Pendahuluan ................................................. .................................................. ......

1
2 Injection Moulding Proses ini ............................................. ............................... 5
2.1 Latar Belakang ................................................ .............................................. 5
2.2 Desain Mesin ............................................... ......................................... 6
2.2.1 Mesin Base Unit ............................................ .......................... 6
2.2.2 Unit Clamp ............................................. .................................... 6
2.2.3 Mould Tinggi ............................................. ................................ 6
2.2.4 Daylight .............................................. ........................................ 7
2.2.5 Jarak Antara Tie Bar ........................................... ................ 8
2.2.6 Mekanisme Clamping ............................................. ................... 9
2.2.7 Unit Injeksi ............................................ ......................... 13
2.3 Force Mengunci Teoritis Mould ............................................. ............... 19
2.4 Siklus Moulding .............................................. ................................. 20
2.4.1 Tahap Mould Penutupan ............................................ ..................... 20
2.4.2 Tahap Mould Perlindungan ............................................ ................ 20
2.4.3 Injeksi (Mould Mengisi) Tahap ......................................... ......... 20
2.4.4 Holding Waktu dan Tahap Pressurising ......................................... 20
2.4.5 Pendinginan dan Tahap Refill ........................................... ................. 21
2.4.6 Screw Tahap Kembali ............................................ .......................... 21
2.4.7 Tahap Terbuka Mould ............................................ ........................ 21
2.4.8 Tahap penyemburan ............................................. .............................. 22
Panduan Desain Mould
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3 Plastik Bahan ............................................... ................................................. 23
3.1 Jenis Bahan Plastik ............................................. ......................... 23
3.2 Definisi Plastik .............................................. ................................. 23
3.3 Sifat Bahan Plastik ............................................ ................. 24
3.4 Monomer, Polimerisasi dan Polimer ............................................ .... 25
3.5 Klasifikasi Plastik .............................................. ............................ 26
3.5.1 Termoset dan Termoplastik ............................................ .... 26
3.5.2 Homopolimer, Kopolimer dan Campuran Polimer (Paduan) ......... 27
3.5.3 Amorf dan Semicrystalline Termoplastik ........................ 29
3.6 leleh dan solidifikasi .............................................. ......................... 30
3.7 susut ................................................ ............................................... 31
3.8 Rekayasa dan Plastik Komoditi ............................................. .......... 32
3.8.1 Rekayasa Plastik ............................................. ...................... 32
3.8.2 Komoditi Plastik ............................................. ..................... 32
3.9 Bahan Aditif ............................................... ................................... 33
3.10 Arus Properti Bahan Termoplastik ............................................ . 35
3.11 Variabel Berat Molekul .............................................. ....................... 35

3.12 Melt Flow Index (MFI) ........................................... ................................ 36

3.13 diolah kembali Bahan ............................................... ............................... 37
3.14 Polimer Molekul ............................................... ................................... 37
3.15 Bahan dan Singkatan Nama ............................................. ............ 37
3.16 Bahan Aplikasi ............................................... .............................. 40
3.17 The Perilaku Termoplastik Selama Proses Injection Moulding ........................................
............ 41
3.17.1 pretreatment Bahan Sebelum Moulding Injection ................. 41
3.17.2 Bahan diolah kembali ............................................. .................. 41
3.17.3 Bahan Mewarnai ............................................. ..................... 41
3.17.4 Aditif .............................................. .................................... 41
3.17.5 Bahan Pengeringan ............................................. ........................... 42
3.17.6 Plasticising atau Melting ............................................ ................... 43
3.17.7 Pengukuran Suhu Melt ........................................... 44
3.17.8 Degradasi Bahan Selama Plasticising ............................. 44
3.17.9 Memilih Melt Suhu optimum .................................. 45
3.17.10 Pengaruh Kecepatan putaran Screw dan Tekanan Kembali ............ 45
Karakteristik Arus 3.17.11 dari Lelehkan Selama Fase Injeksi ....... 46
3.17.12 Pemilihan Speed Injeksi ........................................... ............ 46
3.18 Cavity Filling Tahap awal ............................................. .......................... 48
3.19 Cavity Holding Tahap Tekanan ............................................. ................... 49
3,20 Gate Freeze-off Tahap ............................................ .................................. 49
3,21 Melt kompresibilitas dan susut ............................................. ........... 49
3,22 Bak cuci dan Void .............................................. ........................................ 50
3,23 Lines Weld dan Meld Lines ............................................ ......................... 53
3.24 Pendinginan dan Solidifikasi dari Melt ........................................... .......... 54
4 Praktek Good Design .............................................. ............................................ 55
4.1 Analisis Pra ............................................... ................................... 56
Membaca Diagram 4.2 Pengaturan Umum (GA) ........................................ 56
Memahami Konsep Toolmaking 4.3 .............................................. ........ 57
Panduan Desain Mould
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4.4 Mengamati Tools Mould .............................................. ............................ 58
4.5 Ringkasan Praktek Good Design ............................................ ............... 58
5 Desain Checklist ............................................... .................................................. 59
5.1 Daftar Periksa Pra ............................................... .................................. 59
5.2 Rincian Perkiraan Asli .............................................. .......................... 60
5.3 Komponen Menggambar ............................................... ............................... 60
5.4 Komponen Geometri ............................................... .............................. 60
5.5 Komponen Bahan ............................................... ................................ 61

