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Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
69
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
70
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
71
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Regional Guidelines For
Responsible Fishing Operations
In Southeast Asia
SOutheASt ASIAn FISheRIeS DevelOpment CenteR
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
72
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
73
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
74
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
75
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
REGIONAL GUIDELINES
FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHING OPERATIONS
IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter I : Introduction 2
Chapter II : General Principles 4
x Objectives of the Regional Guidelines 4
x Rationale of the Preparation of the Regionalization
of the Code of Conduct 4
x Area of Coverage 5
x International Legal Instruments 5
Chapter III : Regional Definitions of the Terminology 7
Chapter IV : Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations 19
x Guidelines for Duties of all States 19
x Guidelines for Flag State Duties 23
x Guidelines for Port State Duties 26
x Guidelines for Fishing Operations 27
x Guidelines for Fishing Gear Selectivity 32
x Guidelines for Energy Optimization 35
x Guidelines for the Protection of the Aquatic Environment 35
x Guidelines for the Protection of the Atmosphere 36
x Guidelines for Harbours and Landing Places for Fishing Vessels 37
x Guidelines for the Abandonment of Structures and Other Materials 37
x Guidelines for Artificial Reefs and Fish Aggregation Devices 38
Chapter V : Follow-up Activities 40
x Regional Network of Fishing Technologists 40
x Follow-up Activities 40
1
This Regional Guidelines are the final outcome of the Post-meeting of Core Experts for the Regionalization of
the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, Phase I: Responsible Fishing Operations held from 24 to 25 May
1999 at SEAFDEC Training Department, Thailand.
table of contents
77
79
79
79
81
81
82
94
94
98
101
102
107
110
110
111
112
112
113
115
115
115
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
76
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
77
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
2
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
The FAO Conference adopted the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) in
1995. Following the Cancun Conference in 1992, four years of exhaustive effort by the interested
countries of the world resulted in a consensus on the current comprehensive text of the CCRF.
During the negotiation process, specific regional issues were diluted, or perhaps even avoided,
with a view to finding an acceptable global compromise and consensus on controversial issues.
Achievement of CCRF is epoch-making even if contained issues do not cover all areas of
concern on sustainable fisheries in the world. This is a great achievement by the international
fisheries society to rectify the current practices of fisheries, which have proven to be not
sustainable. Implementation of the CCRF is therefore very important for the achievement of
sustainable fisheries in the region. It should be noted that global sustainable fisheries will not be
achieved unless Southeast Asian countries who have contributed a major part of global fisheries
production take appropriate action toward the achievement of sustainable fisheries. However, it
might be appropriate to consider the specific fisheries situation in the region prior to the
implementation of the CCRF.
At the Thirtieth Meeting of the Council of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development
Center (SEAFDEC) at Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam on 17-21 March 1998, the
Council Directors fully supported the program for the Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for
Responsible Fisheries. They unanimously agreed to implement it in SEAFDECs prioritized
program in view of the facts that 1) some part of the global Code of Conduct require modification
to adjust to the regional specificity; and, 2) clear regional policy should be reflected in the Code.
The Council also specified that SEAFDEC should make efforts to establish an Asian Code of
Conduct for coastal fisheries and aquaculture, which may be expanded to cover the other ASEAN
members. In addition, SEAFDEC Strategic Plan adopted at the same meeting emphasizes the
importance of the program on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.
Trawl Net Hauling
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
2
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
The FAO Conference adopted the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) in
1995. Following the Cancun Conference in 1992, four years of exhaustive effort by the interested
countries of the world resulted in a consensus on the current comprehensive text of the CCRF.
During the negotiation process, specific regional issues were diluted, or perhaps even avoided,
with a view to finding an acceptable global compromise and consensus on controversial issues.
Achievement of CCRF is epoch-making even if contained issues do not cover all areas of
concern on sustainable fisheries in the world. This is a great achievement by the international
fisheries society to rectify the current practices of fisheries, which have proven to be not
sustainable. Implementation of the CCRF is therefore very important for the achievement of
sustainable fisheries in the region. It should be noted that global sustainable fisheries will not be
achieved unless Southeast Asian countries who have contributed a major part of global fisheries
production take appropriate action toward the achievement of sustainable fisheries. However, it
might be appropriate to consider the specific fisheries situation in the region prior to the
implementation of the CCRF.
At the Thirtieth Meeting of the Council of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development
Center (SEAFDEC) at Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam on 17-21 March 1998, the
Council Directors fully supported the program for the Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for
Responsible Fisheries. They unanimously agreed to implement it in SEAFDECs prioritized
program in view of the facts that 1) some part of the global Code of Conduct require modification
to adjust to the regional specificity; and, 2) clear regional policy should be reflected in the Code.
The Council also specified that SEAFDEC should make efforts to establish an Asian Code of
Conduct for coastal fisheries and aquaculture, which may be expanded to cover the other ASEAN
members. In addition, SEAFDEC Strategic Plan adopted at the same meeting emphasizes the
importance of the program on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.
Trawl Net Hauling
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
2
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
The FAO Conference adopted the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) in
1995. Following the Cancun Conference in 1992, four years of exhaustive effort by the interested
countries of the world resulted in a consensus on the current comprehensive text of the CCRF.
During the negotiation process, specific regional issues were diluted, or perhaps even avoided,
with a view to finding an acceptable global compromise and consensus on controversial issues.
Achievement of CCRF is epoch-making even if contained issues do not cover all areas of
concern on sustainable fisheries in the world. This is a great achievement by the international
fisheries society to rectify the current practices of fisheries, which have proven to be not
sustainable. Implementation of the CCRF is therefore very important for the achievement of
sustainable fisheries in the region. It should be noted that global sustainable fisheries will not be
achieved unless Southeast Asian countries who have contributed a major part of global fisheries
production take appropriate action toward the achievement of sustainable fisheries. However, it
might be appropriate to consider the specific fisheries situation in the region prior to the
implementation of the CCRF.
At the Thirtieth Meeting of the Council of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development
Center (SEAFDEC) at Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam on 17-21 March 1998, the
Council Directors fully supported the program for the Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for
Responsible Fisheries. They unanimously agreed to implement it in SEAFDECs prioritized
program in view of the facts that 1) some part of the global Code of Conduct require modification
to adjust to the regional specificity; and, 2) clear regional policy should be reflected in the Code.
The Council also specified that SEAFDEC should make efforts to establish an Asian Code of
Conduct for coastal fisheries and aquaculture, which may be expanded to cover the other ASEAN
members. In addition, SEAFDEC Strategic Plan adopted at the same meeting emphasizes the
importance of the program on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.
Trawl Net Hauling
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
78
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
3
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Based on the recommendations made at the Council Meeting, SEAFDEC prepared a
comprehensive program on the Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries(http://www.seafdec.org). Since the program is a long term and wider commitment for
SEAFDEC to implement the various required activities, the preparation of Regional Guideline for
the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, Phase 1: Responsible Fishing Operations was
selected as the primary and major activity under the program.
In June 1998, five regional core experts (Indonesia: Mr. Chairul Nasution, Malaysia: Mr.
Rosidi Bin Ali, the Philippines: Mr. Jonathan O. Dickson, Thailand: Mr. Pirochana Saikliang,
Vietnam: Dr. Nguyen Long) and four Advisors (Mr. Bundit Chokesanguan, Prof. Dr. Takafumi
Arimoto, Dr. Frank Chopin and Dr. Yasuhisa Kato) were selected for the preparation of
documents on the draft regional definition of terminology and draft Regional Technical
Guidelines. A Pre- Meeting of Core Experts was organized to harmonize the approach for the
preparation of documents.
Between 9-12 November 1998, an Expert Consultation on the Regionalization of the
Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Phase 1:Responsible Fishing Operations was
organized in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The purpose was being to discuss the Regional Guidelines for
Article 8, Fishing Operations of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Also discussed
were the required regional definitions of terminology prepared by the Core Expert Group. The
context of this document is based on the outcome of the meeting.
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
2
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
The FAO Conference adopted the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) in
1995. Following the Cancun Conference in 1992, four years of exhaustive effort by the interested
countries of the world resulted in a consensus on the current comprehensive text of the CCRF.
During the negotiation process, specific regional issues were diluted, or perhaps even avoided,
with a view to finding an acceptable global compromise and consensus on controversial issues.
Achievement of CCRF is epoch-making even if contained issues do not cover all areas of
concern on sustainable fisheries in the world. This is a great achievement by the international
fisheries society to rectify the current practices of fisheries, which have proven to be not
sustainable. Implementation of the CCRF is therefore very important for the achievement of
sustainable fisheries in the region. It should be noted that global sustainable fisheries will not be
achieved unless Southeast Asian countries who have contributed a major part of global fisheries
production take appropriate action toward the achievement of sustainable fisheries. However, it
might be appropriate to consider the specific fisheries situation in the region prior to the
implementation of the CCRF.
At the Thirtieth Meeting of the Council of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development
Center (SEAFDEC) at Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam on 17-21 March 1998, the
Council Directors fully supported the program for the Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for
Responsible Fisheries. They unanimously agreed to implement it in SEAFDECs prioritized
program in view of the facts that 1) some part of the global Code of Conduct require modification
to adjust to the regional specificity; and, 2) clear regional policy should be reflected in the Code.
The Council also specified that SEAFDEC should make efforts to establish an Asian Code of
Conduct for coastal fisheries and aquaculture, which may be expanded to cover the other ASEAN
members. In addition, SEAFDEC Strategic Plan adopted at the same meeting emphasizes the
importance of the program on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.
Trawl Net Hauling
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CHAPTER II: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
As a first step toward The Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries, the Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations corresponding to the
Article 8 of the CCRF was prepared. The following general principles will be applied to the whole
document in order to clarify the nature, coverage and objectives of the Regional Guidelines.
OBJECTIVES OF THE REGIONAL GUIDELINES
The objectives of the Regional Guideline are 1) to clarify the requirements, 2) to prioritize
the required action; and, 3) to identify the areas which require special consideration in the regional
context, contained in each paragraph of the relevant CCRF when the regional States implement
the relevant CCRF.
RATIONALE OF THE PREPARATION OF THE REGIONALIZATION OF THE CODE
OF CONDUCT
The CCRF is a comprehensive and global guiding principle to achieve sustainable
fisheries. However, global and non discriminatory application of the global CCRF to the specific
regions or countries may require some modification in order to be effectively implemented in
specific circumstances. In the Southeast Asian Region, the three following specific regional
situations must be fully considered for inclusion in the modifications and applications of the
Code;
1) Cultural Situation: The people in the Southeast Asian Region have greatly and
historically depended on fish in their diet. Therefore, fisheries can not be replaced by an alternate
system to secure protein in food including livestock products (Food security considerations).
Methods to catch fish (Great numbers of traditional fishing gear and practices). Fish processing
methodologies (Diversification of traditional fish processing methods including fermentation,
boiled and dried, fish sauce, etc.) and fish marketing systems that have traditionally and greatly
diversified (Social, economic and cultural considerations). In this connection, the fisheries sector
as a whole has been developed into a traditional and complex system compared with any other
part of the world except the Far East. Special consideration on this cultural aspect must be given if
the global system such as CCRF, which is based on a more simple structure, is going to be applied
in the region.
2) Fisheries Structure: Based on the long history of fisheries development in the region, the
structure of fisheries differs from those of developed fishing nations that are mainly located in the
Temperate Zone and are often used as a model of global fisheries agreements or instruments. In
the region, while industrial fisheries was developed in addition to the traditional fisheries after
1960, following the transfer of modern technologies. This major fishing sector in terms of
numbers of people involved can be categorized as small scale, coastal and subsistence fisheries.
Although the structure differs country to county; a majority of the fisheries in the region can be
categorized as non-industrial and small scale traditional fisheries. Social, economic and cultural
consideration in addition to the scientific and environmental factors is essential in order to manage
and modify these sectors.
