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BIOTELEMETRY

ABSTRACT
Biotelemetry is a vital constituent in the field of medical sciences. It entails remote measurement
of biological parameters. Transmission of physiological data from point of generation to the point
of
reception
can
take
many
forms.
Biotelemetry, using wireless diagnosis, can monitor electronically the symptoms and movements
of patients. This development has opened up avenues for medical diagnosis and treatment.
It enables monitoring of activity levels in patients suffering from heart troubles, asthma, pain,
Alzheimers disease, mood disorders, cardiovascular problems, accidents, etc. A patients response
and
reaction
to
drugs
can
also
be
investigated
for
treatment.
Radio telemetry transmits biological data using various radio transmission techniques. No wires
are required to be attached to the patients body. The patient just carries a bracelet-sized transmitter
that
enables
monitoring
of
the
patients
symptoms.
Carrier modulation, physiological data encoding, frequency and time division multiplexing
blocking oscillator or Endoradiosonde, receivers and antennas for Biotelemetry, power sources,
and transcutaneous power transfer are discussed in this paper.

INTRODUCTION

Biotelemetry is a vital constituent in the field of medical sciences. It entails remote measurement
of biological parameters. Transmission of physiological data from point of generation to the point
of reception can take many forms.
Biotelemetry, using wireless diagnosis, can monitor electronically the symptoms and movements
of patients. This development has opened up avenues for medical diagnosis and treatment.
It enables monitoring of activity levels in patients suffering from heart troubles, asthma, pain,
Alzheimers disease, mood disorders, cardiovascular problems, accidents, etc. A patients response
and reaction to drugs can also be investigated for treatment.
Radio telemetry transmits biological data using various radio transmission techniques. No wires
are required to be attached to the patients body. The patient just carries a bracelet-sized transmitter
that enables monitoring of the patients symptoms.
Carrier modulation, physiological data encoding, frequency and time division multiplexing
blocking oscillator or Endoradiosonde, receivers and antennas for Biotelemetry, power sources,
and transcutaneous power transfer are discussed in this paper.

EVOLUTION OF BIOTELEMETRY

Technology Who When How By wire S.R.Winters 1921 Electrode wires to a

Galvanometer Endroradiosonde Stuart
Mackay 1950s Transistor
Readily
Available Blocking
oscillator Multiplexed
Physiologic
signals Many
Investigators 1970s FDM FM encoding
Multiplexed
Physiologic
Signals. Many
Investigators 1970s
to
Present TDM PIM, PCM
Encoding. Magnetically
Coupled
Transcutaneous
Data Transfer. Many
Investigations 1980's to
Present TDM PDM and PCM
Encoding. Next
technologies
? Present and future Portably
TDM PCM, Spread
Spectrum

HISTORY OF BIOTELEMETRY
THE FIRST WILDLIFE TRANSMITTER
Above ground range: 25 yards
Below ground range: 8 yards
Transmitter breaking through the skin
Batteries last 161 days
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT NEEDED
Cant be used in any critters smaller than a woodchuck
Range of 18-25 yards not adequate for some species, or inaccessible locations
Transmitter could not be recovered after it died
EXTERNAL TRANSMITTER
Studied porcupines in Minnesota
Used miniature transmitters
Home made harnesses
Modified dog harnesses for immature
Allowed them to make general statements about porcupines
TRANSMITTER
One-transistor, crystal-controlled oscillator
Copper or aluminum
10 grams (without battery)
RECEIVER
Portable, battery-operated
10 lbs, including batteries
Battery 9 x 6 x 5
Commercial receivers equal or better, but not portable
FIELD USE
Portable receiver
Using the null
Tracking a moving animal
Tracking a stationary animal
Accuracy
IMPROVEMENTS
Efficiency improves
Encapsulation for effective, weatherproof
Less prone to damage from the animals
Lighter weight batteries
Transmitter, collars, etc. become commercially available
NEW VARIATIONS
Activity indicator
Death indicator
Urination indicator
Automatic tracking system
DEATH INDICATOR
Dead animals are hard to find

Penned vs. free-roaming animals

Grizzly bear transmitter
AUTOMATIC TRACKING SYSTEMS
Outputs of receivers linked to visual indicator tubes
Records of signals made on 16 mm film
Film developed, data read and tabulated
Tune receivers every 2 hours
Power line problems, electrical storms
PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA
Respiration
Temperature
Heart rate
Blood pressure
SATELLITE TRACKING: IMPETUS
Whales
Sea turtles
Polar bears
Polar bears
Elephants
Avian orientation and navigation
ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE TRACKING
Impervious to weather
Latitude and longitude
Good for isolated areas
Migrating animals
Long, automatic tracking
Lots of animals tracked at once, in real time

