,*"I11III'

>r'.;,,('~'
~

'"

OlJIJL1
.
.
-?/
~~~

ill

;;.IJj,v.
cJt:,/~
JI1~-

,(I.:..I o'

1.i}/!JO/1{

,~o

.2002
4-JI

,.:...L.:.I~" 0

150 ,~

~.o~IJ
'Jlj~Jt~J'~/J.t'~ClV"
'rrlll~ 'cJj

~r'''. -J,,

UW)
.
(;fl,j A.:." l.J () /
-.:.-l;
..
~
...
~

(LIt!~~L.
.Jjw~~J~

(~L

.::/)
~'?/
.::.-ilt.J>'LJ~1

~rJ~1

,.."

~,..
<.t<-,\LJV-ILc.iI,,'J~I.r.
~~q
.::.-u1J.,ft-.fl",-J~I.,iJ<
or

~p,L.::.-? J'J~ 1..-0.

~I
'"

,."
11("'

Ir~
Iq,..
r."
rtr";
Yr"'.
rro
r(Y(f'

<.t'(AJ'J~

-?/
J,i --. (1Ji/.o:-iJ./.Jt"

(Jjp,Jl

<:f'"':'-{.I~

J~I--iJ<

.,f.J1.u..U~

J~I.::.-U:;J.

(f:!-"...:.-t.

,--0.:;\2.,.,1>.

J~lrJ?
<.t,':'>LJ~1
J~I<:!l.
Lp,u::J~I(%
<.t.(,\J:,.J>~/

'"

J'!<:I..J./~J{

J'j:J(j,<:f'.Jt"
J'/...:J~J?

i.

"
,-

,:!fl-,!~}
jC1....-1
.::.-/<:f't8
/I<:f'~,

It
jt"'
,,,.10

J u1J.p,J'/-",-J~IA"

<:!~./j!I;

.J'';'I::7,J~I--o..::.-?

,!?:lI-'! /-

l'i

J\"/(1Ji

f~

J'P;\2J'/-",-J~I--o.

-=-ilJjiLJ~1

rtt'll

ro,\
nil

r~'
r~q
'''0

"'.:/

....J'J~ 1....11<

JG"II-=-J~I....1I<

J~I....II<
-=-G"IIJ/.-=-J;-/~
...t-JA,;i

(f.1)J-(

11\

;j1;!/j!J

III

,IIJ.Y~,{

r.

~;I;-"~'{.
(;,~J;~I.,..\i'
--?/

n
rr
rr

--I
(b)'l-=-i:W

~(J~Ij!J
-=--jJ..fI-J~1

(/.},II,,>;(/.J-;I,,>;-

rr'"
ro

(i,fl-=-(;IIk,JII)
~rcf

$$$

--?/ -n

t.

0
J>IU."iJLJ'.I~iJJITIJ..r L...hvlf

~J.jIS'.::.- ~,J

_L)

.,.!..L;;-hiJj~I?I.I"u.v'''-M~I}
j~-=:~IJ./oP ml.J'd'L
..,.."1:'L eft.l,!/.~.v"'6
",-.::.-I.Y'J'IJ1vW';-'-'f-U.lJ/"
""'v

.I'!<.JJ.;fJ<:t:
J'Jjl:'.~i?-,;-I('If",LL".(i'",.I}~
"': 'f-VLf.,.!..tflY~-<.JJ.
.I.I/' ..JI1'L.,.!..LJ?=-'
1.1~ uf i'J / ,fIJ Iflf ..tj
1.1':--.IL.~

iLl tJlf jL If( If(

.I""""tVI-<.JJ.",-J;'~J,J;jt:,L~k
J~I 0..::.-7
.
.::.-~jij .I"UtV'-<.JJ.",-~~"J.</"-k"",-L'T
L"",,;

J J.:.h

.lJIJ

I )"uJI;i'u)"f'..J;,J

jLJILtJ';I~jvJ'

}
'::'-!:+-'f-;~'fy
JG""<./"'(." t.,C--J'.::,!LJI"'f-~Jv.lJ.d
L~
Acltt.Y "",-LI-,: LL:"JI~L
clt:J1.1,i .I'!(LIL.::.-~I/
~I,?t IJ,J.I,IL.lCI,IJ:'
"",~J'_JI,,;Ji-I..t-r
/.Ihfl,;
,J.I,IJ.tjJ'(-'

JI<'.:;,.I-<.JJ.~hl/~J,JIJ~,';L.lu,.

-~",-~.::.-L.I,?j.i

J>ILt~'J'J;uA"""IIv'JLj,,,-.JLjIS'J

J:'J',,~IJvlJU..I';.:/'.I"A"'-.I~i,J'T'L~fV-'"
~~v~
'~IJ' "",1m) L"';":'i:/.."f -"!-d..JcJ(.I""-.IInJ1'f-0I.1,I~
,.;i~,/
V'-UJ ";-.1V-'"'K'."'-.f..d''''''.J:tl.l'!.",A'.::.-.I'?
,j
Jo ?.,.!..L "",I.;-IJ? .I,IJ; ;,t:f.'
L"",lv
'5" ,.".,- J' "",Iv
J' \:i"jjLJI.lJlif,zJ ~J.jL
C;t( Jf L~.,LC: ,J"I,.-,J"""~.I
,
f ~WII,..IIIS'~JIJtVi
:t,;,f5 iJ' """,~,i-I..t .I_?IJIS'JIi jlfl
-.

-0' "V-"'IA i'b.lrJLJlc:.ft L :"'

J' eft 'UJ!?-.:;}id' ~.J.\r L"l;::-IJ...I",-J~I

0..::.-7

V-'")(;1d''''-01J'.::.-O'''''~'veftJ1'f-VI./;:l.::.-I.;-.I&1J.'
J I "",'.IJ.I,IM.:;;lv'LIA...!'t.. '.I~ J')J-::;L,' MU;" ?cC.. II
"""m"""v"fi).::.-~'v:,-v.i

?J;~JC

L::-0..::.-7 LtJi,~.I

; f

J~Lly L<:hJlf"J)..::-jU(U"J;I!.5,1 /u~",'L

-"'<:I
JJ~fL ,,~.::-jU..J/'
,;~.::-U:;I J.::-~IJJ<:!I-VJ
;:,..J UI/(
Li ~v,f ~:L,f'
L J'"jJ <:!I~'C-J"I.!'(I ;~,~.::-~
<:JI.JJ;L
""V

J~I<:!~""i~-VJ JI.L

~f

~.:.?

