message. The distance varies with the
traffic speed refer to Table D.2.
Advance Direction signs should be sited as shown in Table D.5.
Traffic speed
Distance of sign
from intersection
(m)
Up to and including 50 km/h
50
Over 50 km/h and up to and including 80 km/h
100
Over 80 km/h
150
Table D.5 Siting of advance direction signs

Direction signs are placed at the intersection and point along the route shown on the sign.
Confirmatory signs are usually sited 100-150 metres beyond the intersection. Between
intersections, signs should be sited at intervals of no more than 20 kilometres.


Place Identification signs are sited at the place named on the sign. At trading centres and
towns they are sited at the edge of the built-up area.

D.7.3 Sizes and Design Principles
There are no standard sizes for guidance signs. The size of the sign is determined by the
amount of information needed and the size of the lettering to be used on the sign.
The lettering sizes are set out in the table below. Once the lettering size has been chosen, the
design should proceed according to the layout rules set out in Appendix 1 (Volume 2).

Traffic speed
x-height
1)

(mm)
Capital
letter height
(mm)
Over 80 km/h 200 280
1) x-height = the height of the letter x in lower case
Table D.6 Letter sizes for guidance signs

No more than four destinations are permitted on one sign. No more than two destinations are
permitted for any one direction, except on Confirmatory signs. Where two or more
destinations are shown for one direction the nearest destination will be at the top.
Guidance signs may include important destinations that can be reached indirectly by
following one of the roads that is being signed.
Guidance signs are colour coded to help drivers differentiate between primary roads and other
roads. Signs referring to primary roads have white lettering on a green background, and all
others will have black lettering on a white background. Where a sign refers to both primary
roads and other roads it will have white lettering on a green background throughout.

D.7.4 Schedule of Guidance Signs
detailed design of text-based signs like these is covered in Appendix 1 (Volume 2). Appendix
2 shows the layout of Guidance Signs at typical intersections. Appendix 3 gives detailed
advice on the design and use of each sign.



Advance direction signs
G01.1 Map-type advance direction sign -
roundabout - Primary roads.
roundabout Other roads.
` )4E ` ] 4]
4 ]E 4]pp]

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

crossroad - Primary roads.
crossroad Other roads.
C ] ]
)4C_C4C

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

G03.1 Map-type advance direction sign
T-intersection - Primary roads.
G03.2 Map-type advance direction sign
T-intersection Other roads.
- 44
e C ) -)

No temporary
version

E4 ` ]
` ) C

No temporary
version

G04.1 Stack-type advance direction sign -
Primary roads.
G04.2 Stack-type advance direction sign -
Other roads.

No temporary
version

1 C -]_]EC

No temporary
version

G05.1 Lane pre-selection sign - Primary
roads.
G05.2 Lane pre-selection sign - Other
roads.
EEE
` )4E
` ] 4]

No temporary
version

EEE
` )4E
` ] 4]

No temporary
version
Direction signs
G11.1 Direction sign - Primary roads G11.2 Direction sign - Other roads
` 4 ] E)
C ] ]

No temporary
version

` 4 ] E)
C ] ]

No temporary
version



Confirmatory signs
G21.1 Confirmatory sign - Primary roads G21.2 Confirmatory sign - Other roads
+EEE ._
_C _C
) C

No temporary
version

No temporary
version
Place identification signs
G22.1 Place identification sign, entry G22.2 Place identification sign, exit
e pCCC

No temporary
version

e pCCC

No temporary
version
Temporary guidance signs
G31 Diversion ahead G32 Diverted traffic
Temporary sign
only

Temporary
sign only
)+] )E



D.8 INFORMATION SIGNS
Information signs serve one of several purposes:
To mark special facilities or restrictions
To give information about services and facilities ahead, such as parking places, lay-
bys, picnic areas, telephones, etc.
Information signs for service facilities may have an additional panel showing direction (by
means of an arrow) or distance. Such panels shall have a blue background, white border and
white arrow or text.
The siting and sizes are described individually for each sign in Appendix 3 (Volume 2).
D.8.3 Schedule of Information Signs
Road and traffic
I01 Pedestrian crossing I02 Hump