OPERATION AND COMPONENTS

4.1 OPERATION
Current radio monitoring systems keep thousands of patients under surveillance, with limited
scope. Biotelemetry systems consist of transmitter, simple telephone modem, and central receiving
station. Central receiving station tunes into a transmitter, whose size may range from a bracelet to a
small pocket transistor. This tracking system can be used within the hospital premises. Each patient
is equipped with a pager sized personal monitoring as well as alarm system. When the patient
wearing the transmitter device attached to his wrist, chest, waist etc- leaves a specified range,
periodic RF signals are sent to the modem. The modem sends out an alert signal to both the patient
and to the central monitoring station. When the patients health condition becomes worse,
emergency signals are transmitted. The mobile unit attached to the patient has an output of nearly
1W. Location of the patient is derived from time- of-arrival calculations. The system uses spread
spectrum techniques operating in the RF band of 902- 928 MHz to transmit signals of the patients
condition alone with whereabouts. A network of receivers scattered through out the specified area
picks up the signals with health condition of patient. Location is display on a map at central facility
in the hospital/ treatment center. Tracking is done by a spread spectrum, using triangulation

technique based on time of arrival at various receivers, to locate the patient. This triangulation
technology is applied to locate the origins of all emergency signals send and users with personal
two way digital wireless communication devices.

4.2 COMPONENTS
A basic biotelemetry system consists of besides a transmitter, simple modem, and a central
receiving station- the basic circuits like oscillators, amplifiers, power supply, etc, usually present in
a communication system. The earliest (1952) biotelemetry transmitter was the Endo radiosonde. The pressure-sensing device was a radio pill, which had a volume less than 1cm and
could be swallowed by the patient. As it passed through the gastro- intestinal tract, it measured the
pressure at various points it encountered. Such radio pills are available to measure temperature,
pH, and enzyme activity also.
PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Any quantity that can be measured in the biomedical field is adaptable to biotelemetry. The
measurements are divided in to two categories: bioelectrical and physiological variables.
Bioelectrical variables include measurements like ECG, EMG, and EEG. Signals are obtained
directly in the electric form. Physiological variables such as temperature, blood pressure, blood
flow etc require some excitation or external electrical parameters. Transducers are used for the
conversion of physiological parameters into an electrical signal. Parameters are measured as the
variation of resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Variations can be calibrated to represent
pressure, temperature, or blood flow. Base signal is modulated for transmission. And finally, this
signal is detected (demodulated) and converted back to its original form.
5.1 BIOTELEMETRY FOR BIOELECTRIC POTENTIALS:
5.1.1 ECG TELEMETRY
One example of ECG telemetry is the transmission of electrocardiograms from an ambulance or
site of an emergency to a hospital, where a cardiologist can immediately interpret the ECG, instruct
the trained rescue team in their emergency procedures, and arrange for any special treatment that
may be necessary upon arrival of the patient at the hospital. Other applications include monitoring
of athletes running a race in an effort to improve their performance.
The actual equipments worn by the subject is quite comfortable and usually does not impede
movement. In addition to the electrodes that are taped into place, the patient or subject wears a belt
around the waist with a pocket for the transmitter. Power for the transmitter is from a battery,
usually a mercury cell, with a useful life of about 30 hours.
5.1.2 EEG TELEMETRY
Most of the applications of this telemetry have been involved with experimental animals for
research purposes. One example is in the space biology program, where chimpanzees have had the
necessary EEG electrodes implanted in the brain. The leads from the electrodes are brought to a
small transmitter installed on the animals head, and the EEG is transmitted. Telemetry of EEG
signals has also been used in the studies of mentally distributed children. The child wears a
specifically designed football helmet with built- in electrodes so that EEG can be continuously
monitored without traumatic difficulties during play.
One advantage of monitoring by telemetry is to circumvent a problem that often hampers medical
diagnosis. Patients frequently experience pains; aches or other symptoms that give trouble for
days, only to have them disappear just before or during medical examination. With telemetry and

