LWM Pl:ún Nig Esn Bisidæ: Z A I.B

eroberogeday
lwm pl:n nig Esn Bisid

briBaabR&tEpkKNitviTa
2tana i2 =1
sin2a =
1 + tan2 a
a2 = | a |
i=1
Xi
loga (x.y) = loga x + loga y
z = a + i.b
ei. = cos + isin
1
2
=
1
+
tan
2
cos
e = 2 .7 1 8 2
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI1
eK[ a , b , c begIt)anCakMeNInsIVtnBVnmYy .
cUrbgajfabrimaN b 1+ c , c +1 a , a +1 b kbegIt)anCa kMeNIn
nsIVtnBVnmYyEdr .
dMeNaRsay
karbgaj
ebI a , b , c begIt)anCakMeNInsIVtnBVnmYyenaHeK)an
a +c
b =
(1) mFmnBVn
2
eKman b 1+ c + a +1 b = (aa++b2)(bb++cc) = b +a(+a 2+bc+)bc+ ac (2)
yksmIkar (1) CMnYskg (2) eK)an
2
1
1
a + 2b + c
+
= 2
b + c a + b a + c2
+ (a + c)b + ac
2
1
1
2(a + 2b + c)
2(a + 2b + c)
+
=
=
b + c a + b (a + c) 2 + 2(a + c)b (a + c)(a + c + 2b )
1
1
2
+
=
b+c a+b a+c
tamTMnak;TMngenHbBaak;fabrimaN b 1+ c , c +1 a , a +1 b kbegIt)anCa
kMeNInnsIVtnBVnmYyEdr .
-1-
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI2
bgajfaebI a , b , c tagerogKaCatYTI p , q , r nsIVtnBVnmYyenaH
eK)ansmPaB (q r )a + (r p)b + (p q)c = 0 .
dMeNaRsay
karbgaj
ebI a , b , c tagerogKaCatYTI p , q , r nsIVtnBVn (u ) enaHeK)an
n
a = u p = u 1 + (p 1)d , b = u q = u 1 + (q 1)d , c = u r = u 1 + (r 1)d
eKman (q r)a + (r p)b + (p q)c = 0

b aq ar + br bp + cp cq = 0
b
p( c b ) + q( a c ) + r ( b a ) = 0
eday
c b = (r q )d
a c = (p r )d
b a = (q p )d
enaH pd(r q) + qd(p r) + rd(q p) = 0

b d(pr pq + pq qr + qr pr) = 0
0=0
dUcenH (q r)a + (r p)b + (p q)c = 0 .
-2-
Bit
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI3
eKmansmIkar x + 3mx + 2(6m 7)x + 10m 16 = 0
kMNt; m edIm,I[smIkarenHmanbsbI x , x , x begIt)anCasIVtnBVn
dMeNaRsay
kMNt; m
ebI x , x , x Cabsrbs;smIkarenaHtamRTwsIbTEvteKmanTMnak;TMng
3
x 1 + x 2 + x 3 = 3m
x 1 x 2 + x 2 x 3 + x 1 x 3 = 2(6m 7 )
x x x = 10m + 16
1 2 3
(1)
( 2)
( 3)
ebI x , x , x begIt)anCasIVtnBVnenaH x + x = 2x (4)

yksmIkar (4) CYskg (1) eK)an 3x = 3m b x = m
tamsmIkar (3) eK)an x x = 10mx 16 = 10mm 16
tamsmIkar (2) eK)an (x + x )x + x x = 12m 14
b 2m(m) + 10mm 16 = 12m 14
b 2m 12m + 24m 16 = 0
b 2(m 2) = 0 naM[ m = 2 .
dUcenH m = 2 .
1
-3-
1 3
1 3
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI4
eK[sIVtncMnYnBit
(u n )
k-tag vn = un
x-KNna vn nig
. bgHajfa ( vn ) CasIVtFrNImaRt .
u n CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
kMnteday
u 0 = 1 + 2
1
1
=
+
u
u
n +1
n
2
1+ 2
k-bgHajfa ( vn ) CasIVtFrNImaRt
eyIgman vn = un 2
v n +1 = u n +1 2
1
1
un +
2
2
1+ 2
2
1
=
(u n 2 ) =
vn
2
2
v n +1 =
v n +1
dUcen ( vn ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanersug q = 22 .
x-KNna v n nig un CaGnuKmn_n n
tamrUbmn vn = v0 qn eday v0 = u0 2 = 2 + 1
dUcen
dUcen
v n =
2
un = 2 + (
ehIy
2 n
)
2
v n = un 2
.
-4-
naM[ un =
2 =1
2 + vn
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI5
eK[sIVtncMnYnBit (u ) kMnt;eday
2
u = 5 nig TMnak;TMngkMenIn u
= (u + 6 )
5
Edl n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; ... .
cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_n n
dMeNaRsay
KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n
eKman u = 52 (u + 6) enaH 5u 2u 12 = 0
smIkarsMKal; 5r 2r 12 = 0 naM[ r = 4
tagsIVtCMnYy v = u r = u 4
eK)an v = u 4 = 52 (u + 6) 4 = 52 (u 4) = 52 v
naM[ v CasIVtFrNImaRtmanpleFobrYm q = 52 nig v = 1
n n 0
n +1
n +1
n+1
n+1
n+1
eK)an
dUcenH
2
v n = v0 q n =
5
n
2

un = 4 +
5
eday v
-5-
= un 4
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI6
u = 5 ; u = 13 nig TMnak;TMngkMenIn u = 5u 6u
Edl n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
dMeNaRsay
KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n
eKman u = 5u 6u smmUl u 5u + 6u = 0
mansmIkarsMKal; r 5r + 6 = 0
b (r 2)(r 3) = 0 eKTaj r = 2 r = 3
TMnak;TMng u = 5u 6u GacsresrCaBIrrebobKW
n n1
n+ 2
n+1
n+ 2
n+1
n+ 2
n+1
n+ 2
n+1
un + 2 2un + 1 = 3( un + 1 2un ) (i )
un + 2 3un + 1 = 2( un + 1 3un ) (ii )
tagsIVtCMnYyBIr (a ) nig (b ) kMnt;eday

a = u 2u
a = u 2u
enaH b = u 3u
b = u 3u
n n1
n+1
n +1
n n1
n+1
n+ 2
n+1
n +1
n+ 2
n +1
edayeyagtamsmIkar (i ) nig (ii ) eKTaj)an

-6-
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
nig b = 2b
TMnak;TMngenHbBaak;fa (a ) nig (b ) suTEtCasIVtFrNImaRt
EdlmanpleFobrYmerogKa q = 3 nig q = 2 ehIymantYTI1
erogKa a = u 2u = 3 nig b = u 3u = 2
a = a .q = 3.3 = 3
eK)an
an + 1 = 3an
n+1
n1
eKTaj
n1
bn = b1 .q2 n 1 = 2.2n 1 = 2n
(1)
un + 1 2un = 3n
n
(2 )
u
3
u
2
n+1
n
eFIVplsg (1) nig (2) GgnwgGgeK)an u

dUcenH u = 2 + 3 .
-7-
= 3n + 2n
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI7
u = 6 ; u = 27 nig TMnak;TMngkMenIn u = 6u
Edl n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
dMeNaRsay
KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n
TMnak;TMng u = 6u 9u GacsresrCa
n n1
n+ 2
n+1
9un
n+ 2
n+1
un + 2 3un + 1 = 3( un + 1 3un ) (i )
tagsIVtCMnYy v = u 3u eK)an v = u 3u
tamTMnak;TMng (i )eK)an v = 3v naM[ (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt
EdlmanpleFobrYm q = 3 nigtY v = u 3u = 27 18 = 9
tamrUbmn v = v q = 9 3 = 3
eKTaj u 3u = 3 (ii )
tagsIVt w = u3 enaH w = u3
eK)an w w = u3 u3
n+1
n+1
n+1
n 1
n 1
n+1
n+1
n
n
n+1
wn + 1 wn =
n+1
n +1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n
n
un + 1 3un
(iii )
n+1
3
-8-
n+ 2
n+1
n+1
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
yk (ii ) CYskg (iii ) eK)an w w = 1 efr

naM[ (w ) CasIVtnBVnmanplsgrYm d = 1 nig w = u3 = 2
tamrUbmn w = w + (n 1)d = 2 + n 1 = n + 1
eday w = u3 enaHeKTaj u = 3 w = 3 (n + 1)
dUcenH u = 3 (n + 1) .
n+1
n
n
-9-
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI8
u = 1 ; u = 2 nig TMnak;TMngkMenIn u = 2u 4u
Edl n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
dMeNaRsay
KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n
eKman u = 2u 4u smmUl u 2u + 4u = 0
mansmIkarsMKal; r 2r + 4 = 0
n n1
n+ 2
n+1
n+ 2
n+1
n+ 2
n+1
' = 1 4 = = 3i 2
manbs r = 1 + i
tagsIVt Z = u
eK)an Z = u
1
3 ; r2 = 1 i 3
n+1
(1 i 3 )un n 1
n+1
n+ 2
(1 i 3 )un + 1
Z n + 1 = 2un + 1 4un (1 i 3 )un + 1

Z n + 1 = (1 + i 3 )un + 1 4un
eKTaj
Z n + 1 = (1 + i 3 ) [ un + 1 (1 i 3 )un ]
i
Zn+1
= 1 + i 3 = 2e 3
Zn
- 10 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
Z k + 1 n i 3
= 2 e

k =1 Z
k =1
k
( n 1 )
i
Z2 Z3
Zn
n 1
. ....
= 2 .e 3
Z1 Z 2 Z n 1
( n 1 )
i
Zn
n1
= 2 .e 3
Z1
eK)an
n1
eday Z = u (1 i 3 )u = 1 + i 3 = 2e
eKTaj Z = 2 e = 2 cos n3 + i . sin n3
eday Z = u (1 i 3 )u n 1
b Z = (u u ) + i 3 u
eKTaj 3u = 2 sin n3
dUcenH u = 23 sin n3 .
i
n
3
n+1
n +1
- 11 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI9
eKmansIVtncMnYnBit (un ) kMnteday
3
2
u 0 = 3 nig u n + 1 = u n 3u n + 3u n
tag vn = un 1 .
bgHajfa vn +1 = vn 3 rYcKNna vn nig un CaGnuKmn_n
dMeNaRsay
k bgHajfa v = v
man vn = un 1
n +1
3
n
vn + 1 = un + 1 1
= un 3 3un 2 + 3un 1
= (un 1)3
dUcen
vn +1 = vn 3
KNna v nig u CaGnuKmn_n n

eyIgman vn +1 = vn 3
tag wn = ln vn naM[ wn +1 = ln vn +1 = 3 ln vn = 3wn
eKn (w ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanersug q = 3 .
nigtYdMbUg w 0 = ln v0 = ln(u0 1) = ln 2
tamrUbmn wn = w 0 qn = 3n ln 2 = ln( 23 ) eday wn = ln vn
dUcen vn = 23 nig un = 1 + 23 .
n
- 12 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI10
u1 = 2
(un )
1
2(2n 1)
un+1 = 3 un 3n(n + 1)
2
n IN * : v n = un +
n
eKmansIVt
kMnteday
k tag
.
bgHajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt ?
x KNna v rYcTajrktmn u CaGnuKmn_n
n
dMeNaRsay
k bgHajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt
eyIgman v = u + 2n
2
v =u +
Et u
n+1
n
n +1
n+1
n+1
1
2(2n 1)
2
+
un
3
3n(n + 1) n + 1
1
4n + 2 + 6n
= un +
3
3n(n + 1)
1
2(n + 1)
= un +
3
3n(n + 1)
1
2
1
= (un + ) = v n
3
n
3
1
2(2n 1)
un
3
3n(n + 1)
v n+1 =
v n+1
v n+1
v n+1
dUcen (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanersug q = 31 v = u + 2 = 4
x KNna v nig u
eyIgn v = v .q = 34 ehIy u = v 2n = 34 2n
dUcen v = 34 ; u = 34 2n .
n
n1
n1
n1
n1
- 13 -
n1
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI11
u = 4 ; u = 7 ; u = 5 nig TMnak;TMngkMenIn
n n 0
un + 3 = 10un + 2 31un + 1 + 30un
Edl n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
k>cUrkMnt;RKb;KUcMnYnBit (r ; ; ) edIm,I[cMeBaHRKb; n 0
eK)an u + u + u = r (u + u + u )
x> cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
k>kMnt;RKb;KUcMnYnBit (r ; ; )
eKman u + u + u = r (u + u + u ) (*)
tamTMnak;TMng (*) eKGacsresr
n+ 3
n+ 2
n +1
n+ 2
n+1
n+ 2
n +1
n+ 2
n+1
n+ 3
un + 3 = ( r )un + 2 + ( r ) un + 1 + r (i )
tambMrab; u = 10u 31u + 30u

edayeRbobeFob (i ) nig (ii ) eK)an
n+ 3
n+ 2
n+1
- 14 -
(ii )
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
r = 10
r = 31
r = 30
= r 10
r = 31
30
=
(1)
(2 )
(3 )
yksmIkar (1) & (3) CMnYskg (2) eK)an

30
= 31
r
3
2
r 10r + 31r 30 = 0
( r 2)( r 3)( r 5) = 0
r ( r 10)
eKTajbs r = { 2 ; 3 ; 5 } .
yk r = { 2 ; 3 ; 5 } CMnYskgsmIkar (1) & (3) eK)an
= { 8 ; 7 ; 5 } nig = { 15 ; 10 ; 6 } .
dUcenH (r ; ; ) = { (2 ; 8 ;15); (3 ; 7 ;10); (5 ; 5 ; 6)}
x>KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n
yk (r ; ; ) = { (2 ; 8 ;15); (3 ; 7 ;10); (5 ; 5 ; 6)}
CYskTMnak;TMng (*) eK)an
n
un + 3 8un + 2 + 15un + 1 = 2( un + 2 8un + 1 + 15un ) (a )
un + 3 7 un + 2 + 10un + 1 = 3( un + 2 7 un + 1 + 10un ) (b )
u 5u + 6u = 5( u 5u + 6u )
(c )
n+ 3
n+ 2
n+1
n+ 2
n+1
n
- 15 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
tagsIVtCMnYy
xn = un + 2 8un + 1 + 15un
yn = un + 2 7 un + 1 + 10un
z = u 5u + 6 u
n
n+ 2
n +1
n
eyagtamsmIkar (a ) ; (b) & (c ) eK)an

xn + 1 = 2 xn
yn + 1 = 3 yn
z = 5z
n+1
n
naM[ ( x ) ; ( y ) ; (z ) suTEtCasIVtFrNImaRtEdlman
pleFobrYmerogKa q = 2 ; q = 3 ; q = 5
n
nigtY
x0 = u2 8u1 + 15u0 = 5 56 + 60 = 9
y0 = u2 7 u1 + 10u0 = 5 49 + 40 = 4
z = u 5u + 6u = 5 35 + 24 = 6
0
2
1
0
x n = x0 q x n = 9 2 n
n
n
y
=
y
q
n
0
y = 4 3
x
zn = z0 qz = 6 5n
un + 2 8un + 1 + 15un = 9 2n
n
un + 2 7 un + 1 + 10un = 4 3
z u
n
5
u
6
u
6
5
=
+
=
n+ 2
n +1
n
n
tamrUbmneK)an
eKTaj
bnab;BIedaHRsayeK)an u
= 3 . 2 n + 2 .3 n 5 n
- 16 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI12
u = u = 1 ; u = 2 nig TMnak;TMngkMenIn
n n 0
un + 3 = 6un + 2 12un + 1 + 8un
Edl n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n
TMnak;TMng u = 6u 12u
n
n+ 3
n+ 2
n+1
+ 8un
Gacsresr
un + 3 4un + 2 + 4un + 1 = 2( un + 2 4un + 1 + 4un )
(i )
tag v = u 4u + 4u
eK)an v = u 4u + 4u
tam (i ) eKTaj v = 2v naM[ (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRtman
pleFobrYm q = 2 nig tY v = u 4u + 4u = 2
tamrUbmn v = v q = 2
eKTaj u 4u + 4u = 2
b (u 2u ) 2(u 2u ) = 2
n+ 2
n+1
n+1
n+ 3
n+ 2
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+ 2
n+1
n+1
n+ 2
n+1
n+1
- 17 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
b u 2 2u u 2 2u = 1 (ii )
tag w = u 2 2u enaH w = u 2 2u
tam (ii ) eKTaj w w = 1 efr enaH (w ) CasIVtnBVn
manplsgrYm d = 1 nigtY w = u 2 2u = 1 2 = 1
eK)an w = w + nd = n 1
eKTaj u 2 2u = n 1
b u2 2u = n 1
eK)an u2 2u = (k 1)
n+ 2
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+ 2
n+1
n+1
n+1
n
n1
k =0
dUcenH u
n
n 1
k +1
k
k
k 1
n+1
n+1
n1
k =0
un
( n 2)( n 1)
2
u
=
1
+
0
2n 1
2
un
n 2 3n
2=
n 1
2
2
= ( n 2 3n + 4) .2n 2
- 18 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI13
eKmansIVt
(un )
u1 = 1
2 + un
u
=
n+1 4 u
kMnteday
k tag n IN * : v = uu 21 .
bgHajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt .
x KNna v rYcTajrktmn u CaGnuKmn_n
n
dMeNaRsay
k bgHajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt
eyIgman v = uu 21 naM[ v = uu
1
n+1 2
n+1
eKn
n+1
eday
un+1 =
2 + un
1
4 un
2un 2 2 un 1 2
v n+1 =
=
= .
= vn
2 + un
3un 6 3 un 2 3
2
4 un
2
(v n)
q=
3
dUcen CasIVtFrNImaRtmanersug
.
x KNna v rYcTajrktmn u CaGnuKmn_n n
tamrUbmn v = v q eday v = uu 21 = 11 21 = 23
dUcen v = 23 . mageTot v = uu 21
n
n1
naM[
2 + un
4 un
2
2( )n 1
2v n 1
2 n+1 3n
3
un =
= n
=
2 n
vn 1
2 3n
( ) 1
3
- 19 -
, q=
2
3
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI14
3u + 8
u = 4 nig TMnak;TMngkMeNIn u =
u +5
Edl n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
k> edaHRsaysmIkar r = 3rr++58
edaytag r nig r Cabs ehIy r > r .
u r
x> eKBinitsIVt v = u r Edl n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ..... .
bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRtrYcKNna v CaGnuKmn_n n .
K> cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
k>edaHRsaysmIkar r = 3rr++58
ebI r 5 enaHsmIkarGacsresr r + 2r 8 = 0
b (r + 1) 9 = (r 2)(r + 4) = 0
eKTaj r = 2 ; r = 4 .
x> bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt
eKman v = uu rr = uu + 24 ehIy v = uu + 24
n n1
n +1
n+1
n+1
n+1
- 20 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
3un + 8
un + 5
3un + 8
2
u 2
1
u +5
vn + 1 = n
= n
= vn
3un + 8
+ 4 7 un + 28 7
un + 5
eday u
eK)an
n +1 =
dUcenH (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanpleFobrYm q = 17 .
KNna v CaGnuKmn_n n
tamrUbmn v = v q eday v = uu + 24 = 44 + 24 = 14
n
n1
dUcenH v = 14 71 .
K> KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n
eKman v = uu + 24 naM[ u = 41v +v 2 eday v
n1
dUcenH
4 (1 + 2 . 7 n 1 )
un =
4 . 7n1 1
- 21 -
1 1
= n1
4 7
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI15
5u 8
2u 3
Edl n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
k> edaHRsaysmIkar r = 52rr 83 tag r Cabs
x> eKBinitsIVt v = u 1 r Edl n = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ..... .
bgajfa (v ) CasIVtnBVnrYcKNna v CaGnuKmn_n n .
K> cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
k>edaHRsaysmIkar
ebI r 32 enaHsmIkar r = 52rr 83 Gacsresr
2r 8r + 8 = 0 b 2 (r 2 ) = 0
dUcenH r = 2 CabsDb .
n n1
n +1
x>bgajfa (v ) CasIVtnBVn
eKman v = u 1 r = u 1 2 ehIy v
n
- 22 -
n+1 =
1
un + 1 2
CMBUkTI1
eday
eK)an
sVItcMnYnBit
5un 8
2un 3
1
2u 3
1
vn + 1 =
= n
= 2+
= 2 + vn
5un 8
u
2
u
2
n
n
2
2un 3
un + 1 =
eday v = v + 2 b v v = 2 efr
dUcenH (v ) CasIVtnBVn manplsgrYm d = 2 .
KNna v CaGnuKmn_n n
tamrUbmn v = v + (n 1)d eday v = u 1 2 = 1
dUcenH v = 1 + 2(n 1) = 2n 1 .
K>KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n
eday v = u 1 2 eKTaj u = 1 +v2v = 1 + 22n(2n1 1)
n+1
n+1
dUcenH
un =
4n 1
2n 1
- 23 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI16
eKmansIVt
cUrKNna
(u n )
un
dMeNaRsay
kMnteday
CaGnuKmn_n
u1 = 2
2
u
=
u
+
n
+
1
n
n(n + 1).2n
KNna un CaGnuKmn_n n
eyIgman 2un +1 = un + n(n +11).2n
+
1
n(n + 1).2n
2un + 1 un =
1
n(n + 1)
1
1
2n + 1 un + 1 2n un =
n n+1
2n + 1 un + 1 2n un =
k = ( n 1)
k =1
(2
k +1
uk + 1 2 uk =
k
k = ( n 1)
2n u n 2u1 = 1
eKTaj
dUcen
k =1
1
1
k
k
+
1
1
n
1
1
1
1
(
1
+
2
u
)
=
(
5
)
1
n
n
n
n
2
2
5n 1
un =
n.2n
un =
- 24 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI17
u = 2 nig TMnak;TMngkMeNIn u = u + 4u + 2
Edl n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
k> eKtag v = ln(u + 2) cMeBaHRKb; n 0 .
bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt rYcKNna v CaGnuKmn_n n
K>KNna P = (u + 3) CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
k> bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt nig KNna
eKman v = ln(u + 2) enaH v = ln(u + 2)
eday u = u + 4u + 2
eK)an v = ln(u + 4u + 4) = ln(u + 2)
n n 0
n+1
k=0
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
vn + 1 = 2 ln(un + 2 ) = 2v n
dUcenH (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanpleFobrYm q = 2
nigtYdMbUg v = ln 4 . tamrUbmn v = v q = 2 ln 4 .
n
- 25 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
x> KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n

eKman v = 2 ln 4 = ln(4 ) nig v = ln(u + 2)
eKTaj u + 2 = 4 naM[ u = 4 2
dUcenH u = 4 2 .
K>KNna P = (u + 3) CaGnuKmn_n n
eKman u + 3 = 4 2 + 3 = 4 + 1
tamsmPaB a + 1 = aa 11
n
2n
2n
2n
2n
k=0
2k
2k
edayCMnYs a = 4 eK)an
2k
eKTaj
2k +1
k +1
2k
4 1
4
1
Pn =
k
k = 0 42 1
n+1
4 2 1 44 1 4 8 1
42 1
=
2
4
... 2 n
41 4 1 4 1
4 1
n
n+1
dUcenH
uk + 3 =
42
(
).
42 1 1 2 n + 1
=
=
4
1
41
3
n+1
1
Pn =
42 1
3
- 26 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI18
eKmansIVt
(u n )
nig
( vn )
kMnteday
u 0 = 3 ; v 0 = 1
3
1
u n + 1 = u n + v n
4
4
1
3
=
+
v
u
n + 1 4 n 4 v n
ktag n IN : wn = un vn . bgHajfa (wn ) CasIVtFrNImaRt

rYcKNna wn CaGnuKmn_n n .
x bgHajfa Cn = un + vn CasIVtefrEdlRtUvkMnt.
K Tajrk un nig vn CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
k bgHajfa (wn ) CasIVtFrNImaRt

eyIgman wn = un vn
w n + 1 = un + 1 v n + 1
3
1
1
3
w n +1 = un + vn un vn
4
4
4
4
1
1
w n + 1 = (u n v n ) = w n
2
2
dUcen (wn ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanersug q = 12 .

