1760

IEEE Transactions

on

Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, No. 5, Sept/Oct 1978

DESIGN OF A LOW RESISTANCE GROUNDING SYSTEM FOR A HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANT LOCATED ON HIGHLY RESISTIVE SOILS
R. Verma, Member, IEEE Rousseau, Sauve, Warren Inc.
A.

Merand
/

Consultants Montreal, Canada

P. Barbeau Societi d'Energie de la Baie James

Montreal, Canada

Abstract-A design procedure to achieve a reasonably low ground- buried copper conductor. Even the fact that the powerhouse and surge ing resistance for a hydro-electric generation and transmission complex &chamber are in contact with water was of little help due to the high situated on extremely resistive rock-bed terrains is presented. Advantage t resistivity and relatively small volumes of water involved. is taken of nearby available volumes of water and low resistivity soils tot The intake structure, however, is in direct contact with the large decrease the otherwise high resistance to ground of the plant. The papei volume of water of the forebay. Its resistance to ground could, theregives a description of the grid being used, together with possible methods ofore, be brought to a value closer to what we were aiming for. of calculation for the various parts of the grounding network, taking Consequently, the grounding grid was designed to take advantage into account the existence of multi-layer grounding paths. Though, of this situation, by interconnecting, through heavy copper conductors, there have been several papers written on theoretical methods for vari-k.the powerhouse, surge chamber, switchyard and intake structure. It ous electrode configurations, there is very little literature available then appear as several electrodes to ground connected in parallel, dealing with such a specific application and related calculationi the overall resistance to ground being the equivalent resistance of this M network. 1. INTRODUCTION Advantage could also be taken of the nearby deposit of low resistivity clay, where ground rods could be buried and connected to the It is often difficult, at the design stage, to assess the efficiency of above grounding grid to further decrease the overall ground resistance, a grounding network, especially when the high resistivity of the sur- should this become necessary after the resistance measurements. rounding terrain makes it difficult to achieve a low resistance path to I An isometric view (Fig. 1) illustrates these various grounding grids. remote earth. All metallic enclosures are connected to the relevant grid through conThis paper gives a description of the initial design as well as the ductors of a size depending on the location of the associated equipment. main guidelines used in the calculation of the ground resistance of LG-2 hydro-electric power plant, the first of several plants to be built Calculated Values by the Societe d'Energie de la Baie James in the Northern part of the Province of Quebec, in Canada. The project includes essentially a 16 unit, underground, 5328 MW TABLE I powerhouse, a 735 kV switchyard installed above the powerhouse, an Ground Resistance of Various Grids intake structure, 16 underground penstocks and an underground surge chamber. The site is located on the Canadian Shield, and consists Location Ground Resistance (Q) mainly of outcropping precambrian rock of very high resistivity (up to , Surge chamber 192 35000 S2-m as measured), with scattered deposits of glacial and post- < Draft tube 204 glacial overburden materials. Among these, an extensive clay zone Powerhouse 178 (resistivity 40 to 70 Q2-m) is situated nearby. Water resistivity in the Intake 0.6 Ground rods area is also very high (up to 500 Q2-m as measured). 4 43 It is realized that the results of calculations given in this paper will 9 Switchyard have to be verified by site tests after construction. However, since the > Overall value including ground rods 0.5 Overall value without ground rods 0.6 project will not be completed until 1982, no comparison between analytical and measured values can be given at this stage.

`would

thel

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE GROUNDING GRID

The two criteria for such a design are:i The twocriterianforsuof personnel; chsdersignare: y i) to ensure safety af which was considered acceptable. ii) to ensure reliable operation of the relaying systems. To meet these requirements, it is necessary to attain a low value D of the total resistance to ground of the overall plant (in the order of METHODS USED IN CALCULATING THE RESISTANCES 0.5 2), as well as safe values of touch and step potentials (the calcula-A General Procedure tions that were performed to check these potentials are not include er d in this paper). ih a The ground resistance for each area described above was calculated by one or several methods, depending upon the geometrical structure of Description the grounding grid and on the nature of the surrounding media. Values l obtained by different methods for each area were, in general, reasonably The powerhouse, surge chamber and switchyard being built in or close to one another and the most conservative value was usually taken on the rock, it was not possible to obtain a resistance to ground less as the design value. than an order of a multiple of ten ohms for any of these areas by using The main guidelines for the calculations are given in the following paragraphs. More detailed references can be found in Appendix I. In all Paper F 77 731-3, recommended and approved by the IEEE Substations the calculations, the basic definition of the ground resistance of a body Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Mexico City, Mex., July 17-22, 1977. Manuscript submitted was k kept in mind, it being the resistance in the path of the current February 7, 1977; made available for printing May 16, 1977. flowing from the body to remote earth.
.