3) Ecosystem: In tropical waters, fisheries resources are of comparatively multi-species
composition especially in demersal stocks. In addition, (group of) dominant species do not
compose the majority of catch, as in the fisheries in the Temperate Zone (dominant species
compose 70-80% of the catch in the Temperate Zone, those of tropical fisheries compose 20-30%
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of the catch.) The latter phenomena, especially, will show a significant difference in gear
selectivity and stock assessment methodologies which having been developed in the fisheries in
the Temperate Zone that species composition are comparatively simple.
Additionally, proper recognition of the difference between the developed and developing
countries must be given during the implementation of the globally accepted international fisheries
instruments in the region. The current CCRF was mainly prepared on the base of the situation in
the developed fishing nations, many paragraphs of the Articles of CCRF can not be directly
applied to the situation in the developing countries where basic structures are not yet developed.
In line with the implementation of the CCRF in the developing countries, special efforts will be
required for the current situation.
AREA OF COVERAGE
The SEAFDEC program on the Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries including Phase 1: the Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations is
principally aimed at supporting the implementation of the CCRF by ASEAN Countries. However,
it is hoped that the countries, which share similar specific fisheries circumstances can use it as a
relevant reference.
In the region, the inland fisheries are also a very important sub-sector in economic
activities, the regional guideline have also tried to include the important elements and factors
specific to this sub-sector.
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
Many relevant regulations, principles and requirements under international law,
Agreements and Conventions are referred to in the CCRF. While some of these have clear
fisheries objectives, others have wider objectives including maritime affairs. Policy makers in
each State should recognize the international concerns and to effectively use the relevant
instrument, it is suggested that they should set up a working group composed of legal experts and
relevant technical experts to verify each article of relevant international instruments. They should
clarify which articles should be applied to the fisheries sector in their countries. States should also
take appropriate legal action to enact appropriate National laws, together with appropriate
dissemination to the public and users and the setting up of an appropriate enforcing mechanisms.
Unloading a Bottom
Gill Net from the
Fishing Boat.
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Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
of the catch.) The latter phenomena, especially, will show a significant difference in gear
selectivity and stock assessment methodologies which having been developed in the fisheries in
the Temperate Zone that species composition are comparatively simple.
Additionally, proper recognition of the difference between the developed and developing
countries must be given during the implementation of the globally accepted international fisheries
instruments in the region. The current CCRF was mainly prepared on the base of the situation in
the developed fishing nations, many paragraphs of the Articles of CCRF can not be directly
applied to the situation in the developing countries where basic structures are not yet developed.
In line with the implementation of the CCRF in the developing countries, special efforts will be
required for the current situation.
AREA OF COVERAGE
The SEAFDEC program on the Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries including Phase 1: the Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations is
principally aimed at supporting the implementation of the CCRF by ASEAN Countries. However,
it is hoped that the countries, which share similar specific fisheries circumstances can use it as a
relevant reference.
In the region, the inland fisheries are also a very important sub-sector in economic
activities, the regional guideline have also tried to include the important elements and factors
specific to this sub-sector.
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
Many relevant regulations, principles and requirements under international law,
Agreements and Conventions are referred to in the CCRF. While some of these have clear
fisheries objectives, others have wider objectives including maritime affairs. Policy makers in
each State should recognize the international concerns and to effectively use the relevant
instrument, it is suggested that they should set up a working group composed of legal experts and
relevant technical experts to verify each article of relevant international instruments. They should
clarify which articles should be applied to the fisheries sector in their countries. States should also
take appropriate legal action to enact appropriate National laws, together with appropriate
dissemination to the public and users and the setting up of an appropriate enforcing mechanisms.
Unloading a Bottom
Gill Net from the
Fishing Boat.
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of the catch.) The latter phenomena, especially, will show a significant difference in gear
selectivity and stock assessment methodologies which having been developed in the fisheries in
the Temperate Zone that species composition are comparatively simple.
Additionally, proper recognition of the difference between the developed and developing
countries must be given during the implementation of the globally accepted international fisheries
instruments in the region. The current CCRF was mainly prepared on the base of the situation in
the developed fishing nations, many paragraphs of the Articles of CCRF can not be directly
applied to the situation in the developing countries where basic structures are not yet developed.
In line with the implementation of the CCRF in the developing countries, special efforts will be
required for the current situation.
AREA OF COVERAGE
The SEAFDEC program on the Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries including Phase 1: the Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations is
principally aimed at supporting the implementation of the CCRF by ASEAN Countries. However,
it is hoped that the countries, which share similar specific fisheries circumstances can use it as a
relevant reference.
In the region, the inland fisheries are also a very important sub-sector in economic
activities, the regional guideline have also tried to include the important elements and factors
specific to this sub-sector.
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
Many relevant regulations, principles and requirements under international law,
Agreements and Conventions are referred to in the CCRF. While some of these have clear
fisheries objectives, others have wider objectives including maritime affairs. Policy makers in
each State should recognize the international concerns and to effectively use the relevant
instrument, it is suggested that they should set up a working group composed of legal experts and
relevant technical experts to verify each article of relevant international instruments. They should
clarify which articles should be applied to the fisheries sector in their countries. States should also
take appropriate legal action to enact appropriate National laws, together with appropriate
dissemination to the public and users and the setting up of an appropriate enforcing mechanisms.
Unloading a Bottom
Gill Net from the
Fishing Boat.
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Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
CHAPTER II: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
As a first step toward The Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries, the Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations corresponding to the
Article 8 of the CCRF was prepared. The following general principles will be applied to the whole
document in order to clarify the nature, coverage and objectives of the Regional Guidelines.
OBJECTIVES OF THE REGIONAL GUIDELINES
The objectives of the Regional Guideline are 1) to clarify the requirements, 2) to prioritize
the required action; and, 3) to identify the areas which require special consideration in the regional
context, contained in each paragraph of the relevant CCRF when the regional States implement
the relevant CCRF.
RATIONALE OF THE PREPARATION OF THE REGIONALIZATION OF THE CODE
OF CONDUCT
The CCRF is a comprehensive and global guiding principle to achieve sustainable
fisheries. However, global and non discriminatory application of the global CCRF to the specific
regions or countries may require some modification in order to be effectively implemented in
specific circumstances. In the Southeast Asian Region, the three following specific regional
situations must be fully considered for inclusion in the modifications and applications of the
Code;
1) Cultural Situation: The people in the Southeast Asian Region have greatly and
historically depended on fish in their diet. Therefore, fisheries can not be replaced by an alternate
system to secure protein in food including livestock products (Food security considerations).
Methods to catch fish (Great numbers of traditional fishing gear and practices). Fish processing
methodologies (Diversification of traditional fish processing methods including fermentation,
boiled and dried, fish sauce, etc.) and fish marketing systems that have traditionally and greatly
diversified (Social, economic and cultural considerations). In this connection, the fisheries sector
as a whole has been developed into a traditional and complex system compared with any other
part of the world except the Far East. Special consideration on this cultural aspect must be given if
the global system such as CCRF, which is based on a more simple structure, is going to be applied
in the region.
2) Fisheries Structure: Based on the long history of fisheries development in the region, the
structure of fisheries differs from those of developed fishing nations that are mainly located in the
Temperate Zone and are often used as a model of global fisheries agreements or instruments. In
the region, while industrial fisheries was developed in addition to the traditional fisheries after
1960, following the transfer of modern technologies. This major fishing sector in terms of
numbers of people involved can be categorized as small scale, coastal and subsistence fisheries.
Although the structure differs country to county; a majority of the fisheries in the region can be
categorized as non-industrial and small scale traditional fisheries. Social, economic and cultural
consideration in addition to the scientific and environmental factors is essential in order to manage
and modify these sectors.
3) Ecosystem: In tropical waters, fisheries resources are of comparatively multi-species
composition especially in demersal stocks. In addition, (group of) dominant species do not
compose the majority of catch, as in the fisheries in the Temperate Zone (dominant species
compose 70-80% of the catch in the Temperate Zone, those of tropical fisheries compose 20-30%
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It should be noted that the target group of such international instruments is generally the
large-scale industrial sectors but small-scale fisheries, which are a major part of fisheries in the
region, are hardly covered. Therefore, special consideration is required for the fisheries in the
region, the major part of whom are categorized as small-scale. In applying the Codes, States must
first clarify the target group and, if certain target groups are not covered, specific regulations
applicable to such groups must be elaborated.
The FAO and other relevant international organization have been requested to provide
relevant information on the extent of the implementation of such international conventions and
instruments to the respective authorities. It should be noted that the States in the Southeast Asia
should provide appropriate information on the implementation of particular conventions and
agreements on request by such organizations.
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of the catch.) The latter phenomena, especially, will show a significant difference in gear
selectivity and stock assessment methodologies which having been developed in the fisheries in
the Temperate Zone that species composition are comparatively simple.
Additionally, proper recognition of the difference between the developed and developing
countries must be given during the implementation of the globally accepted international fisheries
instruments in the region. The current CCRF was mainly prepared on the base of the situation in
the developed fishing nations, many paragraphs of the Articles of CCRF can not be directly
applied to the situation in the developing countries where basic structures are not yet developed.
In line with the implementation of the CCRF in the developing countries, special efforts will be
required for the current situation.
AREA OF COVERAGE
The SEAFDEC program on the Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries including Phase 1: the Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations is
principally aimed at supporting the implementation of the CCRF by ASEAN Countries. However,
it is hoped that the countries, which share similar specific fisheries circumstances can use it as a
relevant reference.
In the region, the inland fisheries are also a very important sub-sector in economic
activities, the regional guideline have also tried to include the important elements and factors
specific to this sub-sector.
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
Many relevant regulations, principles and requirements under international law,
Agreements and Conventions are referred to in the CCRF. While some of these have clear
fisheries objectives, others have wider objectives including maritime affairs. Policy makers in
each State should recognize the international concerns and to effectively use the relevant
instrument, it is suggested that they should set up a working group composed of legal experts and
relevant technical experts to verify each article of relevant international instruments. They should
clarify which articles should be applied to the fisheries sector in their countries. States should also
take appropriate legal action to enact appropriate National laws, together with appropriate
dissemination to the public and users and the setting up of an appropriate enforcing mechanisms.
Unloading a Bottom
Gill Net from the
Fishing Boat.
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CHAPTER III: REGIONAL DEFINITIONS OF THE TERMINOLOGY
Prior to the Regional Guidelines, clarification of the definition taking into account the
regional specific fisheries situation mentioned in the General Principle, for the terminology used
in the CCRF and Regional Guideline is required in order to have a common understanding on the
issues contained therein.
TARGET CATCH
Due to the multi-species composition of fisheries resources particularly coastal / demersal
stocks, target catch (synonymous of target size or target species is less preferable in the region due
to multi-species catch nature) is not generally used for regulation purposes and as a general
concept of the fisher. Therefore, target catch will not be defined as a general term, but can be used
for some industrial fisheries as follows.
The component of the fish stock/resource (of a given size, species, etc.) primarily sought or
aimed at by the industrial fisher.
BY-CATCH
By-catch is a term attached to target catch. Since target catch is not a useful term applying
to all fisheries in the region, the term of by-catch will be used for industrial fisheries as follows.
A general term for the component of the catch, which is anticipated to be caught during an
industrial fishing operation, in addition to the target catch.
Special emphasis should be placed on the management of by-catch of shrimp trawlers
irrespective of their sizes.
INCIDENTAL CATCH
A general term for the catch, which is not anticipated to be caught during a fishing
operation, but are incidentally caught.
Since the by catch will not be generally used in the region, specific components of
by-catch can be defined as incidental catch which requires specific attention in gear selectivity
and appropriate management action. In this connection, the incidental catch may be composed of
1) aquatic animals including mammals, turtles and sea birds. 2) debris including parts of coral
reefs; and, 3) juveniles. Since the catch component of juveniles may not be categorized as
incidental catch, juveniles can be treated separately. However, as the catch of juveniles is a
serious problem in terms of resources and has bio-diversity implications in the region, inclusion of
juveniles in the incidental catch will be an idea to clarify the target group upon which States
requires specific action with a specific regional term.