JIY?VJ

,,Jr"'...fi(.::-~~lt)<:!W""; /U:: .::-,,,,Jcrf .::-U:;I J .::-t!,.

.f"PVJJ~<.JCI
,J4~

L.::-ljUj~U::~UI-'C-~

.,>jiJG"

LJVI.::-U:;L,:"V<:!JAJ""; /f<:/..'.V()?

...fiJi::-ul~crJi .j-~~h!'ti.::/)J

Lt.-M'L

U~I',=-J.J;!~J~

. .::-U:;IJ-.l-~~U'?IA .. ; /<:/..'.V.,;MU::U'-.:...!J:f,p
.y1.~.tI7.,Jv,ji':'U::U:.j
<:JI-L,,-/...,.;/u::~crifJ
u::.,..crU,J ~ JU:;I-VJ j';L~UP

""~(,"()?

.f''''VJ.f

U'...i (Li",~.,>,JL~rU::/~L.::-r:.,~t.-?"'r""'L"<:!""
,f ~I<:/..'.V "u::-cr

UI-<.fl.f,,()

L"Lj ,,JJ ""LjU::."..)IJJk

~Yter-I"<:JIU\'j' L~:'ji..,.;
/~..::-:"'Ji~.:..ul?VJ
-L~'fJ;u::.::-,"'C
JoY" f<:/..'.V<:JIf,f .::-"?-'C-K.::/ "t
Ler-oY""IC
m:;)'(f P!.r;.J'i>~C}'v-.yIU'..d
",Uk{~
f",,f {,,PIJ,r -VJI.!',~JJ;,iv
Jer- f<:/..'.V (Lif'C-.fJ,y'
.f!JJI.!'J<:l6JC}'v-u::fi Ld
fi-L~'fJ;
ALJ!',.:.5"
(.,-?d,L )t.-?,.:..;;'(.,(jt- ji" ./1./
U::./ L er- fi-'CJ~IJ~U::jr

LUI?-L.U,,~

,,'dt.9f.,..cr

'C-cC~'f(v.1

J<:/.,;.,-?- h.J..iJI-'C-V!:J)c,,,,f..Jb1
~(<:!()j7,(7
L
LI7.U::J L.::-I}><:JI.:..JI>i!J~(,\..,.;/-Yo,';; ",.,..~(J,(",
U::J'j..fl

L.:-Tt;.I,,J<:/.,;"-?- ;J.,..crJILU..r.'C-";Ib(Z
-7-!t,..~~hi~J

&,,!-j"?
,r".!J,y.-',,,YoU j~(,::-",":.iJ,:Jlj-A

1\'

Ift(-'- ...:vi

J~I;lh ;J.
:~

<5,~.. ,""-/I c... ,I qr ~ J.-l- ~Ujilil~<5/- c...(f' /J~IA.

..::,Vi'.;..Ii.t:.V- L~;cfl fJ,;'1:; l,)JI-,.<;j
J' ..::-lill..::...(;)1-1,
<5,~Y(<5 ,~J'"' V- (t-u;:

(;)I-,f 0:"<5 ~c...J\

",,:~I-=-,I,..::-~Iv-"J'J;J'

~"J.IL

":-.;,!..,,,,'I-'i'-~,fJU,'I(~'0J'(1i

L?

"~",..::-~'v-,,{;L,.jif

fJ'j

7.10V- L.l>'cflj0IJ'

fifLU".'I\'

"i\',~I??

L 1.':lcC"v-\~,;

L(J.6'( "I
/ "I

.;;(JZ'i'-.:;../)

"I,LYJ,I,,';;J.

.tc... (;)1,,111'2 ::

LI...::-)'>

,,,,Jlit?''i'-J:!,Lf-IJf

c... ~J[I,.?-'(J'"'

~",,'IJZ oS-~t,,6:~\J'J;Jf~..::-l>~J'f'i'-fc.ji

J'1..p-'i'",y' -'i'-j~"

"jiJ';tf?"",--;:.

~\<_,I;:;IJ.~'LJI..::-\"ff

;".; /<5;IJ,j;li'~,j\..'

'bJ'('1

L~~C;-::,';,~

i..;:

..::-~I

..,..\jILl;-L
-;l.v.A~lrLf ,J

V- ",L~.t
):j,IV"(1i ..).-(,1,,( jc...(;)I",L..::-IiI~JI
1~.:; ::-:-'1 J' (;)1.6"=),"J' .:l-l!vcf,-\,ft,,;
",'l!v((J.6'L (;)IL
..::-L:,,,->y,-if"[;;-'c...(;)'L,f/..;,..",'IU,!..J

-iJd',!i,f

''(..".J'

"U"j,I'V,;I1:;,i1!

1":;':':"vL(;)I..::-,,~;lL(;)lfLLI";:

f .:.-i/ ...[1c...IVl::;jj;,;>
v-d';?fi-fi',

::.,) J ~'L".;...L~,f-

)"

';:,:..::-ib;.l:-,f'''l/.U4l...f

-'-

/.:j\(..,..l!:' L <5,ljL\))V.:.-i:,';vL

U.Ql""J!II~;

,I~ Q~
,il)

A'
J~: -fJ ~~L (:, J~";:' V"-~:f~J,I~t;i.(J?

J;

(jJJt:~.Jfc...J'U:

-./ JJ
,

.'G=Ic!/

V-

i> Jo..(..."
JJJJ,
(V~
'1 flqr.0"L
i;,,:, ,.Ii;,,:\ f J J /-1" ;~ v-.::/,;J Jll.

Iq

"'..:.-;",_R);t;II':: c!L;J'-"'0c.C' );t;Ii'::c!L;J/ "J!L)\' 0 ,1/

,j
c;r.;",'\':: J"...['L
'Li~ "v-(JI/)J~-0..:,fiJ(
-~:. J ;;.j-J"7J,IJ'J~V::Gl1b~'~,,?-Li('1

~l,.,r"f?"I/"

,I..,"I,:,r.:::""JjJ;:.'