Table I gives a summary of the ground resistance for each area. , The calculations are detailed in subsequent sections. The values 0.5 or 0.6 ohm give a maximum voltage rise of the mesh of about 8000 volts

0018-9510/78/0900-1760$00.75 0 1978 IEEE

Conductors in the Forebay

LEGENO

Forebay
--

*500kcmil Cable to be installed, if necessary.

4/0 Cu Cable.

500kcmil Cu Cable.

Switchyard grid.

Switchyard grid

Powerhouse

Il

Ground Rods in Clay

Draf t

"%I

Surge Figure 1. An Isometric View of the Grounding Network

0'

1762

3.1 Powerhouse
The following elements were considered to contribute to the grounding of the powerhouse: Grounding conductors buried in concrete. Rock bolts installed to support the arch roof of the powerhouse. Steel linings in the lower portion of the penstock, the scroll case and the draft tube of each unit and directly in contact with the
-

3.2 Surge Chamber

Copper conductors in the form of a grid (efgh, Fig. 1) are buried in the surge chamber. The ground resistance, calculated by the same methods as in section 3.1 a) appears in Table II. A design value of 192 Q2 was adopted.

3.3 Draft Tube

Copper conductors (ij), Fig. 1, are embedded in the concrete of each draft tube. Table II shows ground resistance obtained by equations (18) and (17). A design value of 204 Q2 was taken.

water.

a)

Conductors buried in concrete:

(11), (12), and (13), adopted. b)

Copper conductors in the form of a grid (abcd, Fig. 1) are buried at the turbine floor. The ground resistance, calculated using equations
appears

3.4 Intake Structure

The following elements were considered to contribute to the grounding of the intake structure: Grounding conductors embedded in the concrete. Steel trash-racks in permanent contact with the forebay water. A number of conductors laid on the floor of the forebay and connected to the intake grounding mesh.
-

in Table

II.

A design value of 178 Q2 was

RockBolts in the Arch Roof:

Equation (19) was applied to calculate the ground resistance of this multi-electrode network. The calculated ground resistance for the powerhouse was 89.7 Q2. This value was considered too high for the bolts to be of any use in the grounding, especially considering the fact that there is no electrical apparatus nearby. n = number of bolts = 3519 2b = diameter of bolt = 3 cm k, = 1.0, factor for ratio of length (440 m) to width (34 m) of the mesh. LI = length of bolt = 5.25 m p = 35000 Q2-m (rock)

a)

Grounding Conductors Embedded in Concrete:

(Mesh klmn, Fig. 1). Equation (15) (considering the mesh equivalent to a vertical plate) or equation (13) were used to calculate the ground resistance. - 402.7 m mesh length = 30.75 m height = 1/2 (height) depth diameter of wire = 2 cm
The resistance is 1.3 Q2 and 2.17 QZ using the first and second methods respectively and assuming p (concrete) is 400 Q2-m. This calculation is valid only for an infinite concrete medium. The effects of underlying rock and forebay water were taken into account by the following relation4 (see Appendix III): Resistance of mesh to ground = resistance of mesh to concrete (considering concrete as an infinite volume) resistance of an electrode formed by the intake structure into infinite concrete + re(2) sistance of concrete bound by water and rock. The first term is already calculated above. Equation (16) was used to determine the second term, regarding the intake as an equivalent horizontal cylinder shown in Fig. 2. The cylinder cross-section is taken equal to the intake cross-section, and its length is the same as that of the intake. For an average width of 6 m and a depth of 36 m, the diameter of this cylinder would be 16.6 m. For: L = 400 m d = 16.6 m h = 18 m p = 400 Q2-m (concrete),
-

c)

Steel Linings in Contact with Water:

Because of the high rock resistivity, the lowest resistance path to remote earth is through the water in the penstock to the forebay. Equation (1) below gives the resistance of this column of water simply regarding it as a cylindrical conductor, not taking into account the nonuniform current density across the section:
R
=

(1)