5.6 Kuantitas Diperlukan ............................................... ................................... 61

5.7 Komponen Fungsi ............................................... ............................... 61
5.8 Komponen Toleransi ............................................... ............................ 62
5.9 Jumlah Tayangan .............................................. ............................. 62
5.10 Gating Metode ............................................... ........................................ 62
5.11 penyemburan Metode ............................................... ...................................... 63
5.12 Komponen Estetika ............................................... ............................. 63
6 Menentukan Nomor Hak Tayangan ........................................... ......... 65
6.1 Kuantitas Versus Kualitas .............................................. ........................... 66
6.2 Penampilan ................................................ ............................................. 66
6.3 Bagian Geometri ............................................... ......................................... 67
6.4 Menggambar Toleransi ............................................... ................................. 67
6.5 Diskusi ................................................ .............................................. 67
6.6 Rongga Lebih = Kontrol Kurang ............................................ ...................... 68
6.7 Ringkasan ................................................ ................................................ 70
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7 Langkah-demi-Langkah Desain ........................................... ................................................. 71
7.1 Persyaratan Pra ............................................... ........................... 71
7.2 Gold en Aturan .............................................. ............................................ 71
7.3 Langkah-demi-Langkah Desain ........................................... ..................................... 72
7.4 Contoh Desi gn .............................................. ........................................ 72
7.4.1 LANGKAH 1: The Line Split ......................................... ...................... 73
7.4.2 LANGKAH 2: Gating ........................................... .............................. 75
7.4.3 LANGKAH 3: penyemburan ........................................... ............................. 75
7.4.4 LANGKAH 4: Menyisipkan Cavity .......................................... ..................... 76
7.4.5 LANGKAH 5: ventilasi ........................................... ............................. 78
7.4.6 LANGKAH 6: Pendingin Air .......................................... .................... 79
7.4.7 LANGKAH 7: Tayangan Pusat .......................................... ............. 80
7.4.8 LANGKAH 8: Layout Mould .......................................... .................... 81
7.4.9 LANGKAH 9: Lihat Sectional ......................................... Utama ........... 82
8 Mould membuat ............................................... .................................................. .... 83
8.1 Diskusi ................................................ .............................................. 83
Mould 8.2 Persyaratan Umum .............................................. .................... 83
8.2.1 Bahan Mould ............................................. .......................... 83
8.2.2 Alloy Steels ............................................. .................................. 84
8.2.3 Mild Steel ............................................. .................................... 84
8.2.4 Berilium-Tembaga ............................................ .......................... 84
8.3 Konstruksi Umum ............................................... ............................... 85
8.3.1 Konstruksi Cavity ............................................. ..................... 85
8.3.2 Turning .............................................. ...................................... 86