The component of the fsh stock/resource (of a given size, species, etc.) primarily sought or
aimed at by the industrial fsher.
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RETAINED CATCH
That portion of the catch, which will be landed at the fishing base or distributed to the
market.
A clear understanding of the difference between Retained Catch and Catch Retained in
the Fishing Gear will be required especially for research and development work on gear
selectivity.
TOTAL CATCH
The Catch on board the vessel.
Total Catch is synonymous with Retained Catch in the Fishing Gear.
DISCARDED CATCH = WASTE
That portion of the catch returned to the sea (or otherwise thrown away) as a result of
economic considerations deemed to have none or even negative value to the catcher.
Discarded catch in the region is usually composed of unwanted catch (low or no value
species and undersized commercial value species, sometimes referred to as trash fish) and
incidental catch such as debris and juveniles. Sometimes, due to the need for effective operation,
limited space and capacity of preserving facilities, catch components with low commercial value
are discarded to the sea. In addition, quite large amounts of catch have been discarded as catch
with unacceptable quality mainly because of poor preservation capacity (lack of ice and limited
capacity/space of the facilities for preserving catch) of the fishing vessel as well as on shore.
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RETAINED CATCH
That portion of the catch, which will be landed at the fishing base or distributed to the
market.
A clear understanding of the difference between Retained Catch and Catch Retained in
the Fishing Gear will be required especially for research and development work on gear
selectivity.
TOTAL CATCH
The Catch on board the vessel.
Total Catch is synonymous with Retained Catch in the Fishing Gear.
DISCARDED CATCH = WASTE
That portion of the catch returned to the sea (or otherwise thrown away) as a result of
economic considerations deemed to have none or even negative value to the catcher.
Discarded catch in the region is usually composed of unwanted catch (low or no value
species and undersized commercial value species, sometimes referred to as trash fish) and
incidental catch such as debris and juveniles. Sometimes, due to the need for effective operation,
limited space and capacity of preserving facilities, catch components with low commercial value
are discarded to the sea. In addition, quite large amounts of catch have been discarded as catch
with unacceptable quality mainly because of poor preservation capacity (lack of ice and limited
capacity/space of the facilities for preserving catch) of the fishing vessel as well as on shore.
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GEAR SELECTIVITY
Gear selectivity from the user point of view should be defined as having the property to
select target species including the sizes of fish. However, as most of the fishers in the region do
not clearly define their target species, it may be defined as follows.
Gear selectivity is a property of fishing gear that reduces/excludes the capture of unwanted
sizes of fish and incidental catch
In tropical waters having multi-species catch compositions, it should be noted that the
applied gear can only select the appropriate size of fish caught. However, fishers may further
select their catch at the level of the group of species in their practice with a knowledge of various
ecological factors including seasonal migration patterns, spawning seasons, feeding and
distribution of fish, etc.
SELECTIVE FISHING GEAR
Fishing gear, which have been designed to exclude/reduce the capture of unwanted sizes
and species of fish and the incidental catch, and release these excluded fish from the fishing
gear with a high survival rate.
ESCAPEMENT
The rate/amount of fish that escape through meshes or other devices after entering the
fishing gear.
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The following conceptual diagram shows the linkages among the above terminology for
the activities during fishing operations.
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The following conceptual diagram shows the linkages among the above terminology for
the activities during fishing operations.
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DESTRUCTIVE FISHING GEAR AND PRACTICES
The fishing gear and practices that have a destructive effect on ecosystems including
environment, fishery resources, etc.
ILLEGAL FISHING GEAR AND PRACTICES
The fishing gear and practices that are prohibited by laws and regulations.
The destructive fishing gear and practices are classified as illegal fishing gear and
practices in the national laws of most of the States in the region.
GHOST FISHING
Fishing effect caused by abandoned or lost fishing gear.
ABANDONED FISHING GEAR
Any fishing gear or part of fishing gear that is discarded into the aquatic environment.
FISHERIES STRUCTURE
It is not simple to define regional fishing structures such as coastal fisheries and
industrial fisheries due to different legal definitions by each State in the region. The following
table shows the fishing zones used by different types of fishing boat in selected countries in the
Region.
Push Net, One of the Destructive Fishing Gears
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DESTRUCTIVE FISHING GEAR AND PRACTICES
The fishing gear and practices that have a destructive effect on ecosystems including
environment, fishery resources, etc.
ILLEGAL FISHING GEAR AND PRACTICES
The fishing gear and practices that are prohibited by laws and regulations.
The destructive fishing gear and practices are classified as illegal fishing gear and
practices in the national laws of most of the States in the region.
GHOST FISHING
Fishing effect caused by abandoned or lost fishing gear.
ABANDONED FISHING GEAR
Any fishing gear or part of fishing gear that is discarded into the aquatic environment.
FISHERIES STRUCTURE
It is not simple to define regional fishing structures such as coastal fisheries and
industrial fisheries due to different legal definitions by each State in the region. The following
table shows the fishing zones used by different types of fishing boat in selected countries in the
Region.
Push Net, One of the Destructive Fishing Gears
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DESTRUCTIVE FISHING GEAR AND PRACTICES
The fishing gear and practices that have a destructive effect on ecosystems including
environment, fishery resources, etc.
ILLEGAL FISHING GEAR AND PRACTICES
The fishing gear and practices that are prohibited by laws and regulations.
The destructive fishing gear and practices are classified as illegal fishing gear and
practices in the national laws of most of the States in the region.
GHOST FISHING
Fishing effect caused by abandoned or lost fishing gear.
ABANDONED FISHING GEAR
Any fishing gear or part of fishing gear that is discarded into the aquatic environment.
FISHERIES STRUCTURE
It is not simple to define regional fishing structures such as coastal fisheries and
industrial fisheries due to different legal definitions by each State in the region. The following
table shows the fishing zones used by different types of fishing boat in selected countries in the
Region.
Push Net, One of the Destructive Fishing Gears
Push Net, One of the Destructive Fishing Gears
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Table 1 : Fishing Zones of Countries in Southeast Asia
Countries Fishing Zone 1 Fishing Zone 2 Fishing Zone 3 Fishing Zone 4
Brunei
Darussalam
From shore line out
to 3nm.
F r o m 3 n m t o
20nm.
Fr o m 2 0 n m t o
45nm.
From 45nm to
EEZ limit.
Cambodia From shore line out
to 20m depth.
From 20m depth
to EEZ limit.
Indonesia From shore line out
to 3nm.
Fo u r n a u t i c a l
mi les from the
outer limit of first
fishing zone or
7nm from shore.
Five nautical miles
from the outer limit
of second fishing
zone or 12nm from
shore.
More than 12nm
from shore.
Malaysia From shore line out
to 5nm.
F r o m 5 n m t o
12nm.
Fr o m 1 2 n m t o
30nm.
From 30nm to
EEZ limit.
Myanmar From shore line out
t o 5 n m i n t he
northern area, 10nm
in southern area.
From outer limit
of first fishing
zone to EEZ limit.
Philippines From shore line out
to 15 km.
Fr om 15km t o
EEZ limit.
Thailand From shore line out
to 12nm.
Fr om 12nm t o
EEZ limit.
Vietnam From shore line to
3 0 m d e p t h i n
N o r t h e r n a n d
Southern areas, to
5 0 m d e p t h i n
Central area.
From 30 to 50m
depth to the EEZ
limit.
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The following table shows the type of fisheries in their legislative base in selected
countries in the region.
Table 2 : Classifications of Small-scale Fisheries and Large-scale Fisheries
Countries Small-scale Fisheries Large-scale Fisheries
Brunei
Darussalam
Small-scale/Artisanal fisheries :
Operating in all Zones but
concentrating in Zone 1.
Industrial Fisheries:
a) Trawlers less than 350HP operating in Zone 2.
b) Purse seiners less than 20m LOA operating in
zone 2.
c) Trawlers with 350-550 Hp operating in Zone 3.
d) Purse Seiners with 20-30 m LOA operating in
zone 3.
e) Purse seiners more than 30m LOA operating in
Zone 4
Cambodia Coastal Fisheries : Small scale
fisheries with/without engine
(from 5 HP to 50 HP) operating in
zone 1.
Commercial Fisheries : More than 50 HP operating in
zone 2.
Indonesia Small-scale Fisheries :
1) Outboard engines <10 HP or <
5 GT operating in zone 1.
Trawls, purse seines and gill
nets are not allowed, except
for purse seines with a head
rope < 120 m.
2) Inboard engines < 50 HP or
<25 GT operating in zone 2.
Trawl and purse seines are not
allowed, except purse seines
with a head rope < 300 m.
Industrial Fisheries :
1) Inboard engine <200 HP or 100 GT operating in
zone 3, Purse seining is not allowed except those
with a head rope < 600 m.
2) All fishing boats and fishing gear operating in
zone 4.
Malaysia Traditional Fisheries: Small-scale
fisheries using traditional fishing
gears (i.e. other than trawls and
purse seine) with boats less than
10 GT operating in all zones
concentrating in zone 1.
Commercial Fisheries : Medium and large scales
fisheries using commercial fishing gears such as
trawls and purse seines.
a) With boats less than 40 GT operating in zone 2.
b) With boats from 40 GT to 70 GT operating in
zone 3.
c) With boats above 70 GT operating in zone 4.
Myanmer Coastal Fisheries: boats of less
than 30 feet or using less than a 12
HP engine operating in zone 1
Industrial Fisheries: Boats more than 30 feet long or
using more than 12 HP engines operating in zone 2
Philippines Municipal Fisheries : Small scale
fisheries with boats of less than 3
GT that are allowed to operate in
zones 1 and 2.
Commercial Fisheries :
a) Small-scale commercial fisheries: from 3.1 to 20
GT boats operating in zone 2; can also operate
within 10.1 to 15 km (within zone 1) if authority
is granted by the concerned local government
unit (LGU).
b) Medium-scale commercial fisheries: from 20.1 to
150 GT operating in zone 2; can also operate
within 10.1 to 15 km (within zone 1) if authority
is granted by the concerned local government
unit (LGU).
c) Large-scale commercial fisheries: more than 150
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GT operating in zone 2.
Countries Small-scale Fisheries Large-scale Fisheries
Thailand Small-scale Fisheries: With boats
of less than 5GT operating in
zone 1.
Large-scale Fisheries: With boats of more than 5GT
operating in zone 2.
Vietnam Small-scale Fisheries: Boats with
no engine and with engine but less
than 40 hp.
Large-scale Fisheries: Boats with engine more than
40 hp.
Using the above information, the following regional definitions of fishing structures
(types of fisheries) can be summarized.
COASTAL FISHERIES
Fishing units operating in coastal waters (from shore out to 3~5 miles).
The coastal fisheries is a definition of the fisheries by fishing ground or area. There are
some States that set a wider fishing range like Indonesia (12 nm), the Philippines ( 15 km) and
Thailand ( 12 nm) or using different definitions like water depth (Cambodia; 20 m depth). In
general, most of the countries regulate the area from the shore to 3 miles for the exclusive use of
small-scale fisheries.
SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES
Fishing units operating using small-scale boats, fishing gear and equipment.
Small-scale fishery is a definition of the fisheries using fishing boats, fishing gear and
equipment as shown in the tables. The capacity of the equipment used varies with the States. The
small-scale fisheries are defined and allocated by each State and refer to the fishing grounds most
suited to the capacity of the boats used.
Small-scale Fishing Boat in the Philippines
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GT operating in zone 2.
Countries Small-scale Fisheries Large-scale Fisheries
Thailand Small-scale Fisheries: With boats
of less than 5GT operating in
zone 1.
Large-scale Fisheries: With boats of more than 5GT
operating in zone 2.
Vietnam Small-scale Fisheries: Boats with
no engine and with engine but less
than 40 hp.