nigtY w 0 = u0 v0 = 2 .
tamrUbmn wn = w 0 qn = 2 21n = 2n11 .
- 27 -
CMBUkTI1
x bgHajfa Cn = un + vn CasIVtefr
eyIgn Cn +1 = un +1 + v n +1
sVItcMnYnBit
3
1
1
3
Cn + 1 = u n + v n + u n + v n = u n + v n = Cn
4
4
4
4
(Cn )
Cn = C 0 = u 0 + v 0 = 4
dUcen
CasIVtefrehIy
K Tajrk un nig vn CaGnuKmn_n
u
v
=
(1)
+
n
n
n 1
2
u v = 4
( 2)
n
n
1
1
2u n = 4 + n 1
un = 2 + n
2
2
1
1
2 v n = 4 + n 1
v n = 2 + n
2
2
1
v n = 2 + n
2
tamsRmayxagelIeKTajn
bUksmIkarBIreneKn
dksmIkarBIreneKn
dUcen
un = 2 +
1
2n
naM[
naM[
nig
- 28 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI19
u = 2 nig TMnak;TMngkMeNIn u = 4u 6u + 3u
Edl n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
k> eKtag v = ln(2u 1) cMeBaHRKb; n 0 .
dMeNaRsay
k> bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt
eKman v = ln(2u 1) enaH v = ln(2u 1)
eday u = 4u 6u + 3u
eK)an v = ln(8u 12u + 6u 1)
n n 0
n +1
n+1
n +1
n+1
n+1
vn + 1 = ln(2un 1)
vn + 1 = 3 ln(2un 1)
vn + 1 = 3vn
TMnak;TMngenHbBaak;fa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanpleFobrYm
esI q = 3 nig tY v = ln(2u 1) = ln 3 .
tamrUbmn v = v q dUcenH v = 3 ln 3 .
n
- 29 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
x> KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n

eKman v = ln(2u 1)
eday v = 3 ln 3 = ln(3 )
eKTaj 2u 1 = 3 naM[ u = 1 +23
n
3n
3n
dUcenH
un =
1+ 3
2
3n
- 30 -
3n
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI20
u +3
2u + 2
Edl n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
k> cUrRsayfa u > 1 CanicRKb; n 0 .
x> eKtag v = ln uu + 13 cMeBaHRKb; n 0 .

x> cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_n n rYcTajrk lim u .
dMeNaRsay
k>Rsayfa u > 1 CanicRKb; n 0
eKman u = 2 > 1 Bit
u +3 7
u =
= > 1 Bit
2u + 2 6
]bmafa vaBitcMeBaH n = k KW u > 1 Bit
eyIgnwgRsayfa vaBitcMeBaH n = k + 1 KW u > 1
eKman u 1 = 2uu ++ 32 1 = (2uu +12)
n n 0
n +1
n +
k +1
k +1
- 31 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
eday u > 1 enaH u 1 > 0 naM[ u > 1

dUcenH u > 1 CanicRKb; n 0
x>bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt rYcKNna v CaGnuKmn_n n
man v = ln uu + 13 cMeBaHRKb; n 0 .
k +1
K +1
eK)an
enaH
u 1
vn + 1 = ln n + 1
un + 1 + 3
n
eday
u +3
un + 1 = n
2un + 2
2
un 2 + 3
1
2
2u + 2
= ln un 1
vn + 1 = ln 2n
u + 3
un + 3
n
+ 3
2un + 2
un 1
= 2v n
vn + 1 = 2 ln
u
+
3
n
tamrUbmn v = v q eday v = ln 15

dUcenH v = 2 ln(0,2) .
K> KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n
eKman v = ln uu + 13
n
eday
1
1
vn = 2n ln = ln 2 n
5
5
- 32 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
eKTaj uu + 13 = 1
5
b 5 u 5 = u + 3
dUcenH u = 5 + 3 .
5 1
KNnalImIt
eyIg)an lim u = lim 5 + 3
n
2n
2n
2n
2n
2n
2n
dUcenH
52 1
3
1 + 2n
5 =1
= lim
n +
1
1 2n
5
1
lim un = 1
lim 2 n = 0
n +
n +
5
n +
n +
eRBaH
- 33 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI21
eK[sIVtncMnYnBit
( U n )nIN
eday
U1 = 3
5U n 3 6U n 2 + 2
, n IN *
U n +1 =
3
2U n 6U n + 5
k-eKtag
Un 2
, n IN *
2U n 1
Vn +1 = Vn 3
Vn =
cUrbgHajfa
x-eKyk Wn = ln Vn , n IN * .
cUrbgHajfa ( Wn ),nIN .
CasIVtFrNImaRtrYcKNna Wn CaGnuKmn_n
K-cUrTajrk Vn nig Un CaGnuKmn_n n
rYcKNna nlim
Un .
+
dMeNaRsay
k- bgHajfa Vn +1 = Vn 3
eyIgman V = 2UU 21 , n IN *
n
eyIgn
Vn + 1 =
Un +1 2
2U n + 1 1
eday
Un +1 =
- 34 -
5U n 3 6U n 2 + 2
2U n 3 6U n + 5
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
5Un 3 6Un 2 + 2
2Un 6Un + 5
3
Vn +1 =
2(
Vn +1 =
5Un 3 6Un + 2
2Un 6Un + 5
3
)1
5Un 6Un + 2 4Un + 12Un 10

3
10Un 3 12Un 2 + 4 2Un 3 + 6Un 5

Un 3 6Un 2 + 12Un 8
(Un 2)3 Un 2
Vn +1 =
=
=
3
2
3
8Un 12Un + 6Un 1 (2Un 1) 2Un 1
3
V
=
V
dUcen n+1
n .
x-bgHajfa ( Wn ),nIN CasIVtFrNImaRt

eyIgman Wn = ln Vn naM[ Wn +1 = ln Vn +1
eday Vn +1 = Vn 3
eyIIgn Wn +1 = ln Vn 3 = 3 ln Vn = 3 Wn
dUcen (W ) CasIVtFrNImaRtEdlmanersug q = 3 .
-KNna W CaGnuKmn_n n
tamrUbmn Wn = W1 qn 1
eday W = ln V = ln 2UU 21 = ln( 36 12 ) = ln( 15 ) nig q = 3
n ,nIN
n
eyIgn
1
1
Wn = ln( ) ( 3)n 1 = 3n 1 ln ( )
5
5
- 35 -
CMBUkTI1
K-Tajrk Vn nig Un CaGnuKmn_n n
eyIgman Wn = ln Vn eday Wn = 3n 1 ln ( 15 )
eyIgn
1
ln Vn = 3n 1 ln ( )
5
mageTot
Un 2
Vn =
2U n 1
naM[
naM[
1
Vn =
5
sVItcMnYnBit
3n 1
1 n1
2 ( )3
3 n 1
2 Vn
2 .5
1
5
Un =
=
=
3 n 1
1 3 n1
1 2Vn
5
2
1 2( )
5
1
dUcen Vn = 5
eyIgman U n =
eyIgn
3n 1
2 .5
5
lim U n = 2
n +
nig U n =
3n 1
3n 1
- 36 -
2 .5
5
3n 1
3n 1
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI22
u + 6u + 2
3( u + u + 1)
Edl n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
k> cUrRsayfa u > 1 CanicRKb; n 0 .
x> eKtag v = ln uu + 12 cMeBaHRKb; n 0 .

x> cUrKNna u CaGnuKmn_n n rYcTajrk lim u .
dMeNaRsay
k>Rsayfa u > 1
eKman u = 2 > 1 Bit
u + 6u + 2 22
u =
=
> 1 Bit
3( u + u + 1) 21
]bmafa vaBitcMeBaH n = k KW u > 1 Bit
eyIgnwgRsayfa vaBitcMeBaH n = k + 1 KW u > 1
eKman u 1 = 3u(u ++6uu ++ 12) 1 = 3(u(u +u1)+ 1) > 0
n n 0
n +1
n +
k +1
k +1
- 37 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
naM[ u > 1 Bit eRBaH u > 1

dUcenH u > 1 CanicRKb; n 0 .
x>bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt rYcKNna v CaGnuKmn_n n
man v = ln uu + 12 cMeBaHRKb; n 0
k +1
3
un + 1 1
un + 6un + 2
un + 1 =
vn + 1 = ln
2
+
u
2
3
(
u
n+1
n + un + 1)
un 3 + 6un + 2
3
2
un 1
3( u + un + 1)
=
vn + 1 = ln 3n
ln
u + 6un + 2
un + 2
n 2
+ 2
3( un + un + 1)
un 1
= 3 v n
vn + 1 = 3 ln
u
+
2
n
eday
eK)an
tamrUbmn v = v q eday v = ln 14
n
dUcenH v = 3 ln 14 .
x> KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n rYcTajrk lim u
eKman v = ln uu + 12
n
n +
- 38 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
1
1
n
=
3
ln
=
ln
n
3n
4

4
un 1
1
= 3n
un + 2 4
eday v
eK)an
naM[ 4 u 4
dUcenH u = 4
3n
3n
3n
3n
= un + 2
+2
4 1
ehIy lim u
n +
- 39 -
=1
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI23
eK[sIVtncMnYnBit (U )
kMnt;eday
n nIN
U 0 = 5
U n + 1 = U n 2 2 , n IN
k> cUrRsayfa U > 2 cMeBaHRKb; n IN .

x> eKBinitsIVt (V ) kMnt;edayTMnak;TMng Vn = Un +
cUrrkTMnak;TMngrvag V nig V .
K> cUrKNna V rYcTajrk U CaGnuKmn_n n .
n
n nIN
n +1
dMeNaRsay
k> Rsayfa U > 2 cMeBaHRKb; n IN
eyIgman U = 5 > 2 Bit
n
U1 = U0 2 2 = 5 2 = 3 > 2
Bit
eyIg]bmafavaBitdl;tYTI k KW U > 2 Bit

eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl;tYTI k + 1 KW U > 2 Bit .
eyIgman U > 2 naM[ U > 4 b U 2 > 2
eday U = U 2 enaHeKTaj)an U > 2 Bit .
dUcenH U > 2 cMeBaHRKb; n IN .
x> rkTMnak;TMngrvag V nig V
eyIgman V = U + U 4 naM[ V = U + U
k
k +1
k +1
k +1
n +1
n +1
- 40 -
n +1
2
n +1
Un 2 4
CMBUkTI1
Et U = U
n +1
sVItcMnYnBit
2
eK)an V
n +1
= Un2 2 + (Un2 2)2 4
Vn +1 = Un2 2 + Un 4 4Un2 + 4 4 = Un2 2 + Un2 (Un2 4)
2Un2 4 + 2Un Un2 4 (Un + Un2 4)2

U 4 =
=
2
2
1
Vn +1 = Vn 2
2
= U 2 + Un
2
n
2
n
dUcenHeK)an
CaTMnak;TMngEdlRtUvrk .
K> KNna V rYcTajrk U CaGnuKmn_n n
tamsRmayxagelIeKman V = 21 V naM[ log V = log ( 21 V
= log V
log V = 1 + 2 log V tag W = log V naM[ W
eK)an W = 1 + 2W b (1 + W ) = 2(1 + W )
naM[ (1 + W ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanersug q = 2 nigtYTImYy 1 + W
Et V = U + U 4 = 5 + 5 4 = 5 + 1
eRBaH V = U + U 4
5 +1
1
+
W
=
1
+
log
(
5
+
1
)
=
log
(
) .
eK)an
2
tamrUbmn 1 + W = (1 + W ).q = 2 log ( 52+ 1) = log ( 52+ 1 )
eday W = log V enaH 1 + W = 1 + log V = log ( V2 )
n
2
n
n +1
n +1
1
2
1
2
n +1
1
2
1
2
1
2
n +1
n +1
n +1
1
2
1
2
2n
1
2
1
2
eKTaj log
naM[ V
1
2
1
2
1
2
Vn
5 + 1 2n
) = log 1 (
)
2
2
2
5 + 1
= 2
2
2n
- 41 -
1
2
n +1
1
2
CMBUkTI1
ma:geToteday V = U + U
naM[ (V U ) = U 4
b V 2 V U + U = U
eKTaj U = V2V+ 4 = 21 V + V2
n
sVItcMnYnBit
naM[
5 + 1
Un =
2
2n
5 + 1
U
=
dUcenH n 2
5 + 1
2n
2n
5 + 1
=
2
5 1
+
2
- 42 -
2n
2n
5 1
+
2
2n
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI24
eK[sIVtncMnYnBit
Un +1 =
eday
( U n )nIN
7 U n 3 9U n 2 + 3U n
k-eKtag
nig
6U n 3 6U n 2 + 1
Vn =
Un 1
, n IN *
2U n 1
U1 = 2
cUrbgHajfa Vn +1 = Vn 3
x-eKyk Wn = ln Vn , n IN * .
cUrbgHajfa ( Wn ),nIN CasIVtFrNImaRt rYcKNna
CaGnuKmn_n n .
K-cUrTajrk Vn nig Un CaGnuKmn_n n rYcKNna
dMeNaRsay
k-bgHajfa
eyIgman
eyIgn
eday
Vn + 1 = Vn 3
Un 1
Vn =
, n IN *
2U n 1
Vn + 1
U n +1 =
Un +1 1
=
2U n + 1 1
7 U n 3 9U n 2 + 3 U n
6U n 3 6 U n 2 + 1
- 43 -
Wn
lim U n
n +
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
7 U n 3 9U n 2 + 3U n
Vn + 1 =
2(
Vn + 1 =
6U n 6U n + 1
3
)1
7 U n 3 9U n 2 + 3U n 6U n 3 + 6U n 2 1
14U n 3 18U n 2 + 6U n 6U n 3 + 6U n 2 1
U n 3U n + 3U n 1
( U n 1)3 U n 1
=
=
=
8U n 3 12U n 2 + 6U n 1 ( 2U n 1)3 2U n 1
3
Vn + 1
6U n 6U n + 1
7 U n 3 9U n 2 + 3U n
3
dUcen Vn + 1 = Vn 3 .
x-bgHajfa ( Wn ),nIN CasIVtFrNImaRt
eyIgman Wn = ln Vn naM[ Wn + 1 = ln Vn + 1 eday Vn + 1 = Vn 3
eyII Ign Wn + 1 = ln Vn 3 = 3 ln Vn = 3 Wn
dUcen ( Wn ),nIN CasIVtFrNImaRtEdlmanersug q = 3 .
-KNna Wn CaGnuKmn_n n
tamrUbmn Wn = W1 qn 1
eday
U1 1
21
1
= ln(
W1 = ln V1 = ln
) = ln( )
41
3
2U1 1
nig q = 3
eyIgn
dUcen
1
1
Wn = ln( ) ( 3)n = 3n ln ( )
3
3
1
Wn = 3n ln ( )
3
.
- 44 -
CMBUkTI1
K-Tajrk
sVItcMnYnBit
Vn
nig
Un
CaGnuKmn_n
eyIgman Wn = ln Vn eday Wn = 3n ln ( 3 )
eyIgn
mageTot
naM[
1
ln Vn = 3n ln ( )
3
Un 1
Vn =
2U n 1
naM[
1
Vn =
3
3n
1 n
1 ( )3
3n
3 1
1 Vn
3
=
Un =
=
1 3n 33n 2
1 2Vn
1 2( )
3
dUcen
1
Vn =
3
-KNnalImIt
eyIgman
Un =
3n
nig
Un =
dUcen
3n
lim U n
n +
3
3
3n
3n
2
1
33 1
3n
3 =1
= lim
lim U n = lim n
n +
2
n +
n + 3
1 n
3 2
33
lim U n = 1 .
n
eyIgn
3n
n +
- 45 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI25
eK[sIVtncMnYnBit (u ) nig (v ) kMnt;eday
n n 0
n n 0
u0 = 4 ; v0 = 1
13un 3vn
=
u
n +1
5
12vn 2un
=
v
n + 1
5
Edl n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
k> eKtag x = u v nig y = 2u + 3v cMeBaHRKb; n 0
bgajfa ( x ) nig ( y )CasIVtFrNImaRt.
KNna x nig y CaGnuKmn_n n .
x> cUrKNna u nig v CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
k>bgajfa ( x ) nig ( y )CasIVtFrNImaRt
eKman x = u v naM[ x = u v
eday u = 13u 5 3v nig v = 12v 5 2u
eK)an x = 13u 5 3v 12v 5 2u
n
n+1
n+1
n+1
n +1
n+1
n+1
xn + 1 = 3( un vn ) = 3 xn
- 46 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
dUcenH ( x ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanpleFobrYm q = 3
nigtY x = u v = 4 + 1 = 5 dUcenH x = 5 3 .
ma:geTot y = 2u + 3v naM[ y = 2u + 3v
n
n+1
n+1
n+1
13un 3vn 12v n 2un

yn + 1 = 2
+ 3
5
5
26un 6vn + 36v n 6un

yn + 1 =
5
yn + 1 = 4un + 6v n = 2 yn
dUcenH ( y ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanpleFobrYm q = 2
nigtY y = 2u + 3v = 4 3 = 1 dUcenH y = 2 .
x> KNna u nig v CaGnuKmn_n n
tamsRmayxagelIeKTaj u2u+v 3v= 5=23
n
bnab;BIedaHRsayRbBnenHeKTTYl)an
5 3n + 1 + 2n
2n 10 3n
un =
; vn =
5
5
- 47 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI26
eK[sIVtncMnYnBit (U ) kMnt;eday
n
U0 = 1
2 2U n + 5U n2
U n + 1 = 1 8U 2U 2 , n IN
+ n
k> eKtag n IN : Vn =
2U n 1
Un + 1
. cUrbgajfa
Vn +1 = Vn2
x> KNna Vn nig U CaGnuKmn_n n .

n
dMeNaRsay
k >bgajfa V = V
eyIgman n IN : V = 2UU +11 naM[ V
n +1
n +1
eday
eK)an
Un +1 =
n
2
n
2
n
2 2Un + 5U
1 + 8Un 2U
2Un +1 1
Un +1 + 1
cMeBaHRKb; n IN
2 2Un + 5U2n
1
2
2
1 + 8Un 2Un
4 4Un + 10U2n 1 8Un + 2U2n
Vn +1 =
=
2 2Un + 5U2n
2 2Un + 5U2n + 1 + 8Un 2U2n
+1
1 + 8Un 2U2n
2
Vn +1
dUcenH
12U2n 12Un + 3 3(4U2n 4Un + 1) 2Un 1

= Vn2
=
=
=
2
2
3Un + 6Un + 3
3(Un + 2Un + 1)
Un + 1
Vn +1 = Vn 2
- 48 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
x> KNna V nig Un CaGnuKmn_n n
edayeKman V = V eKTaj ln Vn+1 = 2ln Vn naM[ (ln Vn )
CasVItFrNImaRtmanersug q = 2
2U 1
1
ln
V
=
ln(
)
=
ln(
) .
nigtYdMbUg
U +1
2
n
n +1
tamrUbmneK)an
naM[
1
Vn =
2
ehIyeday V
1
1 n
ln Vn = 2 n. ln( ) = ln( )2
2
2
2n
= (0.5)2
2Un 1
Un + 1
naM[
1 + Vn 1 + (0.5)2
Un =
=
2 Vn 2 (0.5)2n
n
dUcenH
Vn = (0.5)
2n
, Un =
1 + (0.5)2
2 (0.5)2
- 49 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI27
n n 0
n n 0
u0 = 3 ; v0 = 1
8
2
=
+
u
u
vn
n+1
n
3
3
1
7
=
+
v
u
n + 1 3 n 3 vn
Edl n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
k> cUrkMnt;RKb;KU (r ; ) edIm,I[ u + v = r (u
cMeBaHRKb; n 0 .
x> KNna u nig v CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
k> kMnt;RKb;KU (r ; )
eKman u + v = r (u + v ) (*)
eday u = 83 u + 23 v nig v = 13 u + 73 v
n +1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
eK)ansmIkar
- 50 -
+ vn )
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
8
2
7
1
un + vn + un + v n = r (un + vn )
3
3
3
3
8 1
2 7
+
u
+
n + vn = r un + r vn
3 3
3 3
smIkarenHepgpat;RKb; n 0 luHRtaEt
8 1
+ =r
3 3
2 7
+ = r
3 3
(1)
(2 )
yksmIkar (1) CYskg (2) eK)an

2 7
8 1
+ = + b 2 + 7 = 8 +
3 3
3 3
b + 2 = 0 eKTaj = 1 = 2
cMeBaH = 1 enaH r = 3
cMeBaH = 2 enaH r = 2
dUcenH (r ; ) = { (3 ; 1) ; (2 ; 2) }
x> KNna u nig v CaGnuKmn_n n
edayyk (r ; ) = { (3 ; 1) ; (2 ; 2) } CYskg (*)
u + v = 3( u + v ) (i )
eK)an u 2v = 2(u 2v ) (ii )
2
tagsIVt
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
xn = un + vn
yn = un 2vn
- 51 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
xn + 1 = 3 x n
yn + 1 = 2 yn
tam (i ) nig (ii ) eK)an