Panduan Desain Mould

vi
8.3.3 Penggilingan .............................................. ....................................... 86
8.3.4 Grinding .............................................. ..................................... 87
8.3.5 Fabrikasi .............................................. ................................. 88
8.3.6 Standar Electrodischarge Machining (EDM) ............................ 89
8.3.7 Kawat Electrodischarge Machining ............................................ .. 91
8.3.8 Dingin Hobbing ............................................. .............................. 92
8.3.9 Berilium-Tembaga ............................................ .......................... 93
8.3.10 Electro membentuk ............................................. ............................. 93
8.3.11 Korosi dan Erosi Cavity ........................................... ........ 95
8.3.12 penyerangan dgn gas beracun dan Burning ............................................ ..................... 95
8.4 Diferensial susut ............................................... .............................. 96
8.5 Kondisi Metal Maksimum .............................................. ..................... 97
8.6 Contoh ................................................ ................................................. 97
9 Dua-Plate Tools Mould ............................................ .......................................... 99
9.1 Desain Details ............................................... .......................................... 99
9.1.1 Menemukan atau Daftar Ring ........................................... .............. 101
9.1.2 Top Plate ............................................. .................................... 101
9.1.3 Split Line ............................................. .................................... 102
9.1.4 Cavity Sisipkan ............................................. ............................... 102
9.1.5 Plate Front Cavity ............................................ ........................ 102
9.1.6 Plate Belakang Cavity ............................................ ......................... 102
9.1.7 Dukungan Cavity Plate ............................................ 103 ....................
9.1.8 Sistem penyemburan ............................................. ........................... 103
9.1.9 penyemburan Gap ............................................. ............................... 104
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Dukungan 9.1.10 Blok ............................................. ............................ 104
9.1.11 Panduan Pilar ............................................. ................................. 104
9.1.12 Kembali Pins ............................................. ................................. 104
9.1.13 Fine Tuning Perangkat Mould .......................................... .......... 104
9.1.14 Jarak .............................................. ................................. 106
9.1.15 Semak .............................................. ....................................... 106
9.1.16 Sekrup .............................................. ....................................... 106
9.1.17 Dukungan Pilar ............................................. ............................ 106
9.1.18 Taper Threads ............................................. ............................ 107
9.1.19 Stand-off Tombol ........................................... 107 ..........................
9.1.20 Chamfers dan Radius ............................................ ..................... 107
9.1.21 Panduan Semak ............................................. .............................. 107
10 penyemburan Sistem ............................................... ................................................. 109

10.1 Persyaratan ................................................ ......................................... 109

10.1.1 Bagian Geometri ............................................. ............................. 109
10.1.2 Draft Sudut ............................................. ............................... 109
10.1.3 Toleransi .............................................. ................................. 110
10.1.4 Bahan .............................................. ..................................... 110
10.1.5 Gating .............................................. ....................................... 111
10.1.6 Saldo penyemburan ............................................. 112 ..........................
10.1.7 Spesifikasi Mesin ............................................. 113 ................
10.1.8 Stroke Mould Pembukaan ............................................ ................. 113
Mesin ejeksi Fitur 10.1.9 ............................................ ............ 113
Kontrol Gerakan Fitur 10.1.10 ............................................ ......... 114
10.1.11 Persyaratan Selesai Komponen ............................................ 114 ..
Panduan Desain Mould
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10.2 Metode penyemburan ............................................... .................................... 114
10.2.1 Ejector Pin dan Blades ........................................... .................. 114
10.2.2 Lengan Pemilih ............................................. ............................. 116
10.2.3 Stripper Plate penyemburan ............................................ .................. 117
10.2.4 Valve penyemburan ............................................. ............................. 118
10.2.5 penyemburan Angkatan ............................................. ............................ 119
10.3 Ejection Force Perhitungan .............................................. ....................... 120
10.4 Formula ................................................ ............................................... 120
10.4.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 121
10,5 penyemburan Majelis aktuasi .............................................. 122 ....................
10.5.1 Mekanikal penyemburan ............................................. 122 ....................
10.5.2 Hidrolik penyemburan ............................................. ...................... 125
10.5.3 Pneumatik penyemburan ............................................. ...................... 126
10.5.4 Sistem penyemburan Hybrid ............................................ ............... 126
10.5.5 Double penyemburan ............................................. 129 ..........................
10,6 memuaskan Sistem ............................................... ............................ 132
11 Kontrol Suhu Mould .............................................. ................................ 133
11.1 Diskusi ................................................ ............................................. 133
Heat Transfer Cairan 11.2 .............................................. ................................ 134
11.2.1 Air .............................................. ........................................ 134
11.2.2 Heat Transfer Oil ............................................ ........................ 134
11.3 Chillers ................................................ .................................................. 135
11.4 Suhu Controllers ............................................... ......................... 135
11,5 Saluran Pendingin ............................................... ................................... 135
11.5.1 Pendingin Teras ............................................. .............................. 137
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11.6 Cavity Pendingin ............................................... ........................................ 145