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

I03 No through road I04 Parking

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

I05 Bus stop I06 Priority over oncoming vehicles

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

I07 One Way Road I08 Police control

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

I09 Start of extra lane I10 End of extra lane

No temporary
version

No temporary
version



Service facilities and places of interest
I21 Hospital I22 First aid

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

I23 Telephone I24 Information

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

I25 Filling station I26 Workshop
2 km

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

I27 Refreshments I28 Restaurant

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

I29 Hotel I30 Rest area

No temporary
version

No temporary
version

I31 Camp site I32 Airport

No temporary
version

No temporary
version
Tourist attractions
I51 Tourist attraction Example Tourist attraction Woodland
+ ^ e +
e 4 e `

No temporary
version

No temporary
version



D.9 SUPPLEMENTARY PLATES
D.9.1 Purpose and Use of Supplementary Plates
Supplementary plates give additional information or clarify the message given by the main
signs. They are mostly used with regulatory or warning signs, and never used on their own.
Supplementary plates are normally mounted below the primary sign leaving a gap of 75mm
between them. However, they can also be combined on a grey backing board (see Figure
D.3).
There are three main groups of supplementary plates:
The first group shows distances and directions to e.g. a hazard or a regulation
The second group shows which vehicle category the message on the main sign applies to
The third group gives additional text information to the message on the main sign.

D.9.2 Sizes and Design Principles
D.9.2.1 Text-based Supplementary Plates
Text-based supplementary plates are designed according to the same principles as guidance
signs. The text shall be in lower case with initial capitals. The normal lettering sizes are set
out in the table below.

Traffic speed
x-height
(mm)
1)

Capital letter
height (mm)
Over 80 km/h 90 126
1) x-height = the height of the letter x in lower case
Table D.7 Lettering size on text-based supplementary plates

The letter heights prescribed in Table D7 are for signs that need to be read from a moving
vehicle. Smaller sizes may be used on signs that are read from a stationary position (such as
those giving details of parking restrictions) but the x-height should not be less than 20mm.
The size of the supplementary plate may be adjusted to improve the appearance of the sign
assembly. Avoid having supplementary plates which are wider than the main sign.



D.9.3 Schedule of Supplementary Plates
Distances and direction
S01 Distance to hazard or regulation S02 Extension of hazard or regulation

Temporary

Temporary

S03 Direction in which message applies

Temporary

Vehicle categories
S11 Vehicle category for which message
applies bus
applies truck

Temporary

Temporary

applies car
applies motorcycle

Temporary

Temporary

Text information
S21.1 Variable text message one line S21.2 Variable text message two lines
e ]EE

e ]EE

Temporary

E]]O4
p4 ]

E]]O4
p4 ]

Temporary

S21.3 Variable text message three lines
E]]O4
p4 ]
C - 4CE)

E]]O4
p4 ]
C - 4CE)

Temporary



D.10 SIGN MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE
D.10.1 Sign Standards
Section 5400 of the Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications General
Specifications for Road and Bridge Works (under preparation) sets out detailed standards for
the manufacture and installation of traffic signs alongside and over the carriageway. Strict
adherence to these standards will ensure that the signs are of good quality and will have an
acceptable working life. This section of the Traffic Signs Manual contains general advice on
sign materials and manufacture, but in all cases the General Specifications take precedence.
The components of a traffic sign are:
sign face
sign plate
sign support frame
sign post

D.10.2 Sign Face Materials
It is recommended that all traffic signs, permanent and temporary, be fully reflectorised by
making the sign face from retroreflective sheeting. This is a special type of reflective material
that reflects light back to the light source, which in this case is the vehicle headlight. For
simplicity the sheeting will be referred to hereafter as reflective sheeting. All parts of the sign
face except those coloured black must be made of reflective sheeting, so that the sign looks
the same in both day and night.
There are various grades of reflective sheeting available, each providing different levels of
retroreflectivity when viewed under standard conditions. There are big differences in price.
The General Specifications require that High Intensity Grade be used, and this is defined by
reference to standards used in the United States. The contractor must submit sign specifica-
tions, test certificates, and warranties, as required in the General Specifications. The warranty
must say that, if the retroreflective performance of the sign falls below a specified minimum
during the warranty period, the sheeting manufacturer will replace the sign or restore it to its
original performance. This is the best way of ensuring that the signs will be of proper quality.
Coloured areas should preferably be made from sheeting of the appropriate colour or by
applying coloured overlay film onto white sheeting. The use of inks or paints is not
recommended, as this gives inferior performance. Symbols or letters coloured black shall
preferably be made from black non-reflective overlay film. Film and sheeting shall come from
the same manufacturer and be applied in accordance with their instructions.
It is important to use standard colours on traffic signs, though the small variations that occur
between sheeting from different manufacturers are permissible. The colours of the sheeting
shall conform to the colour specification limits (chromaticity co-ordinates) set out in ASTM
D4956.