~~)':""'~I!..~')::;~f~~'jt~11

LLtA

,
,
,-,
,,-tI.?
("..-'
o,)JI"-.J~lI~(!
L:n< -~//.-=-~~~ j,' U'v
'
,":""I>.~~-~ ' J 'I

1~; /~-I;';;--I(~ J,I0"",:"C-~U':'

ifof-n~ j...f..::/~(t~d
-1iJ'L' (":!I;",,,J('
~Jhf..I/--j

~j 7-'/
7-'-=-

,.Jf

L "I~
f

I.~"...[";,;;-,I

J'i[,}JJ;I)I(lqf..::..,v,J~.,-~

Jf..,-,J!-~.;~j
(,r:~cCL((",-f

():JL-",-;:-c.C'
,f 'h':J~;
"i-;:-L<~tl.o:~fJ,/"f

-'-':I~t,("'.,..;;?
c,'L-;,-J'ivr:; "';:'.:;.:~/.JJt~.::..J!

'::J,/"f

~j

:,J,If-"J';'-"".::.::'J~..:
-cC J V-' c!~j;t;'I_:" ,f..::..!-! <./'

I';Jjjt.-:I-~v-'
..::..LJv'':: f'cdJ...fInl",,,)i( l';i.!::~cC J''''''i;:l!i~'::c/U/'',,-cC

,hI ((I"';
Jc.C' ,,...'Ji'i

-~cC J...fI"I(,-,''c/-;:-, "v-..::..)':[,J/

;,,,;,,c'::"flqr.;!r.
,(
c!1)1"\L)..t fJ.; P'::
~'-:r:/...i'

[,,,~IP.-I'i ;~..t.::/..;J

.=.P~~'7-..;j,,= of-( ;ojf v.'N?';" LJ,.v

AI.
L \".-,"1

Ar

-L ~:),~ 1-;-; ;;"";" L ,,'I? L../ ) .J,J .;.r\.fiJ,

j/
.y ,,,0,,"
,,? .:,}~' JI if V- .:;..)I.:;..IjI'T-'T-'''';;
,,,,);,;7
.:;...,Ii'I"ILI;>"'~.9Ib,,v-15J';
,;,;
0J. LI'..:/-J! 'T-;:;'
I'T- "of; ("f""Y"lLj A
"c

,,)er

L t., .:-((>,I<:il..<:',).:;..;c;

1 .:;..t.:..'';-<;,-i1iJ'~",f

q
~'.I~* fl r'. ./.;fif0 l~
..{'''lLjV-,fir-; ...I;> L ";";...,,-'" ?" V-.:;..;...
-.,...,) r./.:;... ";,.:; ,,.:;...I;;'T-r)L:!~(':;"'JJI,J\,;-,~jr'
'
-., J'0.:;..t>(
u'" J../

...,I,.:;..I;I<;,-J,,;.:.:;?'

v I;5 'T-v.: J~.:;...~'

,,{V'\5:

L --Jr" ..,-;..JI(~J
-<;,-C(i..: ...{,(--J

r"

(~.::...21,; j", ,1,,,;<;,-"j,.., ",(iJv.: j,..,'iJ jJi'ljY;-I"

BJ! -iJJ'

1i((Pantheism)J,!>.:;...

,P,J'ljY;-'-'T-r).J"

--J,S L .=-l,~';;J"" =)': : .J: '. 2.. v.: J'1i L J,!-i)/

(

,,('

. (';"

1,)':"""-:- ':"""';:"'y."

Ji~./L:'

0J<;,-'-?I"..::.,

('-

.J..

:, ~ ,<..r
VR ~

;~~

eI').I
.,7

" -'7-

-":"Y.'I

"
0" ,; IL,Lj<:iII.Id :... .:,'::"" g;.:;...;-f; I.:; :;..1u)i:N
j "l..i.:;..;,G0<:i0;j{;';L<:i0'
.:;...J:/"'v';; JI ",.'-/'/ !"I-;'<:i~i.l:I.:;..~J/-

% J

v.:

"
-f"..,-.!-:~,I ,,-;IJL(j01,;:),~
L (LJI_'L-(')..J.,::";,,

,,,,(I)I

.f v~ ..::.',~,.f..','~I /<;,-<./-'

.:;

::.Hn0~L.fJ"

J j[I\..;.v~~0(i,--J/I/u'?
"Jali.:;...j;~L/I/?.,...cC
"

1--

{'r..i.fl,f ..,)"{.:;,-~J\:JlJ'
j~1 J,I-' -=..7;2 j%,il,,,;.>

Jt\J!JIi-=..)'>'v'..<Ll;i1
'"'-

z... L

J: ~,';J.::.>n 2 ",';1

"
-U;J..:.::.>,J/)j
"i:.,.)J.;:.fS& .;:.fJl;iI./i-,f
,-. r.1
Pi'
"CJ:.~ f, . ", >.~, -:5r
-lLL..~r_v~r;j"1,)
.:..;~~$.)r
Vj"f),11.) / ~.'

J.,lf .:;-,p'fJ

;;-,f ..:(I"f.::.-:!f"lo:-:!;J
"';! Jl;iI"f'r..J
J2-I-'u'Lf-JI-LJ,pl
'i.J i~; /_L:Lf-(/ !JJcf ,[;1
-.:;-..r.:-=..n?
"~v".:;-J

';tj01(~HUman

type.:;,-~J& -=..)'>..fr.

f
jJ J.;I ",f,iL,r
f.:;- =-i',J l/Inl-.:;-ji ~f ",f~( ':'-<~Lfl.:;-Jo:-:!; ~I

J;Superhumarrtype.:;,-~

J'/t

-=..)'> -.:;-

-J.! z...'.(.:.-<J,i L .;tJ".:;-r

"..,)" LI'-=..~..""",f~L,r
[,
J.;I.,~;/ "'iV'(".,.-<I..iI;i~lh
; ~~...j%-=../i!y
",..a:... A \:'1WI ~"0
'"'-1fLf-(.,f ':;-=-i',JLf'-J.! z...J
\:)ihL)-~i
J;I'Jt,;;J ,~-=..I;,,.,j
J.;1.,~jv.' ,,.,\,J ~I'.A::'~
-(
..? J-"-l" L.h'~' d,~ 15",; Lf-!J~.iS. (' .:;-c:f"..f,( .:;- r J
J,oI,jl.>!J..{ILf-(,K" ,,'-!,")I...nl';"k.i:.,.)LfI~f",.sJ
~I
-.:;-(;i~J.,.-< ..iL,...kt"=,,I-.:;-r~ ,.f.