11.7 Circuit Efisiensi ............................................... .................................... 148
11.7.1 Seri Pendingin ............................................. ............................. 148
11.7.2 Paralel Pendingin ............................................. 149 ..........................
11,8 Berilium-Tembaga Cores dan Rongga ........................................... .......... 150
11.9 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Siklus Pendingin ............................................ ............ 150
11.9.1 Bagian Geometri ............................................. ............................. 151
11.9.2 Dinding Bagian ............................................. .............................. 151
11.9.3 Moulding Material ............................................. ...................... 151
11.9.4 Pengaruh Gate dan Runner ......................................... ..... 152
11.9.5 Bahan Mould ............................................ ..................... 152
11.10 Kontrol Suhu Mould .............................................. 152 ....................
Efisiensi Pendinginan 11.11 ............................................... ................................... 153
11.11.1 Cavity Bahan dan Konstruksi ........................................... 153 ..
11.11.2 Channel Geometri ............................................. ...................... 154
11.11.3 Jumlah Saluran Diperlukan ........................................... 154 ......
11.11.4 Tingkat Aliran Pendingin ........................................... 154 ....................
11,12 pendingin ................................................ ................................................ 155
11.12.1 ofMetals Konduktansi Termal ............................................ ... 155
11.13 Pendingin Perhitungan ............................................... ............................... 155
11.13.1 Tertentu Panas ............................................. ............................... 155
11,14 Pulsed Pendingin Mould .............................................. .............................. 161
11.14.1 Pendingin Berdenyut Selektif ............................................ ............... 162
11.15 Pendingin Variabel Mould .............................................. ......................... 163
Ringkasan 11.16 ................................................ ............................................... 163
Panduan Desain Mould
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12 Injeksi Cacat Mould Peralatan ............................................. ........................... 165
12.1 Pendahuluan ................................................ .......................................... 165
12.1.1 Komponen Cacat ............................................. 167 ................
12.1.2 Dasar Mould Desain Cacat ........................................... 168 ......
12.1.3 Loose Sisipan ............................................. ............................... 168
12.1.4 Moulding di Splits ............................................ ........................ 170
12.1.5 pena Angle Straight ............................................ .................. 170
12.2 Fitur Utama Desain .............................................. ................................. 172
12.2.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 173
12.3 pena Angle Offset .............................................. ................................ 175
12.3.1 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 177
12.3.2 Untuk Membangun P. Point .......................................... ...................... 177
12.4 Penggunaan Cores Side ............................................. ...................................... 178
12.4.1 Diskusi .............................................. ................................. 178

12,5 Angkat lekukan Splits .............................................. ..................................... 179