Where, Q = length (m) z = radius (m) p = resistivity of water (Q1-m) For, = 177 m, y = 3m and p = 400 Q2-m (an average value), R amounts to 2504 Q2 and for 16 penstocks in parallel, the equivalent resistance is 156.5 fl (without mutual effect). This is obviously too high a resistive path to be effective for passage of ground fault currents. Taking into account the variable current density would further increase this value.

we

get: R= 0.94Qi

TABLE II Ground Resistance of Various Grids

MESH AREA

Length (m)
460

Width
23

(m)

Length (m)
1285

BURIED COPPER

Diam. (cm) 1.61

Depth
45.7

(ohms) (cm) Laurent' Schwarzz Dwight

RESISTANCE 178
112
117

Turbine floor

(grid abcd)

261
275

(grid efgh) Gallery at draft tube

(conductor ij)

Surge chamber

455
457

20.6

1047
457

1.61
1.61

45.7
45.7

192
-

(single
conductor)

203

204

1763

Putting in matrix form,

nr

C[] = CR] [fI ]

(3)

n = number of electrodes = V2 = .... Vn = V, being potential rise of each electrode Rii = electrode resistance to ground Rij = mutual resistance between electrodes i and j II, 12,.... In are currents in the respective electrodes Since V1 = V2 = .... Vn = V, the values of I,, 12 .... In can be obtained in terms of V through inversion of [R]. Since the copper conductor connecting the electrodes is connected to the system grid at both ends and at the center, the symmetrical distribution of current allows the order of the matrix to be reduced to n/2. The values of [R] can be obtained as follows: Riii can be calculated by equation (15) or (14), considering it in either case as a vertical plate in water. Ri can be calculated with a reasonable approximation, using equa-

Vl

tion (4) below1'2:

2i;x

(4)

xij = distance between electrodes i and j (should be greater than the linear dimension of each electrode) p = resistivity of water From these, knowing matrix [RI, [RI-' can be found. The total ground resistance Rt would then be: R = V t En i-l The trash-racks are equally spaced at 22.5 meters. For a trash-rack 13.3 m x 13.6 m, Rii = 8.23 Q2 by the first method and 8.33 Q2 by the second method. The value of Rt = 1.32 Q2.

Fig. 2. Equivalent Cylinder (longitudinal view)

Calculation considering the effect of rock:

To take this into account, an additional term Ra must be added, which can be calculated from equation (23b). = 22.5 m (for minimum water level) For, h = 13.5m Q PI (water) = 400 Q2-m P2 (rock) = 35000 Q2-m = 9.52 Q Ra This modifies the earlier value of Rii to 17.75 Q2. On account of this, the diagonal elements of the [RI matrix get modified, changing the total resistance to 1.93 Q2. The matrix [RI (reduced to size n/2) is shown in Appendix II, with and without the effect of rock; the current distribution in each trash-rack is also shown in Appendix II.

The third term of (2) requires the apparent resistivity pa due to the dual medium (water and rock). This was calculated using equation (24). The circle equivalent to the intake structure (400 m long, 6 m wide) has a radius of 27.6 m, with its center at mid depth of water. This yielded a value pa = 1.39 p (water). Substituting pa for p in equation (16), the resistance of the concrete in contact with water and rock was calculated to be 1.42 Q2. Equation (2) then becomes: R=2.17-0.94+ 1.42=2.65Q2.

b)

Trash-Racks:

Each trash-rack can be regarded as a vertical electrode in water, and since all of them are inter-connected through the buried copper conductor, as shown in Fig. 1, they act as parallel electrodes. For calculation of ground resistance, the apparent resistivity due to the combined effect of water and rock has to be considered, as well as the mutual effect of parallel currents flowing to water via these electrodes.

c)

Conductors in the Forebay:

Calculation considering water only: All electrodes are at the same potential, given by equation (3) below: Vl = I.R + I2RI 2 + *- -@ + InRIn
V2
=

I2R21 + I2R22 + *m-m +

InR
n

2n

IIR n1

2R nL

+ I R

n nn

The problem involves a 2-layer medium (water, Pi, on rock, P2)Since the electrode layout is horizontal, equation (24) was used to determine the apparent resistivity pa. To optimize the resistance with respect to the length, number of conductors, area covered by these conductors and depth of immersion, computer was used to evaluate both the apparent resistivity and the grid resistance to ground. To calculate the ground resistance of a single conductor (500 kcmil), equation (18) was used, replacing p by pa. The mutual resistance between conductors and the overall resistance were determined utilizing the same procedure used for the trash-racks. Values obtained are shown in Table III. A design value of 1.71 fQ using 4 conductors (each 1000 m long) was adopted.