!JJ (;i1.J;,(cC J..r.: J.;lf ",iv (" \H,"'\,.f
J..;I'J;:>,
;''';~lf.:;-=iLI,15/--'":-..,..!..:.:;-!-

..:,e<'..:.:;-I5'..:'...,",-.:;-..r.: -=..,,? ""... ifJ,,-L

.;..J j';>'

LI,?-

,Lj'j-',.

I... t.
'"'- "',k. i'. .:;- If "
h15k
flqr-("Ul,jIA

?1.Lf-.;:/ ..;J...l~-=..)'> ~,L.::./..{I

..,
(.,.;/ -../- .::--" ~

rJ..?l/

vi~,1i

(JJi) JJ~U..?I...fi

~ vi..?'

:: ,;LI

_:J~"''''- '.-"v!I':"'A~.:.;->-2.L"i:'iJ~JJ""~
-:-,~j,,1i ",L -=-/ );"-2. LI (;)v,;:,<.f- """..,->1.-::" f~~
"'0(:-

<.f-J',;,::"..?I,JrJ-t!-.f

..h,,(;)I;0~;I.,!..<./'~/J~1
-0?LI<./:,,-/-.,...(.,...(

,~",,"L (\,(;)~i.Y" fu",- A\,Lv';I",L..JA:,1<./1

"'j~.,>iJ;I",-(;:
'...;J.,..., ,;(,t.'l:"i ~.,...f,,;(;),;JJI/~"'':''''
(of-~;" -"f2.::"~l;!lL(;)')of-Ji:;
Lv/I",; ~I;,...~; .;..o~I.:..JlLI.APff-J~;';::'~L)L.J[Jf;
,I,'",J;:I,;V:r,J A...~,f
-;:;:.
J;o ( "I",'f-~ jy".;..o~ I,jij
'i- =
-v,;!? ( ~J(..-V:"'-l).:.~::"<.f--v.i

I
"!\'-of-J,;.f

,;

Vi)
J"

L,;

"),;

"I

t,

uJ,r.:~,"'..-J~J (;)1,/lf.,...P U!'r"r

b,/ ~j~"v!Jf

of-~~ ~ "I'i-l"."J,;I~15.1I~Lt iJi!J '"~t

,),/ ti~Je,'...(I<.f- ,/~, <.LI..;-(,;
-<./
J"'~
L-"lL.{V,-~,}.:'";~)r(J~ ,,,'6"L-:-->~j,liJl;! ~LJI
(;)1}-.,...UlYl). /'/I.{
(J,~Lu"':' ,,1([ <./-LiJu/- AL)
J/(rJ"I"';:7
"~,,J Vfn(;)I<./-1
<./-rJ,~[ -of-.f./r

H:" "?v:

,,.y

'L;'IJn/(;)IJlrviof-.f

",-j~.IJ([

Vf.;:-.f Ij,jv(uNo'J,"i

.""J/(j~.1

J<./'<.f-(;)i}..,."Jv.i

",,"(\,(;)~i.Y",,; LItL?

,LhJf)I(uNo' ,,1([ -( ,,-{'t:ulj

,y.v
-0 <
",-1.5v "I([,,;:<./.../..;v/((
,,;
,-,'I<.f-.:.'::'1)", ~i
J,.-'J
;:'?-U; .,>iJ ..-tIoL<.f-

",-Organised ReligionL v';I<.f-./

J J,..J)J.:.N

'.r
,;~-':';--,:=-",:"".;2 j..:..","!L)--;:-V };(jvn?JLf'nl.:..}J.I
.;J,J .:--;:-v! .:..~j J/,,-;:-t..f i:
-:-<

Lr ,,~.;}IJ~c-.::.J."-"J
("",.,),,)(

(J?,J-2

P'

,";,.

_~l'", ~-;:-

,v

L;,,,;"--;:-,VJ..E:-

J..E:- nl..,.-.;

,J f

Z:!: If..

"I..,.-.;,,!;c--:-<';

(::'~

.:l-L. --? v!;-~'.>.:. 2 ,:,--!:-",:",~;f/

-:-<.;--;:-( P If
LI-:oJ#
-:-<';.:.--!:-..,.-~JI-i.fL),I' ",~.f..I./
(

..,.-,7-'i'-V J~I

( t , ,;;. ,,'
.,';'" t::.I,I~~1
- ;! 1I..j,~~1t~"".-''f-c-~ J v' (--:,'"";""i"'~
,J-Lhl' J(I,' f.1>. ,,f -;:-::",:"O;jl""-~)-'i'-,'}J!:;';
15:-0-$,J-.1>. i:J'~.:l- L. 2 t1'/ ~Iv!I A 0 L~v.;'

-0 L }JP'.:j... L v!;-JI;/ -:-<.;

,,,,,'2
J" .<-,Ii' {bJt'JLL;~J
.;IVJy'{''''~'I!r' /'
.:.--?,J..f'f.:l- ~,'/ -"!-L-,J~L.vli'",',,fVv!{;,A;.:=-

,j

--;:-.;~':f'( (:-;J ':';I~'f

/'

,,,".;ni.fif

{,J-,;> );jl(i:J1

JJ

;;~!,)
S ':';I~J~'-/':"L{ .:..,.,~,,'.:..~.:..I;Af-;:-vL.[Lii
( i;; Co'lL. ':';1~J2 ,-/',.." "'-;:- ji,JI-Y .:..I,L.,.-.;:(f' ((fi

i:.JI,;-"!-.J.!I{;,JI,;c-I,J-L.?I,;J~J'J.Y fJL}(~,J-v,'y'

-if!,) J ,'I
",:,<.;P-tuljl.J.':\,.,".Ip.t.,jP

~-=--!l\p.(J~L!;Jv,;;.;

,.:L~""

".:.- .., ; 'i'-".J).:=-v,kJ',J-,-'f "IJ f!L)-Ji~)J

J\-:I?[')ifl-v7

j ,.~;JI...if.:..W'J';J vi"f

'i'-'"

::,J)

~ .'1"I(ll' ,,,,,"':'",-/-,( )if!L),J-}i-'i'-",JH41/,J~t.:.,J,-?