12.5.1 Diskusi .............................................. ................................. 179
12.5.2 Deskripsi Operasi ............................................ .............. 181
12.5.3 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 181
12.5.4 Formula .............................................. ................................... 181
12.6 Formulir Pins ............................................... ............................................... 182
12.6.1 Diskusi .............................................. ................................. 182
12.6.2 Tindakan Straight Pins Formulir ........................................... .............. 182
12.6.3 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 183
12.6.4 Formulir Pins lekukan ............................................ ......................... 184
12.6.5 Formulir Aksi lekukan Pin ........................................... 185 ................
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12.6.6 Deskripsi Operasi ............................................ .............. 186
12.6.7 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 186
12.6.8 Deskripsi Operasi ............................................ .............. 188
12.6.9 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 188
12.7 Desain Side tidak standar Core ............................................. 188 ................
12.7.1 memotong di Sudut untuk Axis Tool ......................................... 189 ......
12.7.2 Deskripsi Operasi ............................................ .............. 189
12.7.3 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 190
12.8 memotong Lengkung ............................................... ................................... 190
12.8.1 Deskripsi Operasi ............................................ .............. 190
12.8.2 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 192
12,9 Radial memotong ............................................... .................................... 192
12.9.1 Deskripsi Operasi ............................................ .............. 195
12.9.2 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 195
12.10 memotong pada Gears spiral dan impeler pompa ..................................... 196
12.11 Teknik penyemburan Normal .............................................. 196 ....................
12.11.1 Bentuk Cacat ............................................ ......................... 197
12.11.2 Bahan Komponen ............................................. ................... 198
Memuaskan 12.11.3 Bahan ............................................. .................. 198
12.11.4 tidak memuaskan Bahan ............................................. .............. 198
12.12 Desain penyemburan Khusus .............................................. ........................... 199
12.12.1 Memisahkan Komponen tersebut ............................................ ............... 200
12.12.2 Moulding di One Piece ........................................... .................. 202
12.12.3 helix penyemburan ............................................. ........................... 202
Panduan Desain Mould
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13 Desain Perangkat Otomatis unscrewing Mould ............................................ ............ 205
13.1 Pendahuluan ................................................ .......................................... 205

13.2 Injection Moulding Formulir Thread ............................................. 206 .............

13.3 Thread Geometri ............................................... ................................... 207
13.3.1 Paralel Threads ............................................. 207 ..........................
13.3.2 Jumlah Mulai ............................................ 207 ..........................
13.3.3 Formulir Thread ............................................. .............................. 208
13.3.4 Taper Threads ............................................. ............................ 213
Thread 13.3.5 Pipa British Standard ........................................... ......... 214
13.3.6 Jointing Threads ............................................. ......................... 214
13.3.7 Longscrew Threads ............................................. ..................... 214
13.3.8 Formulir Thread moulded ............................................ ............... 216
13.4 Thread Kompensasi susut .............................................. .............. 217
13.4.1 Diskusi .............................................. ................................. 217
13.4.2 Pengaruh salah susut pada Formulir Thread .................. 217
13.4.3 Pitch Ketidakakuratan ............................................. 218 ..........................
13.4.4 Formulir Thread Ketidakakuratan ............................................ .............. 218
13.4.5 Diameter Thread tidak akurat ............................................ ........ 218
13,5 Penerapan Penyisihan susut pada Formulir Thread ............................ 218
13.5.1 susut Formula ............................................. 219 ....................
Moulding Injection Pertimbangan 13,6 .............................................. ........... 220
13.6.1 Moulding terkait Masalah ........................................... ........... 220
13.6.2 Tekanan Injeksi ............................................. ........................ 220
13.6.3 Injeksi Speed ............................................. ............................ 220
13.6.4 unscrewing Speed ............................................. ....................... 220
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13.6.5 penyemburan Speed ............................................. ............................. 220
13.6.6 Operasi Window ............................................. ..................... 221
13.6.7 Alat Kontrol Suhu ............................................ ........... 221
13,7 Thread Screw Dasar Mould Desain ............................................ ............ 222
13.7.1 Split Tooling ............................................. ............................... 222
13.7.2 Thread Jumping ............................................. 223 ..........................
13.7.3 dilipat Coring ............................................. ...................... 224
13.7.4 Pengoperasian Cores Multisegment ........................................... 227 ..
13,8 Rotary unscrewing ............................................... ................................. 227
13.8.1 Coring Details dilipat ............................................ ............ 228
13,9 Jenis Core dilipat ............................................. ......................... 228
13.9.1 Dua-segmen Core Details .......................................... 229 .............
13.9.2 Multisegment Cores dilipat ............................................ ... 230
13.10 Cores Karet Silicone Sleeve Menggunakan ............................................ ............ 231
13.10.1 Keuntungan .............................................. ................................ 231
13.10.2 Kekurangan .............................................. ............................ 232