Large-scale Fisheries: Boats with engine more than
40 hp.
Using the above information, the following regional definitions of fishing structures
(types of fisheries) can be summarized.
COASTAL FISHERIES
Fishing units operating in coastal waters (from shore out to 3~5 miles).
The coastal fisheries is a definition of the fisheries by fishing ground or area. There are
some States that set a wider fishing range like Indonesia (12 nm), the Philippines ( 15 km) and
Thailand ( 12 nm) or using different definitions like water depth (Cambodia; 20 m depth). In
general, most of the countries regulate the area from the shore to 3 miles for the exclusive use of
small-scale fisheries.
SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES
Fishing units operating using small-scale boats, fishing gear and equipment.
Small-scale fishery is a definition of the fisheries using fishing boats, fishing gear and
equipment as shown in the tables. The capacity of the equipment used varies with the States. The
small-scale fisheries are defined and allocated by each State and refer to the fishing grounds most
suited to the capacity of the boats used.
Small-scale Fishing Boat in the Philippines
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GT operating in zone 2.
Countries Small-scale Fisheries Large-scale Fisheries
Thailand Small-scale Fisheries: With boats
of less than 5GT operating in
zone 1.
Large-scale Fisheries: With boats of more than 5GT
operating in zone 2.
Vietnam Small-scale Fisheries: Boats with
no engine and with engine but less
than 40 hp.
Large-scale Fisheries: Boats with engine more than
40 hp.
Using the above information, the following regional definitions of fishing structures
(types of fisheries) can be summarized.
COASTAL FISHERIES
Fishing units operating in coastal waters (from shore out to 3~5 miles).
The coastal fisheries is a definition of the fisheries by fishing ground or area. There are
some States that set a wider fishing range like Indonesia (12 nm), the Philippines ( 15 km) and
Thailand ( 12 nm) or using different definitions like water depth (Cambodia; 20 m depth). In
general, most of the countries regulate the area from the shore to 3 miles for the exclusive use of
small-scale fisheries.
SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES
Fishing units operating using small-scale boats, fishing gear and equipment.
Small-scale fishery is a definition of the fisheries using fishing boats, fishing gear and
equipment as shown in the tables. The capacity of the equipment used varies with the States. The
small-scale fisheries are defined and allocated by each State and refer to the fishing grounds most
suited to the capacity of the boats used.
Small-scale Fishing Boat in the Philippines
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GT operating in zone 2.
Countries Small-scale Fisheries Large-scale Fisheries
Thailand Small-scale Fisheries: With boats
of less than 5GT operating in
zone 1.
Large-scale Fisheries: With boats of more than 5GT
operating in zone 2.
Vietnam Small-scale Fisheries: Boats with
no engine and with engine but less
than 40 hp.
Large-scale Fisheries: Boats with engine more than
40 hp.
Using the above information, the following regional definitions of fishing structures
(types of fisheries) can be summarized.
COASTAL FISHERIES
Fishing units operating in coastal waters (from shore out to 3~5 miles).
The coastal fisheries is a definition of the fisheries by fishing ground or area. There are
some States that set a wider fishing range like Indonesia (12 nm), the Philippines ( 15 km) and
Thailand ( 12 nm) or using different definitions like water depth (Cambodia; 20 m depth). In
general, most of the countries regulate the area from the shore to 3 miles for the exclusive use of
small-scale fisheries.
SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES
Fishing units operating using small-scale boats, fishing gear and equipment.
Small-scale fishery is a definition of the fisheries using fishing boats, fishing gear and
equipment as shown in the tables. The capacity of the equipment used varies with the States. The
small-scale fisheries are defined and allocated by each State and refer to the fishing grounds most
suited to the capacity of the boats used.
Small-scale Fishing Boat in the Philippines
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SUBSISTENCE FISHERIES
Although there is no legal definition for subsistence fisheries in most of the State, it is
understood as follows:
Fishing units catching marine products mainly for their own and their familys
consumption
FISHING CAPACITY RELATED TO OVER CAPACITY
The total size of fishing vessels (in terms of GT or remaining stock quantities) used in the
particular areas or particular fisheries.
FISHING EFFORT
Represents the amount of fishing gear of a specific type (or numbers of fishing
unit or total engine capacity of fishing unit) used in the fishing ground over a given unit of
time.
Fishing capacity, fishing effort and fishing pressure are used in a synonymous manner
without defining the specific difference.
SUSTAINABLE USE
Manner of exploitation at the rate that does not lead to the long term decline of
the size and diversity of aquatic animals, thereby maintaining their potential to meet the
needs and aspiration of present and future generation.
(MAXIMUM) SUSTAINABLE YIELD
A technical term in population dynamics. It is a function of fishing effort. If the
fishing effort on a fisheries species does not change over a certain length of time, fisheries
production of a species is theoretically sustained. Maximum sustainable yield represents the
point which produces the highest sustainable production for a certain fishing effort.
ARTIFICIAL REEF
Any manmade structure placed in a body of water to attract or lure aquatic
animals by providing shelter, habitat or breeding areas, which at the same time have an
effect to exclude some fishing operations from the areas.
Floating types of the artificial reef are called fish aggregating devices and as auxiliary
fishing gear are composed of float, fish attracting device, line and sinker.
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TRANS-BOUNDARY FISH STOCK
Fisheries resources migrate freely across the national boundaries in their life cycle. The
following four kinds of migration pattern are important for fisheries management under
UNCLOS.
x Highly migratory fish stock
Species which undertake extensive migration between the EEZ and high seas, across
oceans and across many EEZs.
x Straddling fish stock
Species which are distributed or migrate within and beyond the EEZs during their life
cycle.
x Shared fish stock
Species that migrate within an EEZ but extend their migration to other nations EEZs.
HIGH SEAS FISH STOCK
General term for highly migratory fish stock and straddling fish stock
Artificial Reef
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HABITAT
Can be defined as that part of the ecosystem, including biotic and a biotic components, upon
which fish depend directly or indirectly in order to carry out their life process. These may refer to
spawning grounds, nurseries, rearing and migration areas. Therefore, habitat is an important
component in supporting fish life. Loss of habitat compromises the ability to maintain sustainable
long term yield.
FLAG STATE
The State in which the vessel is registered and is entitled to fly the flag.
PORT STATE
The State has obligations under international maritime law with regard to foreign flag
vessels that are in any of its ports and/or at any of its offshore structures.
MULTI-SPECIES COMPOSITION
In tropical waters, the species composition in the ecosystem and fish catch is characterized
as: 1) large numbers of species; and, 2) low rate of composition of a dominant species compared
with those of the Temperate Zone. Large numbers of aquatic organisms co-exist in less productive
waters by diversifying the ecological niches. Therefore, multi-species composition may be
defined as follows.
Population which is composed of large numbers of species without a single dominant
species.
RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES
The concept Encompasses the sustainable utilization of fisheries resources in harmony
with the environment; the use of capture and aquaculture practices that are not harmful to
ecosystems, resources and their quality; the incorporation of added value to such products through
transportation processes meeting the required sanitary standards; the conduct of commercial
practices so as to provide consumers access to good quality products. (Cancun, 1992).
Highly migratory fish stocks
Straddling fish stocks
Shared fish
stocks
National Border
Shore line
200 nautical
mile line
High Sea related fish stocks are shown in the following diagram.
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TRANS-BOUNDARY FISH STOCK
Fisheries resources migrate freely across the national boundaries in their life cycle. The
following four kinds of migration pattern are important for fisheries management under
UNCLOS.
x Highly migratory fish stock
Species which undertake extensive migration between the EEZ and high seas, across
oceans and across many EEZs.
x Straddling fish stock
Species which are distributed or migrate within and beyond the EEZs during their life
cycle.
x Shared fish stock
Species that migrate within an EEZ but extend their migration to other nations EEZs.
HIGH SEAS FISH STOCK
General term for highly migratory fish stock and straddling fish stock
Artificial Reef
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The Operation of Trawl Net with Turtle Excluder Device (TED)
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HABITAT
Can be defined as that part of the ecosystem, including biotic and a biotic components, upon
which fish depend directly or indirectly in order to carry out their life process. These may refer to
spawning grounds, nurseries, rearing and migration areas. Therefore, habitat is an important
component in supporting fish life. Loss of habitat compromises the ability to maintain sustainable
long term yield.
FLAG STATE
The State in which the vessel is registered and is entitled to fly the flag.
PORT STATE
The State has obligations under international maritime law with regard to foreign flag
vessels that are in any of its ports and/or at any of its offshore structures.
MULTI-SPECIES COMPOSITION
In tropical waters, the species composition in the ecosystem and fish catch is characterized
as: 1) large numbers of species; and, 2) low rate of composition of a dominant species compared
with those of the Temperate Zone. Large numbers of aquatic organisms co-exist in less productive
waters by diversifying the ecological niches. Therefore, multi-species composition may be
defined as follows.
Population which is composed of large numbers of species without a single dominant
species.
RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES
The concept Encompasses the sustainable utilization of fisheries resources in harmony
with the environment; the use of capture and aquaculture practices that are not harmful to
ecosystems, resources and their quality; the incorporation of added value to such products through
transportation processes meeting the required sanitary standards; the conduct of commercial
practices so as to provide consumers access to good quality products. (Cancun, 1992).
Highly migratory fish stocks
Straddling fish stocks
Shared fish
stocks
National Border
Shore line
200 nautical
mile line
High Sea related fish stocks are shown in the following diagram.
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CHAPTER IV: REGIONAL GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHING
OPERATIONS
The Regional Guidelines of the Responsible Fishing Operations was first drafted by the
Regional Core Group. It was discussed and agreed during the Expert Consultation on the
Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries Phase 1:Responsible Fishing
Operations organized in Chiang Mai, Thailand between 9-12 November 1998. The current text is
a compilation of the outcome of the meeting.
Since the Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations was prepared based on
the Article 8 Fishing Operations of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, the original
Article and paragraph numbers were retained in the Guidelines. The Regional Guidelines were
prepared in line with the objectives stipulated in Chapter II. The Guidelines are a mix of the
composition of 1) general comments for paragraphs from regional points of view, 2) Specific
considerations for regional application; and, 3) required follow up activities, if any. The left
column is the original paragraph with numbers shown for easy reference, while the modified
regional guidelines are shown in the right column for consideration by the States for action.
As the implementation of the CCRF is a long-term commitment and process, the States
and relevant Organization should note that the regional guidelines are initial step toward the
achievement of sustainable fisheries.
Where a Regional guideline is not provided means that the original CCRF can be applied
without change. It should also be noted that the FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible
Fisheries (1) Fishing Operations may also be generally applied to the industrial fisheries in the
region.
Article. 8 Fishing
Operations
REGIONAL GUIDELINES
8.1 Duties of all States
8.1.1. States should ensure
that only fishing operations
al l owed by t hem ar e
conducted within waters
under their jurisdiction and
that these operations are
carried out in a responsible
manner.
1) Within national waters, fishing operations should be
conducted in the juridical waters including provincial, district
or municipal waters in a harmonious and responsible manner.
8. 1. 2. St at es shoul d
maintain a record, updated
at regular intervals, on all
authorizations to fish issued
by them.
1) States that do not have a system of authorizations to fish
should urgently establish these to cover at least major
fisheries.
2) States should investigate their authorization mechanisms to
fish and identify areas for improvement. States should also
conclude a clear policies on the authorizations to fish and the
ways to practically implement them.
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3) Linkages of all Government agencies that separately issue
Certificates of Registration and authorization to fish (giving
licenses) should be properly coordinated. Data required for
each should be simplified and an exchange of information
should be made in order to maximize the use of data. (The
list of necessary information in FAO Technical Guidelines
may be used, although this is mainly for industrial fisheries.)
4) Authorizations to fish may also contain conditions,
including: 1) areas to be fished. 2) Type of fishing gear
allowed. 3) The class of fishing vessel and other
requirements; such as, a) depending on the class of fishing
vessel, log book, change of registration status, marking of
fishing vessel and gear as far as practicable.