L. ;",1..>,.->'
J,'~ifJ'F
{vJf')~";";:;"X
-0:.,)

'.r

(~z;...~;,~x;Jr ~'~rlqn?
.,-,~."!L) ill;' /j(J'f
J;

J .:)1-0..'':'-'

\f!,-J' u}I,Y

-I" ?I.<./--=--,...O ..-u.

A;"J<.f,JI

/J,I.:<./-'

-~

J.,-'(;)I,Y L

U/D~J' \!.lIJ!;.- .'/'(;)I,Y --:,-cC ".;I;If.(j.;nlJ'fJ'

J;;

~--:'-<./-'~...f\/;L",,'s!-LudJ;J-\_!!;:f

/o,j'."

(Set Poli-O~I"LL)

~JIrLJIr

A--o...!

(~;VIOu}I,Y

{j t!-"JI f -:,-:1 JJ"uf

~ycy)
/",'" ("VJ~,?
c!,,~,<./-,,vJtVlfl:1~V-' J",;\!./.-LI.:J,L,,,;.,-\(r.
;,;(( 7tVI0.::;,/.~I-",<;
"--:,-1:1,/'-/1,
./~!I...:.-( pt...:-;~"..:.:o"L Lh',,:,-~r ~~J;~
~LI.fJ
(L.-.It'J'~

L ,/'~L)U :tv:.\:/~ \./'1-~~)8/':""

L ,,(4{!.:JI-Ll;..

~L/ f;?(u0.;;(Ii(LJI-'i'-V-'
,f ~J-\--"!(;J~l
.
~(LJII)(;)I,V
";"' I,-"I_'i'-I)-;:.,;;1) /~.=.J'<.fll)-()
'''; '" \)-""-'f,
-v7J';d,~J'(LJI..,
'<.<;J"-='-"If-'(!' '';;./<./-1:''-<.<;(;,1>
;
(;)1)1;i
-=,-,'l>- ;rI L 0;;

(5' J,~<./-LI,J/-

-d'~ J' o,/-, f

ct'
-'i'- r /( d:..:;..;L iJo((LJI)lnspiration

,.1 ,,- ,. ~ .
.A,:J v..LLhf

-;,..."~J(II

-'i'-v-'

.,<"
-'7-V~L.hIV I ~ ~8r.l.()~Y.8~
"

-=.-n?J','If)IL~

,""L-=.-i(

.J-'~~.?

"j ~ 15,';J' ./ J"

jL; j;

\5', J;...'

0<'

;'Jx;Jr ~'~rlqn./.;rI-~
(..;--[ Ju~"!L)itt h'-";--J,'-I,,?I.<./--=--'

...J'..-[I.

.:;...".,;;i VU";'-'i'- {i JI,-,.-Co-.,-/d"I(;)v,;"'i'-

Jr,

';

~t; ~~.
v I ." I.
Y~ul>~-

,:
I:

. v ..)

':iYe~';?J.!jU;GijLJ,~'

-~-,I
:..,..~c..-vL.<=-iS,~'}J,",Lj,
.Y.Lj".:JV

':"/

-fLiT.!'" JU.',"iS;"{~'
_~J'W.I"I(U;f.:'

("./\,.;.w..' - -

~/J)'0J;
*.:

~I"... )r:JJ'A;~J})1
...rrluq :I,ji

The Reconstruction
of Religious Thought
in Islam
By
Allama i\llIhammad

Iqhal

Edited and Annotated

By
\1. SAEED SI1EII~II

Institute of Islamic Culture

2-Club Road. Lahore

This book has been published in collaboration wilh The Academy

Leifer.\'. Islamahad. Department of Infonnation & Cultural, Gov1. oft
Punjab, and InLlq Foundation. Karachi.

51h Edition

June,200J

I.LC All Rights

('oples
1100

Published
Dr. Rash:d
Dlfcctor.

Reserved

by
Ahmad
Institutc

(Jullundhfl)
of Islamic

Culture,

Primed at
Naqoosh P/"IlITil/gPress. Lahvre.
Price:- Rs- 250.00

Lahor!:

CONTENTS
EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION
PREFACE

v-xix
xxi-xxii

I. KNOWLEDGE AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE

[-22

II. THE PHILOSOPHICAL TEST OF THE

REVELATIONS
OF
RELIGIOUS
EXPERIENCE

23-49

III. THE CONCEPTION OF GOD AND THE

MEANING OF PRAYER

50-75

IV. THE HUMAN EGO-HIS FREEDOM AND

IMMORTALITY
V. THE SPIR[T OF MUSLIM CULTURE
VI. THE PRINCIPLE OF MOVEMENT IN
THE STRUCTURE OF ISLAM
VII. IS RELIGION POSSIBLE?

76-98
99-115
116-142
143-157

NOTES AND REFERENCES

158-204

BIBLIOGRAPHY

205-219

QURANIC INDEX

220-224

INDEX

225-249

(xxiii)

Editor's Introduction
Why this almost an ascetic self-denial of philosophy? There
could be many reasons for this. Among these, due allowance
has to be made for his preoccupation of two different orders:
one which suited his superb poetic genius most; and the
other, of more practical nature, which increasingly took
possession of his time and attention towards guiding and
helping the Muslims of India in their great struggle for an
autonomous homeland. Allama Iqbal all along keenly felt
that Islam was to have an opportunity 'to mobilize its law,
its education, its culture, and to bring them into closer
contact with its own original spirit and with the spirit of
mcdem times' (Speeches, Writings and Statements of Iqbal,
p. 11). From the depth of these feelings there emerged a
prophetic vision of a geographical fonn - now called Pakistan.
As stated above Allama's avowed main purpose in his
Lectures is 'to secure a vision of the spirit of Islam as emancipated from its Magian overlayings' (p. 114). There is, however, not much mention of Magianism, nor of the specific
Magian overlayings of Islam, in the Reconstnlction.