13.11 Core unscrewing ............................................... .................................... 234

Sistem 13.11.1 Core Tetap ............................................ ...................... 234
13.11.2 Cavity di Pindah Setengah ........................................... .................. 234
13.11.3 Cavity di Half Tetap ........................................... ...................... 235
13.11.4 Fitur Utama Desain Gambar 13,18 ......................................... .238
13.12 Anti-Rotasi Keying ............................................. ................................ 239
13.12.1 Base Geometri Kunci ............................................ ...................... 239
13,13 Sistem Core Pindah .............................................. ............................... 240
13.13.1 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 241
Panduan Desain Mould
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13.14 Cavity Rotasi ............................................... ...................................... 242
13.14.1 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 244
13.14.2 Pedoman .............................................. .................................. 245
13.15 Desain unscrewing Dua-thread ............................................ 245 ................
13.15.1 Diskusi .............................................. ................................. 245
Fitur 13.15.2 Desain Key untuk Dua Threads Eksternal ......................... 245
13.15.3 Operasi .............................................. .................................. 247
13.15.4 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 249
13.15.5 Operasi .............................................. .................................. 250
13,16 Gearing Geometri ............................................... .................................. 250
13.16.1 Pendahuluan .............................................. ............................... 250
13.16.2 Dasar Definisi Spur Gear ........................................... ........... 252
13.16.3 Dasar Spur Gear Formula ........................................... 253 .............
13.16.4 Konversi Antara ISO dan Sistem Imperial ......................... 253
13.16.5 Contoh Perhitungan Gear (ISO) ......................................... 253 ....
13.16.6 Pedoman Seleksi Gear (ISO )........................................ ... 255
13.16.7 Pedoman Desain Gear Train (ISO) .................................... 255
13.17 Panduan Umum Desain Mould untuk Threads ........................................... ... 256
13.17.1 Pengamatan .............................................. ............................... 256
13.17.2 Tahap 1 ............................................. ........................................ 256
13.17.3 Tahap 2 ............................................. ........................................ 257
13.17.4 Tahap 3 ............................................. ........................................ 258
13.17.5 Tahap 4 ............................................. ........................................ 259
13.17.6 Tahap 5 ............................................. ........................................ 259
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13.18 Mengemudi Sistem ............................................... ...................................... 260
13.18.1 Rack-dan-sayap Sistem ......................................... 260 ................
13.18.2 Membuka Gerakan ofMould Tool .......................................... 260
13.18.3 aktuasi oleh Silinder ............................................ .................. 261

13.18.4 Pneumatik Motors ............................................. ....................... 263

13.18.5 Hidrolik Motors ............................................. ....................... 263
13.18.6 Motor Listrik ............................................. ........................... 265
13.18.7 Kopling dan Kontrol Rotasi ........................................... 265 ......
13.18.8 Menggunakan Kopling ............................................. ............................ 266
13.18.9 Menggunakan Motor Stepper ............................................ ................... 267
13.18.10 Menggunakan Limiters Torsi ............................................ .................. 268
13,19 Khusus Desain ............................................... ....................................... 269
13,20 unscrewing Sistem Komersial .............................................. .............. 270
Alat multiplate Sistem 14 .............................................. ...................................... 271
14.1 Tiga-Plate Peralatan ............................................. ..................................... 271
14.1.1 Tiga-Plate Operasi Alat .......................................... ........... 273
14.2 Cacat Tools multiplate .............................................. ....................... 279
14.2.1 Sequential Membuka ............................................. ..................... 281
14.3 Stack Cetakan ............................................... .......................................... 285
15 Runnerless Moulding ............................................... .......................................... 291
15.1 Sprueless Moulding ............................................... ................................. 291
15.1.1 Jenis Dasar ruang depan ............................................ .............. 291
15.1.2 Dipanaskan Semak Sariawan Hot ........................................... .............. 293
15.1.3 Ringkasan .............................................. ................................... 297
Panduan Desain Mould
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15.2 Sistem Runner Insulated .............................................. ......................... 298
15.2.1 Insulated .............................................. .................................... 298
15.2.2 Semi-terisolasi ............................................ .............................. 299
15.3 Kendali Sistem Hot Runner ............................................. ........................... 300
15.3.1 Keuntungan Lebih Cetakan Runner Dingin ..................................... 300
15.3.2 nozel dan Semak Gate ........................................... ............... 305
15.3.3 nozel Gate Terbuka ............................................ ...................... 305
15.3.4 Nozzle Spring-Dioperasikan Needle .......................................... 307 ......
15.3.5 hidrolik Needle Valve Nozzle Dioperasikan ............................ 308
Multipoint 15.3.6 Gating ............................................. ....................... 309
15.3.7 Ringkasan .............................................. ................................... 311
15.4 Pemanasan ................................................ ................................................. 311
15.4.1 Band Pemanas ............................................. .............................. 311
15.4.2 Coil Pemanas ............................................. ................................ 312
15.4.3 Cartridge Heaters ............................................. ........................ 312
15.4.4 Tubular Pemanas ............................................. 312 ..........................
15.4.5 Integral Pemanasan ............................................. 313 ..........................
15.4.6 Pipa Panas ............................................. ................................... 313
Suhu 15,5 Control di ............................................. manifold ............ 313