1764

TABLE III Ground Resistance of Conductors in the Forebay

Length (m)
a forh = 1 d P1 R (1 cable) (Q) R (2 cables) (SI) R (3 cables) (Q) R (4 cables) (Q)

120 3.22
8.32 5.75 4.16

300

450
5.2

600
5.28

800
6.54 7.05 3.6 2.56 1.87

1000
7.15

1250
7.85 5.77 2.96 2.13 1.56

1500
8.5 5.32 2.73 1.98 1.45

2000
9.5 4.67 2.41 1.76 1.28

2500 10.5
4.23

3000

3500

4000 12.84 3.43 1.79 1.35 .98

4.45
5.53

11.36
3.9

12.12
3.64

16.65 10.96

3.86
2.83

9.12 4.62 3.25 2.39

8.02 4.08 2.88 2.12

6.37 3.26 2.33 1.71

2.19 1.62 1.20

2.03
1.51 1.09

1.89 1.42
1.03

PI = 400 Q-m,

P2 = 35000 Q-m,

width of forebay = 400 m,

conductors are equally spaced.

3.5 Switchyard

The grounding grid of the switchyard covers an area of 503 m X 305 m and involves 11000 m of copper conductors buried 0.5 m below grade. Applying Laurent' equation (1) and taking p as 35000Q2-m, the ground resistance is 43 Q2.

3.6 Ground Rods in Nearby Clay

electrode having the shape of the volume of clay into infinite clay + resistance of clay in rock. (5) The resistance R of a single rod in clay is calculated by equation (21): R=4.3Q (usingh=20m, z=2m,p lOnm, LI = lOm) The resistance of 36 rods forming a hollow square may be calculated by equation (22). Equation (6) below gives the equivalent hemisphere radius re to be used in this equation:

(6) As stated above, the site offers the possibility of installing ground 2Rrre rods in clay of relatively low resistivity. As will be shown in the following analysis (Table IV), to ensure a reasonably low path to ground, this Hence re = 1.47 m, deposit should be of sufficient extent and depth. re Fig. 3 shows a grid made of 36 rods arranged in a hollow square. distance between rods Though different number of rods may be tried, this arrangement affords an optimum value6. From equation (22), the total ground resistance R22 for 36 rods is 0.26Q. Design of the Rod-bed:
Interconnection: Since the resistivity of rock (P2 ) iS much higher than that of clay the rod separation p has to be less than h. For optimum design, (p, ), The resistance RI, of the buried copper conductor grid connectone could use the ratio h/p as two6. Also, since the rods must be buried ing the rods is calculated by using equations (11 ) or (12). deep enough to minimize the influence of the high resistivity frozen surface layer in winter, the ratio6 between frozen layer thickness and rod separation was taken as 0.2. Minimum resistance is achieved by For, z = 2m L = 360m using a long rod, buried below the frozen layer. However, the rod should 2a = 1.32 cm, (diameter of conductor) be kept well above the underlying rock. Rll = 0.31 fS from equation (I 1) Surface .b RI, = 0.29 Q2 from equation (12) _Ipf4 4/0 Copper sonductor

Mutual Resistance:
h
21aY

(p.)

The mutual resistance R12 between the copper mesh and the electrodes is calculated by equation (20).

For, L

Cross-section

1--'

*-

Plan View *0 * Plan View

A z p we get:

LI lOnm

360 m

=9OmX90m =2m =40S-m R,2 = R21 = 0.18 Q2

Fig. 3. Rods (36) in a hollow square.

Ground Resistance of Clay:

The clay overburden is regarded as a half ellipsoid. To calculate its resistance, equation (7) is used.
Resistance of clay = 2ffC

Ground Resistance:
As for the intake structure, the effect of the underlying rock can be taken into account by using the following relation4 (see Ap-

(7)

pendix I1I):

Resistance of the grid to remote earth = resistance of grid to clay (considering clay as having an infinite volume) - resistance of an

in air

capacitance of the clay combined with its image over the surface of the earth, the combined electrode being considered as

1765 p = resistivity of the underlying rock in fQ-m Case 1: a - b>c

-

Table IV shows values of capacitance and resistance based on p (rock) as 35000 Q2-m.

arc sin

'/aZ

c2

(8) /ai
-

a All dimensions are in metres and refer to Fig. 4 below.