TMnak;TMngenHbBaak;fa ( x ) nig ( y ) CasIVtFrNImaRt
manpleFobrYmerogKa q = 3 nig q = 2 nigtYdMbUg
x = u + v = 4 nig y = u 2v = 1
tamrUbmneK)an x = 4 3 nig y = 2
u + v = 4 3
eKTaj)anRbBn u 2v = 2
n
8 3 + 2
4 3 2
u =
ni
g
v =
.
3
3
n
- 52 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI28
n n 0
n n 0
u0 = 4 ; v0 = 2
2
2
u
=
u
+
2
v
n+1
n
n
2
vn + 1 = 2un vn + vn
Edl n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
k> cUrRsayfa u > v CaniccMeBaHRKb; n 0 .
x> bgajfaeKGackMnt;cMnYnBit r edIm,I[)an
n
un + 1 + r vn + 1 = (un + r vn )
K> cUrKNna u nig v CaGuKmn_n n .

dMeNaRsay
k> Rsayfa u > v CaniccMeBaHRKb; n 0
eyIgman u = 4 > v = 2 Bit
]bmafavaBitcMeBaH n = k KW u > v Bit
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitcMeBaH n = k + 1
KW u > v Bit
eKman u v = (u + 2v ) (2u v + v )
u v = (u v ) > 0 eRBaH u > v
n
k +1
k +1
k +1
k +1
k +1
k +1
- 53 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
eKTaj u > v Bit

dUcenH u > v CaniccMeBaHRKb; n 0 .
x> kMnt;cMnYnBit r
eKman u + r v = (u + r v ) (*)
eday u = u + 2v nig v = 2u v + v
eK)an (u + 2v ) + r (2u v + v ) = (u + r v )
k +1
k +1
n +1
n+1
n +1
n+1
n n
n n
un + 2r unvn + ( 2 + r )vn = un + 2run vn + r 2vn

2
eKTaj 2 + r = r b r r 2 = 0
dUcenH r = 1 b r = 2 .
K> KNna u nig v CaGuKmn_n n
yktm r = 1 ; r = 2 CMnYskg (*) eK)an
2
un + 1 v n + 1 = (un vn )
un + 1 + 2vn + 1 = (un + 2v n )
ln( un + 1 vn + 1 ) = 2 ln (un vn )
2
(i )
ln( un + 1 + 2vn + 1 ) = 2 ln (un + 2v n ) (ii )
tag xn = ln( un vn ) nig vn = ln(un + 2vn )
tam (i ) & (ii ) eK)an x = 2 x nig y = 2 y

naM[ ( x ) nig ( y ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanersugerogKa q
n +1
n+1
- 54 -
=2
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
nig q = 2 nigtY x = ln 2 nig y = ln 8

eK)an x = 2 ln 2 nig y = 2 ln 8
eday x = ln( u v ) nig v = ln(u + 2v )
ln(u v ) = 2 ln 2
eKTaj ln(u + 2v ) = 2 ln 8
2
naM[
n
n
un vn = 22 n
n
un + 2vn = 82
un =
22
n +1
+ 82
3
- 55 -
nig
82 22
vn
3
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI29
u = u 6u v 6v
u =4
ni
g
v =2
n n 0
n n 0
n +1
n n
vn + 1 = 3un 2v n + 9unvn 2 + 7v n 3
Edl n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ... .
k> cMeBaHRKb; n 0 cUrRsayfa u + v > 0 nig u
x> bgajfaeKGackMnt;cMnYnBit r edIm,I[)an
n
un + 1 + r vn + 1 = (un + r vn )
K> cUrKNna u nig v CaGuKmn_n n .

dMeNaRsay
k> cMeBaHRKb; n 0 Rsayfa u + v > 0
eKman u + v = 4 + 2 = 6 > 0 Bit
]bmafavaBitdl; n = k KW u + v > 0 Bit
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl; n = k + 1 KW u + v
eKman u + v = u + 3u v + 3u v + v
u + v > (u + v ) > 0 Bit
dUcenH u + v > 0 cMeBaHRKb; n 0 .
cMeBaHRKb; n 0 Rsayfa u + 2v > 0
n
k +1
k +1
k +1
k +1
k +1
n n
k +1
+ 2v n > 0
- 56 -
3
n
>0
Bit
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
eKman u + 2v = 4 + 4 = 8 > 0 Bit

]bmafavaBitdl; n = k KW u + 2v > 0 Bit
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl; n = k + 1 KW u + 2v > 0 Bit
eKman u + 2v = u + 6u v + 12u v + 8v
u + 2v > (u + 2v ) > 0 Bit
dUcenH u + 2v > 0 cMeBaHRKb; n 0 .
x> kMnt;cMnYnBit r edIm,I[)an
0
k +1
k +1
k +1
k +1
n n
k +1
k +1
un + 1 + r v n + 1 = (un + r v n ) (*)
un + 1 = un 3 6unv n 2 6v n 3
vn + 1 = 3un 2v n + 9unvn 2 + 7v n 3
3
eday
eK)an
un + 1 + r v n + 1 = un + 3run v n + (9r 6)unv n + ( 7 r 6)v n (i )

3
ehIy (u + r v ) = u + 3ru v + 3r u v + r v
edayeRbobeFobTMnak;TMng (i ) nig (ii ) eKTaj)an
3
n n
3 r 2 = 9r 6
r 2 3r + 2 = 0
3
3
r = 7r 6
r 7r + 6 = 0
dUcenH r = 1 ; r = 2 .
K> KNna u nig v CaGuKmn_n n
yktm r = 1 ; r = 2 CYskg (*) eK)an
1
- 57 -
(ii )
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
un + 1 + vn + 1
= ( un + vn )3
un + 1 + 2vn + 1 = (un + 2vn )
ln(un + 1 + vn + 1 ) = 3 ln(un + vn )
ln(un + 1 + 2vn + 1 ) = 3 ln(un + 2vn )
tamTMnak;TMngenHbBaak;fa { ln( u + v )} nig {ln( u + 2v )}

suTEtCasIVtFrNImaRtEdlmanpleFobrYm q = 3 dUcKa .
ln(u + v ) = 3 ln(u + v ) = 3 ln 6
eK)an ln(u + 2v ) = 3 ln(u + 2v ) = 3 ln 8)
n
eKTaj
un + vn = 63 n
n
un + 2vn = 83
u = 2 6 8 nig v = 8 6
3n
3n
3n
- 58 -
3n
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI30
eK[sIVt (u ) kMnt;eday
n
u0 = 5 + 1
un + 1 = un 2 2un
Edl n = 0 , 1 , 2 , ..... .
edayeRbIGnumanrYmKNitviTacUrRsayfa
2n
5 + 1
5 1
+
un =
2
2
2n
+1
dMeNaRsay
Rsayfa
2n
5 + 1
5 1
+
un =
2
2
2n
+1
- cMeBaH n = 0
eK)an u = 52+ 1 + 52 1 + 1 =
]bmafavaBitdl; n = k KW
0
5 + 1
uk =
2
2k
5 1
+
2
2k
+1
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl; n = k + 1 KW
- 59 -
5 +1
Bit
Bit .
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
5 + 1
uk + 1 =
2
eKman u
2k +1
5 1
+
2
2k +1
+1
Bit
(
) 1
k + 1 = uk 2 uk = uk 1
2
5 + 1
uk =
2
eday
eK)an
2k
5 1
+
2
5 1
5 + 1
+
uk + 1 =
2
2
2k
5 + 1
uk + 1 =
2
uk + 1
2k +1
5 + 1
=
2
dUcenH
2k
5 1
+
2
2n
2k +1
2k +1
5 + 1
5 1
+
un =
2
2
- 60 -
+1
5 1
+ 2 +
2
2k +1
2k
+1
2n
+1
Bit
.
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI31
eK[sIVtncMnYnBit (a ) kMnt;eday
n
a0 = 2
an + 1 = 4an + 1 + 4an + 1 ; n IN
cUrKNna a CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
KNna a CaGnuKmn_n n
eKman a = 4a + 1 + 4a + 1
KuNGgTaMgBIrnwg 4 eK)an
n
n+1
4an + 1 = 4(4an + 1) + 4 4an + 1

4an + 1 + 1 = 4(4an + 1) + 4 4an + 1 + 1
4an + 1
+ 1 = (2
4an
+ 1 + 1)
4a n + 1 + 1 = 2 4 a n + 1 + 1
4a n + 1 + 1 + 1 = 2 ( 4 a n + 1 + 1 )
(i )
tag v = 4a + 1 + 1
tam (i ) eK)an v = 2v naM[ (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRtman
pleFobrYm q = 2 nigtY v = 4a + 1 + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4
tamrUbmn v = v q = 2
n
n+1
n+ 2
- 61 -
CMBUkTI1
eKTaj
sVItcMnYnBit
4a n + 1 + 1 = 2 n + 2
4a n + 1 = 2 n + 2 1
4a n + 1 = 4 n + 2 2 n + 3 + 1
4n + 2 2n + 3
an =
= 4 n + 1 2n + 1
4
dUcenH
an = 4 n + 1 2 n + 1
- 62 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI32
n
u
=
sin
0
11
u = 3u 4u 3 ; n IN
n+1
n
n
3n
un = sin
11
edayeRbIGnumanrYmKNitviTacUrRsayfa
.
dMeNaRsay
Rsayfa u = sin 311
cMeBaH n = 0 eK)an u = sin 311 = sin 11

Bit
]bmafasmPaBBitcMeBaH n = k KW u = sin 311 Bit
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl; n = k + 1 KW u = sin 3 11 Bit
eKman u = 3u 4u eday u = sin 311
eK)an u = 3 sin 311 4 sin 311 = sin 3 11 Bit
dUcenH u = sin 311 .
n
k +1
k +1
k +1
k +1
- 63 -
k +1
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI33
eK[sIVtncMnYnBit (u ) kMnt;cMeBaHRKb; n N eday
( 2n 1)( u 1)
u = 1 nig u =
.
4 u + 6n 1
n
n+1
k>tag v = 2uu ++n1 cMeBaH n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; ... .

bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt .
x> KNna v nig u CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
eKman v = 2uu ++n1 enaH v = u2u + n++11
n
n+1
n+1
n+1
( 2n 1)( un 1)
4un + 6n 1
2( 2n 1)( un 1)
+1
4un + 6n 1
vn + 1 =
( 2n 1)( un 1)
+ n+1
4un + 6n 1
eday u
n+1 =
eK)an
- 64 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
vn + 1 =
2( 2n 1)un 4n + 2 + 4un + 6n 1
( 2n 1)un 2n + 1 + 4( n + 1)un + ( n + 1)(6n 1)
vn + 1 =
(4n + 2)un + 2n + 1
1 ( 2n + 1)( 2un + 1)
=
.
2
(6n + 3)un + 6n + 3n 3 ( 2n + 1)( un + n)
1 2u + 1 1
vn + 1 = . n
= vn
3 un + n 3
dUcenH (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanpleFobrYmesI q = 13 .
x> KNna v nig u CaGnuKmn_n n
2u + 1
tamrUbmn v = v q eday v = u = 1
n
dUcenH v = 31 .
ehIyeday v = 2uu ++n1 enaH u
n
dUcenH
n 3n
un =
2 3n 1
- 65 -
nv n 1
2 vn
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI34
eKmanGnuKmn_ f ( x ) = 5 x 9 x + 15 x 3
k> Rsayfa f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_ekInCanicelIEdnkMnt;rbs;va .
x> eKBinitsIVt (a ) nig (b ) kMnt;eday a = f1(1) nigcMeBaH
3
RKb; n IN : a
n+1 =
f ( an )
1
3
an f
an
nig b
=2
1 an
1 + an
cUrrkTMnak;TMngrvag b nig b .
K>edayeRbIGnumanrYmKNitviTacUrRsayfa b = 23 .
X> Tajrk a CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
k> Rsayfa f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_ekInCanic
f ( x ) = 5 x 9 x + 15 x 3 manEdnkMnt; D = IR
edrIev f ' ( x ) = 15 x 18 x + 15 > 0 x D
eRBaH a = 15 > 0 nig ' = 81 225 = 144 < 0
dUcenH f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_ekInCanicelIEdnkMnt;rbs;va .
x> rkTMnak;TMngrvag b nig b
n+1
3n
n+1
- 66 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
1 an
1 + an
f ( an )
an + 1 =
1
3
an f
an
eKman
eday
enaH
bn = 2
bn + 1 = 2
1 an + 1
1 + an + 1
Et f (a ) = 5a 9a + 15a 3
ehIy f a1 = a5 a9 + 15
3
a
3
an
naM[
n
n
n
1
2
3
f = 5 9an + 15an 3an
an
n
5a 9an + 15an 3
an + 1 = n
2
3
5 9an + 15an 3an
8(1 an )3
1 an + 1 =
2
3
5 9an + 15an 3an
2(1 + an )3
1 + an + 1 =
2
3
5 9an + 15an 3an
8(1 an )3
3
bn + 1 =
=
b
(1 + an )3 n
3
eKman
ehIy
eKTaj
dUcenH b = b .
K>edayeRbIGnumanrYmKNitviTacUrRsayfa b
cMeBaH n = 0 eK)an b = 2 11 + aa
3
n+1
- 67 -
2
=
3
3n
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
eday a
eK)an
1
1
1
=
=
0
3
f (1) 3 5 9 + 15 3 2
1
30
1
2 = 2 = 2
b0 = 2
1 3 3
1+
2
Bit
]bmafavaBitcMeBaH n = k KW b
2
=
3
3k
Bit
2
=

k +1
3
eyIgnwgRsayfa vaBitcMeBaH n = k + 1 KW b
eKman b = b tamsRmaykgsMnY x
Ettamkar]bma b = 23
3
k +1
3k
eK)an

3
3k +1
2 3 k
2
bk + 1 = =
3
3
Bit
3n
dUcenH b = 23 .
X> Tajrk a CaGnuKmn_n n
eKman b = 2 11 + aa
eK)an b + a b = 2 2a
naM[ a = 22 + bb eday b = 23
n
n n
- 68 -
3n
3k +1
CMBUkTI1
eK)an
dUcenH
sVItcMnYnBit
an =
2
2
3
2
2+
3
2 (3 ) (2 )
3n
3n
3
2(3 )
2(3 ) (2 )
3n
an =
3n
3n
2(3 ) + (2 )
3n
3n
3n
3
+ (2 )
- 69 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI35
1
n
7
u = 2 nig u = u + + 2n + Edl n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; ...
2
2
2
eKtag v = u (n + 1) .
k> bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt .
x>KNna v nig u CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
eKman v = u (n + 1)
eK)an v = u (n + 1) 1 = u n 2n 2
eday u = 12 u + n2 + 2n + 32
eK)an v = 12 u + n2 + 2n + 32 n 2n 2
n n 0
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
1
1
1 1
1
vn + 1 = un n2 = [un ( n 2 + 1)] = vn
2
2
2 2
2
1
(vn )
q=
2
dUcenH CasIVtFrNImaRtmanpleFobrYm
.
x>KNna v nig u CaGnuKmn_n n
eday (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanpleFobrYm q = 12 nigman
n
- 70 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
tYdMbUg v = u 1 = 2 1 = 1
tamrUbmneK)an v = v q
dUcenH v = 21 ehIy u = v
0
2
n + n +1=
- 71 -
1
+ n2 + 1
n
2
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI36
n
u0 = 1 ; u1 = 2
3
1
n+2
u
u
u
; n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; ...
=
n + 2 2 n + 1 2 n + 1
2
k>tag v = u u + n . bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt .

x> KNna v nig u CaGnuKmn_n n .
dMeNaRsay
eKman v = u u + n
eK)an v = u u + n + 1
eday u = 32 u 12 u n +2 2
enaH v = 32 u 12 u n +2 2 u + n + 1
n+1
n+1
n+ 2
n+1
n+1
n+ 2
n+1
n +1
n+1
n+1
1
1
n
vn + 1 = un + 1 un +
2
2
2
1
1
vn + 1 = (un + 1 un + n ) = vn
2
2
n
- 72 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
x> KNna v nig u CaGnuKmn_n n

tamrUbmn v = v q eday v = u u
dUcenH v = 21 .
eday v = u u + n
eKTaj u u = 21 n
n
n+1
n +1
(uk + 1 uk ) =
k
k =0
k =0 2
1
1 n ( n 1)n
2
un u0 =
1
2
1
2
1 ( n 1)n
un 1 = 2 1 n
2
2
1
( n 1)n
un = n 1 + 3
2
2
1
( n + 2)( n 3)
un = n 1
2
2
1
( n + 2)( n 3)
un = n 1
2
2
n1
dUcenH
=1
n1
- 73 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI37
eK[sIVtncMnYnkMupic (Z ) kMnt;eday
n
Z 0 = i
1+ i
1 2 + i
Zn +
, n IN
Z n+1 =
2
2
k> eKtag n IN : U = Z + 1 .
cUrbgajfa U = 1 +2i U cMeBaHRKb; n IN .
x> cUrsresr U CaragRtIekaNmaRtrYcTajrk Z CaGnuKmn_n n
dMeNaRsay
1+ i
U
=
U cMeBaHRKb; n IN
k> bgajfa
2
eyIgman n IN : U = Z + 1 naM[ U = Z + 1
eday
1+ i
1 2 + i
U
=
Z
+
+1
eyIg)an
2
2
n
n +1
n +1
Z n+1 =
n +1
1+ i
1 2 + i
Zn +
2
2
n +1
1+ i
1+ i
Zn +
2
2
1+ i
1+ i
=
(Zn + 1) =
Un
2
2
Un +1 =
Un +1
dUcenH
Un +1 =
1+ i
Un
2
.
- 74 -
n +1
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
x> sresr U CaragRtIekaNmaRtrYcTajrk Z CaGnuKmn_n n

eyIgman U = 1 +2i U
naM[ (U ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYnkMupicmanersug
n
n +1
q=
1+ i
2
2
+i
= cos + i. sin
=
2
2
4
4
2
U0 = Z0 + 1= i + 1 = 2(cos + i.sin )
4
4
nigtY
tamrUbmn
Un = U0 qn = 2(cos + i. sin ).(cos + i. sin )n = 2(cos + i. sin )n+1

4
4
4
4
4
4
(n + 1)
(n + 1)
Un = 2 cos
+ i. sin
4
4
dUcenH
.
ma:geTot U = Z + 1
(n + 1)
(n + 1)
Z
=
U
1
=
2
[cos
+
i
.
sin
] 1
naM[
4
4
(n + 1)
(n + 1)
Z
=
1
+
2
cos
+
i
.
2
sin
dUcenH
4
4
n
- 75 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI38
U = 0 , U = 1
(
U
)
eK[sIVtncMnYnBit kMnt;eday U = 3.U U , n IN
k> eKtag Z = U 32 i U , n IN .
cUrRsaybBaak;fa Z = 32+ i Z cMeBaHRKb; n IN .
x> cUrkMnt;rkTMrg;RtIekaNmaRtn Z .
dMeNaRsay
k> RsaybBaak;fa Z = 32+ i Z
eyIgman Z = U 32 i U ,n IN
naM[ Z = U 32 i U
edayeKman U = 3.U U cMeBaHRKb; n IN
eK)an Z = 3.U U 32 i U
0
n+2
n +1
n +1
n +1
n +1
n +1
n+1
n+ 2
n +1
n+ 2
n +1
Zn +1 =
n +1
n +1
n +1
3+i
3+i
2
Un + 1 Un =
(Un + 1
Un )
2
2
3+i
3+i
3i
3+i
(Un +1
Un ) =
Zn
2
2
2
3i
Zn = Un + 1
Un , n IN
2
Zn +1 =
dUcenH
- 76 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
x>kMnt;rkTMrg;RtIekaNmaRtn Z rYcTajrktY U CaGnuKmn_n n

edayeyIgman Z = 32+ i Z cMeBaHRKb; n IN
tamsRmayxagelI
naM[ (Z ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYnkMupicEdlmanersug
n
n +1
q=
3+i
= (cos + i. sin )
2
6
6
eRBaH U = 0 , U = 1 )
nigtY
eK)an Z = Z q = (cos 6 + i.sin 6) = cos n6 + i.sin n6
dUcenH Z = cos n6 + i. sin n6 .
3i
U0 = 1
2
Z0 = U1
- 77 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI39
eK[sIVtncMnYnkMupic (Z ) kMnt;edayTMnak;TMngxageRkam
Z = 0 , Z = 1 nig Z = 3 + i 3 Z 1 + i 3 Z
2
2
cMeBaHRKb; n IN .
k> eKtag n IN : U = Z Z .
bgajfa U = 1 + 2i 3 U
x> KNna U nig S = U + U + U + .... + U CaGnuKmn_n n .
K> TajrkcMnYnkMupic .
dMeNaRsay
k> bgajfa U = 1 +2i 3 U
eyIgman U = Z Z
naM[ U = Z Z
edaycMeBaHRKb; n IN
man Z = 3 +2i 3 Z 1 +2i 3 Z
eyIg)an U = 3 +2i 3 Z 1 +2i 3 Z Z
n
n+ 2
n+1
n +1
n+1
Zn
n +1
n +1
n+ 2
n +1
n+ 2
n +1
n +1
n +1
n +1
- 78 -
n +1
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
3+ i 3
1+ i 3
1)Zn +1
Zn
2
2
1+ i 3
1+ i 3
Un +1 =
Zn +1
Zn
2
2
1+ i 3
1+ i 3
.Un
Un +1 =
(Zn +1 Zn ) =
2
2
1+ i 3
Un +1 =
Un
2
Un +1 = (
.
dUcenH
x> KNna U CaGnuKmn_n n
eyIgman U = 1 + 2i 3 U naM[ (U ) CasIVtFrNImaRt
ncMnYnkMupicEdlmanersug
n
n +1
q=
1+ i 3 1
3
= cos + i. sin
= + i.
2
2
2
3
3
nigtY U = Z Z = 1 .
tamrUbmn U = U q = (cos 3 + i.sin 3) = cos n3 + i.sin n3
n
n
U
=
cos
+
i
.
sin
dUcenH
.
3
3
KNna S = U + U + U + .... + U CaGnuKmn_n n
eday (U ) CasIVtFrNImaRtncMnYnkMupicenaHtamrUbmneyIg)an
0
1 qn + 1
S n = U0 .
1 q
eday U
= 1 , q = cos
+ i. sin
3
3
- 79 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
n +1
1 cos
+ i. sin
3
3
Sn =
1 cos
+ i. sin
3
3
( n + 1)
( n + 1)
1 cos
i. sin
3
3
=
1 cos
i. sin
3
3
(n + 1)
(n + 1)
(n + 1)
2i. sin
. cos
6
6
6
=
2 sin2 2i sin cos

6
6
6
(n + 1) (n + 1)
(n + 1)
2 sin
. sin
i. cos
6
6
6 i
i
2 sin . sin i. cos
6
6
6
(n + 1)
(n + 1)
(n + 1)
2 sin
cos
i
.
sin
+
6
6
6
=
1
2 ( ) cos + i. sin
2
6
6
(n + 1)
n
n
= 2 sin
+ i. sin
cos
6
6
6
2 sin2
dUcenH S = 2 sin (n +61) cos n6 + i. sin n6 .