D.10.3 Sign Plate
Aluminium alloy sheet is the preferred material, because of its resistance to corrosion.
However, it is expensive. Cheaper alternatives are galvanised steel, plastic-coated steel, or


steel treated with primer. The cleaning and preparation of steel plates needs to be of a very
high standard, but even then there will always be a risk that the plate will corrode around the
bolt holes or places where the coating has been damaged. With all materials, proper cleaning
and degreasing is essential to ensure good adhesion of the sheeting. The back of the sign plate
shall be painted grey, and the sign manufacturers name and the date of manufacture shall be
permanently marked on it.

D.10.4 Sign Support Frame and Fastenings
All sign plates, with the exception of very small ones, need to be stiffened so as to prevent
them from being deformed by wind pressure, minor collisions, or attack by vandals. This is
normally done by riveting the sign plate to a back support frame made of angle iron or
aluminium sections. It is essential that all frames, brackets, clips, rivets, nuts, bolts and
washers be corrosion-proofed if not made of aluminium or stainless steel. The frames and
brackets shall then be painted grey. The method of fixing to the post shall be as shown on the
scheme drawings or be as approved by the engineer in charge of the scheme.

D.10.5 Sign Post
Sign posts will normally be made of galvanised steel tube set in concrete foundations.

D.10.6 Checklist of Sign Supply Requirements
It is recommended that contractors be asked to provide the following information and items
before manufacturing and supplying signs:
name of sign manufacturer and sheeting manufacturer
retroreflective performance of the sheeting, as determined by a reputable laboratory
letter of warranty, endorsed by the sheeting manufacturer, specifying the minimum
retroreflective performance at the end of the warranty period (the warranty should be
specific to the contract)
a sample of the reflective sheeting for each colour and grade to be used
a sample sign
details of the sign plate stiffening and fastenings (unless included in the drawings)
a written declaration that the signs to be supplied will meet all the requirements of the
specifications.



D.11 MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
D.11.1 General
A high standard of maintenance of signs, signals and road markings is essential if they are to
fulfil their purpose. It is a waste of money to provide signs and then to allow them to lose
their effectiveness by subsequent deterioration. Signs that use High Intensity Grade sheeting
and are well-made should perform acceptably for at least 7 years.
All signs and markings should be inspected at regular intervals both by day and night. They
should be renewed as necessary. Signs become less effective not only when characters or
colouring deteriorate, but also when dirty or damaged, or displaced as a result of accidents or
vandalism. Damaged or dirty signs lessen road users respect for the signs. Regular cleaning
of all signs is essential.
It is not possible to recommend suitable renewal intervals for markings as these will depend
very much on the type of line, the material comprising the marking and on the road traffic
conditions. Nevertheless a carriageway marking maintenance programme should be adopted
to keep the road markings under constant review to ensure that the markings are maintained to
a high state of effectiveness at all times, particularly on heavily trafficked roads.
Markings should be renewed or re-laid when they have been removed or damaged by road-
works. New surfaces should preferably be allowed to settle and harden up for a few weeks
before applying markings. Arrangements should be made to protect road studs during surface
dressing operations.

D.11.2 Maintenance Regime
D.11.2.1 Record Keeping and Inspection
The key to good maintenance is proper record-keeping and regular inspection. An inventory
of markings, signs, and other road furniture is helpful. In addition to a description of the item
and its location, it can usefully include installation and inspection dates, and repair details.
The inventory number should be painted on the back of the sign plate.
Inspections should be made at least twice a year, preferably after routine cleaning has been
done. The things to look for are:
signs that are missing or in the wrong location
signs that are pointing the wrong way or are tilting
signs that are hidden by trees or bushes
posts that are loose in their foundations
sign plates that are loose
corrosion of sign plates and posts
accident or other damage
flaking or faded sign faces and painted surfaces
poorly reflecting sign faces (best checked at night)
worn or faded road markings.
Keep good records of the faults that are found and the action taken.