In all
there is a brief reference to Magian cuJture in the opening
section of Lecture IV and to Magian idea or thought in the
concluding passage of Lecture V. In the Jatter case Allama's
statement that Ibn Khaldun has 'finally demolished the
alleged revelational basis in Islam of an idea similar. . . to the
original Magian idea' (p. 115) is an implied and may be somewhat suppressed reference to his view that 'all prophetic
traditions relating to mahdi, masilJiyat and mujaddidiyat
are Magian in both provenance and spirit' (/qbalnIlmah,
II, 231). ]t may be rightly said that Allama's whole Weltanschauung is so completely anti-Magian that he does not
aJways have to name Magianism whenever he says something
which implies anti-Magianism. A good instance of this,
perhaps, would be his observation in Lecture VII on the
'technique' of medie'o'al mysticism in the Muslim East. 'Far
from reintegrating the forces of the average man's inner life,
and thus preparing him for participation in the march of
history', this Muslim mysticism, he tells us, 'has taught man
a false renunciation and made him perfectly contented with
(xi)

-i'

THE

SPIRIT

OF MUSLIM

CULTURE

perience, he prefers to base his judgement on vulgar beliefs as to

the beginning and end of time. Just imagine a man of
overwhelming learning finding support for the supposed fatalism of Islam in such Eastern expressions and proverbs as the
'vault oftime',58 and 'everything has a time!'59 However, on the
origin and growth of the concept of time in Islam, and on the
human ego as a free power, I have said enough in these lectures.
It is obvious that a full examination of Spengler's view ofIslam,
and of the culture that grew out of it, will require a whole
volume. In addition to what I have said before, I shall offer here
one more observation of a general nature.
'The kernel of the prophetic tcaching,' says Spengler, 'is
already Magian. There. is on!! God -be He called Yahweh, 60
Ahuramazda,
or !\1arduk-Baal-who
is the principle of good,
and all other deities are either impotent or eviL To this doctrine
there attached itself the hope of a Messiah, very clear in Isaiah,
but also bursting out everywhere during the next centuries,
under pressure of an inner necessity. It is the basic idea of
:\1agian religion, for it contains implicitly the conception of the
v\'orld-historical struggle between Good and Evil, with the
power of Evil prevailing in the middle period, and the Good
finally triumphant on the Day of Judgement.' &0If this view of
the prophetic teaching is meant to apply to Islam it is obviously
a misrepresentation. The point to note is that the Magian
admitted the existence of false gods; only they did not turn to
worship them. Islam denies the very !!xistr!nCr!
of false gods. In this
connexion Spengler fails to appreciate the cultural value of the
idea of the finality of prophet hood in Islam. No doubt, onc
imponant feature of .\lagian culture is a perpetual attitude of
expectation, a constant looking forward to the coming of
Zoroaster's unborn sons, the Messiah, or the Paraclete of the
fourth gospeL I have already indicated the direction in which
the student of Islam should seek the cultural meaning of the
doctrine of finality in Islam. It may further be regarded as a
psychological cure for the Magian attitude of constant expectation'which tends to give a false view of history. Ibn Khaldiin,
seeing the spirit of his own view of history, has fully criticized
and, I believe, finally demolished the alleged revelational basis
in Islam of an idea similar, at least in its psychological effects, to
tlw original :\.lagian idea which had reappeared in Islam under
the pressure of :\Iagian thought~1
115

Reconstruction

of Religious

Thought

in lsillm

2; 164; 3: 190; 10:6; 23:80; 45:5.

'l'erles of the QuI'in such as
50. Ibid., 55:29.
51. Cf. p.107.
52. cr. p. 106.
53. On the notion of time as held by Zeno, Plato, Heraclitus
A.}. Gunn, The Problem of Time, pp. 19.22.
54.
55.
56.

-+

and Stoics, cf.

a. O. Spengler, op. at., II, 189-323.

p. 56 and p. 102.
cr. Lecture I, p. 3, Lectur...m,
Cf. Spengler, op. at., II, 2..8.55.
Ibid., pp. 235, 240; cf. also note 33 in Lecture IV.
Ibid., p. 238
Ibid.
Ibid., pp. 206.()1.

57.'
58.
59.
60.
61. Cf. Muqaddimllh,
Chapter III, section 51: The Fatimid . . .., trans.
ROlenthal,
II, 156-200. Ibn Khaldfm recounts formally Iwenty.(our
traditions
bearing upon the belief in MaMi (none of which is from Bukhiri or Muslim) and
questions
the authenticity
of them aU. a. also the artide 'al.Mahdi' in Shorter
Encycioptledia
of llJom and P. K. Hitti, Hisrory of the Arabr, pp. 439-49, for the
religio-politica1 background of the imam.mohd;
idea.
Reference may also be made to Allama Iqbal's letter dated 7 April 1932 to
Ml$ammad
A!}un wherein, among other thin8s, he states that, according
to
his filmbelief ('oqidoh), all traditions
relating to trJOhdr. moni)jyot
and mujoddidiytlt lie the producf of Penian and non-Arab imagination;
and be adds that
certainly they ha~ nothing to do with the true spirit of the Qw'in' (/qbmnamah,
11,231).
And fmally it shall be rewarding to read this last paragraph in conjunction
with Allama's important
notes on the back co~r of his own copy of Spenpet's
in Dercrlptivi
C4i11lotue of
Decline of the WQt, facsimile of which is reproduced
AI14mo Iqbal's Pm;oNlI Librury. Plate No. 33.

Lecture VI
that God
1. The Qw'in
maintains
the divine brigin of man by aframing
breathed of His own spirit unto him as in Tene! 15:29; 32:9; &nd 38:72.
2. COlUtantine
the Great was Roman Emperor
from 306 to 337. He wu
ron'l'erted to Ouistianity,
it is uid, by seeing a luminous cross in the aky. By his
~Iebrated
Edicl of Toleration in 313 he raised Christianity
to equality with the
public pagan culu in the Empire. For his attempt at the unification
of Chris.
tinity, cr. Will Dauant, OU$Qr D.nd Christ. pp. 655-61, and The Cambridge Mediewrl History, volJ, chapter i.
3. Flavius Claudius Julianus (331-363), nephew of Constantine,
traditionally
known as Julian the Aposute,
ruled the Roman Empire from 361 to 363. Studying in Athens in 355, he frequented
pagan Neoplatonist
circles. As emperor, he
pagan,
restored
fieedom of worship for pagans
al once proclaimed
himself a
and began'a campaign apinst
the orthodox church. a. Alice Gasdnet,Julill'n
and
the Loll Struggle 01 PllStlnUm qainn
Chrlstillnity,
and Will Durant, The Age of
Ftlith, pp. 10-19.