K> TajrkcMnYnkMupic Z
eyIg)an S = (U ) = (Z Z ) = Z Z naM[
eday Z = 0 nig S = 2 sin (n +61) cos n6 + i. sin n6
eK)an Z = 2 sin (n +61) cos n6 + i.sin n6
dUcenH Z = 2 sin n6 cos (n 61) + i. sin (n 61)
n
k=0
k=0
k +1
n +1
- 80 -
n +1
Zn +1 = Z 0 + S n
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI40
eK[sIVt S = 1 + n1 + (n +11) Edl n IN * .
k-cMeBaHRKb; n IN * cUrbgajfa S = 1 + n1 n 1+ 1 .
x-KNnaplbUk
n
n = 1 +
1 1
1
1
1
1
+
1
+
+
.....
+
1
+
+
+
+
12 2 2
22 32
n 2 (n + 1)2
dMeNaRsay
k-bgajfa S
eyIgman S =
n
1
1
n n+1
1
1
1+ 2 +
n
(n + 1) 2
= 1+
cMeBaHRKb;
n IN *
n 2 (n + 1) 2 + (n + 1)2 + n 2
=
n 2 (n + 1)2
n 2 (n + 1) 2 + n 2 + 2n + 1 + n 2
=
n 2 (n + 1) 2
n 2 (n + 1) 2 + 2n(n + 1) + 1
[n(n + 1) + 1]2
=
=
2
2
n (n + 1)
n 2 (n + 1) 2
n(n + 1) + 1
1
1
1
= 1+
= 1+
n(n + 1)
n(n + 1)
n n+1
1
1
Sn = 1 +
n n+1
=
dUcenH
- 81 -
CMBUkTI1
sVItcMnYnBit
x-KNnaplbUk
eK)an
n
1 1
1
1
1
1
= (S k )
n = 1 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 2 + ..... + 1 + 2 +
2
1
2
2
3
n
(n + 1)
k =1
1
1
1
(n + 1) 2 1 n(n + 2)
= 1 +
=
=
= n +1
k k + 1
n+1
n(n + 1)
n+1
k = 1
n(n + 2 )
n =
n+1
n
dUcenH
- 82 -
CMBUkTI2
GnuKmn_Giucs,NgEsl nig elakarIt
lMhatTI1
edaHRsaysmIkar
3
x2 x
3x
x2 x
4x
dMeNaRsay
edaHRsaysmIkar
x2 x
5x
x2 x
6x
3x x 4x x 5x x 6x x
+
+
=
x
x
x
3
4
5
6x
2
x2 2 x
+4
x2 2x
+5
x2 2 x
=6
x2 2 x
tag t = x 2 2 x = ( x 1)2 1 1
smIkarGacsresr
(i )
-ebI t = 3 enaHsmIkar (i ) Gacsresr
3 t + 4t + 5t = 6t
3 3 + 43 + 53 = 63
27 + 64 + 125 = 216
epgpat;
dUcenH t = 3 Cabsrbs;smIkar (i ) .
-ebI 1 t < 3 eKman
216 = 216
- 83 -
CMBUkTI2

t
3 3
4 4 5 5
> ; > ; >
6 6
6 6 6 6
eK)an
3 4 5 3 4 5
+ + > + +
6 6 6 6 6 6
3t + 4t + 5t
>1
t
6
naM[
3 t + 4 t + 5 t > 6t
dUcenHsmIkar (i ) KanbscMeBaH 1 t < 3 .
-ebI t > 3 eKman
3
3 3
4 4 5 5
;
<

< ; <
6 6
6 6 6 6
eK)an
3 4 5 3 4 5
+ + < + +
6 6 6 6 6 6
3t + 4t + 5t
<1
t
6
naM[
3 t + 4 t + 5 t < 6t
dUcenHsmIkar (i ) KanbscMeBaH t > 3 .
- 84 -
CMBUkTI2
srubmksmIkar (i ) manbseTal t = 3
cMeBaH t = 3 eK)an x 2 2 x = 3
b x 2 2 x 3 = 0 naM[ x1 = 1 ; x2 = 3
dUcenH x1 = 1 ; x2 = 3 .
- 85 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI2
edaHRsaysmIkar
3
1
x2 4 x+ 2
+ =3
+ 3 x3
3
x2 3 x
dMeNaRsay
edaHRsaysmIkar
3
1
x2 4 x+ 2
+ =3
+ 3 x3
3
x2 3 x
smIkarGacsresr
3x
3
2 3 x
x2 4 x
(3
3x
(3
3 x3 +
1
)
9 (3
27
1
=0
3
9) = 0
1
2
9 ) 3 x 4 x = 0
27
eK)an 3
3
2 4 x+ 2
x2 2 x
naM[
naM[
9= 0
x=2
1
=0
x2 4x + 3 = 0
27
x1 = 1 ; x 2 = 3
x
manbs
.
dUcenHsmIkarmanbs x { 1 ;
2 ; 3 ]
- 86 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI3
edaHRsaysmIkar
3
4 x 11
+3
10 x 2
+3
( x 2 )2
dMeNaRsay
edaHRsaysmIkar
3
4 x 11
= 6x x2
( x 2 )2
10 x 2
+3
= 6x x2
+3
6 x x 2 = 9 (9 6 x + x 2 ) = 9 ( 3 x ) 2
eKman
eday (3 x ) 0 enaHeK)an 6 x x 9
ma:geTottamvismPaB AM GM eKman
2
3
3
4 x 11
4 x 11
+3
10 x 2
+3
10 x 2
+3
( x 2)2
3 3
4 x 11
+3
( x 2 )2
3 3
4 x 11 + 10 x 2 + ( x 2 )2
3 4 x 11 + 310 x + 3 ( x 2 ) 9
2
(i )
(ii )
tam (i ) nig (ii ) smIkarsmmUl

6 x x 2 = 9
4 x 11
2
2
3
+ 310 x + 3 ( x 2 ) = 9
bnab;BIedaHRsayeK)anbs
.3
x=3
- 87 -
(1)
(2 )
10 x 2
.3
( x 2)2
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI4
edaHRsaysmIkar
4
( x 1) 2
+6= 2
( x 1) 2
dMeNaRsay
edaHRsaysmIkar
2
+2 8
( x 1) 2
+8
4 ( x 1) + 6 = 2 ( x 1) + 2 8 ( x 1) + 8
tag X = 2
( x 1 )2
>0
enaHsmIkarGacsresr
X2 +6= X +2 X3 +8
X 2 X + 6 = ( X + 2)( X 2 2 X + 4) (i )
tag u = X + 2 nig v = x 2 x + 2
smIkar (ii ) Gacsresr
u + v = 2 uv b ( u v ) = 0
naM[ u = v b X + 2 = X 2 X + 2
b X 3 X + 2 = 0 eKTajbs X = 1 ; X = 2 .
-cMeBaH X = 1 enaH 2( ) = 1 naM[ x = 1 .
-cMeBaH X = 2 enaH 2( ) = 2 smmUl ( x 1) = 1
eKTaj x = 0 b x = 2 . dUcenH x { 0 ; 1 ; 2 } .
2
x 1 2
x 1 2
- 88 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI5
e x e x
eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x ) = e x + e x
k>cUrRsayfa f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_ess .
x>cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit a nig b cUrRsayfa
f (a + b ) =
f (a ) + f (b )
1 + f (a ) f (b)
dMeNaRsay
k> Rsayfa f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_ess
e x e x
eKman f ( x ) = e x e x
+
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit x eKman e x + e x > 0
dUcenHGnuKmn_ f manEdnkMnt; D f = IR
cMeBaHRKb; x D f eK)an x D f
e x e x e x e x
eK)an f ( x ) + f ( x ) = e x e x + e x e x = 0
+
+
eKTaj f ( x ) = f ( x )
dUcenH f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_ess .
- 89 -
CMBUkTI2
x> Rsayfa
f (a + b ) =
f (a ) + f (b )
1 + f (a ) f (b)
e x e x e2 x 1
f ( x) = x
= 2x
x
e +e
e +1
e 2( a + b ) 1 e 2 a + 2 b 1
f (a + b ) = 2( a + b )
= 2 a + 2b
e
+1
+1 e
e 2a 1
e 2b 1
f (a ) = 2a
f (b ) = 2b
e +1
e +1
e 2 a 1 e 2b 1
f (a ) + f (b ) = 2a
+ 2b
e +1 e +1
2(e 2a + 2b 1)
(i )
f ( a ) + f ( b ) = 2a
2b
(e + 1)(e + 1)
eKman
eK)an
nig
eKman
ehIy
(e 2a 1)(e 2b 1)
1 + f ( a ) f ( b ) = 1 + 2a
(e + 1)(e 2b + 1)
2(e 2a + 2b + 1)
1 + f ( a ) f ( b ) = 2a
(e + 1)(e 2b + 1)
EcksmPaB (i ) nig (ii ) GgnwgGgeK)an

f (a ) + f (b ) e 2a + 2b 1
= 2a + 2 b
= f (a + b )
1 + f (a ) f (b) e
+1
f (a ) + f (b )
f (a + b ) =
1 + f (a ) f (b)
dUcenH
- 90 -
(ii )
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI6
edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar
1
x y
2
3
=
72
3x 4y = 1
432
dMeNaRsay
edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar
1
x y
2
3
=
72
3x 4y = 1
432
(i )
(ii )
smIkar (i ) Gacsresr
1
log 2 ( 2 x .3 y ) = log
72
x + y log 2 3 = log 2 (2 3 .3 2 )
x + y log 2 3 = 3 2 log 2 3 (1)
smIkar (ii ) Gacsresr

log (3 4 ) = log (432)
x + y log 4 = log (3 .2 )
x
- 91 -
CMBUkTI2
x + 2 y log 3 2 = 3 4 log 3 2
(2 )
dksmIkar (1) nwg (2) Gg nwg GgeK)an
y log 2 3 2 y log 3 2 = 4 log 3 2 2 log 2 3
y (log 2 3 2 log 3 2 ) = 2(2 log 3 2 log 2 3 )
EckGgTaMgBIrnwg log 3 2 log 2

eKTaj)an y = 2 .
yktm y = 2 CMnYskg (2) eK)an
x 4 log 2 = 3 4 log 2 naM[ x = 2
dUcenH x = 2 ; y = 3 .
2
- 92 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI7
eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x ) = lg 11 + xx
k>rkEdnkMnt;nGnuKmn_enH .
x>cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit 1 < a < 1 nig 1 < b < 1 cUrbgajfa
a+b
f (a ) + f (b ) = f
1 + ab
dMeNaRsay
k>rkEdnkMnt;nGnuKmn_
1 x
f ( x ) = lg
1
x
+
GnuKmn_mannykalNa
dUcenH D
=] 1 ; 1 [
1 x
>0
1+ x
x 1
x> bgajfa
a+b
f (a ) + f (b ) = f
1 + ab
- 93 -
CMBUkTI2
eyIgman
eyIg)an

1 a
1 b
f (a ) = lg
f (b ) = lg
1+ a
1+ b
1 a
1 b
f (a ) + f (b ) = lg
+
lg
1+ a
1+ b
(1 a )(1 b )
= lg
(
1
+
a
)(
1
+
b
)
nig
1 (a + b ) + ab
= lg
1 + (a + b ) + ab
1 (a + b ) + ab
(i )
f (a ) + f (b ) = lg
1 + (a + b ) + ab
a+b
a+b
1
+
ab
f
= lg
1 + ab
1+ a + b
1 + ab
1 (a + b ) + ab
a+b
f
(ii )
= lg
1 + ab
1 + (a + b ) + ab
a+b
(i ) (ii )
f (a ) + f (b ) = f
1
ab
+
ma:geTot
tam
nig
eKTaj
- 94 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI8
k>cUrRsaybBaak;fa A = B
Edl a ; A ; B CabIcMnYnBitviCman nig xusBI 1 .
x>edaHRsaysmIkar 7 + x = 686
log a B
log 2 x
dMeNaRsay
k>RsaybBaak;fa A
tag t = A (i )
eK)an log t = log
log a B
log a A
log 2 7
= B log a A
log a B
eday log
A t =
log B t
log B A
log B t
= log a B
log B A
log B t = log a B . log B A
log B t = log a A
eKTaj t = B (ii )
tam (i ) nig (ii ) eK)an A
x>edaHRsaysmIkar
log a A
log a B
= B log a A
7 log 2 x + x log 2 7 = 686

x log 2 7 = 7 log 2 x
tamrUbmnxagelIeK)an
- 95 -
CMBUkTI2
smIkarGacsresr
7 log 2 x + 7 log 2 x = 686
2. 7 log 2 x = 686
7 log 2 x = 343
7 log 2 x = 7 3
log 2 x = 3 x = 2 3 = 8
dUcenH x = 8 Cabsrbs;smIkar .
- 96 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI9
edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar
1
x
y
4
.
5
=
400
5 x .6 y = 1
900
dMeNaRsay
edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar
1
x
y
4
.
5
=
400
5 x .6 y = 1
900
1
eyIgman ln (4 x .5 y ) = ln( 400
)
b x ln 4 + y ln 5 = 2 ln 4 2 ln 5 (1)
1
)
ehIy ln(5 x .6 y ) = ln( 900
b x ln 5 + y ln 6 = 2 ln 6 2 ln 5 (2)
tam (1) & (2) eK)anRbBn
x ln 4 + y ln 5 = 2 ln 4 2 ln 5
x ln 5 + y ln 6 = 2 ln 6 2 ln 5
- 97 -
( ln 6)
( ln 5)
CMBUkTI2
x ln 4. ln 6 y ln 5. ln 6 = 2 ln 4. ln 6 + 2 ln 5. ln 6 ( 3)
2
2
( 4)
x ln 5 + y ln 5. ln 6 = 2 ln 6. ln 5 2 ln 5
bUksmIkar (3) & (4) eK)an

(ln 2 5 ln 4. ln 6) x = 2(ln 4. ln 6 ln 2 5)
naM[
x = 2
1
1
tamsmIkar 4 x .5 y = 400
eKTaj 4 2 .5 y = 400
naM[eKTaj y = 2 .
dUcenHRbBnsmIkarmanKUcemIy x = 2 , y = 2 .
- 98 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI10
edaHRsaysmIkar
30 log x
x + log 0,5 x x 2 log 4 x x 3 = 0
dMeNaRsay
edaHRsaysmIkar
30 log x
lkxN
x + log 0,5 x x 2 log 4 x x 3 = 0

x>0
x>0
x 1
x1
x2
0
.
5
x
4 x 1
x1
naMeGay
smIkarxagelIGacsresr
ln 3 x
ln x 2
ln x 3
=0
30
+
ln x
ln( 0,5 x ) ln( 4 x )
10 +
2 ln x
3 ln x
=0
ln x ln 2 ln x + ln 4
tag t = ln x
eyIg)an 10 + t 2lnt 2 t +3lnt 4 = 0
- 99 -
CMBUkTI2
10( t ln 2)( t + 2 ln 2) + 2t ( t + 2 ln 2) 3t ( t ln 2) = 0
10t 2 + 10t ln 2 2 ln 2 2 + 2t 2 + 4t ln 2 3t 2 + 3t ln 2 = 0
9t 2 + 17 t ln 2 2 ln 2 2 = 0
= 289 ln 2 2 + 72 ln 2 2 = 361. ln 2 2
eKTajbs
17 ln 2 + 19 ln 2 2
= ln 2
9
9
17 ln 2 19 ln 2
= 4 ln 2
t2 =
9
2
ln
x
=
ln 2
t = ln x
9
ln x = 4 ln 2
1
x=94 ; x=
16
t1 =
eday
eKTaj
naM[
dUcenHsmIkarmanbs
x1 = 9 4 , x 2 =
- 100 -
1
16
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI11
eK[GnuKmn_
k edaRsaysmIkar
x kMNttm
4x2 + 4
3x + 1
4x2 + 4
3x + 1
log 2 2
= log 2
x + 1
3x + 1
3x + 1
f ( x ) = log 2 2
. log
x + 1
4x2 + 4
log 2
3x + 1
edIm,I[kenam
log
3x + 1
2 2
x + 1
nig
viCmanRBmKa .
K rktmFMbMputnGnuKmn_
f ( x)
elIcena [ 0 ; 3 ] .
dMeNaRsay
k edaRsaysmIkar
4x2 + 4
3x + 1
log 2 2
= log 2
x + 1
3x + 1
lk&x&N x 13
3x + 1 4x2 + 4
eyIgn 2 = 3 x + 1
x +1
smmUl
( 3 x + 1) 2 = 4( x 2 + 1) 2
3 x + 1 = 2 x 2 + 2
2
3 x + 1 = 2 x 2
- 101 -
2 x 2 3 x + 1 = 0
2
2 x + 3 x + 3 = 0
CMBUkTI2
eKTajs x1 = 1
x kMNttm x
edIm,I[kenam
, x2 =
1
2
3x + 1
log 2 2
x + 1
.
nig
4x2 + 4
log 2
3x + 1
viCmanRBmKaluRtaEt
x2 + 3x
3x + 1
0
x 2 + 1 1
2
x +1
smmU
l
2
2
4
x
+
4
4x 3x + 3
1
0
3 x + 1
3 x + 1
0 x 3
naM[
0 x 3 .
1
x > 3
dUcen x [ 0 ; 3 ] .
K rktmFMbMputnGnuKmn_
f ( x)
elIcena [ 0 ; 3 ]
3x + 1
log
0
2 2
x + 1
cMeBa x [ 0 ; 3 ]eKman
2
4
x
+ 4
log
0
2
3x + 1
2
a + b
tamvismPaBkUsIueKman a.b 2 ;a; b 0
- 102 -
CMBUkTI2
eyIgman

3x + 1
f ( x ) = log 2 2
. log
x + 1
4x2 + 4
3x + 1
eyIgn
1
f ( x ) log
2
3x + 1 1
4x + 4
) + log 2 (
)
2( 2
3x + 1
x +1 2
2
1
3x + 1 4x2 + 4
f ( x ) log 2 ( 2
)(
)
4
x + 1 3x + 1
1
f ( x ) (log 2 4 )2 = 4 ; x [0 ; 3]
4
dUcentmFMbMputnGnuKmn_ f esInwg M = 4
- 103 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI12
edaHRsayvismIkar
dMeNaRsay
edaHRsayvismIkar
1
log 2 x 1 + log 1 x 3 + 2 > 0
2
2
1
log 2 x 1 + log 1 x 3 + 2 > 0
2
2
log 2 x 1 0
x2
x
0
>
3
log 2 x 1 log 2 x + 2 > 0
2
lkxN
b
vismIkarGacsresr
tag t = log x 1 0
eK)an t 32 (t + 1) + 2 > 0
b 3t + 2t + 1 > 0
eKTaj 13 < t < 1 eday t 0
eK)an 0 t < 1 b 0 log x 1 < 1 naM[ 2 x < 4
dUcenH x [ 2 , 4 ) .
2
- 104 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI13
eK[ a , b , c CabIcMnYnBitEdl a , b , c (1 , + )
b a , b , c (0 , 1) .
cUrbgajfa log bc + log ca + log ab 4(log c + log a + log b)
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa log bc + log ca + log ab 4(log c + log a + log b) (*)
eyIgyk d CacMnYnBitncenaH (1, + ) b (0 ,1 ) .
bc log b + log c
tamrUbmnbreKaleK)an log bc = log
=
log a
log a
a
ab
bc
ab
bc
ca
ca
log b ca =
log d ca log d c + log d a

log d ab log d a + log d b
=
; log c ab =
=
log d b
log d b
log d c
log d c
edayyk x = log a , y = log b , z = log c vismPaB (*) smmUl

d
y+z z+x x+y

x
y
z
+
+
4(
+
+
)
x
y
z
y+z z+x x+y
x x y y z z
4x
4y
4z
+
+
(**)
+ + + + +
y z x z x y y+z z+x x+y
1 1
4
x x
4x
AM HM
+
+
y z y+z
y z y+z
tamvismPaB
eKman
tamvismPaBenHeKTaj)an (**) Bit .
dUcenH log bc + log ca + log ab 4(log
a
- 105 -
naM[
ab
c + log bc a + log ca b )
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI14

27 x + 3 x+1 x 2 (log 2 y ) = 36
1+ 2 x
3
3 x log 2 y + x 3 (log 2 y ) = 28
2
dMeNaRsay
27 x + 3 x + 1 x 2 (log 2 y ) = 36
1+ 2 x
3
3 x log 2 y + x 3 (log 2 y ) = 28
y > 0 x IR
2
a = 3 x > 0 b = x log 2 y
3
2
a + 3ab = 36 (i )
2
3
3a b + b = 28 (ii )
(i ) (ii ) a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3 = 64
(a + b ) 3 = 64 a + b = 4 (1)
(i ) ( 2) a 3 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 b 3 = 8
(a b ) 3 = 8 a b = 2 ( 2)
a + b = 4
a = 3 , b = 1
a
b
=
2
x
a = 3 = 3 x = 1 b = x log 2 y = 1 y = 2
(1) (2)
x=1 ; y = 2
- 106 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI15
eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x ) = ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) , x IR
cUrRsaybBaakfa f ( 1 +a a+ +b b ) < f ( 1 +a a + 1 +b b )
cMeBaRKb a > 0 , b > 0 .
dMeNaRsay
RsaybBaakfa f ( 1 +a a+ +b b ) < f ( 1 +a a + 1 +b b )
eyIgman f ( x ) = ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) , x IR
eyIgn
f '( x) =
=
( x + 1 + x 2 )'
x + 1+ x
1+
=
2x
2 1 + x2
x + 1 + x2
1 + x2 + x
( x + 1 + x 2 )( 1 + x 2 )
1
1 + x2
edayRKb x IR : x 2 + 1 > 0
naM[ f ' ( x ) = 1 2 > 0 , x IR
1+ x
dUcenGnuKmn_ f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_ekInCanicelI
mageTotcMeBaRKb a > 0 , b > 0 eKman
a
a
b
b
<
ni
g
<
1+ a + b 1+ a
1+ a + b 1+ b
- 107 -
IR
CMBUkTI2
eKTaj 1 + aa + b + 1 + ab + b < 1 +a a + 1 +b b
1 +a a+ +b b < 1 +a a + 1 +b b
edaysarEtGnuKmn_ f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_ekInCanicelI
ehtuentamlkNGnuKmn_ekIneKn
a+b
a
b
+
<
1+ a + b 1+ a 1+ b
a+b
a
b
f(
) < f(
+
)
1+ a + b
1+ a 1+ b
a+b
a
b
) < f(
+
)
f(
1+ a + b
1+ a 1+ b
a > 0,b > 0
naM[
dUcen
cMeBaRKb
- 108 -
IR
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI16
a , b , c a log 3 7 = 27
b log 7 11 = 49 c
log 11 25
= 11
a (log 3 7 ) + b (log 7 11) + c(log11 25 )