D.11.2.2 Cleaning
Signs should be cleaned at least twice a year, and priority should be given to low-mounted
signs. Cut back any long grass, bushes or tree branches which hide the sign face. Use water
and a mild detergent to wash the sign and take care not to scratch the surface. Rinse the sign
in clean water to remove all traces of detergent. Road tar can be cleaned off with petrol or
white spirit, but be careful not to dissolve the paint, and rinse well afterwards.

D.11.2.3 Repairs
Minor repairs and repainting can be done on-site. Repainting should only be done in dry
weather and after proper preparation of the surface. Do not apply paint to reflective sheeting,
because this will make it non-reflective. Similarly, do not use ordinary road paint on reflec-
torised road markings.

D.11.2.4 Storage and Transport of Signs
Signs are expensive. Always store them where they cannot be damaged. Stack them
vertically, if possible, and put sheets of cardboard or thick paper between them to prevent the
sign faces from getting scratched. Take care when loading signs on and off trucks, and do not
allow them to bounce around while being transported.



E. ROAD MARKINGS
E.1 PURPOSE AND CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD MARKINGS
The purpose of road markings is to control, warn, or guide road users. They may be used to
supplement other traffic signs or they may be used alone. Their major advantage is that they
can give a continuing message to the driver. Thus they can be used to guide drivers in the
correct positioning of their vehicles so that the traffic flows smoothly and safely. Some help
clarify or emphasise the meaning of other signs. Improved road marking is often the most
cost-effective solution to traffic and accident problems.
The markings have the limitation that they get covered up by dirt, and they wear away quite
quickly on heavily-trafficked roads. Nevertheless, they serve a very important function in
conveying to drivers information and requirements which might not otherwise be possible by
post-mounted signs.
Where traffic congestion occurs, extensive use of road markings is essential to ensure that full
use is made of the available road space. In particular, widespread use of lane markings is
desirable; by enhancing lane discipline they add to the safety of traffic, besides improving
traffic flows. And at intersections road markings can be very useful in showing drivers where
to stop and look.
It is strongly recommended that road markings be considered in detail at the design stage of
new or improved intersections.
Road markings are classified as follows:
Longitudinal markings dividing lines, lane lines and edge lines
Transverse markings stop line, give way line and pedestrian crossings
Other markings arrows, restricted areas, text and symbols



E.2 LONGITUDINAL MARKINGS
Dividing (centre) lines
M01 Continuous dividing line

100 mm wide yellow line

M02 Double continuous dividing line

Two 100 mm wide yellow lines with 130 mm separation

M03 Broken dividing line

100 mm wide yellow line.
Urban areas: 3 m mark with 6 m gap. Rural areas: 4 m mark with 8 m gap

M04 Combination of continuous and broken dividing line

M01 and M03 with 130 mm separation

M05 Zig-Zag dividing line

100 mm wide yellow line.
Urban areas: 2 m mark with 150 mm gap

Lane lines
M11 Continuous lane line

100 mm wide white line

M12 Broken lane line

100 mm wide white line.
Urban areas: 3 m mark with 6 m gap. Rural areas: 4 m mark with 8 m gap



Edge lines
M21 Standard edge line

100 mm wide white line

M22 Continuity line

100 mm / 200 mm wide white line.
Urban areas and rural areas: 1 m mark with 1 m gap

M23 No parking line

100 mm wide yellow line



E.3 TRANSVERSE MARKINGS
M31 Stop line M32 Give way line

M33 Uncontrolled pedestrian crossing M34 Signal-controlled pedestrian crossing

M35 Hump

E.4 OTHER MARKINGS
Arrows
M41 Lane arrow ahead only

M42.1 Lane arrow left turn only M42.2 Lane arrow right turn only

M43.1 Lane arrow ahead or left turn M43.2 Lane arrow ahead or right turn

M44.1 Diverge arrow ahead of left turn lane M44.2 Diverge arrow ahead of right turn lane

M45.1 Deflecting arrow - left M45.2 Deflecting arrow - right



Restricted areas
M51 Chevron marking merging M52 Chevron marking diverging
Direction
of travel

Direction
of travel

M53 Traffic island marking between
opposing directions

Text and symbols
M61 Give way marking M62 Text marking - STOP

M63 Speed limit marking

Parking
M71 Parking bay



E.5 MARKING MATERIALS
E.5.1 Road Marking Standards
Section 5500 of the General Specifications for Road and Bridge Works (under preparation)
sets out detailed standards for the manufacture and application of road markings. Strict
adherence to these standards will help ensure that the marking performs well for an acceptable
period. This section of the Traffic Signs Manual contains general advice on road marking
materials and application, but in all cases the General Specifications take precedence.
Road marking requires special equipment and skills, and is best done by a contractor who
specialises in this activity. The quality of the road marking will be very dependent on the skill
and experience of the contractors staff.
It is important with all road marking work to give careful attention to surface preparation,
setting out, and testing of the equipment. Templates should be used for arrows, symbols,
words and other complicated shapes.