long term monitoring, the cause of these symptoms may be detected when they occur or, if
recorded on magnetic tape, can be analyzed later.
5.1.3 EMG TELEMETRY
The EMG particularly useful for studies of muscle damage and partial paralysis problems and also
in human performance studies.
The telemetry also can be used in transmitting stimulus signals to a patient. For example, it well
known that an electrical impulse can trigger the firing of nerves. If an electrode is surgically
implanted and connected to the dead nerve endings, an electrical impulse can sometimes cause the
nerve to function as they once did. If a miniature receiver is implanted subcutaneous, the electrical
signal can be generated remotely. One example is the use of telemetry in the treatment of droop
foot which is one of the most common disabilities resulting from stroke.
5.2 BIOTELEMETRY USING TRANSDUCERS:
By using suitable transducers, telemetry can be employed for the measurement of a wide variety of
physiological variables. In some cases, the transducer circuit is designed as a separate plug-in
module to fit into the transmitter, allowing one transmitter design to be used for different types of
measurements. Also, as many variables can be measured and transmitted simultaneously by
multiplexing techniques.
One important application of telemetry is in the field of blood pressure and heart rate research in
anaesthetized animals. The transducers are surgically implanted with leads brought out through the
animals skin. A male plug is attached postoperatively and later connected to the female socket
contained in the transmitter unit.
Blood flow also has been studied extensively by telemetry. Both Doppler-type and
electromagnetic-type transducers can be employed.
The use of thermistors to measure temperature is also easily adaptable to telemetry. In addition to
constant monitoring of skin temperature or systemic body temperature, the thermistors system has
applications in obstetrics and gynecology. Long-term study of natural birth control by monitoring
vaginal temperature has incorporate telemetry units.
A final application is the use of radio-pills to monitor stomach pressure or pH. In this
application, a pill that contains a sensor plus a miniature transmitter is allowed and the data are
picked up by a receiver and recorded.
UNIVERSAL BIOTELEMETRY SYSTEM
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FIGURE 1. BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR UNIVERSAL
BIOTELEMETRY SYSTEM
Any signals (Physiological) are fed into the signal conditioner and then to an encoder, where the
encoded is transmitted across transmission media with the help of a transmitter. The modulated
carrier or the transmission medium takes the signals to the remote monitoring station where the
signals are first detected and then passed through a demultiplexer and decoder. Signals, which are
decoded, are then taken as output.
6.1 THE TRANSMITTER
Mobile units attached to the patient consist of a transmitter. Bioelectrical signals are obtained
directly from the patient while physiological variables like temperature, pressure, or other
parameters from the patient are converted into electrical form using appropriate transducers. Signal

conditioning is used to amplify, modify and process the input received. It combines or relates the
output of two or more transducers. Even though the input it receives is an electrical signal, signalconditioning circuit produces an output to satisfy the function and makes signals suitable for
transmission. Transmission and receiving circuits act upon the physiological signal from the signal
conditioning equipment. The physiological signal modulates a low-frequency carrier, called a sub
carrier, often in the audio frequency range. The sub carrier in turn modulates the RF signal to be
propagated and sent to the antenna. If several physiological signals are to be transmitted
simultaneously, each signal is placed on a carrier of a different frequency and all sub carriers are
combined to simultaneously modulate the RF carrier. This process of transmitting many channels
of data on a single carrier, called frequency multiplexing, is more efficient. The sub-carrier is
modulated either by AM (amplitude modulation) or FM (frequency modulation).
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FIGURE 2. TRANSMITTER BLOCK DIAGRAM
TRANSMITTER COMPONENTS:
1. ANTENNA
2. POWER SOURCE (BATTERY)
3. TRANSMITTER UNIT
6.1.1. ANTENNA
The two most common types of transmitting antenna are external whip antenna and the internal
coil antenna. The external whip is most frequently used and preferred because it has a better signal
than internal coil antenna.
6.1.2. POWER SOURCE (BATTERY)
Lithium and silver oxide batteries are most commonly used for wildlife transmitters, and battery
life is proportional to pulse period and inversely proportional to pulse width and signal strength.
Lithium batteries have a flat discharge curve, meaning they maintain a relatively constant terminal
voltage until the last 15% of their life for significant discharge rates. At lower discharge rates the
terminal voltage will stay almost constant until the last 5% of the batterys life. Lithium batteries
can be stored at room temperature for 10years and still retain 70% of their rated capacity. The shelf
is reduced to 5 years at significantly elevated temperatures. The silver oxide battery is also noted
for its extremely stable discharge voltage and good shelf life. Charge retention is over 84% after
two years of storage at 70F(21C). Batteries are sealed and may be encased with the transmitter.
Smaller transmitters and batteries are encased in a waterproof epoxy resin, and larger models are
enclosed in an aluminum or nylon case filled with waterproof resin. Other batteries, used
especially in larger transmitters, may use 3-volt or 6-8 volt battery circuits. Batteries may also be
rechargeable and changeable in the field. The larger the battery, the longer the life and range of the
unit. Transmitters may also have solar power, having a renewable energy source and requiring no
battery.
6.1.3. TRANSMITTER UNIT
Transmitters are available as complete units or as components assembled by the researcher. They
are packaged in a metal can or covered with an epoxy or acrylic resin coating. There are one-stage
and two-stage circuits. One-stage transmitters have a design and low weight, with less range for a
given weight of tag and longer life. Two stage transmitters consist of a basic oscillator and an