2
dMeNaRsay
a (log 3 7 ) + b (log 7 11) + c(log11 25 )
2
2
a (log 3 7 ) = a log 3 7
(
= (c
log 3 7
(log 7 11)2
b
= b log 7 11
2
c (log11 25 )
)
)
= (27 ) log 3 7 = 3 3 log 3 7 = 7 3 = 343
log 7 11
= 49 log 7 11 = 7 2 log 7 11 = 112 = 121
log11 25 log11 25
( 11 )
log11 25
1
25 2
=5
(
(log 7 11)2
(log11 25 )2
log 3 7 )2
a
+b
+c
= 343 + 121 + 5 = 469
a (log 3 7 ) + b (log 7 11) + c (log11 25 ) = 469

2
- 109 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI17
x , y , z a > 0
1
log a
x
+ log a
y
y
+ log a
z
z
x
y
z
= 3 log a log a log a
x
y
z
x
dMeNaRsay
log a
x
y
z
x
y
z
+ log a + log a = 3 log a log a log a
y
z
x
y
z
x
x
y
z
p = log a , q = log a , r = log a
y
z
x
x
y
z
p + q + r = log a + log a + log a
y
z
x
x y z
p + q + r = log a . . = log a 1 = 0
y z x
p + q = r
(p + q ) 3 = r 3
p 3 + 3pq(p + q ) + q 3 = r 3 p + q = r
p 3 + q 3 + r 3 = 3pqr
log a
x
+ log a
y
y
+ log a
z
- 110 -
z
x
y
z
= 3 log a log a log a
x
y
z
x
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI18
log 2 x + log 4 y + log 4 z = 2
log 3 y + log 9 z + log 9 x = 2

log z + log x + log y = 2
4
16
16
dMeNaRsay
(1)
log 2 x + log 4 y + log 4 z = 2
( 2)
log 3 y + log 9 z + log 9 x = 2
log z + log x + log y = 2 ( 3)
4
16
16
ln b
ln b
1
log an b =
=
log a b
=
ln an n ln a n
(1) : log 2 x + log 4 y + log 4 z = 2
1
1
log 2 x + log 2 y + log 2 z = 2
2
2
log 2 ( x y z ) = 2 x yz = 4 (4)
( 2) : log 3 y + log 9 z + log 9 x = 2
log 3 ( y z x ) = 2 y zx = 9 (5)
( 3) : log 4 z + log16 x + log16 y = 2
log 4 ( z x y ) = 2 z xy = 16 (6)
(1) , (2) (3) ( xyz )2 = 576 xyz = 24
16 16 2
=
=
xyz 24 3
81 81 27
(5) y 2 zx = 81 y =
=
=
xyz 24 8
(4) x 2 yz = 16 x =
- 111 -
CMBUkTI2
256 256 32
=
=
xyz 24
3
2
27
32
x = , y =
,z=
3
8
3
z 2 xy = 256 z =
- 112 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI19
2x
+x
+ log 2 x = 2x+1
dMeNaRsay
2x
+x
+ log 2 x = 2x+1
- x > 1 2
2 x
+x
x2 + x
+ log 2 x > 2 x+1
- 0 < x < 1 2x
2x
> 2 x+1 log 2 x > 0
+x
+x
< 2x+1 log 2 x < 0
+ log 2 x < 2x+1
- x = 1 21
+1
+ log 2 1 = 21+1
x = 1
- 113 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI20
edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar
5 ( log y x + log x y ) = 26
x y = 64
dMeNaRsay
edaHRsayRbBnsmIkar
5 ( log y x + log x y ) = 26 (1)
( 2)
x y = 64
x > 0 , y > 0
x 1, y 1
lkxN
smIkar (1) Gacsresr
log y x +
1
26
=
log y x 5
b (log y x ) 2 265 . log y x + 1 = 0 tag t = log y x

144
eK)an t 2 265 t + 1 = 0 , ' = 169
1=
25
25
naM[ t1 = 135 125 = 15 , t 2 = 135 + 125 = 5
- cMeBaH t = 15 eK)an log y x = 15
naM[
x=
1
y5
( 3)
- 114 -
CMBUkTI2
yk # CYskg @ eK)an

1
y. y 5
= 64
1
( 32) 5
naM[ y = 32 ehIytam # eK)an x =

= 2.
- cMeBaH t = 5 eK)an log y x = 5 naM[ x = y 5 (4)
yk $ CYskg @ eK)an y. y 5 = 64
naM[ y = 2 ehIytam $ eK)an x = 2 5 = 32 .
dUcenHRbBnmanKUcemIy
( x = 2 , y = 32 ) b ( x = 32 , y = 2) .
- 115 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI21
eK[ a 1 nig b 1 .
cUrbgHajfa log 2 a + log 2 b 2
dMeNaRsay
log 2 (
a+b
)
2
bgHajfa log 2 a + log 2 b 2 log 2 ( a +2 b )

cMeBa a 1 nig b 1 eyIgman a + b 2 a.b
( vismPaBkUsIu )
a +2 b a .b
a+b
1
) ( log 2 a + log 2 b )
2
2
log 2 a + log 2 b 2 log 2 ( a +2 b ) (1)
mageToteKman log 2 a + log 2 b 2 log 2 a . log 2 b
naM[
log 2 (
2(log 2 a + log 2 b ) log 2 a + 2 log 2 a . log 2 b + log 2 b

2(log 2 a + log 2 b ) ( log 2 a + log 2 b ) 2
log 2 a + log 2 b
tamTMnakTMng
(1)
nig
1
( log 2 a + log 2 b ) 2 ( 2)
2
( 2) eyIgTaj
- 116 -
CMBUkTI2
1
a+b
( log 2 a + log 2 b ) 2 2 log 2 (
)
2
2
a+b
( log 2 a + log 2 b ) 2 4 log 2 (
)
2
a+b
log 2 a + log 2 b 2 log 2 (
)
2
a+b
log 2 a + log 2 b 2 log 2 (
)
2
dUcen
- 117 -
CMBUkTI2
lMhatTI22
eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x ) = x 2+ log x Edl x > 0
eKtag u1 = f ( x ) ; u2 = f ( f ( x )) ; u3 = f ( f ( f ( x )))
nig un = fn ( f (.... f ( f ( x ))....)) .
k>eKyk Vn = 1 + log 2 un . cUrbgajfa Vn+1 = Vn2
x>eRbIGnumanrYmKNitviTacUrRsayfa Vn = V12 .
K>KNna Vn nig un CaGnuKmn_n n nig x .
dMeNaRsay
k-bgajfa Vn+1 = Vn2
eKman Vn = 1 + log 2 un enaH vVn+1 = 1 + log 2 un+1
eday un = fn ( f (.... f ( f ( x ))....)) = f (un1 )
eK)an un+1 = f (un ) = (un ) 2+ log u
ehtuenH Vn+1 = 1 + log2 [ (un ) 2+ log u ]
2
Vn + 1 = 1 + (2 + log 2 un ) log 2 un
Vn + 1 = (1 + log 2 un )2 = Vn 2
dUcenH Vn+1 = Vn2 .

x>eRbIGnumanrYmKNitviTaRsayfa Vn = V12
eKman Vn+1 = Vn2 tamsRmayxagelI
- 118 -
CMBUkTI2
eK)an V2 = V12 = V12 Bit

1
V3 = V2 = V14
2
= V1
22
Bit
]bmafavaBitcMeBaH n = k KW Vk = V1
eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitcMeBaH n = k + 1 KW Vk +1 = V12
eKman Vk +1 = Vk 2 eday Vk = V12
2
2
eK)an Vk +1 = V1 = V12 Bit

dUcenH Vn = V12 .
K>KNna Vn nig un CaGnuKmn_n n nig x
eKman Vn = V12
eday V1 = 1 + log 2 u1 = 1 + log 2 (x 2+ log x ) = (1 + log 2 x ) 2
dUcenH Vn = (1 + log 2 x )2
ehIy Vn = 1 + log 2 un naM[ un = 2V 1
2k
k +1
k +1
n+1
dUcenH un = (2)(1+ log
2n+1
x)
- 119 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI1
cUrbgajfa
cos 7 x + cos 7 ( x +
2
4
63
) + cos7 ( x +
) = cos 3 x
3
3
64
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit x .
dMeNaRsay
2
4
63
) + cos7 ( x +
) = cos 3 x
3
3
64
2
4
E n ( x ) = cos n x + cos n ( x +
) + cos n ( x +
) (i )
3
3
cos 7 x + cos 7 ( x +
tag
tamrUbmn cos 3 x = 4 cos x 3 cos x
eKTaj cos x = 43 cos x + 14 cos 3 x
edayKuNGgTaMgBIrnwg cos x eK)an
3
n 3
3
1
cos n x = cos n 2 x + cos 3 x cos n 3 x (1)
4
4
dUcKaEdreKTaj)an
2
3
2
1
2
) = cos n 2 ( x +
) + cos 3 x cos n 3 ( x +
) ( 2)
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
1
4
cos n ( x +
) = cos n 2 ( x +
) + cos 3 x cos n 3 ( x +
) ( 3)
3
4
3
4
3
cos n ( x +
edaybUksmIkar (1); (2) nig (3) eK)an

En ( x ) =
3
1
E n 2 ( x ) + cos 3 x E n 3 ( x ) ( ii )
4
4
tam (i ) cMeBaH n = 0 ; n = 1 , n = 2 eK)an

- 120 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
E0 ( x ) = 3
2
4
) + cos( x +
)
3
3
1
3
1
3
E1 ( x ) = cos x cos x
sin x cos x +
sin x = 0
2
2
2
2
1
3
1
3
E 2 ( x ) = cos 2 x + ( cos x
sin x )2 + ( cos x +
sin x )2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
E 2 ( x ) = cos 2 x + sin 2 x =
2
2
2
E1 ( x ) = cos x + cos( x +
tam (ii ) cMeBaH n = 3 ; n = 4 , n = 5 ; n = 7 eK)an
3
1
3
E1 ( x ) + cos 3 x E0 ( x ) = cos 3 x
4
4
4
3
1
9
E 4 ( x ) = E 2 ( x ) + cos 3 xE1 ( x ) =
4
4
8
1
9
3
15
3
E 5 ( x ) = E 3 ( x ) + cos 3 x E 2 ( x ) = cos 3 x + cos 3 x = cos 3 x
4
4
16
8
16
3
1
45
9
63
E 7 ( x ) = E5 ( x ) + cos 3 x E4 ( x ) = cos 3 x + cos 3 x = cos 3 x
4
4
64
32
64
2
4
63
cos 7 x + cos 7 ( x +
) + cos7 ( x +
) = cos 3 x
3
3
64
E3 ( x ) =
dUcenH
- 121 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI2

cos
3
5
7
9 1
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
=
11
11
11
11
11 2
dMeNaRsay

3
5
7
9 1
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
+ cos
=
11
11
11
11
11 2
z = cos + i . sin
z11 = 1
11
11
z11 z 1 z
1
3
5
7
9
= 2
W = z + z + z + z + z = 2
=
z 1 z 1 1 z
1 z = 1 cos i sin = 2 sin (sin i cos )

11
11
22
22
22
1
W =
2 sin (sin i cos )

22
22
22
sin + i cos
22 = 1 + i 1 cot
22
W=
2 2
22
2 sin
22
3
5
7
9
W cos + cos + cos + cos + cos
11
11
11
11
11
3
5
7
9 1
cos + cos + cos + cos + cos =
11
11
11
11
11 2
cos
- 122 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI3
P = cos 20o cos 40o cos 80o
dMeNaRsay
P = cos 20o cos 40o cos 80o
z = cos 20o + i sin 20o z 9 = cos 180o + i sin 180o = 1

1
z+z
z2 + 1
1
o
z
cos 20 =
=
=
( z = )
2
2
2z
z
z2 + z 2 z4 + 1
z4 + z4 z8 + 1
o
o
cos 40 =
=
; cos 80 =
=
2
2
2
2z
2z 4
( z 2 + 1)( z 4 + 1)( z 8 + 1) ( z 2 1)( z 2 + 1)( z 4 + 1)( z 8 + 1)
P =
=
8z 7
8z 7 ( z 2 1)
z+
z16 1
z7 1
1
8( z 9 z 7 ) 8( 1 z 7 ) 8
1
P = cos 20o cos 40o cos 80o =
8
=
- 123 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI4
(an ) d
cos a1 cos a 2 cos a 3
cos an
+
+
+
+
...
cos d cos 2 d cos 3 d
cosn d
n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ...
S n =
S n =
dMeNaRsay
S n =
sin an
cosn d sin d
sin an
cosn d sin d
sin a1
sin d
sin a1
sin d
(an ) d an +1 = an + d
sin an +1 = sin(an + d ) = sin an cos d + sin d cos an
cosn +1 d 0
sin a n +1
cosn+1 d
sin an cos d + sin d cos an
cosn +1 d
cos an cos d sin an +1 sin an
cosn d sin d cosn +1 d cosn d

n cos d sin a
sin a p
p +1

Sn =
p
+
1
p
d cos d
p =1 sin d cos
cos d sin an +1 sin a1
sin an +1
sin a1
Sn =
sin d cosn +1 d cos d cosn d sin d sin d

sin a
sin a1
S n = n n
sin
d
cos d sin d
- 124 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI5
cos x + cos y + cos z sin x + sin y + sin z
=
=a
cos( x + y + z )
sin( x + y + z )
cos( x + y ) + cos( y + z ) + cos( z + x ) = a
dMeNaRsay
u = eix , v = eiy , w = eiz
u + v + w = (cos x + cos y + cos z ) + i ( sin x + sin y + sin z )
uvw = ei ( x+ y + z ) = cos( x + y + z ) + i sin( x + y + z )
cos x + cos y + cos z sin x + sin y + sin z
=
=a
cos( x + y + z )
sin( x + y + z )
(cos x + cos y + cos z ) + i(sin x + sin y + sin z )
=a
cos( x + y + z ) + i cos( x + y + z )
u+ v+w
=a
uvw
1
1
1
+
+
=a
vw uw uv
e i ( y + z ) + e i ( x+ z ) + e i ( x+ y ) = a

sin( x + y ) + sin( y + z ) + sin( z + x ) = 0
- 125 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI6
eK[ f ( x ) = sin4 x + 4 cos2 x cos4 + 4 sin2 x
k> sRmYl f ( x )
x>kMnt; x edIm,I[ f ( x ) = 12
dMeNaRsay
k> sRmYl f ( x )
eKman f ( x ) = sin4 x + 4 cos2 x cos4 + 4 sin2 x
eday cos2 x = 1 sin 2 x nig sin 2 x = 1 cos2 x
f ( x ) = sin 4 x + 4(1 sin 2 x ) cos4 x + 4(1 cos 2 x )
= 4 4 sin 2 x + sin 4 x 4 4 cos 2 x + cos4 x

= ( 2 sin 2 x )2 ( 2 cos 2 x )2
= ( 2 sin 2 x ) ( 2 cos 2 x ) = cos 2 x sin 2 x
dUcenH f ( x ) = cos 2 x .
x>kMnt; x edIm,I[ f ( x ) = 12
eK)an cos 2 x = 12 naM[ x = 3 + 2k Edl k Z .
- 126 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI7
cMeBaHRKb; n IN eK[ Sn = cosn 12 + sin n 12
k> KNnatm cos 12 nig sin 12
x> bgajfa 4 Sn+ 2 2 6Sn+1 + Sn = 0
dMeNaRsay
k> KNnatm cos 12 nig sin 12
cos
= cos
sin
= cos( )
12
3 4
cos
+ sin
sin
3
4
3
4
1 2
3 2
6+ 2
+
.
=
= .
2 2
2 2
4
= sin( )
12
3 4
= sin
dUcenH
cos
sin
cos
3
3 2
2 1
6 2
=
.
. =
2 2
2 2
4
6+ 2
6 2
cos =
; sin =
12
12
12
12
- 127 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
x> bgajfa 4 Sn+ 2 2 6Sn+1 + Sn = 0

eKman Sn = cosn 12 + sinn 12
tag x1 = cos 12 ; x2 = sin 12 enaH Sn = x1n + x2n
eKman x1 + x2 = 6 +4 2 + 6 4 2 = 26
ehIy x1 . x2 = 6 +4 2 . 6 4 2 = 616 2 = 14
eK)an x1 nig x2 CabssmIkar x 2 26 x + 14 = 0
b 4 x 2 2 6 x + 1 = 0
4 x12 2 6 x1 + 1 = 0
eKTaj 2
b
4 x2 2 6 x2 + 1 = 0
4 x1n + 2 2 6 x1n + 1 + x1n = 0 ( i )
4 x2 n + 2 2 6 x2n + 1 + x2 n = 0 ( ii )
bUksmIkar (i ) nig (ii ) GgnwgGgeK)an

4( x1n + 2 + x2n + 2 ) 2 6 ( x1n + 1 + x2n + 1 ) + ( x1n + x2 n ) = 0
dUcenH 4 Sn+ 2 2
6 Sn +1 + Sn = 0
- 128 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI8
eK[ fk ( x ) = k1 (sink x + cosk x ) Edl k = 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ...
cUrbgajfa f4 ( x ) f6 ( x ) = 121 .
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa f4 ( x ) f6 ( x ) = 121
eKman f4 ( x ) = 14 (sin4 x + cos4 x )
1
= [ (sin 2 x + cos 2 x )2 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x ]
4
1
=
1 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x
4
1
f 6 ( x ) = (sin 6 x + cos6 x )
6
ehIy
f6 ( x ) =
1
(sin 2 x + cos2 x )3 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x (sin 2 x + cos 2 x )
6
1
1 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x
6
1 1 1
f4 ( x ) f6 ( x ) = =
4 6 12
1
f4 ( x ) f6 ( x ) =
12
eK)an
dUcenH
- 129 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI9
eK[ a , b , c , d CacMnYnenAkgcenaH [ 0 ; ] edaydwgfa
sin a + 7 sin b = 4(sin c + 2 sin d )
cos a + 7 cos b = 4(cos c + 2 cos d )
cUrbgajfa 2 cos(a d ) = 7 cos(b c ) .

dMeNaRsay
bgajfa 2 cos(a d ) = 7 cos(b c )
sin a + 7 sin b = 4(sin c + 2 sin d )
eKman cos a + 7 cos b = 4(cos c + 2 cos d )
b
b
sin a 8 sin d = 4 sin c 7 sin b
cos a 8 cos d = 4 cos c 7 cos b

( sin a 8 sin d )2 = (4 sin c 7 sin b )2 ( i )
( cos a 8 cos d )2 = (4 cos c 7 cos b )2 ( ii )
bUksmIkar (i ) nig (ii ) GgnwgGgeK)an
65 16 cos(a d ) = 65 56 cos(b c )
16 cos( a d ) = 56 cos(b c )
dUcenH
2 cos(a d ) = 7 cos(b c )
- 130 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI10
eK[
tan =
cUrRsayfa
b
a
cos 8 sin 8
1
+
=
3
3
a
b
(a + b) 3
dMeNaRsay
cos 8 sin 8
1
+
=
3
3
a
b
(a + b) 3
b
b
tan =
tan2 =
a
a
sin
tan =
cos
Rsayfa
eKman
naM[
eday
sin b
eKn cos
=
a
1
smmUl sinb = cosa = sin b ++ cos
=
a
a+b
eKTaj sinb = a +1 b naM[ sinb = (a +bbI
2
cos 2
1
=
a
a+b
ehIy
bUkTMnakTMng
dUcen
(1)
(1)
cos 8
a
=
(2)
a3
(a + bI4
naM[
nig (2) Gg:nwgGg:eKn
cos 8 sin8
a+b
1
+
=
=
a3
b3
(a + b) 4 (a + b) 3
cos 8 sin 8
1
+
=
a3
b3
(a + b) 3
- 131 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI11
eK[
Edl a 0 , b 0 , a + b 0 .
cUrRsaybBaakfa cosa x + sinb x = (a +1b) .
cos 4 x sin 4 x
1
+
=
a
b
a+b
10
10
dMeNaRsay
cos10 x sin10 x
1
=
+
4
4
a
b
(a + b) 4
cos 4 x sin 4 x
1
+
=
a
b
a+b
RsaybBaakfa
eyIgman
eyIgn
(a + b)(b cos 4 x + a sin 4 x) = ab
ab cos4 x + a2 sin4 x + b2 cos4 x + ab sin4 x ab = 0

a2 sin4 x + b2 cos4 x + ab (sin4 x + cos4 x 1 ) = 0
a2 sin2 x + b2 cos4 x + ab [ (sin2 x + cos2 x)2 2 sin2 x cos2 x 1 ] = 0
a2 sin2 x + b2 cos4 x 2ab sin2 x cos2 x = 0

(a sin2 x b cos2 x) = 0
cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
1
=
=
=
a
b
a+b
a+b
10
2
cos x
a
cos x
1
=
(1)
=
a4
(a + b)5
a
a+b
sin10 x
a
sin2 x
1
=
(2)
=
4
b
(a + b)5
b
a+b
cos10 x sin10 x
a+b
1
+
=
=
4
4
5
a
b
(a + b)
(a + b) 4
eKTaj
eKn
ehIy
naM[
naM[
bUksmIkareKn
- 132 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI12
eK[RtIekaN ABC ehIyeKtag r nig R erogKaCakaMrgVg;
carwkkg nig kaMrgVg;carwkeRkAnRtIekaN .
cUrRsayfa cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + Rr
dMeNaRsay
Rsayfa cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + Rr
eKman cos A + cos B = 2 cos A +2 B cos A 2 B
A B
C
= 2 cos( ) cos
2 2
2
C
A B
= 2 sin cos
2
2
C
cos C = 1 2 sin 2
2
C
C
A B
cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 2 sin (sin cos
)
2
2
2
C
A B
A+ B
A B
sin cos
= cos
cos
2
2
2
2
A
B
= 2 sin sin
2
2
ehIy
eday
eK)an cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin A2 sin B2 sin C2

