University Questions 1. Explain any one recovery technique in detail. 2. Explain with example ARIES recovery procedure.

6Mk 10Mk

3. Explain in brief shadow paging.

5Mk

4. How are log sequence numbers used by ARIES to reduce the amount of REDO work needed for recovery? Illustrate with an example using the information shown in following figure, [start_transaction , T1, A] [read_item, T1, D] [write_item, T1, D,20,25] [commit , T1] [checkpoint] [start_transaction, T2] [read_item, T2, B] [write_item, T2,B,12,18] [start_transaction, T4] [read_item, T4, D] [write_item, T4,D,25,15] [start_transaction, T3] [write_item,T3,C,30,40] [read_item,T4, A] [write_item,T4,A,30,20] [commit , T4] [read_item, T2,D] [write_item,T2,D,15,25] System crash Log Record LSN

LAST_LSN

TRAN_ID

TYPE UPDATE COMMIT

PAGE_ID D -

1 0 T1 2 1 T1 3 Begin checkpoint 4 End checkpoint 5 0 T2 6 0 T4 7 0 T3 8 6 T4 9 8 T4 10 5 T2 Transaction Table TRANS_ID LAST LSN

Other information ---

UPDATE UPDATE UPDATE UPDATE COMMIT UPDATE

B D C A D STATUS

T1

COMMIT

Dirty Page Table PAGE_ID D After Analysis Transaction Table TRANS_ID T1 T2 T3 T4 Dirty Page Table PAGE_ID D B C A

LSN 1

LAST LSN 2 10 7 9

STATUS COMMIT In progress In progress COMMIT

LSN 1 5 7 8

Redo: Find minimum LSN from dirty page table, i.e. M=1 corresponds to page D. So, start REDO from LSN 1 of log table. REDO_SET={1,5,6,7,8,10} Undo: Start scanning backwards from end of log. Transactions to be undone T2, T3 UNDO_SET = {10,7,5}