5) States should also elaborate policy on the enforcement of the
authorization to fish by the kind of fisheries, whether
provincial or district levels and implement as far as
practicable.
8 . 1 . 3 . St a t e s s houl d
maintain, in accordance
wi t h recogni zed inter-
national standards and
practices, statistical data,
updated at regular intervals,
on all fishing operations
allowed by them.
1) States should investigate and identify the current constraints
of the fisheries statistical system. The mechanisms to
improve the system, regional compatibility and
standardization should be sought to meet the management
requirements on transboundary fish stocks.
2) Collection and compilation of catch and effort statistics
should be given priority.
3) States should elaborate practical reporting mechanisms on
the required information provided by the fisher to the
concerned agencies (central and local) of the Government.
4) SEAFDEC should initiate and maintain its service to
improve the regional fisheries statistics mechanisms in
collaboration with States and relevant Organizations.
8. 1. 4. St at es shoul d
maintain, in accordance
wi t h recogni zed inter-
national law, within the
framework of sub-regional
or r e gi ona l f i s her i es
management organizations
or arrangement, cooperate
to establish system for
mo n i t or i n g, c o n t r ol ,
surveillance and enforce-
me n t o f a p p l i c a b l e
measures with respect to
fi shi ng operations and
related activities in waters
out si de t hei r nat i onal
jurisdiction.
1) Monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement for the
high seas area can be considered by the relevant
organizations. Methodology for monitoring, control,
surveillance and enforcement for small-scale and coastal
fisheries has to be differentiated with one for industrial or off
shore fisheries within national jurisdiction.
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8.1.5. States should ensure
t hat heal t h and saf et y
standards are adopted for
ever yone empl oyed i n
fishing operations. Such
standards should be not less
than the minimum require-
ments of relevant inter-
nati onal agreement s on
conditions of work and
service.
1) It should be noted that the minimum requirements in relevant
international agreements including SOLAS, IMO which is only
applicable to vessels larger than 24m L.O.A.. Since the majority
of fishing boats in the region is smaller than this size, States
should be encouraged to elaborate special safety standards and
policies with emphases on the smaller boats. FAO/ILO/IMCO
Voluntary Guidelines for the Design, Construction and
Equipment of Small Fishing Vessels (1980) may be used as a
reference for this paragraph.
2) Regional Organizations, including SEAFDEC, should support
the States to urgently formulate such standards for smaller
fishing vessels in the region.
8.1.6. States should make
arrangements individually,
together with other States or
wi t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e
international organization to
integrate fishing operations
into maritime search and
rescue systems.
None.
8.1.7. States should enhance
t hr ough educat i on and
training programmes the
education and skills of
fishers and, where appro-
priate, their professional
qualifications, such pro-
grammes should take into
account agreed international
standard and guideline.
1) Considering the importance of the small-scale fisheries sub-
sector in the region, education, training and extension should
proportionally cover these sectors in addition to those for the
industrial fisheries sub-sector. Important and relevant provisions
of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, including the
subject on the Responsible Fishing Practices, should be
institutionalized and conducted systematically (both central and
local levels) in the existing National Educational Institutions.
Target groups for education and training should be not only be
professional fishers, but also the young generation and
newcomers to fisheries.
2) States should define the target groups and develop the
appropriate training, materials and mechanisms.
5) Since fishing operation is closely related to fisheries
management, such education should be conducted, not only to
educate on how to operate the required fishing practices, but on
the required and appropriate fisheries management measures to
accompany fishing operations.
3) In addition to education to be conducted at the permanent
institutions, training should be conducted in areas closer to the
fishers including as refresher courses, fishers who wish to
renew their licenses. Training in local dialects is another
consideration if the language is a barrier to full understanding
by the participants. Education and training programs should
take into account the educational level of targeted fishers.
Training subjects should not be limited to fishing technology,
but should also cover the areas of relevant fisheries
management, environmental conservation and local rural
development programs.
3)
4)
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8.1.8. States should, as
appr opr i at e, mai nt ai n
records of fishers which
should, whenever possible,
contain information on their
service and qualifications,
including certificates of
competency in accordance
with their national laws.
1) Establishment of a similar information base on the
coastal/small-scale fisher may be considered in addition to
those for industrial fisheries.
2) States should ensure that certificates should be issued for
all training offered. These certificates should be
authenticated so that it can be a valid document. States
should maintain records of certificates issued and that
these records should be stored in a readily retrievable
format.
3) Certificates should be detailed with the information not only
of the name of the issuing authority, personal data, but also
its validity and conditions such as size and type of fishing
vessels, capacity and areas of operation, possibly related to
the authorizations to fish.
4) States should be encouraged to gradually adopt the
provisions in ensuring that only trained and certified persons
are allowed to engage in fishing, especially in commercial
fisheries.
5) The International Convention on Standard of Training,
Certification and Watch keeping for Seafarers 1978 may be
used as a reference.
8.1.9. States should ensure
that measures applicable in
respect of masters and other
of fi cer s char ged wi t h
offence relating to the
operation of fishing vessels
should include provisions
which may permit, inter
alia, refusal, withdrawal or
suspension of authoriza-
tions to serve as masters or
officers of a fishing vessel.
1) In addition to the industrial fisheries (refer to those relevant
paragraphs of the FAO Technical Guidelines), practical
mechanisms to authorization to fish for small-scale fishers
with corresponding responsibility on their conduct may need
to be elaborated in National registration systems.
8.1.10. States, with the
as s i s t ance of r el evant
international organizations,
should endeavour to ensure
through educational and
t r ai ni ng t hat al l t hose
engaged in fishing opera-
tions be given information on
t h e mo s t i mp o r t a n t
provisions of this Code, as
well as provisions of relevant
international conventions and
applicable environmental and
other standards that are
e s s e n t i a l t o e n s u r e
r e s p o n s i b l e f i s h i n g
operations.
1) Regional organizations, including SEAFDEC, shall consider
formulating training materials and promoting appropriate staff
development plans to facilitate the most important provisions of
the Code in order to ensure responsible fishing operations in the
region. Regional Guidelines will be used as bases for the
preparation.
2) Target groups should not only be limited to all those engaged in
fishing operation but should include all stakeholders.
3) Awareness building exercises including the importance of
Responsible Fishing Practices, sustainable use of resources and
environmental considerations should be conducted more
frequently.
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4) As has become clear, the international standards or agreements
are not always applicable in the regional situation, and therefore
appropriate regional strategy should be elaborated in the fields
of education and training. In this connection, the
Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries, especially the Regional Guidelines can be used as a
base for the formulation of regional strategies on education and
training for fisher under the new situation.
8.2 Flag State Duties
8.2.1. Flag States should
maintain records of fishing
vessels entitled to fly their
flag and authorized to be
used for fishing and should
indicate in such records
details of the vessels, their
ownership and authorization
to fish.
1) Flag States should create and maintain mechanisms to collect
the required information on their vessels operating in waters of
States other than those of the flag State, or on the high seas.
FAO technical guideline can be referred to for more detailed
information.
8.2.2. Flag States should
ensure that no fishing vessels
entitled to fly their flag fish
on high seas or in waters
under the jurisdiction of
other States unless such
vessels have been authorized
to fish by the competent
authorities. Such vessels
should carry on board the
Certificate of Registry and
their authorization to fish.
1) There are currently a few competent authorities to authorize
fishing on the high seas in the region. Therefore, there may be a
need for States whose vessels have operated, or are going to
start high sea fisheries, especially tuna fisheries in the Indian
Ocean, or for Bluefin tuna, both in the Indian Ocean and the
Southern part of the Pacific Ocean, to join the Indian Ocean
Tuna Commission (IOTC) in the former case and the
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
(CCSBT) in the latter case.
8. 2. 3. Fi s hi ng ves s el s
authorized to fish on the high
seas or in the waters under
the jurisdiction of other
States, should be marked in
accordance with uniform and
internationally recognizable
vessel marking systems such
as FAO Standard Specifica-
tion and Guidelines for
Marking and Identification of
Fishing Vessels.
1) None for the contexts. However marking and identification of
fishing vessels is also an important issue for the management of
fisheries within national jurisdiction. The issue is, mentioned
together with marking of fishing gear in the following
paragraph 8.2.4.
8.2.4. Fishing gear should be
marked in accordance with
national legislation in order
that owner of the gear can be
identified. Gear marking
requirements should take into
a c c o u n t u n i f o r m a n d
internationally recognizable
gear marking systems.
1) It is a prerequisite to the implementation of both the of marking
of fishing vessels and fishing gear that the establishment of
policies on national authorizations (including license,
appropriate registration and fishing rights for coastal fisheries),
should be required for all fisheries. Without such policy
decisions and required mechanisms, the enforcement of the
issues will be extremely difficult.
2) Not only fishing gear and fishing vessels but also Fish
Aggregating Devices (FADs) such as payaos should be marked.
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3) In order to establish the above policy and the necessary
regulatory measures, Government agencies should consult the
concerned fisheries sub-sectors and conduct awareness building
on the necessity to mark the fishing vessels and fishing gear.
Without a good consultative process, problems of cooperation
and compliance are likely to increase.
4) International Organizations such as FAO and SEAFDEC may
develop the appropriate mechanisms on the authorization to fish
as more detailed guidelines and policy papers.
5) The consultation process should extend not only to the fisheries
sector, but also concerned Government structures including
local Government authorities.
6) The Government agencies should prepare the required
regulations (legal instruments) on the mechanism of the
authorization to fish and the required detailed guidelines on
marking reflecting the outcome of their consultations.
7) States should study the existing marking systems, and where
applicable may adopt them into national legislation. Research
into gear design, operation and installation which can
prevent/reduce gear loss, or which may aid recovery of lost gear
should be promoted.
8) The small-scale fishing vessels should also be marked in
conformity with nationally recognized marking systems. The
provincial code in lettering and/or numbering can be applied to
national standard marking systems. Different marking systems
between international and national standards will be important
to monitor whether the industrial fishing vessels enter coastal
waters.
9) Intensive Nationwide Information dissemination on the legal
provisions and guidelines on the marking of fishing vessels and
gear should be conducted
10) States, prior to the issuance of authorizations to fish, should
ensure the owners, managers and fishers comply with the
appropriate marking of fishing vessels and gear.
8.2.5. Flag States should ensure
compliance with appropriate
safety requirements for fishing
v e s s e l s a n d f i s h e r s i n
accordance with international
conventions, internationally
agreed code of practices and
voluntary guidelines. States
should adopt appropriate safety
requirements for all small
vessels not covered by such
international conventions, code
of pr act i ce or vol unt ar y
guidelines.
Mentioned already in 8.1.5.
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8.2.6. States not party to the
Agr eement t o Pr omot e
Compl i ance with Inter-
national Conservation and
Management by Vessels
Fishing in the High Seas
should be encouraged to
accept the Agreement and to
adopt laws and regulations
c o n s i s t e n t wi t h t h e
provisions of the Agreement.
None.
8.2.7. Flag States should
take enforcement measures
in respect of fishing vessels
entitled to fly their flag
which have been found by
them to have contravened
applicable conservation and
management measur es,
including, where appro-
p r i a t e , ma k i n g t h e
cont r avent i on of s uch
measures on offence under
n a t i o n a l l e g i s l a t i o n .
Sancti ons applicable in
respect of violations should
be adequate in severity to be
e f f e c t i ve i n s e c ur i n g
c o m p l i a n c e a n d t o
d i s c ou r a ge vi o l a t i ons
wherever they occur and
should deprive offenders of
the benefits accruing from
their illegal activities. Such
sanctions may, for serious
violations, include pro-
visions for refusal, with-
drawal or suspension of the
authorization to fish.
None.
8.2.8. Flag states should
promote access to insurance
coverage by owners and
charterers of fishing vessels.