- 133 -
(i )
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
eKdwgfa
A
( p b )( p c )
B
( p a )( p c )
=
; sin =
2
bc
2
ac
C
( p a )( p b )
sin =
2
ab
( p a )( p b )( p c )
cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4
abc
sin
nig
tamrUbmnehrug
S=
p( p a )( p b )( p c ) = pr =
abc
4R
S2
( p a )( p b )( p c ) =
= pr 2 = r S
p
eKTaj
ehIy abc = 4 prR
S
r
eK)an cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4. 4rprR
= 1+
R
dUcenH cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + Rr .
- 134 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI13
eK[ f ( x) = a sin 2 x + b cos 2 x + c + a cos2 x + b sin 2 x + c
cUrRsayfa a + c + b + c f(x) 2 a 2+ b + c
rYcbBaaktmGtibrma nig Gb,brman f ( x) .
dMeNaRsay
Rsayfa a + c + b + c f (x) 2 a +2 b + c
eyIgman f (x) = a sin 2 x + b cos2 x + c + a cos2 x + b sin 2 x + c
eday a , b , c CabIcMnYnBitviCmanena x IR : f(x) > 0
elIkGg:TaMgBIrn (1) CakaereKn
f 2 (x) =
a sin2 x + b cos2 x + c + a cos2 x + b sin2 x + c
(1)
f 2 (x) = a + b + 2c + 2 (a sin2 x + b cos2 x + c)(a cos2 x + b sin2 x + c) (2)
tamvismPaBkUsiuRKbcMnYnBit A , B 0
eKman A + B 2 A.B 2 A.B A + B
eKn 2 (asin2 x + bcos2 x + c)(acos2 x + bsin2 x + c)
tamTMnakTMng (2) eKTajn
f 2 ( x ) a + b + 2c + a + b + 2c = 4(
naM[ f (x) 2 a +2 b + c
yk P(x) = (a sin x + b cos
2
a + b + 2c
a+b
+ c)
2
( 3)
2
x + c)(a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x + c)
- 135 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
P( x ) = [ a(1 cos 2 x ) + b cos 2 x + c] [a cos 2 x + b(1 cos 2 x ) + c]

P( x ) = [(a + c) + (b a ) cos 2 x] [ (b + c) (b a ) cos 2 x]
P( x ) = (a + c)(b + c) + (b a )2 cos 2 x (b a )2 cos4 x
P( x ) = (a + c)(b + c) + (b a )2 cos 2 x sin 2 x
eyIgman (b a)2 sin 2 x cos2 x 0 , x IR

eKTajn P( x) (a + c)(b + c) , x IR
TMnakTMng (2) eKGacsresr
f 2 ( x ) = a + b + 2c + 2 P( x ) a + b + 2c + 2 (a + c )(b + c)
f 2 ( x ) (a + c) + (b + c ) + 2 (a + c)(b + c )
f 2 ( x) ( a + c + b + c )2
eKTaj f(x)
tamTMnakTMng
a + c + b + c (4)
(3)
nig
(4)
eKTajn
a+b
+ c cMeBaRKb x IR
2
dUcGnuKmn_mantmGtibrmaesI M = 2 a +2 b + c
nigmantmGb,brmaesI m = a + c + b + c .
a + c + b + c f (x) 2
- 136 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI14
eKmanGnuKmn_
f( x) =
1
2
sin x +
sin 2 x
+ cos 2 x +
cos 2 x
cUrrktmtUcbMputnGnuKmn_en .
dMeNaRsay
rktmtUcbMputnGnuKmn_en
1
1 2
) 2 + (sin 2 x +
)
2
cos x
sin2 x
1
1
cos 4 x + 2 +
+ sin 4 x + 2 +
4
cos x
sin 4 x
f( x) = (cos 2 x +
4 + (cos 4 x + sin 4 x) + (
cos 4 x + sin 4 x
4 + (cos x + sin x) + (
)
sin 4 x cos 4 x
4 + (cos 4 x + sin 4 x)(1 +
4 + (cos 2 x + sin 2 x) 2 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x (1 +
4 + (1
1
)
sin 4 x cos 4 x
edayeKman
1+
1
1
)
+
4
sin x cos 4 x
16
1
sin 2 2 x)(1 +
)
2
sin 4 2 x
1
1
sin 2 2 x 1
1 sin 2 2 x
2
2
16
17
sin 4 2 x
naM[
16
)
sin 4 2 x
nig
eKTaj 4 + (1 21 sin 2x)(1 + sin162x ) 4 + 172 = 252

eyIgn f(x) = 4 + (1 21 sin 2x)(1 + sin162x ) 5 22
dUcentmtUcbMputnGnuKmn_KW m = 5 22 .
2
- 137 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI15
edaRsaysmIkar
1
1
9
3
1
+ cos 4 x cos 2 x +
+ cos 4 x cos 2 x =
16
2
16
2
2
dMeNaRsay
edaRsaysmIkar
1
1
9
3
1
+ cos 4 x cos 2 x +
+ cos 4 x cos 2 x =
(1)
16
2
16
2
2
smIkar
(1)
Gacsresr
2
1
3
1
2
2
cos x + cos x =
4
4
2
1
3
1
cos 2 x + cos 2 x
=
4
4
2
tag
t
t = cos 2 x
1
4
+ t
Edl
3
1
=
2
4
0 t 1
(2)
smIkar
(2)
Gacsresr
(3)
elIGk& (x' ox) eRCIserIscMnuc M(t) , A( 41) , B( 34 )

tam (3) eKn MA + MB = 21 eday AB = 21
eKn MA + MB = AB naM[ M enAkg [AB]
eKTaj 41 t 34 smmUl 41 cos x 34
smmUl 21 | cos x | 23 eKTaj
2
+ k
6
3
+ k' x + k ' , k ; k ' Z

3
6
- 138 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI16
kcUrRsaybBaakTMnakTMng tan x = cot x 2 cot 2x
xcUrKNnaplbUkxageRkam
S n = tan a +
dMeNaRsay
1
a
1
a
1
a
tan + 2 tan 2 + .... + n tan n
2
2 2
2
2
2
kRsaybBaakTMnakTMng
tag
tan x = cot x 2 cot 2 x
cot
x
=
tan x
A = cot x 2 cot 2 x
1
1 tan2 x
cot 2 x =
=
tan 2 x
2 tan x
2
2
1
1 tan x
1 1 + tan x
A=
)=
2 (
= tan x
tan x
2 tan x
tan x
eday
eKn
dUcen
tan x = cot x 2 cot 2 x
xKNnaplbUkxageRkam
1
a
1
a
1
a
tan + 2 tan 2 + .... + n tan n
2
2 2
2
2
2
n
a
1
2 k tan 2 k
k=0
n
a
a
1
2 k (cot 2 k 2 cot 2 k 1 )
k=0
n
a
1
a
1
a
1
2 k cot 2 k 2 k 1 cot 2 k 1 = 2 n cot 2 n 2 cot 2a
k=0
S n = tan a +
=
=
=
dUcen
S n = tan a +
1
a
1
a
1
a
tan + .... + n tan n = n cot n 2 cot 2a
2
2
2
2
2
2
- 139 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI17
kcUrRsayfa
xcUrKNna
S n = sin3
sin3 x =
1
( 3 sin x sin 3x)
4
a
a
a
a
+ 3 sin3 2 + 32 sin3 3 + .... + 3n1 sin3 n
3
3
3
3
dMeNaRsay
kRsayfa sin x = 41 ( 3 sin x sin 3x)

eyIgman sin 3x = sin(x + 2x)
tamrUbmn sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + sin b cos a
3
= sin x cos 2 x + sin 2 x cos x
= sin x(1 2 sin2 x) + 2 sin x cos 2 x

= sin x(1 2 sin2 x) + 2 sin x(1 sin2 x)
= sin x 2 sin3 x + 2 sin x 2 sin3 x
= 3 sin x 4 sin3 x
eday sin 3x = 3 sin x 4 sin x

dUcen sin x = 41 ( 3 sin x sin 3x) .
x KNna S = sin 3a + 3 sin 3a + 3 sin 3a + .... + 3 sin 3a
eyIgn S = 3 sin 3a eday sin x = 41 ( 3 sin x sin 3x)
3
Sn =
1
4
k =1
k 1
k =1
k
n1
sin
a
a 1 n
a
k 1
3
sin
=
(3
sin
sin a)
3k
3k 1 4
3n
- 140 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI18
bgajfakgRtIekaN ABC mYyeKman
ab
A B
C
= tan
tan
a+b
2
2
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa aa + bb = tan A 2 B tan C2
eKman a = 2 R sin A nig b = 2 R sin B
eK)an a b = 2 R(sin A sin B )
A B
A+ B
cos
2
2
A B
C
a b = 4 R sin
sin ( i )
2
2
a + b = 2 R(sin A + sin B )
A+ B
A B
a + b = 4 R sin
cos
2
2
C
A B
a + b = 4 R cos cos
( ii )
2
2
(i )
(ii )
ab
A B
C
= tan
tan
a+b
2
2
a b = 4 R sin
ehIy
eFIviFIEck nig
Gg nig GgeK)an
.
- 141 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI19
bgajfakgRtIekaN ABC mYyEdl A B C eKman
k> a sin( B C ) + b sin(C A) + c sin( A B ) = 0
B C ) + b sin (C A) + c sin ( A B )
x> a sin (sin(
= 3abc
B C ) sin( C A) sin( A B )
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa a sin( B C ) + b sin(C A) + c sin( A B ) = 0
3
C
BH BH
cos B =
=
AB
c
kgRtIekaNEkg ABH eKman

eKTaj BH = c cos B
HC
kgRtIekaNEkg ACH eKman cos C = HC
=
AC
b
eKTaj HC = b cos C
eday a = BC = BH + HC naM[ a = b cos C + c cos B
dUcKaEdr b = a cos C + c cos A nig c = a cos B + b cos A
- 142 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
tamRTwsIbTsIunUs sina A = sinb B

eK)an b cos Csin+ Ac cos B = a cos Csin+ Bc cos A
b cos C sin B + c sin B cos B = a cos C sin A + c cos A sin A
c
( b sin B a sin A) cos C = (sin 2 A sin 2 B )
2
( b sin B a sin A) cos c = c sin( A B ) cos( A + B )
( b sin B a sin A) cos C = c sin( A B ) cos C
eKTaj c sin( A B ) = a sin A b sin B

dUcKaEdr a sin( B C ) = b sin B c sin C
(i )
( ii )
b sin(C A) = c sin C a sin A ( iii )
bUkTMnak;TMng (i ) ; (ii ) & (iii ) eK)an

a sin( B C ) + b sin(C A) + c sin( A B ) = 0
a 3 sin 3 ( B C ) + b 3 sin 3 (C A) + c 3 sin 3 ( A B )

= 3abc
sin( B C ) sin( C A) sin( A B )
x>
tag x = a sin( B C ) ; y = b sin(C A) ; z = c sin( A B)
eK)an x + y + z = 0
b x + y = z
eK)an ( x + y )3 = z 3
- 143 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
x 3 + 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 + y 3 = z 3
x 3 + 3 xy ( x + y ) + y 3 = z 3
x 3 3 xyz + y 3 = z 3
x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3 xyz
CMnYs x = a sin( B C ) ; y = b sin(C A) ; z = c sin( A B)

rYcEckGgTaMgBIrnwg sin( B C ) sin(C A) sin( A B )
a 3 sin 3 ( B C ) + b 3 sin 3 (C A) + c 3 sin 3 ( A B )
= 3abc
sin( B C ) sin( C A) sin( A B )
- 144 -
CMBUkTI3
GnuKmn_RtIekaNmaRt
lMhatTI20
nx) cos(n + 1)x cos(nx)
kcUrRsayfa sin(
=
. cot x
cos x cos x
cos x
sin x sin 2 x sin 3x
sin(nx)
xcUrKNna S = cos
+
+
+ .... +
x cos x cos x
cos x
n+1
dMeNaRsay
nx) cos(n + 1)x cos(nx)

kRsayfa sin(
=
. cot x
cos x cos x
cos x
eyIgman cos(n + 1)x = cos(nx + x)
cos(n + 1)x = cos(nx) cos x sin(nx) sin x
EckGg:TaMgBIrnwg cos x eKn
n+1
n+1
cos(n + 1)x cos(nx) cos x sin(nx) sin x cos(nx) sin(nx)
. tan x
=
cosn+1 x
cosn+1 x
cosn+1 x
cosn x
cosn x
sin(nx) cos(n + 1)x cos(nx)
1
=
.
n
n+1
n
cos x cos x
cos x tan x
sin(nx) cos(n + 1)x cos(nx)
=
. cot x
cos n x cos n+1 x
cos n x
sin x sin 2 x sin 3x
sin(nx)
Sn =
+
+
+ .... +
2
3
cos x cos x cos x
cos n x
n
sin(kx)
Sn =
k
k =1 cos x
sin(kx) cos(k + 1)x cos(kx)
=
. cot x
cos k x cos k +1 x
cos k x
n
cos(k + 1)x cos(kx)
cos(n + 1)x
S n = cot x
1
= cot x
n+1
k +1
k
x
cos x
cos x
k =1 cos
naM[
dUcen
xKNna
eyIgn
eday
dUcen
cos(n + 1)x
S n = cot x
1
cos n +1 x
- 145 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI1
eK[cMnYnkMupic Z = log ( x +2 y ) + i ( log x + log
+i
nig W = 13
Edl
x IR*+ ; y IR*+ .
1 2i
k-cUrsresr W CaTRmgBICKNit .
x-kMnt x nig y edIm,I[ Z = W .
3
y)
dMeNaRsay
k-sresr W CaTRmgBICKNit
+ i (12 + i)(1 + 2i) 12 + 24i + i 2
eyIgn W = 12
=
=
= 2 + 5i
1 2i
1+ 4
5
dUcen W = 2 + 5i .
x-kMnt x nig y edIm,I[ Z = W
eyIgn
Z=W
smmUl
x+y
log
(
)=2
2
3
log 2 (x.y) = 5
naM[
x+y
)=2
log 2 (
3
log 2 x + log 2 y = 5
x + y = 12
x.y = 32
eKTaj x ; y CassmIkar u 12u + 32 = 0

eday ' = 36 32 = 4 eKTajs uu == 66 + 22 == 48
dUcen x = 4 ; y = 8 x = 8 ; y = 4 .
2
- 146 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI2
edaRsaysmIkar
2z | z | =
dMeNaRsay
9 7i
1+ i
Edl
CacMnYnkMupic .
edaRsaysmIkar
9 7i
2z | z | =
tag z = x + i.y , x; y IR
1+ i
eKn 2(x + iy ) | x + iy |= ((91+7ii)()(11ii))
2x + 2iy x 2 + y 2 =
9 9i 7i 7
2
( 2x x 2 + y 2 ) + 2iy = 1 8i
2x x 2 + y 2 = 1
2y = 8
eKTaj
tam
( 2)
eKTaj
(1)
( 2)
ykeTACYskg (1) eKn
y = 4
2x x 2 + 16 = 1
2x 1 = x 2 + 16
, x>
1
2
( 2x 1) 2 = x 2 + 16
4x 2 4x + 1 = x 2 + 16
3x 2 4x 15 = 0 ; ' = 4 + 45 = 7 2
2+7
27
5
1
x1 =
= 3 ; x2 =
= <
3
3
3
2
eKTajs
eKn
x = 3 ; y = 4
.dUcen
- 147 -
z = 3 4i
(minyk)
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI3
eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr Z1 nig Z 2 Edl Z 2 0 .
cUrRsaybBaak;fa ZZ = || ZZ ||
1
dMeNaRsay
RsaybBaak;fa ZZ = || ZZ ||
eyIgtag Z1 = a + i.b nig Z 2 = c + i . d Edl a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .
+ i .bc i .bd
eyIg)an ZZ = ac ++ ii..db = ((ac ++ ii..db)()(cc ii..dd)) = ac i.ad
c i .d
1
eK)an
naM[
Z1 (ac + bd ) + i(bc ad ) ac + bd
bc ad
=
=
+
i
.
Z2
c2 + d 2
c2 + d2
c2 + d2
2
Z1
ac + bd bc ad
= 2
+ 2
2
Z2
c + d c + d2
=
(ac + bd ) 2 + (bc ad ) 2
c2 + d2
a 2c 2 + 2abcd + b 2 d 2 + b 2c 2 2abcd + a 2d 2
=
c2 + d2
=
=
=
(a 2 c 2 + a 2 d 2 ) + ( b 2 c 2 + b 2 d 2 )
c2 + d2
a 2 (c 2 + d 2 ) + b 2 (c 2 + d 2 )
c2 + d2
(c 2 + d 2 )(a 2 + b 2 )
c2 + d2
- 148 -
CMBUkTI4
eKTaj
sVItcMnYnBit
Z1
=
Z2
edayeKman
dUecH
a2 + b2
c2 + d 2
| Z | = a 2 + b 2
1
| Z 2 | = c 2 + d 2
Z1
| Z1 |
=
Z2
| Z2 |
- 149 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI4
eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr Z1 nig Z2 .
k> cUrRsaybBaak;fa | Z1 + Z2 | | Z1 | + | Z2 |
x> Taj[)anfa (a + c)2 + (b + d)2 a2 + b 2 +
cMeBaHRKb; a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .
c2 + d 2
dMeNaRsay
k> RsaybBaak;fa | Z1 + Z 2 | | Z1 | + | Z 2 |
kgbg;kMupic ( XOY) eyIgeRCIserIsviucTrBIr U nig V manGahVikerogKa
Z1 nig Z 2 naM[viucTr U + V manGahVik Z1 + Z 2 .
tamlkNRCugrbs;RtIekaNeK)an || U+ V || || U || + || V ||

eday || U || = | Z1 | , || V || = | Z 2 | , || U+ V ||=| Z1 + Z 2 |
dUcenH | Z + Z | | Z | + | Z |
x> Taj[)anfa (a + c)2 + (b + d)2 a2 + b 2 + c2 + d 2

man Z1 + Z 2 = (a + c) + i.(b + d) naM[ | Z1 + Z 2 |= (a + c)2 + (b + d)2
ehIy | Z1 |= a 2 + b 2 , | Z 2 |= c2 + d 2 .
tamsRmayxagelIeKman | Z1 + Z 2 | | Z1 | + | Z 2 |
dUcenH (a + c) + (b + d) a + b + c + d
.
2
- 150 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI5
eK[cMnYnkMupic z = 2 + 2 + i. 2 2 .
k>cUrsresr z CaTMrg;BiCKNit .
x>cUrsresr z nig z CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt .
K>TajrktMlR)akdn cos 8 nig sin 8 .
2
dMeNaRsay
k-sresr z CaTMrg;BiCKNit
eyIg)an z = ( 2 + 2 + i.
2
2 2 )2
= ( 2 + 2 ) 2 + 2( 2 + 2 )(i. 2 2 ) + (i. 2 2 ) 2
= 2 + 2 + 2 22 2.i 2 + 2 = 2 2 + 2 2i
dUcenH z = 2 2 + 2 2 .i
x-sresr z nig z CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt
eKman z = 2 2 + 2 2 .i = 4 22 + i. 22 = 4 cos 4 + i.sin 4
dUcenH z = 4 cos 4 + i.sin 4 nig z = 2 cos 8 + i.sin 8

2
K-TajrktMlR)akdn cos 8 nig sin 8

tamsMrayxagelIeKTaj 2 cos 8 + i. sin 8 =
dUcenH
cos
2+ 2
=
8
2
nig
sin
2 + 2 + i. 2 2
2 2
=
8
8
- 151 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI6
eKeGaycMnYnkMupic z1 = 6 2i. 2 nig z 2 = 1 i
k>cUrsresr z , z nig Z = zz1 CaragRtIekaNmaRt.
1
x>cUrsresr Z = zz1 CaragBiCKNit.