E.5.2 Road Paint
The paint used for road markings should be manufactured specially for this purpose. It should
be quick-drying, durable and have good skid resistance. The paint is normally applied by a
spray machine, but some markings are easier to do with a brush. When ordering road paint the
proposed method of application must be specified to ensure that the correct type of paint is
supplied.

E.5.3 Thermoplastic
Hot-applied thermoplastic is taking over from road paint as the preferred marking material.
The initial cost is higher than for paint, but it is far more durable, so it will usually be the
more cost-effective option. It can be sprayed or screeded onto the road surface. Transverse
lines, arrows, symbols, and words are most easily created by screeding. A high standard of
materials, equipment and workmanship is needed to produce good-quality markings.

E.5.4 Reflectorised Markings
Road markings should be reflectorised by the addition of reflecting glass beads. It is
important to ensure that the glass beads meet the specifications. With thermoplastic the beads
will normally be mixed into the material and more will be sprayed onto the top of the marking
whilst it is still molten. In the case of paint, the beads will be sprayed onto the paint before it
is dry.


E.6 REFLECTIVE ROAD STUDS

E.6.1 Standards
Section 5500 of the General Specifications for Road and Bridge Works (under preparation)
sets out standards for the manufacture and installation of road studs. Modern road studs are
made of high-strength plastic and incorporate corner cube retroreflectors protected by an
abrasion-resistant glass or plastic lens. They are bonded to the road surface using epoxy resin
or other adhesive.

E.6.2 Purpose and Use of Road Markings
Reflective road studs can be very effective at night, but they are costly, and so are likely to be
used only where clear guidance at night is critical for safety or smooth traffic flow. Road
studs on dividing lines and lane lines must reflect a white light, though the body of the stud
should preferably be the same colour as the line marking. Table E.1 below indicates the
colour and spacing of reflective road studs for each of the main types of longitudinal road
marking. Note that the reflected light from the studs should be seen only by the traffic
approaching on the left-hand side of the road. This means that studs on edge lines and lane
lines should normally be one-sided (uni-directional).
Reflective road studs should not be used on transverse markings, as they could interfere with
stopping ability, and may be hazardous to two-wheeled vehicles.

Type of road marking
Colour shown by
stud
Spacing of road studs
(m)
Urban Rural
M01 Continuous dividing line White 6 6
M02 M04 Double dividing line White 6 6
M03 Broken dividing line White 18 24
M12 Broken lane line White 18 24
M21 Edge line Red
(Amber on edge lines
next to medians)
18 24
M22 Continuity line Green 3 3
Table E.1 Spacing of reflective road studs



F. TRAFFIC SIGNALS
F.1 PURPOSE AND CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS
F.1.1 Purpose and Use
Traffic Signals are used for the control and direction of vehicles and pedestrians at:
Road intersections
Pedestrian crossings
Railway crossings.
A comprehensive guide to the design of signals installations is outside the scope of this
Manual. This section gives a general outline of what the signals practice should be, together
with advice on the siting and mounting of signal heads.
Traffic signals other than rail crossing signals should normally be used only on streets and
roads with a speed limit of 50 km/h or lower. They can, exceptionally, be used on roads with
speed limits between 50 km/h and 70 km/h, provided the visibility is good, warning signs are
used, the right turns are fully protected (controlled by arrow signals) and at least one signal on
each high-speed approach is mounted overhead.
The signals must be visible from at least 70 metres away (or 110 metres if the traffic speed
exceeds 50 km/h). Warning sign W10 Traffic Signal must always be used where the
visibility is marginal, but do not install signals where the visibility on any approach is well
below these limits.

F.1.2 Schedule of Traffic Signals
The schedule contains the name, reference number and small pictures of each signal. Standard
design and use of each signal is described in the following sections.