Owners or charterers of
fishing vessels should carry
sufficient insurance cover to
protect the crew of such
vessels and their interests, to
i ndemni fy t hird parties
against loss or damage and to
protect their own interests.
1) None. However, the insurance covering the operation of smaller
boats is an area of consideration in view of either private
initiatives or part of social security systems.
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8.2.9. Flag States should
ensure that crew members
are entitled to repatriation,
t aki ng account of t he
principles laid down in the
Repatriation of Seafarers
Convention (Revised), 1987,
(No.166).
1) However, it should be noted that International Conventions,
where they cover the fisheries sector, generally only cover the
sub-sector of large-scale fisheries. Therefore, special
consideration is required for the fisheries in the region, the
major part of which is categorized as small-scale. In applying
the Convention, States must first clarify the target group and, if
certain target groups are not covered by it, specific regulations
in order to cover such groups should be elaborated.
8.2.10. In the events of
accident to a fishing vessel or
persons on board a fishing
vessel, the flag State of
fishing vessel concerned
should provide details of the
accident to the State of
foreign national on board the
vessel i nvol ved i n t he
accident. Such information
s h o u l d a l s o , wh e r e
practicable, be communi-
cated to the International
Maritime Organization.
None.
8.3 Port State Duties
8.3.1. Port State should take,
t h r o u g h p r o c e d u r e s
established in their national
legislation, in accordance
wi t h i nt er nati onal law,
including applicable inter-
nat i onal agr eement s or
arrangements, such measures
as are necessary to achieve
and to assist other States in
achieving the objectives of
this Code, and should make
known to other States details
of regulations and measures
they have established for this
purpose. When taking such
measures a port State should
not discriminate in from or in
fact against the vessels of
any other State.
None.
8.3.2. Port States should
provide such assistance to
flag States as is appropriate,
in accordance with the
national laws of the port
State and international law,
when a fishing vessel is
voluntary in a port or at the
offshore terminal of port
State and the flag State of the
vessel requests the port State
for assistance in respect of
None.
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non-compliance with sub-
regional, regional or global
c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d
management measures or
with internationally agreed
mi ni mum st andards for
preservation of pollution and
f or saf et y, heal t h and
conditions of work on board
fishing vessels
8.4 Fishing Operations
8.4.1. States should ensure
that fishing is conducted with
due regard to the safety of
h u ma n l i f e a n d t h e
I nt er nat i onal Mar i t i me
Organization, Regulations
for Preventing Collisions at
Sea, as well as International
Mar i t i me Or gani zat i on
requirements relating to the
or gani zat ion of mari ne
traffic, protection of the
maritime environment and
the prevention of damage to
or loss of fishing gear.
1) States should make sure the extent on the benefits and
responsibilities of fishers both industrial and small-scale
covered in the international regulations. If these are not
covered, special action will be required for the fishers in their
countries, especially for the small-scale industrial and coastal
fisheries sector.
8.4.2. States should prohibit
dynamiting and other com-
parable destructive fishing
practice.
1) The States should review the existing laws prohibiting
dynamiting, poisoning and other comparative destructive
fishing practices including electric stunning. The State should
carefully consider the extent of the impact on the environment
and take appropriate action for the formulation of a
consolidated strategy pertaining that such destructive fishing
gear and practices are strictly prohibited under any
circumstances and provide legal instruments against such
destructive fishing gear and practices.
2) In addition, the States should prepare a Comprehensive
Program together with legal instruments to eradicate and
minimize illegal fishing activities including destructive fishing
practices.
3) The States should determine criteria to identify fishing gear and
practices to be prohibited including the following:
-Habitat destruction.
-High incidental catches including juveniles.
-High spawners catch.
-Conflict with small scale fisheries.
4) SEAFDEC may develop a regional program to eradicate or
minimize illegal fishing practices to assist and facilitate
national action.
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5) All the destructive fishing and illegal fishing gear and practices
should be listed and should be announced to the public. This
could be done through printed material including posters,
pamphlet or other means.
6) The implementation of the program should be strictly pursued
in full cooperation of local Governments. In order to strictly
enforce the implementation of the program, certain mechanisms
including a team of informants can be created. Whoever
contravenes the laws and regulation should be taken to court
and inflicted with heavy punishment with a view to daunting
them from doing such again, especially in the case of the illegal
use of destructive fishing gear and practices.
7) Effective dissemination of the information, public awareness
building and education on environmentally friendly fishing
practices (Responsible Fishing Practices) should be conducted
in extension work and at every opportunity.
8) Mis-conducts of fishing operations are, in many cases, fueled
by the no-alternative situation in the coastal areas for fishers to
survive. Community-based management programs should be
mounted to eradicate such problems with collaborative efforts
including identification of diversified employment
opportunities in the communities and the establishment of more
clear ownership concepts for the fishers.
9) States must ensure that only licensed fishing gear and practices
operate in their waters to minimize the use of illegal fisheries
practices, as far as practicable.
8.4.3. States should make
every effort to ensure that
documentation with regard to
fishing operation, retained
catch of fish and non-fish
species and, as regards
discards, the information
required for stock assessment
as deci ded by relevant
management bodi es, i s
collected and forwarded
syst emat i cal l y t o t hose
bodies. States should, as far
a s pos s i bl e, es t abl i s h
pr ogr ammes , such as
observer and inspection
scheme, in order to promote
compliance with applicable
measures.
1) States should consider the evolving needs for information on
fishing operations in addition to the statistical data. Required
information may cover not only fishing operations and fish
stock but also socio-economic data including number of boats
and potential catch effort.
2) The competent government authorities in coordination with the
fishing industry and competent units of the Government offices
in charge of coastal fisheries or appropriate organizations
dealing with the management of coastal fisheries should jointly
establish the baseline data identified above and implement
mechanisms to continuously produce the required data and
information.
3) Required information includes various management measures,
conflicts between commercial and coastal fisheries, by-catch,
retained catch, waste, incidental catch, fishing gear inventory
and other problem areas.
4) In responsible fishing operation it becomes important to record
discards as all fishing operations are required to minimize
discards not only for maintaining bio-diversity but also for
conserving aquatic resources. The fishers and the industrial
fishing companies should realize the importance of discards and
they should be willing, as far as possible, to record discards
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during harvesting. In this connection, fishing logbooks should
be simplified so that the crew can fill it out. In small-scale
fisheries, it may not be possible, but in certain mediumscale
fisheries, the logbook system may be appropriate.
5) An enumerator and scientific observer program should be
implemented in certain important fishing bases. The
enumerators will collect catch data from the landing places, fish
auction hall, fishery markets or fishers villages in their areas.
Since the enumerators do not go fishing, data on discards will
still not be covered. From the scientific observer program,
where the observers collect catch data onboard, the discards can
be accurately recorded. When the fishing licenses are
authorized, an appropriate clause of the obligation for accurate
records of discards and performance can be strictly monitored.
6) Qualitative and quantitative information of the composition of
discards is vital for fisheries management and conservation of
bio-diversity.
7) Research activities to assess the volume, and the composition of
discards, should be promoted. In addition, States should
promote research on gear design and devices, which could
reduce the volume of discards in the total catch.
8) SEAFDEC can further clarify the required specific information,
which States should produce periodically, in consultation with
its member countries.
8.4.4. States should promote
the adoption of appropriate
t echnol ogy, taking into
a c c o u n t e c o n o m i c
conditions, for the best use
and care of the retained
catch.
1) The program should be in conjunction with cooperative efforts
to facilitate the required changes in technology.
2) In addition, comprehensive awareness building exercises
including appropriate training for the fishers should be
conducted in order to make them understand the necessity of
these applications.
3) Incentives can be considered to encourage fishers to use
selective fishing gear.
4) Coastal fishers have been only engaged in the harvesting of fish
and not involved in the processing and marketing. In order to
retain the optimum benefits from fisheries, create job
opportunities in the communities and have wider views on the
business, the Government agencies should encourage and
support the fishers to expand the scope of their fisheries
business at the community level.
5) The required technologies are therefore not limited to fishing
technology. Economic research on the flow of fish products
from harvest to consumers is important to identify the
bottleneck of the distribution channels of fish.
6) States should discourage the use of destructive fishing gear and
encourage the use of acceptable fishing gear and practices
through a policy of compensatory replacement.
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8.4.5. States, with relevant
groups from industry, should
encourage the development
and i mpl ement at i on of
technologies and operational
methods that reduce discard.
The use of fishing gear and
practices that lead to the
discarding of catch should be
discouraged and use of
fishing gear and practices
that increase survival rates of
escaping fish should be
promoted.
1) States, that have the technology and equipment for conducting
research on the issues, should assist other countries that do not
have the capability to develop them within the regional
framework.
2) Research effort in relation to fishing technology and equipment
should be closely coordinated with the users (fishers). In
addition, socioeconomic consideration should be fully taken
into account when developing responsible fishing gear and
practices in view of effective use of the developed methods in
reality.
3) In developing selective fishing gear and devices, the survival
rate in escape should also be taken into consideration.
4) Unwanted catch and incidental catch sometimes may be
reduced if the fishing gear is operated in the correct season and
in the right area. Therefore, states should promote research to
understand the temporal and spatial distribution of unwanted
catch (Juveniles of certain species.)
5) Once the selective fishing gear, selectivity devices, spatial and
temporal distributions have been determined, required rules and
regulation should be formulated and implemented.
6) Regional organizations, such as SEAFDEC should cooperate in
developing fishing technologies that allow the minimization of
unwanted catch and incidental catch and increase the survival
rates of escaped fish.
8.4.6. States should co-
operate to develop and apply
technologies, materials and
operational methods that
minimize the loss of fishing
gear and ghost fishing effects
of lost and abandoned fishing
gear.
1) With respect to offshore fisheries and avoidance of navigational
hazards, technology development will be required. In designing
fishing gear, technologists must consider parts of the gear
(connection ropes with sinkers, entrance parts of traps) that
should be replaced with biodegradable materials.
2) Since any improvement will eventually be subject to the good
maintenance of fishing gears by fishers, systematic
dissemination of the information and awareness building
exercises including training on reasons for such gear and
maintenance are required, including the impact of gear loss and
ghost fishing on resources and the environment.
3) States should attempt to establish methods of identifying
owners of abandoned fishing gear and obtain reasons why the
gear was abandoned. Punitive action needs to be considered
where appropriate.
4) Dumping old gear at sea should be prohibited. States should
provide dumping stations at ports or appropriate places in the
fishing bases.
5) Those who encounter lost or abandoned fishing gear should, to
the extent possible, recover it and take it to port. If the gear
recovery fails, details of the gear and the position should be
reported to the competent authorities.
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6) States can establish a recycling program of used fishing gear in
order to reduce gear dumping and encourage incidentally
retrieved gear or gear parts. However, in pursuing such
programs, the economic and local technological level should be
fully considered.
7) To avoid the lost or abandoned netting, fishing gear being
influenced by the current, the utilization of appropriate design
parameters of netting (mesh size, twine diameter, hanging
coefficient and dimension) and also rigging system (floats,
ballasts, wires and ropes) are required with a view to
minimizing the net resistance so that the fishing gear can
withstand the pressure of the current, if the oceanographic
situation is known.
8) A fishing vessel should conduct its own operation so as not to
interfere with the operation of other fishing vessels or fishing
gear already set. A fishing vessel should also not dump in the
sea, any substance, which may interfere or obstruct or cause
damage to fish, fishing gear, other fishing vessels or the aquatic
environment.
8.4.7. States should ensure
t hat assessment of t he
i mpl i cat i ons of habi tat
disturbance are carried out
prior to the introduction on a
commercial scale of new
fishing gear, methods and
operation to an area.
1) States should establish a systematic communications link with
representatives of industrial fisheries for various consultations
not only on their new activities but also various consultations in
achieving sustainable fisheries in the countries.