amplifier, needing a minimum of 2.4 volts for power. They weigh more and have a shorter life, but
have a greater range for a given weight of tag.
6.2 THE RECEIVER
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FIGURE 3. RECEIVER BLOCK DIAGRAM
It is the receiving station, situated at the hospital/treatment center. The receiver consists of tuner,
demodulator, and displaying system. It receives the multiplexed RF carrier emitted by the patients
transmitter, as shown in fig. The tuner has a tuning circuit. When the circuit is tuned to receive
signals, the appropriate signal is selected and the unwanted signals are rejected. The multiplexed
RF carrier is demodulated to recover the individual sub carriers. Sub carriers are then demodulated
to reproduce original physiological signals emitted by the patient. A recorder records physiological
signals for future reference. Signals can be stored on any secondary storage media like tape,
magnetic disks, etc. Display system used can be a CRO, CRT or computer monitor, chart recorder
etc.
6.3 MODULATION TECHNIQUES
The two basic systems of system modulation are amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency
modulation (FM). The methods mentioned are discussed below.
In amplitude-modulated system, the amplitude of the carrier is caused to vary with the information
being transmitted. Standard radio broadcast stations utilize this method of modulation. Amplitude
modulated systems are susceptible to natural and man-made electrical inference.
In frequency-modulated system, the frequency of the carrier is caused to vary with the modulated
signal. An FM system is much less susceptible to interference, because in variations in the
amplitude of the received signal caused by interference can be removed at the receiver before
demodulation takes place. Because of this reduced interference, FM transmission is often used for
telemetry.
In biotelemetry systems, the physiological signal is sometimes used to modulate a low frequency
carrier, sub carrier, often in the audio frequency range. The sub carrier then modulates the RF
carrier of the transmitters. If several physiological signals are to be transmitted simultaneously,
each signal is placed on a sub carrier of a different frequency and all of the sub carriers are
combined to simultaneously modulate the RF carrier. This process of transmitting many channels
of data on a single RF carrier is called frequency multiplexing. At the receiver, a multiplexed RF
carrier is first demodulated to recover each of the separate sub carriers; it must then the
demodulated to retrieve the original physiological signals. Either frequency or amplitude
modulation can be used for interesting data on the sub carriers. A system in which the sub carriers
are frequency modulated and the RF carriers are amplitude modulated is designated as FM / AM.
An FM/ AM designation means that both the sub carriers and the RF carrier are frequency
modulated. Both FM/AM and FM/ FM, systems have been used in biotelemetry.
The common denominator for most of other approaches is a technique known as pulse modulation,
in which the transmission carrier is generated in a series of short pulses. If the amplitude of pulses
is used to represent the transmitted information, the method is called pulse modulation (PAM),
where as, the width of each pulse is varied according to the information, a pulse modulation
(PWM), system results.