cZ

TABLE IV Ground Resistance of Clay

a (m)
b (m) c (m)

Case 2
a

Capacitance (m)

R Q

0b
-

Capacitance
wrhere, k2
sin Oo

Va2 _
a -

(0o, k)
_-c
<

cy
< 1

(9)

121 2500 3340

121 800 1060

25 30 30

86.67 1134.0 1522.4

64.3 4.9 3.7

a
'

Oo
F (Oo, k)

a2
do

y1

k2sin20
.2<1 ,k2

For 40 very close to v/2, this integral can be approximated to:

=--+ [122+13) k +( 4-~)k k +(2tW) 4 35

The R values given in Table IV correspond to the third term in relation (5). The second term is obtained by dividing by p rock (35000) and multiplying by p clay (40). This clearly shows that the dimensions of the clay medium play an important role in determining the value of the ground resistance for the grid. The dimensions of the clay deposit at the site permit us to use a ground resistance of 3.7 Q2.

l(j)

Total Ground Resistance of the Grid: The total grid resistance to ground as obtained from expression (5) is:

R11R22 - R12R R11 + R22 - R12

3.7 x 40
- R
______

35000

3.7

(10)

With R,1 = 0.31 a, R22 = 0.26 Q2 and R12 = R21 = 0.18 Q2, total grid resistance = 3.9 Q2. The first term is the resistance2 of grid and rod-bed in infinite clay.
Ground Rods in Clay

CONCLUSIONS
Some useful elements, mainly the intake structure and water, and a nearby deposit of low resistivity material of sufficient dimensions have been shown to be effective in reducing the overall ground resistance of the LG-2 site. It has also been shown that some elements, for instance the penstock lining in contact with the water are not always as effective grounding paths as they are often believed to be. Different methods have been compiled and applied in this paper to calculate the resistance of the above and other elements of the underground power plant and proved valuable as a way to select the most efficient grounding paths at the design stage. These methods are general and can be applied to other types of plants as well. To get realistic results, careful measurements should be made to determine the resistivities. The resistivity of concrete for instance, will vary with the amount of water it contains; resistivity of the concrete of a dam in contact with water is not the same as that for a powerhouse built on rock. Therefore, it is essential that the design be checked by careful measurements after completion of the installations. Still the values obtained can be very useful to the designer, since in such a work, overdesign could be costly and underdesign may prove dangerous.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENIrS
Clay Ellipsoid Fig. 4. Ground Rods and Grid in Clay

The authors express their appreciation to the Management of Rousseau, Sauve, Warren Inc. and Societe d'Energie de la Baie James for their cooperation. Mr. Verma, who is a registered Doctoral student wishes to thank Concordia University for the facilities offered.

1766

APPENDIX I
ANALYTICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR RESISTANCE OF GROUNDING SYSTEMS p = resistivity of homogeneous medium, Q2-m pa = apparent resistivity due to two layers of different resistivity, Q2-m R = resistance to remote earth of a grid, Q2

C. 1.

GROUND RESISTANCE OF A BURIED HORIZONTAL WIRE

Ground resistance of a buried horizontal wire from Dwight3:

4RrL [o
2L =length, m S/2 = depth, m a =radius, m

R=

loga

+10g64L
S

2 + S 2L

16L2 512L41
(17)

A.
I

RESISTANCE OF GROUNDING GRIDS

Resistance of a ground grid occupying the same area as an equivalent circular plate from Laurent' R 2 p + P 4r L (11)
L = total length of the buried conductor, m r = radius in metres of a circular plate occupying the same area as the grid, m Resistance of an intermeshed grounding network from Schwarz2:
1TL

2.

Ground resistance of a straight horizontal wire from Schwarz2:

R=L-

[loge3, - 1]

(18)

2.

For, a<L and 2Z<L L = conductor length, m Z = depth (m) to which conductor is buried 2a = conductor diameter, m a' =V a-z a = a if conductor is on surface
D. I

L_

2L
al

]-k2

(12)

RESISTANCE OF A ROD-BED
Combined resistance of several closely spaced rods from Schwarz2:

L a a 2a A

= total length of all conductors in metres V/72Y for conductors buried at a depth of z in metres, or = a for conductors on earth surface = diameter of conductor, m = area covered by conductors, m2 k, and k2 are co-efficients depending upon the dimensions of the area (refer to paper2 ).