188

Nota

d: Rejutnca

oompleua
of the natioDJ of Ihe world are deatroyod and there oorne. into beiDa;
ld;Q (a community
a community
which can be 1ty1ed 1UftIIW,..m mua/bMt..,
2; 128) aDd to whoae tIaoUJhts aDd actions the diviDe dictate
submia:!"
to n-,
lIi,.t (a oommUDity that bean .ntDell to the truth before an
tIIuhtuli'.
'aI.."
DW1kind, 2; 143) jUitly appHa'
(SpcecIta,
It'rltirIp 8Nl Shr,emmtl
of Iqbld,
pp.16]..63).

Lecture VII
Loctu.re dcliYW8d in a meetina of the fiftY.(ourth
sn.sion of the Aristotelian Sodet)',
London, beld on.s December 1932 with Profeuor
J. Macmurray
by ProfellOr Macmurray and Sir Francia
In 1IIe chair, foUowed by a di8cuaion
YOUlJlhU8band-d.
'Abstract
of che Mmutes of the Prooecdings of the Aristotelian Soiety for the Fifty-Fourth
Seuion',
iD ~ftp
01 die Arlnotelian
!iot.Vty (Now Series), XXXW (1933). 341.
SocietY,
'The Loctun wu pubWhod in the saidholiltpoltheAristotelM"
pp.47-64,u
wIl..
in neMUllimRewWJ/
(Lahore),l/iy
(Dec. 1932), ]2949.
1. This is a reference
to AJIama Iqbal'. own father, who wu a devout Sufi;
p. 179; aDo S. Nadhir NiyizI, Iqbiil
d. S. Sulaimin Nadvr, &;-1 A/PinUtill,
h 1;lII(iDr, pp. 6D-61. nus peat Sufhtic idea later found upre..ion
In Allama'.
waae, m. KIJ/iyit-i Iqbill(Urdw),
aiM JUwfI, Pt. II. GlwurJ 60, Y. 4;

./,{
/
.
",:"VJ,;-1"':~~~/7-;
. .~ ".,//
",r.//'
~L.J~W':t.f;'J':r"":""';'.J
UDlea the Boot'.II8d:t -ne and put
Be revealed unto your heart,
Interpreten,
though much profound,
ItI.ubtle
points caDDOt expoWid.
2. a, O'ttiqwe olPJn
RetUOlI, Introduction,
aection vi, pp. 57-58; abo Kemp
pp.
Smith Commen141')' 10 K.llt"
'O'ttique',
68-70. Me1aphyliics, if it II1eJW
knowledge of the 'transcendent',
or of thingHn-themle1ve.,
wu rejected by Kant
a dogmatic,
bec:auJe it doe. not begin with a aitica.l examination
of human
capacitY for such knowledge.
Reference may here be made to one of the ~ry
significant jottings by Anama Iqbal on the cIosin! back. page of hit own oopy of
Carl Rahn'. Sdmce
.,w the RfllJgjoul Life (London,
1928), viz.
'II religion
possible?
prob&cm'; d. Muhammad
Siddiq, De,criptive
Ctztalogue 01
~t'.
AI/Qma Iqt.l'l Penortlll libnIT)', pp. 21-22 and Plate No.7.
by A.S. Eddington
3. The 'principle of indeterminacy'
wu 10 r~tened
In his Ntltlle of the PhyaCllI Mbrld, p. 220. Now more often known II 'principle
by the phy.kist
of Wlcertainty'
or 'uocertaint)'
principle',
It wu 'annoWlced'
pbiloJOpher HeiJeDbcq in ZettJchrlft fWPhyrik,
XLm (1927), 172-98. Broadly
the principle ltates that then is an .to.be:rent wwertainty
ill deKrlbing
speak"',
lUb-miaOlCOpic
prooOues. For matance, if the poIitiorf of an electron iI deter.

101

Reconstruction

of Religious

theistic, 48; mo~s with the weight

of its own past on its back, 132;
of the ideal consun in in perpetual
endeavour
to appropriate
the real,
eventually
to illuminate
its whole
being, 7; physical and mental in the

Life

evolution
of, 85; see a/so religious
life
and Finite IruiMdU4/ity
(H.\\'.
Carr), quoted: 35 (1121)

Locke,John
(1632.1704),
21
Luther, Martin (148).1546),
33)

Thought

in Islam

nOI evolve the inner richnes.) of

his being,"'e
spirit within him
10 (I 26);
hardens
in1", stone,
impossible
for one, to bear the
bwden
of another,
76 (IV 2);
individuality
and uniqueness
of,
76, 79 (IV I, 2); in his inmost
being, a~ conceived by the Qur'in,
is a creative activity, an ascending
spirit, 10; no form of reality so
powerful,
so inspiring,
so beauti.
ful as the spirit of, 10; not a
stranger on this eanh, 67; occupies
a genuine
place in the heart of
Divine aeative
energy,
58; only
a candidate
for immortality,
95;
open to, to belong to the universe

129 (VI

(d
Ma'bad
b. 'Abd Allah ai-Juhan!
80/699),88
MabQ~ith af.Mashriqiyah.
AI- (Fakhr
aJ.Din Razi).quoted:
61 (III 37)
Macdonald, Duncan Black (1863-1943),
14, 121 (I 32, VII 13); and the
growth of atomistic kaLfm in Islam,
54(11113)
Mahdi, Ibn KhaldUn's repudiation
of
(V 61)
the ideaof,I15
Mairnonides,
Moses ben (1135-1204),
54(11112)
Making
of HIJ.ffIl1nity. The (Roben
Briffault),Quoted:
103~
(Shaikh
Maktubilr.;
lmam.i
RaMoni'

and tiecome immortal, 94; Quranic

view of the destiny
of, is partly
ethical, partly biological,
92; restin his ideals,
It'ss being engrossed
9 (I 25): rises from one stale of
being to another,
10, 93; with all
his failings, superior
to nature, 9:
with all his faults, representative
of God on earth,
76; see 41110
Adam and ego
mankind,
unity of, 7S (III 75);
idea of, a living factor
in the
Muslims' daily life, not a philosophical
concept
nor a dream of
poetry,112
ManrUj
al-Tair (Farid at-Din 'A,~),
quoted: I (II)
MaqtuJ, Shihab at-Drn Suhrawardi,
see

Ahmad
Sirhindi),
quoted:
153
(VII 16)
one of the five things that -the
Law of Islam aims at protecting
(Shitibn,
134
140
Malik b. Anas (d. 179/795),

Mal,

man,
approaches
the
observable
aspect of Reality with the weapon
of oonceptu.aJ knowledge,
II; capable of participating
in the creative
life of his \faker. 58, 6t;ch().',en
of
God,
76; destined,
perhaps,
to
become a permanent element in the
constitution
of being, 9; endowed
with the faculty of naming things,
10; entitled to only what is due to
his oWn personal effort, 76 (IV 3);

IshriQI
Massignon,

Louis (1883-1962),
77
(d, 346/957),
Mas'udi
Abu1-Hasan
112 (V 45)
materiaL the merely, has no substance
until
we discover
it rooted
in
spiritual,123
materialism,
33,43,
89, 90, 95, 148;
refutation
of, 26-28,83-84
of Natural
MathemotiCtlI
Principles
Phi/osvphy,

God becomes co-worker of, in his

progre5S.ive adjustment
with the
forces of the universe,
10; God's
immense
faith
in, 68; if, does

The (Newton),

S9 (11131)
Mathnawi-i.Ma'nawi
Rflm'i), Quoted:
88, 97, 14748,

236

quoted

(Jatil
aI.Din
13, 57, 72-73,
(I 28, III 24,72,

..~., ..