6.4. IMPLANTABLE UNITS

Some it is desirable to implant the telemetry or receiver subcutaneous. The implanted transmitter is
especially useful in animals studies, where the equipment must be protected from the animals.
Once a unit is implanted, it is no longer available for serving and the life of the unit depends on
how long the battery can supply the necessary current. The use of implanted unit also restricts the
distance of transmission of the signal. Since the body fluids and skin greatly attenuate the signal ,
the range of signal is quite restricted, often to just a few feet. This disadvantages has been
overcome by picking up the signal with a near by antenna and transmitting it. Another problem has
been the encapsulation of the unit. The outer case and any writing must be impervious to body
fluids and moisture. Silicon encapsulation is commonly used.
The power source is of great importance. Mercury and silver oxide primary batteries have been
used extensively. Implantable telemetry batteries vary in physical size and electrical capacity,
depending on the application. Also, if power is not needed continuously, radio frequency switches
can be used to turn the system on and off on command.
In simple terms, the complete implantable telemetry transmitter system consists of the transducer,
the leads from transducer to the transmitter, the transmitter unit itself and power supplies. The
transducers are implanted surgically in the position required for a particular measurement, such as
in aorta or other arteries for blood pressure.
APPLICATIONS OF TELEMETRY
1. Applications of telemetry in patient care
a. Telemetry of ECGs from extended coronary care patients
b. Telemetry for ECG measurements during exercise.
c. Telemetry for elementary patient monitoring.
In many areas ambulances and emergency rescue teams are equipped with telemetry equipment to
allow electrocardiograms and other physiological data to be transmitted to a near by hospital for
interpretation. Two-way voice transmission is used in conjunction with telemetry to facilitate
identification of the telemetered information and to provide instructions for treatment. Through the
use of such equipment, ECGs can be interpreted and treatment begun before the patient arrives at
the hospital. Telemetry of this requires mush powerful transmitters than ordinary systems.
2. Collection of medical data from a home or office.
3. Research on unrestrained, unanesthized animals in their natural habitat.
4. Isolation of an electrically susceptible patient from power line operated ECG equipment to
protect him from accident or shock.
5. Measurement of the temperature and position of the egg in a nest by telemetry system. This
works describes a biotelemetry system for continuous monitoring of temperature and position of an
artificial radio transmitter egg in a mall bird nest.
6 Biotelemetry for space life sciences research

ADVANTAGES

Reduction of the impediment of the information source (patient, subject or animal).

Reduction of the psychological effects on the information source.
Reduction of measuring artifacts,
Reduction of the risk for electroshock,
Reduction of the complexity of monitoring of physiological variables, as well as a potential
reduction of the total cost of patient care.
LIMITATIONS & ALTERNATIVES
9.1 LIMITATIONS
The system has inherent limitations. Movement of the patient is restricted. If the patient goes
beyond the range of the system, his ECG cannot be monitored. Research is in progress for
upgrades. Practical systems are being developed to build on existing technology and public
infrastructure.
9.2 ALTERNATIVES
A consortium of private companies, national laboratories, universities and end users such as
hospitals, health care centers, nonprofit organizations, etc would be the best to explore the
alternatives. The consortium could study the feasibility of such systems, communication and
interface standards, methods improving the communication infrastructure in the locale, and human
aspects such as which types of patients would be candidates for these systems. Legal changes,
ethics, social impacts and safeguards etc are the other issues to be considered. Economic
consideration such as cost of the society in comparison with outlay for the existing system, size of
the market, number of patients qualified as system users, etc need to be examined. A
demonstration system could be developed and tried out on patients.
FUTURE SCOPES
BiotransceiversCollect data from/ send commends to an implanted biotelemeter
Smart sensors- incorporate signal conditioning (and potentially even more function) into sensors
Reduced volume implantable biotelemeters- continuing advances in integrated circuit fabrications
will reduced physical size
Reduced power requirements- Lower operating voltage, lower power consumption, integrated
circuits.
Increased functional sophistication- Integrated circuit advances will offer more functionality to
biotelemeters.
Biotelemeter on a chip
Human implantable Biotelemeter- Small, reliable, packaged for lead wire-free, unrestrained
monitoring.
CONCLUSION

Use of biotelemetry techniques in medical science will bring out a sea- change with improvements
in patient care treatment. Since the technology uses the existing communication infrastructure, it is
easy to realize and implement biotelemetry without much effort and cost. Biotelemetry will enable
patients to move and perform their daily chores without any worry or mental stress of the
unpredictable attack due to their body disorders. Patients who need continuous monitoring can
wear a biotelemetry device, which automatically sends the vital signals to the hospitals. There is
need to create interest in this field and initiate research activities.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements by Leslie
Cromwell & Fred J. Weibell
www.habitresearch.com
www.electronicsforu.com
_ HYPERLINK "http://www.ieee.com" __www.ieee.com_
_ HYPERLINK "http://www.edufive.com/seminartopics.html"
__www.edufive.com/seminartopics.html_
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