2) In order to monitor and rehabilitate degraded coastal habitats
including coral reefs, mangrove forests, sea-grass beds, the
Government, both central and local levels, should initiate
strategies and action plans. These programs should include
research, law enforcement, education, information
dissemination and public awareness building activities.
3) Many important habitats are located in shallow water areas,
therefore, assessment in this area should be given higher
priority.
4) When evaluating the inputs of a new fishing technology, habitat
disturbance is one of the environmental and ecosystem factors
which should be taken into account, beside other factors such as
bio-diversity, and contamination and pollution, generation of
debris and rubbish, direct mortality and predator-prey
relationships.
5) Habitat disturbance may easily occur in demersal fisheries.
Therefore, the States should be encouraged to initiate research
into the extent of habitat disturbance caused by such active
demersal fishing gear as bottom trawls.
8. 4. 8. Research on the
environmental and social
impacts of fishing gear and,
in particular, on the impact of
such gear on biodiversity and
coastal fishing communities
should be promoted.
1) Considering the sensitivity of bio-diversity in the multispecies
composition in tropical waters, special consideration should be
given to destructive fishing gear and practices which have
serious effect upon the bio-diversity in the fragile ecosystem.
2) Considering the economic disadvantages of the small-
scale/coastal fishers, promotional programs including
Governmental incentives will have to be considered if their
fishing gear has to be changed to environmentally friendly
alternatives.
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3) Assessment on fishing gear and fishing practices should be
integrated and use the multidisciplinary approach so that it can
cover the various aspects of its impact. Formulation of a
working group or team among researchers from various related
fields should be promoted. Findings and suggestions of the
group should be properly used or implemented by the
appropriate competent authority. Necessary funding should be
allocated.
4) The operation of a fishing gear, particularly in coastal waters,
may cause social conflicts between different users of the same
aquatic resources. The social conflicts occur due to the different
productivity of fishing gear, where the active fishing gear catch
a lot more than passive fishing gear and, in turn, influences the
income of fishers. The social changes as the consequence of the
operation of one fishing gear against another fishing gear
should be assessed as to whether it leads to social conflict
between fishers of different fisheries.
8.5 Fishing Gear Selectivity
8.5.1. States should require
that fishing gear, methods
and practices, to the extent
practicable, are sufficiently
selective so as to minimize
waste, discards catch on non-
target species, both fish and
non-fish species, and impacts
on associated or dependent
species and that the intents of
related regulations is not
circumvented by technical
devices. In this regard,
fishers should cooperate in
the development of selective
fishing gear and methods.
States should ensure that
i n f o r ma t i o n o n n e w
d e v e l o p m e n t a n d
r e qui r e ment s i s made
available to all fishers.
1) In tropical fisheries, States should develop and introduce
fishing gear and practices that can reduce/exclude the incidental
catch to the extent practicable. Prior to the approval of licenses
or authorizations to fish, the appropriate agency of the
Government should check whether applying fishers are using
the appropriate selective and environmentally friendly and safe
fishing gear and practices both for new and existing methods of
fishing.
2) The introduction of new fishing gear, practices and methods
should first be studied to assess the impact on the environment
and fisheries resources.
3) Research results of selective fishing gear and practices must be
disseminated to the potential users. The selective fishing gear
and practices should be promoted to the fishers by informing
them the advantages and disadvantages of selectivity. The
fishers should be persuaded to actively participate in developing
the selectivity.
4) SEAFDEC, as a regional organization may actively coordinate
with various national institutes and promote the introduction of
the fishing gear selectivity within the region.
5) The community-based approach should be applied when
introducing new selective fishing gear and methods to the
fishers.
6) Fish behavior study should be given utmost priority. Special
consideration should also be given in areas where abundant
juveniles exist and appropriate action including declarations of
closed areas and seasons to fish should be taken. In general,
States should set a clear policy on the minimization of
incidental catch including juveniles and aquatic animals.
6) Demonstrations of the use of selective fishing gear and devices
should be continuously carried out to gain confidence among
the fishers. Giving incentives to the volunteers could be
considered.
7)
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8.5.2. In order to improve
selectivity, State should,
when drawing up their laws
and regulations, take into
account the range of selective
fishing gear, methods and
strategies available to the
industry.
1) Provision of selective but viable fishing gear should be made to
ensure sufficient income of the fishers to improve their standard
of living and to allow effective conservation and management
measures.
2) Representatives of the relevant fisheries sector such as fishers
organizations and industrial fishing companies (associations)
should be invited to participate in the process of drafting laws
and regulations. Such laws and regulations for the proper
protection and management of the fisheries resources and
aquatic environment, sustainable production within the
ecological limit will be ensured.
3) Finalizing and issuing laws and regulations is solely the States
responsibility. However, the State should consider the
involvement of all stakeholders in the planning and drafting
procedure of laws and regulations.
4) States should consider a special article in its legal instruments
on gear selectivity with respect to reducing, in general, the
incidental catch and giving special consideration to the trawl
fisheries with respect to reducing waste, with appropriate
policies on sustainable fishing operations. The following are
examples for consideration:
- Laws on allowable mesh size and structure of nets.
- Laws on the limit of juveniles and endangered species
composition in the retained catch in the net.
- Laws on the prohibition of fishing operation of the species
during spawning periods.
- Laws on the demarcation of fishing areas in accordance
with the types of fishing boats and gear employed.
5) Developing selective fishing gear, methods and strategies does
not always means developing new ones that have already been
invented in developed countries. To some extent, the selective
fishing gear, methods and strategies may exist in the national
fisheries in the region. These can be found through a
comprehensive inventory of the existing traditional fishing gear
and methods. The performance of some or all existing
traditional fishing gear should be inventoried aiming at
obtaining the current selectivity level of the fishing gear and
methods.
6) The current main objectives of the inventory of fishing gears
and practices such as efficiency and productivity should be
changed and used as a tool for fisheries conservation and
management. States should be encouraged to initiate evaluation
of selectivity of existing traditional fishing gear and practices.
7) The selectivity of fishing gear and methods should be
considered from the aspect of multidisciplinary, i.e., biological,
technological, socio-economic, techno-economic, and legal
aspects. Among these aspects, to the fishers and industrial
companies, the socio- economic aspect which deals in
economic performance and employment is the most important.
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8.5.3. States and relevant
institutions should colla-
borate in developing standard
methodologies for research
into fishing gear selectivity,
f i s h i n g me t h o d s a n d
strategies.
1) In order to minimize incidental catch, unwanted catch that is
bound to become discarded, special consideration should be
paid to economic and marketing research for the discards
especially for the catch by shrimp trawl fishing. Research
activities including those hereunder will be considered to solve
the problems:
1) Fish behaviour studies
2) Development of selective fishing gear and practices.
3) Marketing study on target and non-target species.
4) Study on operational parameters (duration of fishing trip,
mother boat operation).
5) Investigation of facilities on the vessels (facility and
capacity of the preservation of catch, size of fish-hold,
etc.).
6) Study on the survival of escaped fish
7) Study on the economic effect of using selective fishing gear
and devises.
2) Regional organizations such as SEAFDEC should take the
initiative to develop standard methodologies for research into
fishing gear selectivity, fishing methods and required strategies
in collaboration with the ASEAN member countries
(Concerned fisheries agencies in collaboration with academic
and other relevant institutions in each countries). In preparing
standard methodologies and strategies, the regional specific
situation should be fully taken into account.
8.5.4. International co-
o p e r a t i o n s h o u l d b e
encouraged with respect to
research programmes for
fishing gear selectivity, and
f i s h i n g me t h o d s a n d
strategies, dissemination of
the result of such research
programmes and transfer of
technology.
1) Regional organization such as SEAFDEC should take a lead to
promote international (regional) cooperation among its
members and ASEAN member countries on the research
program, strategy and dissemination of the research outputs.
Examples of such cooperation are CRAFT and NETFIX
network.
2) While cooperation with countries in the Temperate Zone who
have a great amount of experience and technology will be
continued, it should be noted that the application of
technologies and adoption of strategies developed in the
Temperate Zone might require critical assessment. Gear
technology requires a great amount of knowledge on fish
behavior and other ecological factors that are specific to
tropical ecosystems.
3) Research on the multi-species composition in the catch and
resources will be the area of important technical/policy research
to clarify the specific situation of tropical fisheries.
4) States should encourage the establishment of a communication
network between researchers in the region.
5) For the promotion of responsible fishing operations, research on
selective fishing gear and methods including required devices
should be encouraged.
6) Research on the selectivity of trawls and purse seines should be
given priority.
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8.6 Energy optimization
8.6.1. States should promote
t h e d e v e l o p me n t o f
appropriate standards and
guidelines which leads to the
more efficient use of energy
i n harvesti ng and post
harvest activities within the
fisheries sector.
1) States should set up guidelines to use appropriate engines for
various types and sizes of fishing vessels which is particularly
applicable to small fishing boats that comprise the majority of
fishing vessels in the region.
8.6.2. States should promote
the development and transfer
of technology in relation to
energy optimization within
the fisheries sector and, in
particular, encourage owners
and managers of fishing
ve s s e l s t o f i t e ne r gy
optimization devices to their
vessels.
None.
8. 7 Prot ect i on of t he
Aquatic Environment
8.7.1. States should intro-
duce and enforce laws and
regulation based on the
International Convention for
the Prevention of Pollution
f r om Shi ps , 1973, as
modified by the Protocol of
1978 r e l at i ng t he r et o
(MARPOL. 73/78).
None.
8.7.2. Owners charterers and
managers of fishing vessels
should ensure that their
vessel s are fi tt ed wit h
appropriate equipment as
required by MARPOL. 73/78
and should consider fitting a
shipboard compactor or
incinerator to relevant classes
of vessels in order to treat
garbage and other shipboard
wastes generated during the
vessels normal service.
1) When necessary, States can elaborate their programs in
consultation with industry for promoting and facilitating the
relevant technology and equipment in the medium term to
reduce emissions of ozone depleting substances.
8.7.3. Owners charterers and
managers of fishing vessels
should minimize the taking
aboard of potential garbage
through proper provisioning
practices.
None.
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8.7.4. The crew of fishing
vessels should be conversant
wi t h pr oper shi pboar d
procedures in order to ensure
discharges do not exceed the
levels set by MARPOL
73/78. Such procedures
shoul d as a mi ni mum,
include the disposal of oily
waste and the handling and
storage of shipboard garbage.
None.
8. 8 Prot ect i on of t he
atmosphere
8.8.1 States should adopt
r el evant s t andar d and
guideline which include
provisions for the reduction
of dangerous substances in
exhaust gas emission.
None.
8.8.2. Owners, charterers and
managers of fishing vessels
should ensure that their
vessel s are fi tt ed wit h
e q u i p me n t t o r e d u c e
emissions of ozone depleting
substances. The responsible
crew members of fishing
vessels should be conversant
with the proper running and
maintenance of machinery on
board.
1) When necessary, States can elaborate their programs in
consultation with industry for promoting and facilitating the
relevant technology and equipment in the medium term.
8.8.3. Competent authori-ties
should make provision for
phasing out of the use of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
and transitional substances
such as hydorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs) in the refrigeration
system of fishing vessels and
shoul d ensure t hat t he
shipbuilding industry and
those engaged in the fishing
industry are informed of and
comply with such provision.
1) SEAFDEC as a regional fisheries organization may initiate
appropriate training programs on refrigeration systems using
appropriate refrigerants in order to provide a clear
understanding of the problems involved for further promotional
work in each participants country.
2) When necessary, States can elaborate their programs in
consultation with industry for promoting and facilitating the
relevant technology and equipment in the medium term.
8.8.4. Owners or managers of
fishing vessels should take
appropriate action to refit
existing vessels with alternate
refrigerants to CFCs and
HCFCs and alternatives to
Hal ons i n f i r e f i ght i ng
installations. Such alternatives
s h o u l d b e u s e d i n
specifications for all new
fishing vessels.