~~
I~/~

,"Ii:;I-,!
l)
.JI"'!~
L
-rjJ;;i(..::.-rJ.;u;fi

4J
.,(,
-.'-y~/",b
---/
'>:);i

a&0)11

~~Jb~
".
u lJJI/{li

-, ,

L- J.

t'

-!JJ)jl('::"'LPJ/...ll

4j
~>~P(J
0'G.'

Jlf~)15

dt:-J(d,tlJL11

...

VJs;i'O}7y

:;t

:D
i:J(;:-(hlH'IJ~'.(t
)"V,j~I(;)lil,JyJ<

1'01: [+92-4216314-510
Fox: 1+92-421631-4496
1.:mail:iqllalal:d.ttlhr.l"t}l1l~ats.nct.p..
\\'L'hsilc: \\\\,\\' .allmaiqhal.colll

ISB~ 969-416-311-0

~r.. r

,...
~

~~r.-/-

:Jjl~
:,,";
:.=..1
,)v

)!'=ll,";"~I"';;{

:"

7357214:(;)';-)" V,;" ;~'II~--.::->,jJ>

...:.-,
-r
J~'LLi>fiJ
Ir
I"C>

,{I?(f.'j)'I(
)~~p(.::-~~L.::-,)),,(f.'j

.::.:!~V),lu)l)i0vIU);j01

c.,')0~~~

IC>I

I~~

rlr
rrc>

rn

-=-?~,fiJ

(I)
(r)

(';-(1.;),1)~(1~

AI

II~

..;f~j

(r)
(I")

(C

JY"i(.:/7~(!Y1

(~)

\'.:::
, i.:!~I(._,dll
.-

(~)

(.7J/

(J::ji)..:;,~_Jlj',J'j'

~JlJ..:.)~~r

I~("

./-"--,~ L (1Y1f 7;:~-7

(IYI-=-!f,,-<!

: J. -=-~c!IJ. "--,~LtJ,;

!'''/

.,-o'tJ'?...fI.,;...Ld
f:jf,'=;'Ii'JI'~("'--JI,,'~~L

PI,

L ",-:;:LtJ,fJ,,'IJ.Ly. z..,(;l">IJ.JI7 L{d J.i: (r_,;;..(:>

-{JY.!:>,fjl">I",...fIJ.,,--,~
1";_",.;l-! iJ.-1-=-~.;1)..;0$..I; j J.~L L L PI,
..f!,?!J-:.c' -J.'J,'/!'~7""i"d",'~"
t~",--1:7-f1
Lf;;.;..'~

~~?L,n-v7;

~1.17
J4- ;'~t'i,,(v":""'/"--:=Jrf
j

.;..),?j~~.rc'01.?-:=-jJI.:)~< ),btl'v:.,~_.?-:=- ~t,-:-~'SL

i,-M"'J,'~
-01f~;'(jf.=

--:=-L,,,)ji2..v4

j~--),-:J..c v~..: Ly:L i~(,..I/

'.j:'viy!J;.:;)L

jj-i,;/fil.;"";:'
J';'i'IJ:..,_(,(..:....
p
-.
..
~(
C: "
r .~~( - I,;-}
;'1;6) '_i,)_v.":",,~~.,,,,:"",L.7(i
L,(:jL,',!.:>.;..rw
rJ~l..Ir:.L/
It~)"-:=v-:,~<,;.-;)fJ,~;J.:'R

-J..~j1U-fI=

- .

;'L~ ~.r/LJJYI=~= (.;..~

(;.;j

~? J
"';'-~
./-)f JI-7 ;:-"i:,L J,I..; L~L [,,);:(IYIJ_L z..f u./
V,,(n OtJ/...fJ. d ),;I;I,,:J:1M,';;L
-=-J.(:C(IYI PI,
(jl"

J!2- 2 / ~<Jf,r,.?,L

L.1:;t~Lrr L,(JC(C;-:,

L L.~~ L,~='j(~Ik~)~l;(,.;~;...o
-fi(.;)~\ff.-((..l/.JJ."';:' i..rl--:=i}V~;...o
L~..nRv7l:(:jl..F-1)J.. iJuh~IL~jh.{.f~
~Llf'
,f(j;~..fJ::; ",--Jld J--7

CC:"..fJ,;",' ,J!,~;\(.

;:".r/JIL-J ():1riL ,,---?L -=-,-'("J.(lYlf(

-u./?

..,)u.L(lYlf 7

(~,)~rf..JiL-:-~;(~~~

..:.J.hJ.::.-,...:
(\?-:=- J-.;,-~j,r..j:.
L (.;)');\,;.::1_-7~i'..lr:.:?',j,,;"1::-0( ~jt'~ i./~.f. y:J l;,LJ.j~;
I. J>?-'?/{Ji.-I j i}",(t J',';;,,'if:,,7JL
["" J b,r,';;';-'

,';;d:+

:\?",--LlyL-=-1/IJ~(;rf",--,Afr:15+
.'!-,y.",y'",--AJ.(lYldL,\,LjJd

~
d~J,b1JL!1