B. I

GROUND RESISTANCE OF A LOOP OF WIRE, A CIRCULAR PLATE OR A RECTILINEAR ELECTRODE

4L1 P [lg b 2K_LI (n 1)2] (19) VA b 2ITnL I LI = length of each rod, m 2b = diameter of each rod, m n = number of rods in area A K, = a co-efficient, function of the ratio between length and width of the area (refer to paper2)
R
=
_

2.

Ground resistance of a ring of wire from Dwight3: R=

2 [loge 8D

Mutual ground resistance R12 between rod-bed and grid to which it is attached from Schwarz2.

+loge

4D

(13)

R12

[loge-

K, -- K2

+ 1

(20)

D = diameter of the ring, m d = diameter of the wire, m S/2 depth of the ring, m 2.

Ground resistance of a vertical circular plate from Dwight3: (4 3. a2 99 a 4** 7 + 39 R = P + 4p |+ 24 +--v-3 (14) 320 S 4 24 4rrS ~ j 8a
=radius of the plate, m S/2 = depth, m
a

L1 = length of rod, m L = length of buried conductor of the grid, m A = area covered by conductors, square metres K, K2 = co-efficients (refer to paper 2)

Ground resistance of a vertical rod from Schwarz2:

R=

1P ge b 27R L L41gLI
loge

1l+logl+.Z/Ll 1 e 1 + 2Z/Ll

3.

Ground resistance of a vertical or horizontal circular plate from AIEE5 Guide 80:

4Z/Li + 4 (Z/LI)2 1 +

(21)

R
h

=P 8y

2. 5h + y = radius of the plate, m = depth of the centre of the plate, m

[1 - r

(15)
4.

Li b<Lj LI = length of rod, m

4Z/Lj

+ 4

(Z/Ll)2

2b = diameter of rod, m Z = depth of earth fill over top of rod, m

Ground resistance of a number of equally spaced rods forming a hollow square from Tagg6:
R =

4.

Ground resistance of a rectilinear electrode from AIEEs Guide 80:

R
=

N N

Ka

(Resistance of one rod)

(22)

0.366 L

og

2d

+ log 3L

8h'(6

(16)

L = length of electrode, m h = depth below surface, m d = diameter of the electrode, m

equivalent hemisphere radius representing resistance of a single rod distance between rods N =number ofrods K = a factor depending upon the number of rods and their spacing (refer to book6).

1767

5.

Tagg6:

Ground resistance R' of a rod driven in an upper layer (Pi), taking into account the effect of a second layer (P2) below from

TABLE V CURRENT DISTRIBUTION IN TRASH-RACKS

Current II Considering

R' -R+Ra (23a) R = resistance of rod considering layer pi above as infinite Ra = additional resistance due to effect of layer (P2 ) below

I2 I3 I4 Is I6 I7 i8 =I16 =I15 =114 =113 =112 =11 =110 =I9

7.02 4.85 4.59 4.39 4.29 4.21 4.18 4.16

2irR. n=1 P2 -Pl

P2 +Pi

loge (nh/

nh/~1
-

1)

(23b)

water

infinite
Considering effect of r.ock below water

x-02V
-2

Q h

= length of rod, m height of layer pI, m

E.

APPARENT RESISTIVITY OF STATION GROUND IN NONUNIFORM SOILS FROM ENDREYNI7 Ratio N between apparent resistivity (pa) and top layer resistivity (Ps) for electrodes having dominant dimension as horizontal:
c

3.95 3.39 3.23 3.14 3.08 3.04 3.03 3.02

x10

rKm+

N N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Cm = pa =1+ mO m L. Pi loge 16a + Ko+ CO+ do P2 - Pi P2 + P1

KmKm

2Km

K1m-

Cm-]

(24)

APPENDIX III CONCEPT FOR FORMULATION OF EQUATIONS (2) AND (5) Assume an electrode M buried in medium A, bound by surface S (see Fig. 5). The body A is in turn buried in medium B considered as bound by remote earth R. The ground resistance to a current flowing from electrode M is constituted of the resistance of A and B in series1, i.e., R = RA + RB

'cx'2+

m2

, Cm = /TTTTm) Vi-M)+m
o a

K,m+= cx

2a
Km-=
lo

+ (m +

0)2p Cm+
,Cm-

= v/
=

M + c

(m _ 0)2

+(m_)

Z = depth of wire h depth of layer Pi Equivalent radius of the a electrode in metres h h(in metres) P2 = resistivity of the bottom layer do = diameter of the conductor, m
APPENDIX
II