TS01 Traffic signals

TS01.1
Standard signal
TS01.2 Arrow signals

TS02 Pedestrian
signals
TS03 Traffic signals at railway
crossings



F.2 TRAFFIC SIGNALS
F.2.1 General
The main reasons for installing traffic signals at intersections are to reduce conflicts and avoid
congestion. The signal installation should be designed to achieve safety and efficiency within
the available road space. Traffic signals are also used to control traffic at signal-controlled
pedestrian crossings.

F.2.2 Standard Design
Traffic signals consist of three lights mounted vertically. Red shall be on the top, amber in the
middle and green at the bottom.
Where it is necessary to control different traffic movements independently the plain lights
should be replaced by arrows. The arrows have the same meaning as the plain lights but they
apply only to the traffic proceeding in the direction indicated by the arrow. Arrows for
straight-on traffic should point upwards.
The use of a separate signal head with red, amber and green arrows gives very good control
and the signals are easily understood. A lane must be provided for the sole use of the traffic in
each direction shown by arrows. The lane should be marked with the appropriate lane arrow.
The green arrow gives drivers the right of way to move in that direction, so there should be no
conflicting traffic movements when the signal is lit.
The standard signal lens should have a diameter of 200 mm. At complicated intersections and
for overhead mounting the diameter should be increased to 300 mm.
Signal heads should be fitted with backing boards to make them more conspicuous. These
should be coloured black with a white border see Figure F.1.

200 mm
(300 mm)
Border: 35(50)
600 mm
(900) mm)
275 mm
(400 mm)
950 mm
(1400 mm)

Dimensions of the backing board may vary.
Figure F.1 Standard design of signals



F.2.3 Interpretation
The sequence of the signals will be red, green, amber, and then back to red. The interpretation
of the signal shall be as follows:

Red
A red signal means that traffic may not proceed.
Vehicles shall not pass the stop line, or, if there is no stop line, shall
not pass beyond the signal, or, if the signal is placed after the inter-
section, shall not enter the intersection or move onto a pedestrian
crossing at that intersection.

Green
A green signal means that traffic may proceed in any direction
unless such movement is prohibited by a regulatory sign.
However, the driver is not authorised to proceed if traffic is so
congested that by entering the intersection they would probably not
have passed it before the signal turns red again.

Amber
An amber signal, appearing alone, means a vehicle must stop, unless
it is so close to the stop line or signal that it cannot stop safely.

Table F.1 Interpretation of traffic signals at intersections

F.2.4 Positioning and Mounting
There should be at least two signals visible on each approach to the intersection a primary
signal and a secondary signal. Where separate signalling of turning movements is used this
advice applies to the approach lane(s) associated with each turning movement. One signal
post can then display information for more than one turning movement.
The primary signal should be located at the left-hand side of the road at a minimum distance
of 1 metre beyond the stop line (refer to Figures 5 and 6 in Appendix 2 (Volume 2)). Where
there are two or more approach lanes a second primary signal should be installed at the right-
hand side on a traffic island (refer to Figure 6 in Appendix 2 (Volume 2). The secondary
signal gives the same information as the primary signal but is sited beyond the primary signal
and preferably within the drivers direct line of sight (it can be displaced up to a maximum of
30
0
from the direct line of sight). The distance between the stop line and the secondary signal
should not exceed 50 metres. At large, complicated intersections, and on high-speed roads, it
is advisable for the secondary signals to be mounted overhead on mast arms.
Make sure that the drivers view of the signals is not blocked by trees, lighting columns, bus
shelters, parked vehicles, or other obstructions.



A driver in a hurry at the stop line may start off early if he can see that the signals on the other
approaches are changing to red. This can be dangerous. To avoid this, site the signals where
they cannot be seen from other approaches, or fit long hoods over the signal lights.
If two signal-controlled intersections are close to each other there is a risk that a driver who is
not concentrating will see through the first set of signals and will act on the information
given by the second set of signals. This can be dangerous if the signals are not linked and are
running on a different sequence. To avoid this problem try and realign the second set of
signals or fit hoods, so they cannot be seen from the previous intersection.
The lights should be mounted in a black housing and should be protected from direct sunlight
by visors. Black backing boards help make the signals more visible against light backgrounds.
Signals for right-turn traffic shall be mounted to the right of signals for straight-on traffic,
and, similarly, those for left-turn traffic should be on the left. The base of the signal housing
should be not less than 2.1 metres above ground level, in order to leave free passage for
pedestrians. Increase this to 2.3 metres where cyclists are present. There should be a
minimum clearance of 5.0 metres between the carriageway and any part of a signal that is
mounted overhead.