2
K>TajeGay)anfa cos 12 =
6+ 2
4
dMeNaRsay
k>sresr
eKman
dUcenH
eKman
dUcenH
6 2
4
nig Z = zz1 CaragRtIekaNmaRt

2
6i 2
1
2
i
.
2
cos
i
.
sin
2
2
2
6
6
z1 = 2 cos( ) + i . sin( )
6
6
2
= 2 cos i . sin
i.
z 2 = 1 i = 2
2
4
4
eKman z
dUcenH
z1 , z 2
nig sin 12 =
z 2 = 2 cos( ) + i . sin( )
4
4
z
2

Z= 1 =
cos(
+
)
+
i
.
sin(
+ )
z2
6 4
6 4
2
Z = cos
+ i . sin
12
12
- 152 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
x> sresr Z = zz1 CaragBiCKNit

2
6 i 2 ( 6 i 2 )(1 + i )
6+i 6i 2+ 2
=
=
2(1 i )
2(1 i )(1 + i )
4
6+ 2
6 2
Z=
+ i.
4
4
eK)an Z =
dUcenH
K> TajeGay)anfa
nig sin 12 =
tamsRmayxagelIeKman
cos
6+ 2
=
12
4
Z = cos
nig Z =
6 2
4
+ i . sin
(1)
12
12
6+ 2
6 2
+ i.
4
4
( 2)
pwmTMnak;TMng ! nig @ eK)an

cos
6+ 2
6 2
+ i . sin =
+ i.
12
12
4
4
6+ 2
6 2
cos =
sin =
12
4
12
4
dUcenH
nig
- 153 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI7
eK[ z nig z CacMnYnkMupicBIr .
cUrRsayfa | z + z | + | z z | = 2(| z
1
dMeNaRsay
Rsayfa | z + z | + | z z | = 2(| z
eKman | z + z | = (z + z )( z + z )
2
|2 + | z 2 |2 )
|2 + | z 2 |2 )
| z 1 + z 2 |2 = z 1 z1 + z 1 z 2 + z1z 2 + z 2 z 2
| z 1 + z 2 |2 =| z 1 |2 + z 1 z 2 + z1z 2 + | z 2 |2 (1)
ehIy
| z 1 z 2 |2 = ( z 1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 )
| z 1 z 2 |2 = z 1 z1 z 1 z 2 z1z 2 + z 2 z 2
| z 1 z 2 |2 =| z 1 |2 z 1 z 2 z1z 2 + | z 2 |2
bUkTMnakTMng
(1)
nig
(2 )
(2 )
eKn
| z 1 + z 2 |2 + | z 1 z 2 |2 = 2 ( | z 1 |2 + | z 2 |2 )
- 154 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI8
eK[ z nig z CacMnYnkMupicBIrEdl | z
nig z .z 1 .
cUrRsayfa 1z+ +z zz CacMnYnBitmYy .
1
| = | z2 | = 1
1 2
dMeNaRsay
z1 + z 2
1 + z 1z 2
z + z2
Z= 1
1 + z 1z 2
Rsayfa
CacMnYnBitmYy
tag
ena
Z=
z 1 .z1 = | z 1 |2 = 1
ena
eday
eKn
eday
z1 + z 2
1 + z 1 .z 2
1
z1 =
z1
1 1
+
z + z1
z1 z 2
Z=
=Z
= 2
1 1 z 2z1 + 1
1+ .
z1 z 2
z + z2
Z=Z
Z= 1
1 + z 1z 2
ena
ehIydUcKa
CacMnYnBit .
- 155 -
z2 =
1
z2
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI9
eK[cMnYnkMupic Z = (cos x + 1 ) + i.(sin
cos x
Edl x CacMnYnBit.
cUrkMntrkmUDulGb,brmancMnYnkMupicen ?
2
x+
1
)
2
sin x
dMeNaRsay
rkmUDulGb,brmancMnYnkMupic
1 2
1 2
2
)
+
(sin
x
+
)
2
2
cos x
sin x
1 2
1 2
2
f ( x ) = (cos 2 x +
)
+
(sin
x
+
)
2
2
cos x
sin x
1
1
4
= cos 4 x + 2 +
+
sin
x
+
2
+
cos 4 x
sin 4 x
1
1
= 4 + (cos 4 x + sin 4 x ) + ( 4 +
)
4
sin x cos x
cos 4 x + sin 4 x
4
4
= 4 + (cos x + sin x ) + (
)
4
4
sin x cos x
eyIgn
tag
| Z |= (cos 2 x +
- 156 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
f ( x) = 4 + (cos 4 x + sin 4 x )(1 +
1
)
sin 4 x cos 4 x
= 4 + (cos 2 x + sin 2 x) 2 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x (1 +
16
)
4
sin 2x
1
16
= 4 + (1 sin 2 2x )(1 +
)
2
sin 4 2x
edayeKman
sin 2x 1
2
naM[
1 2
1
1 sin 2x
2
2
16
17
4
sin 2x
eKTaj 4 + (1 1 sin 2 2x)(1 + 164 ) 4 + 17 = 25
2
2
2
sin 2x
eyIgn f (x) = 4 + (1 1 sin 2 2x)(1 + 164 ) 25
2
2
sin 2x
eday | Z |= f ( x) eKTajn | Z | 5 = 5 2
2
2
dUcenmUDulGb,brman Z KW | Z |min = 5 2 .
2
nig
1+
- 157 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI10
eK[ A = 13 + i 13 i , n IN .
cUrbgajfa A = i . 2 . sin n3 cMeBaHRKb; n IN .

( 3)
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa A = i . ( 2 3 ) . sin n3 cMeBaHRKb; n IN .
n
n +1
n +1
eyIgman
, n IN
tag Z = 13 + i = 1 + i3. 3 = 23 12 + i 23 = 23 cos 3 + i.sin 3
tamrUbmndWmreK)an Z = 13 + i = 2 cos n3 + i. sin n3

( 3)
ehIy Z = 2 cos n3 i. sin n3

( 3)
eKTaj A = 2 cos n3 + i. sin n3 2 cos n3 i. sin n3

n
1
1
A=
+ i
i
3
3
( 3 )n
dUcenH
( 3 )n
n +1
n
n
n
n
2
n
cos
+
i
.
sin
cos
+
i
.
sin
=
i
.
.
sin
3
3
3
3
3
( 3 )n
( 3 )n
2n
A = i.
2 n +1
( 3 )n
. sin
n
3
- 158 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI11
kgbg;kMupic (O , i , j ) eK[bYncMnuc A , B , C , D
EdlmanGahVikerogKa
Z = 1 + 6i , Z = 4 + 5i , Z = 5 + 4i nig Z = 2 3i .
cUrRsayfactuekaN ABCD carikkgrgVg;mYyEdleKnwgbBaak;pit
nig kaMrbs;va .
dMeNaRsay
RsayfactuekaN ABCD carikkgrgVg;
eyIgtag (c): x + y + ax + by + c = 0
CasmIkarrgVg;carikeRkARtIekaN ABC .
eyIg)an A (c) naM[ 1 + 6 + a + 6b + c = 0
b a + 6b + c = 37 (1)
B (c ) naM[ 4 + 5 + 4a + 5b + c = 0
b 4a + 5b + c = 41 (2)
C (c) naM[ ( 2) + ( 3) 2a 3b + c = 0
b 2a 3b + c = 13 (3)

eyIg)anRbBnsmIkar
a + 6b + c = 37
4a + 5b + c = 41
2a 3b + c = 13
- 159 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
bnab;BIedaHRsayRbBnenHeK)ancemIuy
a = 2 , b = 2 , c = 23 .
smIkarrgVg;carikeRkARtIekaN ABC Gacsresr
(c) : x 2 + y 2 2x 2y 23 = 0
b (c) : (x 1) + (y 1) = 25
ma:geTotedayykkUGredaen D CYskgsmIkar
2
(c) :( 2 1) 2 + ( 3 1) 2 = 25
vaepgpat;enaHnaM[ D (c) .
edaybYncMnuc A , B , C , D sitenAelIrgVg;mansmIkar
(c) : ( x 1) + ( y 1) = 25 EtmYy
enaHnaM[ctuekaN ABCD carikkgrgVg; (c) manpit I( 1 , 1 )
nig kaM R = 5 .
2
- 160 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI12
eK[ z nig z CaBIrcMnYnkMupic .
cUrbgajfa | 1 + z z | + | z + z | | z 1 || z 1 |
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa | 1 + z z | + | z + z | | z 1 || z 1 |
tamvismPaBRtIekaNeK)an
1
1 2
1 2
| 1 + z1z 2 | + | z1 + z 2 | | 1 + z1z 2 + z1 + z 2 |
nig | 1 + z z | + | z + z | | 1 + z z z z |
eK)an (| 1 + z z | + | z + z |) | (1 + z z ) (z
eday
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
+ z 2 )2 |
(1 + z 1z 2 )2 ( z 1 + z 2 )2 = 1 z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 2 = (1 z 1 )(1 z 2 )
2
eK)an (| 1 + z z
1
2 | + | z 1 + z 2 |) | (1 z 1 )(1 z 2 ) |
2
(| 1 + z1z 2 | + | z1 + z 2 |) 2 | 1 z12 || 1 z 2 2 |
dUcenH (| 1 + z1z 2 | + | z1 + z 2 |) 2 | (1 + z1z 2 )2 (z1 + z 2 )2 |
- 161 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI13
eK[ z ; z CacMnYnkMupicEdl | z |=| z |= r > 0 .
z +z z z
bgajfa r + z z + r z z r1
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa
1
1 2
1 2
z1 + z 2 z1 z 2
1
2
+ 2
2
r
r + z 1z 2 r z 1z 2
tag z = r(cos 2x + i sin 2x) nig z

Edl x IR ; y IR .
eK)an
1
= r (co2y + i sin 2y )
z1 + z 2
r [ (cos 2x + cos 2y ) + i(sin 2x + sin 2y ) ]
=
r 2 + z1z 2 r 2 + r 2 [ cos( 2x + 2y ) + i . sin( 2x + 2y ) ]
2 cos( x + y ) cos( x y ) + 2i sin( x + y ) cos( x y )
r [ 2 cos 2 ( x + y ) + 2i sin( x + y ) cos( x + y ) ]
1 cos( x y )
= .
r cos( x + y )
z1 z 2
1 sin( y x )
=
r 2 z1z 2 r sin( y + x )
=
dUcKaEdr
eK)an
- 162 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
2
z1 + z 2 z1 z 2
1 cos 2 ( x y ) sin 2 ( y x )
2
+ 2
= 2 2
+
2
r
+
z
z
r
z
z
r
cos
(
x
+
y
)
sin
(
y
+
x
)
1 2
1 2
cos 2 ( x y )
cos 2 ( x y )
cos 2 ( x + y ) 1
2
cos ( x + y )
sin 2 ( y x )
sin 2 ( x y )
sin 2 ( x + y ) 1
2
sin ( y + x )
cos 2 ( x y ) sin 2 ( y x )
+
cos 2 ( x y ) + sin 2 ( x y ) = 1
2
2
cos ( x + y ) sin ( y + x )
eday
eRBaH
ehIy
eRBaH
dUcenH
z1 + z 2 z1 z 2
1
2
+ 2
2
r
r + z 1z 2 r z 1z 2
- 163 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI14
eKyk z ; z
1
; ....; z n
CacMnYnkMupicEdlepgpat;TMnak;TMng
(k + 1)z k + 1 i(n k )z k = 0 ; k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ... , n 1
k-kMnt; z ebIeKdwgfa z + z + z + .... + z = 2

x-cMeBaHtm z Edl)ankMnt;xagelIcUrbgajfa
0
( 3n + 1)n
| z 0 | + | z1 | + | z 2 | +....+ | z n | <
n!
2
dMeNaRsay
k-kMnt; z ebIeKdwgfa z + z + z + .... + z
eKman (k + 1)z i(n k )z = 0
eK)an zz = i. nk + k1
0
k +1
= 2n
k +1
k
( p 1)
k =0
z k + 1 p 1 n k
= i .
z
k
1
+
k k = 0
zp
n!
= i pCpn ; Cpn =
z0
p!(n p )!
eKTaj z
eday z
+ z1 + z 2 + .... + z n = 2
= i p z 0 Cpn ; p = 0 , 1 , 2 , ....
- 164 -
b (z
n
p=0
p)
= 2n
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
man (z ) = z C i = z (1 + i)
eK)an z (1 + i ) = 2
eKTaj z = (1 +2 i) = (1 i)
dUcenH z = (1 i) .
n
p=0
p=0
p p
n
( 3n + 1)n
| z 0 | + | z1 | + | z 2 | +....+ | z n | <
n!
2
edayGnuvtn_vismPaB AM GM eyIg)an
z 0 2 + z1 2 + ... + z n 2 = z 0
((C )
= z 0 2 Cn2n = 2n .
0 2
n
+ (C1n )2 + .... + (Cnn )2
( 2n )!
n! n!
2n
= (2n( 2n 1)( 2n 2)....(n + 1)))
n!
2n 2n + ( 2n 1) + ( 2n 2) + .... + (n + 1)
<
n!
n
( 3n + 1)n
<
n!
dUcenH
( 3n + 1)n
| z 0 | + | z1 | + | z 2 | +....+ | z n | <
n!
2
- 165 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI15
eK[ z ; z
1
CacMnYnkMupicedaydwgfa
=z z +z z +z z =0 .
; z3
z1 + z 2 + z 3
1 2
2 3
3 1
cUrbgajfa | z |=| z |=| z |

dMeNaRsay
bgajfa | z |=| z |=| z |
eKman z + z + z = z z + z z + z z = 0
(1)
z + z = z
eKTaj z z + z (z + z ) = 0 (2)
yk (1) CMnYskg (2) eyIg)an

z z z = 0 naM[ | z | =| z | .| z |
dUcKaEdr | z | =| z | . | z | nig | z | =| z | . | z
eyIg)an
1
1 2
1 2
3 1
1 2
2 3
| z 1 |2 + | z 2 |2 + | z 3 |2 =| z1 || z 2 | + | z 2 || z 3 | + | z 3 || z1 |
b (| z | | z |)
dUcenH | z |=| z
+ (| z 2 | | z 3 |)2 + (| z 3 | | z1 |)2 = 0
|=| z 3 |
- 166 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI16
cUrbgajfa 26+z 3izi 1 luHRtaEt
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa | z | 13
eKman 26+z 3izi 1
lkxN 2 + 3iz 0 b z 23i
eK)an | 6z i || 2 + 3iz |
|z|
1
3
| 6z i |2 | 2 + 3iz |2
(6z i )(6 z + i ) ( 2 + 3iz )( 2 3iz )
36zz + 6iz 6iz + 1 4 6iz + 6iz + 9z z
27 z z 3
1
9
1
| z |2
9
zz
dUcenH
|z|
1
3
- 167 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI17
eK[ z ; z ; z ; ....; z CacMnYnkMupicEdlmanm:UDlesI 1 .
eKtag Z = (z ) ( z1 ) .
cUrbgajfa 0 Z n
1
k =1
k =1
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa 0 Z n
eday z ; z ; z ; ....; z CacMnYnkMupicEdlmanm:UDlesI 1
enaHeKGactag z = cos x + i. sin x
Edl x IR ; k = 1 , 2 , 3 ,...., n
eK)an Z = (z ) ( z1 )
2
k =1
k =1
k =1
k =1
(cos xk + i . sin xk ) (cos xk i sin xk )

2
n
n
= cos xk + sin xk 0
k =1
k =1
eK)an Z 0
ma:geTottamvismPaB Cauchy Schwartz
- 168 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
n
n
cos xk n cos 2 xk
k =1
k =1
2
n
n
sin xk n sin 2 xk
k =1
k =1
(
)
nig
eKTaj Z n (cos x ) + n (sin
n
Zn
dUcenH
k =1
n
k =1
xk )
(cos2 xk + sin 2 xk )
k =1
Z n.n = n 2
.
sMKal; eKGacRsay Z n tammYyrebobeTotdUcxageRkam
eday | z | = 1 enaH z = z1 RKb; k = 1 ; 2 ;.....; n
0 Z n2
eK)an
n
n 1
Z = ( z k ) ( )
k =1
k =1 z k
n n n n
= z k zk = z k z k
k =1 k =1 k =1 k =1
=
(z k )
k =1
n
| zk
k =1
| = n2
eKTaj)an Z n .
2
- 169 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI18
eK[cMnYnkMupic z Edl | z |= 1 . cUrbgajfa
2 | 1 z | + | 1 + z2 | 4
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa 2 | 1 z | + | 1 + z | 4
tag z = cos t + i. sin t
eK)an | 1 z |= (1 cos t) + sin t = 2 | sin 2t |
ehIy | 1 + z |= (1 + cos 2t ) + sin 2t = 2 | cos t |
2
t
= 2 | 1 2 sin 2 |
2
t
t
| 1 z | + | 1 z 2 |= 2 | sin | + | 1 2 sin 2 |
2
2
t
x = sin ; 1 x 1
f
2
eK)an
edayyk
ehIytagGnuKmn_
kMnt;eday f (x) =| x | + | 1 2x | Edl 1 x 1
cMeBaH 1 x 1 eK)an 22 f (x) 2
dUcenH 2 | 1 z | + | 1 + z | 4 .
2
- 170 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI19
eK[cMnYnkMupic z = x + i.y Edl x nig y CaBIrcMnYnBit .
cUrkMnt;tm x nig y ebIeKdwgfa
10
( 3 + 2i ) z + (1 + 3i ) z =
z CacMnYnkMupicqas;n z .
2i
dMeNaRsay
kMnt;tm x nig y
eKman (3 + 2i) z + (1 + 3i) z = 210 i
eday z = x + i.y naM[ z = x i.y
eK)an ( 3 + 2i )(x + iy ) + (1 + 3i )(x iy ) = 210 i
3x + 3iy + 2ix 2y + x iy + 3ix + 3y =
10( 2 + i )
5
(4x + y ) + i .(5x + 2y ) = 4 + 2i
eKTaj)an 45xx ++ y2y==42
eKman D = 45 12 = 8 5 = 3 , Dx = 42 12 = 8 2 = 6
4 4
nig Dy = 5 2 = 8 20 = 12
eK)an x = DDx = 63 = 2 , y = DDy = 123 = 4
dUcenH
x = 2 , y = 4
.
- 171 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI1
eK[cMnYnkMupic Z = log ( x +2 y ) + i ( log x + log
+i
nig W = 13
Edl
x IR*+ ; y IR*+ .
1 2i
k-cUrsresr W CaTRmgBICKNit .
x-kMnt x nig y edIm,I[ Z = W .
3
y)
dMeNaRsay
k-sresr W CaTRmgBICKNit
+ i (12 + i)(1 + 2i) 12 + 24i + i 2
eyIgn W = 12
=
=
= 2 + 5i
1 2i
1+ 4
5
dUcen W = 2 + 5i .
x-kMnt x nig y edIm,I[ Z = W
eyIgn
Z=W
smmUl
x+y
log
(
)=2
2
3
log 2 (x.y) = 5
naM[
x+y
)=2
log 2 (
3
log 2 x + log 2 y = 5
x + y = 12
x.y = 32
eKTaj x ; y CassmIkar u 12u + 32 = 0

eday ' = 36 32 = 4 eKTajs uu == 66 + 22 == 48
dUcen x = 4 ; y = 8 x = 8 ; y = 4 .
2
- 146 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI2
edaRsaysmIkar
2z | z | =
dMeNaRsay
9 7i
1+ i
Edl
CacMnYnkMupic .
edaRsaysmIkar
9 7i
2z | z | =
tag z = x + i.y , x; y IR
1+ i
eKn 2(x + iy ) | x + iy |= ((91+7ii)()(11ii))
2x + 2iy x 2 + y 2 =
9 9i 7i 7
2
( 2x x 2 + y 2 ) + 2iy = 1 8i
2x x 2 + y 2 = 1
2y = 8
eKTaj
tam
( 2)
eKTaj
(1)
( 2)
ykeTACYskg (1) eKn
y = 4
2x x 2 + 16 = 1
2x 1 = x 2 + 16
, x>
1
2
( 2x 1) 2 = x 2 + 16
4x 2 4x + 1 = x 2 + 16
3x 2 4x 15 = 0 ; ' = 4 + 45 = 7 2
2+7
27
5
1
x1 =
= 3 ; x2 =
= <
3
3
3
2
eKTajs
eKn
x = 3 ; y = 4
.dUcen
- 147 -
z = 3 4i
(minyk)
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI3
eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr Z1 nig Z 2 Edl Z 2 0 .
cUrRsaybBaak;fa ZZ = || ZZ ||
1
dMeNaRsay
RsaybBaak;fa ZZ = || ZZ ||
+ i .bc i .bd
eyIg)an ZZ = ac ++ ii..db = ((ac ++ ii..db)()(cc ii..dd)) = ac i.ad
c i .d
1
eK)an
naM[
Z1 (ac + bd ) + i(bc ad ) ac + bd
bc ad
=
=
+
i
.
Z2
c2 + d 2
c2 + d2
c2 + d2
2
Z1
ac + bd bc ad
= 2
+ 2
2
Z2
c + d c + d2
=
(ac + bd ) 2 + (bc ad ) 2
c2 + d2
a 2c 2 + 2abcd + b 2 d 2 + b 2c 2 2abcd + a 2d 2
=
c2 + d2
=
=
=
(a 2 c 2 + a 2 d 2 ) + ( b 2 c 2 + b 2 d 2 )
c2 + d2
a 2 (c 2 + d 2 ) + b 2 (c 2 + d 2 )
c2 + d2
(c 2 + d 2 )(a 2 + b 2 )
c2 + d2
- 148 -
CMBUkTI4
eKTaj
sVItcMnYnBit
Z1
=
Z2
edayeKman
dUecH
a2 + b2
c2 + d 2
| Z | = a 2 + b 2
1
| Z 2 | = c 2 + d 2
Z1
| Z1 |
=
Z2
| Z2 |
- 149 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI4
eK[cMnYnkMupicBIr Z1 nig Z2 .
k> cUrRsaybBaak;fa | Z1 + Z2 | | Z1 | + | Z2 |
x> Taj[)anfa (a + c)2 + (b + d)2 a2 + b 2 +
cMeBaHRKb; a , b , c , d CacMnYnBit .
c2 + d 2
dMeNaRsay
k> RsaybBaak;fa | Z1 + Z 2 | | Z1 | + | Z 2 |
kgbg;kMupic ( XOY) eyIgeRCIserIsviucTrBIr U nig V manGahVikerogKa
Z1 nig Z 2 naM[viucTr U + V manGahVik Z1 + Z 2 .
tamlkNRCugrbs;RtIekaNeK)an || U+ V || || U || + || V ||

eday || U || = | Z1 | , || V || = | Z 2 | , || U+ V ||=| Z1 + Z 2 |
dUcenH | Z + Z | | Z | + | Z |
x> Taj[)anfa (a + c)2 + (b + d)2 a2 + b 2 + c2 + d 2
man Z1 + Z 2 = (a + c) + i.(b + d) naM[ | Z1 + Z 2 |= (a + c)2 + (b + d)2
ehIy | Z1 |= a 2 + b 2 , | Z 2 |= c2 + d 2 .
tamsRmayxagelIeKman | Z1 + Z 2 | | Z1 | + | Z 2 |
dUcenH (a + c) + (b + d) a + b + c + d
.
- 150 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI5
eK[cMnYnkMupic z = 2 + 2 + i. 2 2 .
k>cUrsresr z CaTMrg;BiCKNit .
x>cUrsresr z nig z CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt .
K>TajrktMlR)akdn cos 8 nig sin 8 .
2
dMeNaRsay
k-sresr z CaTMrg;BiCKNit
eyIg)an z = ( 2 + 2 + i.
2
2 2 )2
= ( 2 + 2 ) 2 + 2( 2 + 2 )(i. 2 2 ) + (i. 2 2 ) 2
= 2 + 2 + 2 22 2.i 2 + 2 = 2 2 + 2 2i
dUcenH z = 2 2 + 2 2 .i
x-sresr z nig z CaTMrg;RtIekaNmaRt
eKman z = 2 2 + 2 2 .i = 4 22 + i. 22 = 4 cos 4 + i.sin 4
dUcenH z = 4 cos 4 + i.sin 4 nig z = 2 cos 8 + i.sin 8

2
K-TajrktMlR)akdn cos 8 nig sin 8

tamsMrayxagelIeKTaj 2 cos 8 + i. sin 8 =
dUcenH
cos
2+ 2
=
8
2
nig
sin
2 + 2 + i. 2 2
2 2
=
8
8
- 151 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI6
eKeGaycMnYnkMupic z1 = 6 2i. 2 nig z 2 = 1 i
k>cUrsresr z , z nig Z = zz1 CaragRtIekaNmaRt.
1
x>cUrsresr Z = zz1 CaragBiCKNit.