1) States should establish close linkages with domestic and foreign
manufacturers and engineering firms to establish more practical
strategies on the installation and importation of refrigeration and
fire fighting equipment into the country and take more proactive
action to solve the problem.
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Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
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8.8.5. States and owners,
charterers and managers of
fishing vessels as well as
fishers follows international
guidelines for the disposals
of CFCs, HCFCs and Halons.
None.
8.9 Harbours and landing
places for fishing vessels
8.9.1. States should take into
account, inter alia, the
following in the design and
construction of harbours and
landing places:
1) That safe havens for
f i s hi ng ves s el s and
adequate servicing facili-
ties for vessels, vendors
and buyers are provided;
2) That adequate fresh-water
supplies and sanitation
arrangement should be
provided;
3) Waste disposals systems
should be introduced,
including for the disposal
of oil, oily water and
fishing gear.
4) Pollution from fisheries
activities and external
s o u r c e s s h o u l d b e
minimized; and
5) Arrangement should be
made to combat the
effects of erosion and
siltation.
1) States should further elaborate the Code of Conduct in order to
take appropriate actions for sustainable fisheries development
taking into account the specific situation in the country
including as more comprehensive requirement of supplies and
fundamental facilities which have to be identified i.e. cleaning
water, ice etc.
2) Sustainable development of inland fisheries which is a very
important sub-sector in the region, has to be fully taken into
account not only for this paragraph but for other elements
which are relevant to inland fisheries.
3) State should take into account the needs of local boats (numbers
and size of fishing boats) and suitable places for construction of
harbours and landing places.
8.9.2 States should establish
an institutional framework
for selection or improvement
of sites for harbours for
fishing vessels, which allows
for consultation among the
authorities responsible for
coastal area management.
1) Criteria for site selection for the construction of harbours and
landing places must be carefully elaborated including protection
and avoidance of erosion and silting, ideal locations where port
facilities are fully utilized etc.
2) For the planning and construction of harbours, consultation with
all users and stakeholders will be required.
8. 10 Abandonment of
s t ruct ures and ot her
materials
8.10.1. States should ensure
t hat t he st andards and
guidelines for the removal of
redundant offshore structures
issued by the International
Maritime Organization are
followed. States should also
ensure that the competent
fisheries authorities are
1) States in coordination with concerned Government agencies,
should prepare guidelines for the removal of artificial structures
such as Artificial Reefs, FADs and stationary nets, installed and
abandoned in offshore as well as inshore waters. Fisheries
authorities should include in their regulations the installation and
abandonment of such structures. The owners should inform the
authorities whenever structures are installed or abandoned for the
sake of navigation and fishing operations and the avoidance of
accidents. Penalties should be imposed by coastal states to ensure
compliance with the regulations.
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Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
consulted prior to decisions
b e i n g ma d e o n t h e
abandonment of structures
and other materials by the
relevant authorities.
8.11 Artificial reefs and fish
aggregation devices
8.11.1. States, where appro-
pr i at e, shoul d devel op
policies for increasing stock
population and enhancing
fishing opportunities through
t h e u s e o f a r t i f i c i a l
structures, placed with due
regard to the safety of
navigation, on or above the
seabed or at the surface.
Research into the use of such
structures, including the
impacts on living marine
r e s o u r c e s a n d t h e
envi ronment, should be
promoted.
1) In addition to the development of national policies, Regional
organizations such as SEAFDEC should initiate regional policy
and guidelines on Artificial Reefs and Fish Aggregating
Devices in collaboration with its member countries, since the
topological and ecological situation of the aquatic environments
are different to the Temperate Zone.
2) Research work should be promoted with the objectives of
coastal fisheries management. Considering the effect of either
structures or materials, target areas should not be limited only
to Artificial Reefs and Fish Aggregating Devices but also to
such facilities as maricultures and stationary nets and other
artificial structures in the aquatic environment which have one
or more effect on the following:
- Effect to aggregate fish schools.
- Effect to attract spawners.
- Effect to limit certain fishing activities in the areas.
- Effect to promote the ownership concept over the water
surface by the fishers.
3) It should be understood that Artificial structures or materials
may have relatively positive effects on resource enhancement
and fisheries management in view of the scarcity of natural
reefs in the waters of the region.
8.11.2. States should ensure
that, when selecting the
materials to be used in the
creation of artificial reefs as
we l l as s el ect i ng t he
geographical location of such
artificial reefs, the provisions
of relevant international
conventions concerning the
environment and safety of
navigation are observed.
None.
8.11.3. States should within
the framework of coastal area
management plans, establish
management systems for
artificial reefs and fish
aggregation devices. Such
management systems should
require approval for the
construction and develop-
ment of such reefs and
devices and should take into
account the interests of
fishers, including artisanal
1) States should prepare legal frameworks to regulate and manage
both Artificial Reefs and Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) in
collaboration with end users/fishers. Areas of concern should be
concentrated on navigational hazards, excessive numbers of
Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) which lead to over-fishing
and catch of juvenile tuna and environmental impact including
change of water flows and erosion.
2) The Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) placed in the high seas,
exclusive economic zones (EEZs) or archipelago seas also
needed to be marked to identify its owner and position. For
owner identification, a FAD should be marked with an
International Telecommunication Union Radio Call Sign
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Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
and subsistence fishers. (IRCS) which identifies the name and address of the owners.
For position identification, a FAD should be marked with an
electronic device (transponder or radio beacon), a radar
reflector, or lamp as well as flags and/or shapes.
3) Consultation processes with fishing communities on the
deployment of artificial reefs should be undertaken because of
the impact of these structures on their fishing activities and
livelihood.
8.11.4. States should ensure
t h a t t h e a u t h o r i t i e s
responsible for maintaining
cartographic records and
charts for the purpose of
navi gat i on, as wel l as
r el evant envi r onment al
authorities, are informed
prior to the placement or
removal of artificial reefs or
fish aggregating devices.
1) With respect to artificial reefs placed in coastal waters, the
coastal communities, in particular fisher organizations, should
be well informed through notification of the existence of such
structures. Where necessary, the establishment of reasonable
safety zones around the artificial reefs, not exceeding a distance
of 500 m can be applied. This safety zone does not mean a
closed fishing area, but to warn the fisher not to operate certain
fishing gear that are easily damaged by the structure.
2) With respect to FADs, the local fishers organizations should be
well informed through notification about the existence of FADs
in their fishing areas so that they can avoid such devices for the
safety of their fishing operations.
3) Information on the deployment of artificial reefs and FADs
should be given to the appropriate agencies. These agencies
should also be informed when the FADs have been lost or have
been removed with view to updating the records.
4) SEAFDEC may initiate regional information on the location of
Artificial Reefs and Fish Aggregating Devices through its
ATLAS upon request and collaboration by the State.
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Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
CHAPTER V: FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES
REGIONAL NETWORK OF FISHING TECHNOLOGISTS
During the Expert Consultation on the Regionalization of the Code of Conduct for
Responsible Fisheries, the establishment of a Regional Network of Fishing Technologists (with its
sub Regional Network of the Network of Fishing Gear Technologist) was agreed as a mechanism
to expedite regional research and related work through E- mail connection among the researchers
in each technical subject.
FOLLOW UP ACTIVITIES
As mentioned above, the regional guidelines for Article 8 of the CCRF is a first step in the
long process toward achievement of sustainable fisheries in the Southeast Asian region. States
may take necessary action to appropriately manage the fisheries in their countries utilizing the
regional guidelines as a base. These may include 1) to set up various working groups for the
required areas further clarifying the issues, 2) to appropriately improve the national legal
instruments, 3) to promote the required research in order to identify more detailed information, 4)
to prepare technical guidelines to further clarify the specific subjects and, 5) to initiate various
action identified in the process of the preparation of the regional guidelines.
Among the various activities, the States may take immediate action on the required
research providing each State with a more clear understanding and detailed information on the
issues and may eventually facilitate prioritized State action toward the achievement of sustainable
fisheries. The following are a list of research in support of the implementation of the CCRF in the
region, identified through the process of the preparation of the regional guidelines.
Policy Research
General Principles. Verification of each article of the relevant international instruments,
8.1.2. Authorization mechanisms to fish
8.2.1. Identification of required information other than fisheries statistics data
8.4.4. Socio-economic analysis on the adaptability of selective fishing gear
8.4.5. Exchange of research capability in the region
8.4.7. Research on degraded coastal habitats
8.10.1. Guidelines for the removal of artificial structures
8.11.1. Research work on artificial reefs in line with coastal fisheries management
Technical Research
8.1.3. Improvement of the fisheries statistical system
8.2.4. Review of the existing marking systems
8.4.2. Criteria to identify illegal fishing gear and practices
8.4.3. Qualitative and quantitative information of the composition of discards
8.4.3. Promotion of selective fishing gear designs and devices
8.4.4. Improvement of survival rate of escaping fish in the designing of gear
8.4.6. Research to avoid ghost fishing.
8.4.6. Research on the extent of habitat disturbance caused by fishing gear
8.5.1. Research on the discard from shrimp trawl fishing
8.5.1. Fish behaviour studies
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41
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
8.5.2. Reviews of traditional fishing
8.5.3. Research on multispecies composition
8.5.4. Research on the selectivity of trawls and purse seines
SEAFDEC, as a regional organization, in collaboration with its member countries, will
further develop programs to facilitate the implementation of the CCRF in the region. Among
which, the following can be the potential areas for SEAFDEC programs identified through the
process of the preparation of Regional Guidelines.
Improvement of fisheries statistics (Para. 8.1.3.): Existing SEAFDEC Programs on the Fisheries
Statistics can be further improved.
Safety standards of small scale fishing boats (Para. 8.1.5.): Appropriate Programs can be
developed in collaboration with the regional core group.
Development of training material in line with the CCRF (Para.8.1.10.): Preparation of training
materials in line with the CCRF is already planned.
Authorizations to fish (Para.8.2.4.): Existing mechanisms as the Working Group for Policy
Formulation can take the subject as an initiative in collaboration with the FAO. In addition,
existing programs on Sustainable Management for Coastal Fisheries (MSCF)can take the
issue into its program.
Illegal fishing (Para.8.4.2.): Programs on the preparation of fishing gear monographs can be
expanded.
Specific contents of fishing information (Para.8.4.3.): Existing mechanisms as the Working
Group for Policy Formulation can take the subject as an initiative.
Minimization of unwanted and incidental catch (Para.8.4.5.): Existing programs to promote
Juvenile and Trash Fish Excluder Device (JTED) can cover this issue.
Promotion of Fishing Gear Selectivity (Para 8.5.1.): Through the Network of Fishing Gear
Technologists and Cooperative Research for Fishing Gear Technology in Asia (CRAFT),
research work on fishing gear selectivity will be promoted.
Standard methodologies for research on gear selectivity (Para. 8.5.4.): Through the Network
of Fishing Gear Technologist and Cooperative Research for Fishing Gear Technology in
Asia (CRAFT), standardization of methodology on fishing gear selectivity will be
promoted.
Environmentally friendly refrigeration training (Para. 8.8.3.): Appropriate training courses can
be programmed into the regular program activities.
Regional policy on artificial reefs (Para.8.11.1.): Existing mechanisms as the Working Group
for Policy Formulation can take a leading role in collaboration with MFRDMD of
SEAFDEC and member countries.
Utilization of the digitized ATLAS for the location of Artificial reefs (Para 8.11.4.) : Existing
Program on the Regional ATLAS can be expanded to cover the issues upon request and in
cooperation with member countries.
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Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
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Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
At the conclusion of the Expert Consultation on the Regionalization of the Code of Conduct
for Responsible Fisheries Phase 1: Responsible Fishing Operations from 9-12 November 1998 in
Chiang Mai, Thailand. States participating and SEAFDEC have confirmed the commitment of their
Governments and organizations for the effective implementation of the CCRF through their activities
including the foregoing.
Group Photo of Fishing Gear Experts
Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
118
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
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Regional Guidelines for Responsible Fishing Operations in Southeast Asia
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