F.2.5 Signal Control Methods and Timings
The aim in designing signal installations is to maximise capacity (minimise overall delay)
while maintaining a high degree of safety. It is important to keep as much traffic moving as
practicable at the same time. Detailed advice on signal control is outside the scope of this
Manual but some of the guiding principles are:
Use the lowest practicable number of stages (changes) in the signal cycle (complete
sequence of stages)
The signal cycle should preferably not exceed 120 seconds
Ensure that each approach is capable of carrying the maximum predicted traffic flow
Ensure that the time allocated to each stage is appropriate to the actual traffic flow (a
control system that can automatically vary the duration of the green signal according to
actual traffic flow is highly desirable on both efficiency and safety grounds)
If appropriate, link adjacent sets of signals so that groups of vehicles can pass through the
intersections without stopping
The duration of the amber signal should normally be 3 seconds
The intergreen period (the period between the end of the green signal for one approach
and the start of the green signal for a conflicting approach) must be sufficient to enable
vehicles to clear the intersection safely it is normally a minimum of 4 seconds but it
should be extended at large intersections or on high-speed approaches note however
that long intergreen periods are wasteful and may be abused by drivers
It is highly desirable for right-turn movements to be fully controlled (called a protected
right turn) by means of separate signals (green arrow and, if possible, red and amber
arrows)
When green arrow signals are lit drivers should be able to proceed in the direction of the
arrow without having to merge or give way to conflicting traffic streams.


Drivers must not be permitted to turn left when the main signal is on red, unless there is a
green arrow signal that allows them to do so.

F.3 PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS
F.3.1 General
Pedestrian signals are used in combination with traffic signals at pedestrian crossings within
intersections or at separate pedestrian crossings. The signals may be activated automatically
by the intersection signal controller, or by the pedestrian pushing a button to indicate to the
controller his wish to cross.

The signals shall be arranged vertically with the red signal at the top and the green at the
bottom. The lights can be either a red/green man on black background or a white man on
red/green background
The signal lens should have a diameter of 200 mm. At complicated intersections and at
intersections with many pedestrians the diameter can be increased to 300 mm.
200 (300)

Figure F.2 Alternative designs of pedestrian signals

F.3.3 Interpretation
The signal sequence for pedestrians is red, green and flashing green. The interpretation of the
signal shall be as follows:

Red Standing Man Green Walking Man Flashing Green Man
Do not cross the road Cross the road with care The signal is about to turn to
Red. Do not start to cross the
road.
Table F.2 Interpretation of pedestrian signals


It is desirable for pedestrian signals to be fitted with an audible signal that sounds when the
green signal is lit. This is to help blind and partially-sighted pedestrians.

A pedestrian signal is normally mounted on the same post as the traffic signal. The signals
must face across the road so that the signal can be clearly seen by pedestrians. A typical
installation is illustrated in Figure 8 in Appendix 2 (Volume 2).
Minimum vertical clearances from the carriageway shall not be less than 2.1 m and not more
than 2.6 m.

F.4 TRAFFIC SIGNALS AT RAILWAY CROSSINGS
F.4.1 General
This signal is used to control vehicle traffic at railway level crossings. It is recommended that
this signal, together with gates or barriers, be used at all rail crossings. The diameter of the
signal lamps must be at least 200 mm, but 300 mm diameter lamps are preferred. The flashing
red lights may be supplemented by a sound signal. A stop line must be marked on the road to
indicate to drivers where to stop when the red lights are flashing.

Traffic signals at railway crossings consist of two red flashing lights mounted horizontally.
The lights must flash alternately, i.e. when one red light is on, the other must be off.
A signal which flashes white when the railway crossing is open to traffic may be added. This
also indicates to drivers that the light signal is working.

200 min

Figure F.3 Standard design of traffic signals at railway crossings

The signal will be positioned within 5 - 10 metres of the nearest rail line and where it can
easily be seen by drivers halted at the stop line. It can be at the left hand side of the road, but
it may be more visible if it is mounted above the carriageway. Where it is necessary to make
the signal more prominent (such as on a left-hand bend) a second signal may be positioned on
the right hand side of the road.
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THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

MINISTRY OF WORKS, HOUSING AND COMMUNICATIONS

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