2
K>TajeGay)anfa cos 12 =
6+ 2
4
dMeNaRsay
k>sresr
eKman
dUcenH
eKman
dUcenH
6 2
4
nig Z = zz1 CaragRtIekaNmaRt

2
3
6i 2
1
=
2
i
.
=
2
cos
i
.
sin
2
2
2
6
6
z1 = 2 cos( ) + i . sin( )
6
6
2
2
= 2 cos i . sin
z 2 = 1 i = 2
i.
2
4
4
eKman z
dUcenH
z1 , z 2
nig sin 12 =
z 2 = 2 cos( ) + i . sin( )
4
4
z
2

Z= 1 =
cos(
+
)
+
i
.
sin(
+ )
z2
6 4
6 4
2
Z = cos
+ i . sin
12
12
- 152 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
x> sresr Z = zz1 CaragBiCKNit

2
6 i 2 ( 6 i 2 )(1 + i )
6+i 6i 2+ 2
=
=
2(1 i )
2(1 i )(1 + i )
4
6+ 2
6 2
Z=
+ i.
4
4
eK)an Z =
dUcenH
K> TajeGay)anfa
nig sin 12 =
tamsRmayxagelIeKman
cos
6+ 2
=
12
4
Z = cos
nig Z =
6 2
4
+ i . sin
(1)
12
12
6+ 2
6 2
+ i.
4
4
( 2)
pwmTMnak;TMng ! nig @ eK)an

cos
6+ 2
6 2
+ i . sin =
+ i.
12
12
4
4
6+ 2
6 2
cos =
sin =
12
4
12
4
dUcenH
nig
- 153 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI7
eK[ z nig z CacMnYnkMupicBIr .
cUrRsayfa | z + z | + | z z | = 2(| z
1
dMeNaRsay
Rsayfa | z + z | + | z z | = 2(| z
eKman | z + z | = (z + z )( z + z )
2
|2 + | z 2 |2 )
|2 + | z 2 |2 )
| z 1 + z 2 |2 = z 1 z1 + z 1 z 2 + z1z 2 + z 2 z 2
| z 1 + z 2 |2 =| z 1 |2 + z 1 z 2 + z1z 2 + | z 2 |2 (1)
ehIy
| z 1 z 2 |2 = ( z 1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 )
| z 1 z 2 |2 = z 1 z1 z 1 z 2 z1z 2 + z 2 z 2
| z 1 z 2 |2 =| z 1 |2 z 1 z 2 z1z 2 + | z 2 |2
bUkTMnakTMng
(1)
nig
(2 )
(2 )
eKn
| z 1 + z 2 |2 + | z 1 z 2 |2 = 2 ( | z 1 |2 + | z 2 |2 )
- 154 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI8
eK[ z nig z CacMnYnkMupicBIrEdl | z
nig z .z 1 .
cUrRsayfa 1z+ +z zz CacMnYnBitmYy .
1
| = | z2 | = 1
1 2
dMeNaRsay
z1 + z 2
1 + z 1z 2
z + z2
Z= 1
1 + z 1z 2
Rsayfa
CacMnYnBitmYy
tag
ena
Z=
z 1 .z1 = | z 1 |2 = 1
ena
eday
eKn
eday
z1 + z 2
1 + z 1 .z 2
1
z1 =
z1
1 1
+
z + z1
z1 z 2
Z=
=Z
= 2
1 1 z 2z1 + 1
1+ .
z1 z 2
z + z2
Z= 1
Z=Z
1 + z 1z 2
ena
ehIydUcKa
CacMnYnBit .
- 155 -
z2 =
1
z2
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI9
eK[cMnYnkMupic Z = (cos x + 1 ) + i.(sin
cos x
Edl x CacMnYnBit.
cUrkMntrkmUDulGb,brmancMnYnkMupicen ?
2
x+
1
)
2
sin x
dMeNaRsay
rkmUDulGb,brmancMnYnkMupic
1 2
1 2
2
)
+
(sin
x
+
)
2
2
cos x
sin x
1 2
1 2
2
f ( x ) = (cos 2 x +
)
+
(sin
x
+
)
2
2
cos x
sin x
1
1
4
= cos 4 x + 2 +
+
sin
x
+
2
+
sin 4 x
cos 4 x
1
1
= 4 + (cos 4 x + sin 4 x ) + ( 4 +
)
4
sin x cos x
cos 4 x + sin 4 x
4
4
= 4 + (cos x + sin x ) + (
)
4
4
sin x cos x
eyIgn
tag
| Z |= (cos 2 x +
- 156 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
f ( x) = 4 + (cos 4 x + sin 4 x )(1 +
1
)
sin 4 x cos 4 x
= 4 + (cos 2 x + sin 2 x) 2 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x (1 +
16
)
4
sin 2x
1
16
= 4 + (1 sin 2 2x )(1 +
)
2
sin 4 2x
edayeKman
sin 2x 1
2
naM[
1 2
1
1 sin 2x
2
2
16
17
4
sin 2x
eKTaj 4 + (1 1 sin 2 2x)(1 + 164 ) 4 + 17 = 25
2
2
2
sin 2x
eyIgn f (x) = 4 + (1 1 sin 2 2x)(1 + 164 ) 25
2
2
sin 2x
eday | Z |= f ( x) eKTajn | Z | 5 = 5 2
2
2
dUcenmUDulGb,brman Z KW | Z |min = 5 2 .
2
nig
1+
- 157 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI10
eK[ A = 13 + i 13 i , n IN .
cUrbgajfa A = i . 2 . sin n3 cMeBaHRKb; n IN .

( 3)
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa A = i . ( 2 3 ) . sin n3 cMeBaHRKb; n IN .
n
n +1
n +1
eyIgman
, n IN
tag Z = 13 + i = 1 + i3. 3 = 23 12 + i 23 = 23 cos 3 + i.sin 3
tamrUbmndWmreK)an Z = 13 + i = 2 cos n3 + i. sin n3

( 3)
ehIy Z = 2 cos n3 i. sin n3

( 3)
eKTaj A = 2 cos n3 + i. sin n3 2 cos n3 i. sin n3

n
1
1
A=
+ i
i
3
3
( 3 )n
dUcenH
( 3 )n
n +1
n
n
n
n
2
n
cos
+
i
.
sin
cos
+
i
.
sin
=
i
.
.
sin
3
3
3
3
3
( 3 )n
( 3 )n
2n
A = i.
2 n +1
( 3 )n
. sin
n
3
- 158 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI11
kgbg;kMupic (O , i , j ) eK[bYncMnuc A , B , C , D
EdlmanGahVikerogKa
Z = 1 + 6i , Z = 4 + 5i , Z = 5 + 4i nig Z = 2 3i .
cUrRsayfactuekaN ABCD carikkgrgVg;mYyEdleKnwgbBaak;pit
nig kaMrbs;va .
dMeNaRsay
RsayfactuekaN ABCD carikkgrgVg;
eyIgtag (c): x + y + ax + by + c = 0
CasmIkarrgVg;carikeRkARtIekaN ABC .
eyIg)an A (c) naM[ 1 + 6 + a + 6b + c = 0
b a + 6b + c = 37 (1)
B (c ) naM[ 4 + 5 + 4a + 5b + c = 0
b 4a + 5b + c = 41 (2)
C (c) naM[ ( 2) + ( 3) 2a 3b + c = 0
b 2a 3b + c = 13 (3)

eyIg)anRbBnsmIkar
a + 6b + c = 37
4a + 5b + c = 41
2a 3b + c = 13
- 159 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
bnab;BIedaHRsayRbBnenHeK)ancemIuy
a = 2 , b = 2 , c = 23 .
smIkarrgVg;carikeRkARtIekaN ABC Gacsresr
(c) : x 2 + y 2 2x 2y 23 = 0
b (c) : (x 1) + (y 1) = 25
ma:geTotedayykkUGredaen D CYskgsmIkar
2
(c) :( 2 1) 2 + ( 3 1) 2 = 25
vaepgpat;enaHnaM[ D (c) .
edaybYncMnuc A , B , C , D sitenAelIrgVg;mansmIkar
(c) : ( x 1) + ( y 1) = 25 EtmYy
enaHnaM[ctuekaN ABCD carikkgrgVg; (c) manpit I( 1 , 1 )
nig kaM R = 5 .
2
- 160 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI12
eK[ z nig z CaBIrcMnYnkMupic .
cUrbgajfa | 1 + z z | + | z + z | | z 1 || z 1 |
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa | 1 + z z | + | z + z | | z 1 || z 1 |
tamvismPaBRtIekaNeK)an
1
1 2
1 2
| 1 + z1z 2 | + | z1 + z 2 | | 1 + z1z 2 + z1 + z 2 |
nig | 1 + z z | + | z + z | | 1 + z z z z |
eK)an (| 1 + z z | + | z + z |) | (1 + z z ) (z
eday
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
+ z 2 )2 |
(1 + z 1z 2 )2 ( z 1 + z 2 )2 = 1 z 1 z 2 + z 1 z 2 = (1 z 1 )(1 z 2 )
2
eK)an (| 1 + z z
1
2 | + | z 1 + z 2 |) | (1 z 1 )(1 z 2 ) |
2
(| 1 + z1z 2 | + | z1 + z 2 |) 2 | 1 z12 || 1 z 2 2 |
dUcenH (| 1 + z1z 2 | + | z1 + z 2 |) 2 | (1 + z1z 2 )2 (z1 + z 2 )2 |
- 161 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI13
eK[ z ; z CacMnYnkMupicEdl | z |=| z |= r > 0 .
z +z z z
bgajfa r + z z + r z z r1
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa
1
1 2
1 2
z1 + z 2 z1 z 2
1
2
+ 2
2
r
r + z 1z 2 r z 1z 2
tag z = r(cos 2x + i sin 2x) nig z

Edl x IR ; y IR .
eK)an
1
= r (co2y + i sin 2y )
z1 + z 2
r [ (cos 2x + cos 2y ) + i(sin 2x + sin 2y ) ]
=
r 2 + z1z 2 r 2 + r 2 [ cos( 2x + 2y ) + i . sin( 2x + 2y ) ]
2 cos( x + y ) cos( x y ) + 2i sin( x + y ) cos( x y )
r [ 2 cos 2 ( x + y ) + 2i sin( x + y ) cos( x + y ) ]
1 cos( x y )
= .
r cos( x + y )
z1 z 2
1 sin( y x )
=
r 2 z1z 2 r sin( y + x )
=
dUcKaEdr
eK)an
- 162 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
2
z1 + z 2 z1 z 2
1 cos 2 ( x y ) sin 2 ( y x )
2
+ 2
= 2 2
+
2
r
+
z
z
r
z
z
r
cos
(
x
y
)
sin
(
y
+
x
)
+
1 2
1 2
cos 2 ( x y )
cos 2 ( x y )
cos 2 ( x + y ) 1
2
cos ( x + y )
sin 2 ( y x )
sin 2 ( x y )
sin 2 ( x + y ) 1
2
sin ( y + x )
cos 2 ( x y ) sin 2 ( y x )
cos 2 ( x y ) + sin 2 ( x y ) = 1
+
2
2
cos ( x + y ) sin ( y + x )
eday
eRBaH
ehIy
eRBaH
dUcenH
z1 + z 2 z1 z 2
1
2
+ 2
2
r
r + z 1z 2 r z 1z 2
- 163 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI14
eKyk z ; z
1
; ....; z n
CacMnYnkMupicEdlepgpat;TMnak;TMng
(k + 1)z k + 1 i(n k )z k = 0 ; k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ... , n 1
k-kMnt; z ebIeKdwgfa z + z + z + .... + z = 2

0
( 3n + 1)n
| z 0 | + | z1 | + | z 2 | +....+ | z n | <
n!
2
dMeNaRsay
k-kMnt; z ebIeKdwgfa z + z + z + .... + z
eKman (k + 1)z i(n k )z = 0
eK)an zz = i. nk + k1
0
k +1
= 2n
k +1
k
( p 1)
k =0
z k + 1 p 1 n k
= i .
z
k
+
1
k k = 0
zp
n!
= i pCpn ; Cpn =
z0
p!(n p )!
eKTaj z
eday z
+ z1 + z 2 + .... + z n = 2
= i p z 0 Cpn ; p = 0 , 1 , 2 , ....
- 164 -
b (z
n
p=0
p)
= 2n
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
man (z ) = z C i = z (1 + i)
eK)an z (1 + i ) = 2
eKTaj z = (1 2+ i) = (1 i)
dUcenH z = (1 i) .
n
p=0
p=0
p p
n
( 3n + 1)n
| z 0 | + | z1 | + | z 2 | +....+ | z n | <
n!
2
edayGnuvtn_vismPaB AM GM eyIg)an
z 0 2 + z1 2 + ... + z n 2 = z 0
((C )
= z 0 2 Cn2n = 2n .
0 2
n
+ (C1n )2 + .... + (Cnn )2
( 2n )!
n! n!
2n
= (2n( 2n 1)( 2n 2)....(n + 1)))
n!
2n 2n + ( 2n 1) + ( 2n 2) + .... + (n + 1)
<
n!
n
( 3n + 1)n
<
n!
dUcenH
( 3n + 1)n
| z 0 | + | z1 | + | z 2 | +....+ | z n | <
n!
2
- 165 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI15
eK[ z ; z
1
CacMnYnkMupicedaydwgfa
=z z +z z +z z =0 .
; z3
z1 + z 2 + z 3
1 2
2 3
3 1
cUrbgajfa | z |=| z |=| z |

dMeNaRsay
bgajfa | z |=| z |=| z |
eKman z + z + z = z z + z z + z z = 0
(1)
z + z = z
eKTaj z z + z (z + z ) = 0 (2)
yk (1) CMnYskg (2) eyIg)an

z z z = 0 naM[ | z | =| z | .| z |
dUcKaEdr | z | =| z | . | z | nig | z | =| z | . | z
eyIg)an
1
1 2
1 2
3 1
1 2
2 3
| z 1 |2 + | z 2 |2 + | z 3 |2 =| z1 || z 2 | + | z 2 || z 3 | + | z 3 || z1 |
b (| z | | z |)
dUcenH | z |=| z
+ (| z 2 | | z 3 |)2 + (| z 3 | | z1 |)2 = 0
|=| z 3 |
- 166 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI16
cUrbgajfa 26+z 3izi 1 luHRtaEt
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa | z | 13
eKman 26+z 3izi 1
lkxN 2 + 3iz 0 b z 23i
eK)an | 6z i || 2 + 3iz |
|z|
1
3
| 6z i |2 | 2 + 3iz |2
(6z i )(6 z + i ) ( 2 + 3iz )( 2 3iz )
36zz + 6iz 6iz + 1 4 6iz + 6iz + 9z z
27 z z 3
1
9
1
| z |2
9
zz
dUcenH
|z|
1
3
- 167 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI17
eK[ z ; z ; z ; ....; z CacMnYnkMupicEdlmanm:UDlesI 1 .
eKtag Z = (z ) ( z1 ) .
cUrbgajfa 0 Z n
1
k =1
k =1
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa 0 Z n
eday z ; z ; z ; ....; z CacMnYnkMupicEdlmanm:UDlesI 1
enaHeKGactag z = cos x + i. sin x
Edl x IR ; k = 1 , 2 , 3 ,...., n
eK)an Z = (z ) ( z1 )
2
k =1
k =1
k =1
k =1
(cos xk + i . sin xk ) (cos xk i sin xk )

2
n
n
= cos xk + sin xk 0
k =1
k =1
eK)an Z 0
ma:geTottamvismPaB Cauchy Schwartz
- 168 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
n
n
cos xk n cos 2 xk
k =1
k =1
2
n
n
sin xk n sin 2 xk
k =1
k =1
)
nig
(
eKTaj Z n (cos x ) + n (sin
n
Zn
dUcenH
k =1
n
k =1
xk )
(cos2 xk + sin 2 xk )
k =1
Z n.n = n 2
.
sMKal; eKGacRsay Z n tammYyrebobeTotdUcxageRkam
eday | z | = 1 enaH z = z1 RKb; k = 1 ; 2 ;.....; n
0 Z n2
eK)an
n
n 1
Z = ( z k ) ( )
k =1
k =1 z k
n n n n
= z k zk = z k z k
k =1 k =1 k =1 k =1
=
(z k )
k =1
n
| zk
k =1
| = n2
eKTaj)an Z n .
2
- 169 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI18
eK[cMnYnkMupic z Edl | z |= 1 . cUrbgajfa
2 | 1 z | + | 1 + z2 | 4
dMeNaRsay
bgajfa 2 | 1 z | + | 1 + z | 4
tag z = cos t + i. sin t
eK)an | 1 z |= (1 cos t) + sin t = 2 | sin 2t |
ehIy | 1 + z |= (1 + cos 2t ) + sin 2t = 2 | cos t |
2
t
= 2 | 1 2 sin 2 |
2
t
t
| 1 z | + | 1 z 2 |= 2 | sin | + | 1 2 sin 2 |
2
2
t
x = sin ; 1 x 1
f
2
eK)an
edayyk
ehIytagGnuKmn_
kMnt;eday f (x) =| x | + | 1 2x | Edl 1 x 1
cMeBaH 1 x 1 eK)an 22 f (x) 2
dUcenH 2 | 1 z | + | 1 + z | 4 .
2
- 170 -
CMBUkTI4
sVItcMnYnBit
lMhatTI19
eK[cMnYnkMupic z = x + i.y Edl x nig y CaBIrcMnYnBit .
cUrkMnt;tm x nig y ebIeKdwgfa
10
( 3 + 2i ) z + (1 + 3i ) z =
z CacMnYnkMupicqas;n z .
2i
dMeNaRsay
kMnt;tm x nig y
eKman (3 + 2i) z + (1 + 3i) z = 210 i
eday z = x + i.y naM[ z = x i.y
eK)an ( 3 + 2i )(x + iy ) + (1 + 3i )(x iy ) = 210 i
3x + 3iy + 2ix 2y + x iy + 3ix + 3y =
10( 2 + i )
5
(4x + y ) + i .(5x + 2y ) = 4 + 2i
eKTaj)an 45xx ++ y2y==42
eKman D = 45 12 = 8 5 = 3 , Dx = 42 12 = 8 2 = 6
4 4
nig Dy = 5 2 = 8 20 = 12
eK)an x = DDx = 63 = 2 , y = DDy = 123 = 4
dUcenH
x = 2 , y = 4
.
- 171 -

LWM Pl:ún Nig Esn Bisidæ: Z A I.B

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eroberogeday

lwm pl:n nig Esn Bisid

loga (x.y) = loga x + loga y

ei. = cos + isin

a = u p = u 1 + (p 1)d , b = u q = u 1 + (q 1)d , c = u r = u 1 + (r 1)d

eKman (q r)a + (r p)b + (p q)c = 0

enaH pd(r q) + qd(p r) + rd(q p) = 0

dUcenH (q r)a + (r p)b + (p q)c = 0 .

ebI x , x , x begIt)anCasIVtnBVnenaH x + x = 2x (4)

un + 2 3un + 1 = 2( un + 1 3un ) (ii )

tagsIVtCMnYyBIr (a ) nig (b ) kMnt;eday

edayeyagtamsmIkar (i ) nig (ii ) eKTaj)an

eFIVplsg (1) nig (2) GgnwgGgeK)an u

yk (ii ) CYskg (iii ) eK)an w w = 1 efr

Z n + 1 = 2un + 1 4un (1 i 3 )un + 1

KNna v nig u CaGnuKmn_n n

un + 3 = 10un + 2 31un + 1 + 30un

tambMrab; u = 10u 31u + 30u

yksmIkar (1) & (3) CMnYskg (2) eK)an

un + 3 8un + 2 + 15un + 1 = 2( un + 2 8un + 1 + 15un ) (a )

eyagtamsmIkar (a ) ; (b) & (c ) eK)an

un + 3 = 6un + 2 12un + 1 + 8un

un + 3 4un + 2 + 4un + 1 = 2( un + 2 4un + 1 + 4un )

x> KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n

ktag n IN : wn = un vn . bgHajfa (wn ) CasIVtFrNImaRt

k bgHajfa (wn ) CasIVtFrNImaRt

dUcen (wn ) CasIVtFrNImaRtmanersug q = 12 .

x> KNna u CaGnuKmn_n n

bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt rYcKNna v CaGnuKmn_n n

eday u > 1 enaH u 1 > 0 naM[ u > 1

5Un 6Un + 2 4Un + 12Un 10

10Un 3 12Un 2 + 4 2Un 3 + 6Un 5

x-bgHajfa ( Wn ),nIN CasIVtFrNImaRt

bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt rYcKNna v CaGnuKmn_n n

naM[ u > 1 Bit eRBaH u > 1

k> cUrRsayfa U > 2 cMeBaHRKb; n IN .

eyIg]bmafavaBitdl;tYTI k KW U > 2 Bit

= Un2 2 + (Un2 2)2 4

Vn +1 = Un2 2 + Un 4 4Un2 + 4 4 = Un2 2 + Un2 (Un2 4)

2Un2 4 + 2Un Un2 4 (Un + Un2 4)2

13un 3vn 12v n 2un

26un 6vn + 36v n 6un

x> KNna Vn nig U CaGnuKmn_n n .

12U2n 12Un + 3 3(4U2n 4Un + 1) 2Un 1

yksmIkar (1) CYskg (2) eK)an

tam (i ) nig (ii ) eK)an

K> cUrKNna u nig v CaGuKmn_n n .

eKTaj u > v Bit

un + 2r unvn + ( 2 + r )vn = un + 2run vn + r 2vn

tam (i ) & (ii ) eK)an x = 2 x nig y = 2 y

nig q = 2 nigtY x = ln 2 nig y = ln 8

K> cUrKNna u nig v CaGuKmn_n n .

eKman u + 2v = 4 + 4 = 8 > 0 Bit

un + 1 + r v n + 1 = un + 3run v n + (9r 6)unv n + ( 7 r 6)v n (i )

un + 1 + 2vn + 1 = (un + 2vn )

ln(un + 1 + 2vn + 1 ) = 3 ln(un + 2vn )

tamTMnak;TMngenHbBaak;fa { ln( u + v )} nig {ln( u + 2v )}

4an + 1 = 4(4an + 1) + 4 4an + 1

cMeBaH n = 0 eK)an u = sin 311 = sin 11

k>tag v = 2uu ++n1 cMeBaH n = 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; ... .

k>tag v = u u + n . bgajfa (v ) CasIVtFrNImaRt .

x> KNna v nig u CaGnuKmn_n n

x> sresr U CaragRtIekaNmaRtrYcTajrk Z CaGnuKmn_n n