Fig. 5. Electrode Buried In Top Medium A

If the body (medium B) bound by surfaces S and R was of the same material as A, there would be a single medium path. If the surface S is close enough to an equipotential of this new medium, the value of RA remains the same, and the total ground resistance becomes:

MATRIX [RI FOR THE TRASH-RACKS

FR]

8.41 3 3.00 8.44 1.60 3.03 1.16 1.65 .95 1.21 .84 1.01 .77 .91 .86 .75

1.60 3.03 8.48

3.08
1.71

1.16
1.65

.95
1.21

.84
1.01

3.08
8.54
3.15

1.71
3.15
8.63

1.28
1.80
3.26

.77 .91 1.10 1.39

1.96

.75
.86

1.02
1.26

1.63

1.28

1.80

3.26

1.10

1.39
1.26

1.02

1.96 1.63

8.79 3.50 2.33

3.50
9.16

2.33
4.20

same as above A resistance through body A' (bound by surfaces S and R) R' is obviously the ground resistance of the electrode M in an infinite medium A and can be easily calculated. RA is the resistance of an electrode having the shape S in an infinite medium A. This can be calculated if the shape S of the electrode being considered is simple.

R'= RA + RA Where, RA = resistance through body A (bound by surface S),

4.20

11.03

For 2-layer medium of water on rock, the diagonal elements getting modified to 17.93, 17.96, 18, 18.06, 18.15, 18.31, 18.68, 20.55.

Hence, RA R'-RA RB is the resistance of an electrode having the shape S in an infinite medium B. The formula is the same as for R', replacing PA by PBHence, R= RA + RB
or,

R=R' -RA:tRB.

1768

REFERENCES
[ I] P. G. Laurent, "Les bases ginerales de la technique des mises a la terre dans les installations electriques", Bulletin de la Socidte Francaise des Electriciens, 7ieme serie, tome 1, no. 7, July 1951, pp. 368-402. [2] S. J. Schwarz, "Analytical Expressions for the Resistance of Grounding Systems", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 73, part III-B, 1954, pp. 101 1-1016. [3] H. B. Dwight, "Calculations of Resistances to Ground", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 55, Dec. 1936, pp. 1319-1328. ,[41 E. J. Fagan and R. H. Lee, "The Use of Concrete-Enclosed Reinforcing Rods as Grounding Electrodes", I.E.E.E. Transactions on Industry and General Applications, Vol. IGA-6, No. 4, July/ August 1970, pp. 337-348. [51 "Guide for Safety in A.C. Substations Grounding", IEEE Standard #80, 1961. [61 G. F. Tagg, Earth Resistances, George Newnes Limited, London, Great Britain, 1964. [7] J. Endreyni, "Evaluation of Resistivity Tests for Design of Station Grounds in Nonuniform Soil", AIEE Transactions, Dec. 1963, pp. 966-970.

he is with R.S.W. Inc., Consultants, Montreal, since 1974, and is a Registered Doctoral Student at Concordia University, Montreal. He is a Registered member of the Order of Engineers of Quebec.

de Grenoble" in 1964. He has been since involved with various design responsibilities, mainly concening 735 kV switchyards and transmission lines, and hydroelectric power plants. He is presently working with Rousseau, Sauve, Warren Inc., in Montreal, as project engineer in connection with the electrical design of the LG-2 and LG-4 power plants in the James Bay area. Mr. Merand is a member of the Order of Engineers of Quebec.

Alain Merand was born in France in 1939. He graduated in electrical engineering from the "Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Electrotechnique

gkRajindma Verms was born in Punjab, India

Engineering College, Chandigarh, India in 1962 and won a Gold Medal with Honors, and the M. Engg. degree from the Nova Scotia Technical College, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada in 1971. He worked as Lecturer and then Assistant Professor from 1962 to 1964 in the Electrical Engg. Department of the Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh, and since 1964 worked as Assistant, Senior and Project Engineer on Indian Railways. Presently,

June 15, 1940. He received the B.Sc. Engg. degree in Electrical Engineering from Punjab

on

Plerre Barbeau was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on April 5, 1943. He received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1965. He joined the engineering department of Hydro-Quebec in 1969. In 1973 he was transferred to the James Bay Energy Corporation as a specialist in Power Apparatus. Mr. Barbeau is a member of the Order of Engineers of Quebec.