15.5.1 Closed-Loop Control ........................................... 314 ....................

15.5.2 Open-Loop Control ........................................... ...................... 314
15.5.3 Faktor-faktor Lain ............................................. .............................. 314
15.6 Gating ................................................ .................................................. .315
15.6.1 Pin dan Gating Edge ........................................... ...................... 315
15.6.2 Valve Gating ............................................. ............................... 316
15.6.3 Thermal Sealing ............................................. 316 ..........................
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Ekspansi termal 15,7 ............................................... ................................. 317
15,8 Manifold / Interface Nozzle ............................................. ......................... 318
15.8.1 Nozzle-Mould Interface ........................................... 318 ................
Kapasitas Pemanasan Persyaratan 15.8.2 ............................................ 318 ....
15.8.3 Watt Density ............................................. 319 ..........................
15.8.4 Heat-Up Time Manifold .......................................... ................. 320
16 Mould Bahan ............................................... ................................................. 321
16.1 Pendahuluan ................................................ .......................................... 321
16.2 Memilih Bahan untuk Aplikasi yang ........................................... 322 ....
16.3 Karakteristik Bahan ............................................... ......................... 323
16.3.1 Baja .............................................. ........................................... 323
16.3.2 Steel Plate ............................................. ................................... 324
16.3.3 Cast Steel ............................................. .................................... 326
16.3.4 Nonferrous Bahan ............................................. .................. 329
16.3.5 Aluminium Paduan ............................................. ....................... 330
16.3.6 Seng Paduan ............................................. ................................. 332
16.3.7 Berilium-Tembaga Paduan ........................................... .............. 332
16.3.8 Bismuth-Tin Paduan ........................................... ...................... 334
16.3.9 Epoxy Resin ............................................. ................................ 335
16.4 Heat Treatment ............................................... ...................................... 335
16.4.1 Melalui-Pengerasan ............................................ ..................... 336
16.4.2 Pretoughening .............................................. ............................ 338
16.4.3 Carburising atau Pengerasan Kasus ........................................... ..... 338
16.4.4 Nitridasi .............................................. .................................... 339
16.4.5 Tuftriding .............................................. .................................. 340
Panduan Desain Mould
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16,5 Mould Finishing ............................................... ..................................... 340
16.5.1 Poles .............................................. .................................... 341
16.5.2 Chromium Plating ............................................. ....................... 341
16.5.3 Fotokimia Etching ............................................. 341 ................
16.5.4 EDM Finishes ............................................. ............................. 342

16.5.5 Bead Blasting ............................................. .............................. 342

16.5.6 Uap Blasting ............................................. 342 ..........................
16,6 Mould Pemeliharaan ............................................... ................................ 343
17 Runner dan Desain Gate ............................................. ....................................... 345
17.1 Sistem Feed .............................................. ...................................... 345
17.1.1 Sariawan The ............................................. ................................... 346
17.1.2 Dingin SlugWell ............................................. ............................ 346
17.1.3 Runner Desain ............................................. ............................ 347
17.1.4 Aturan Desain Sistem Runner ........................................... ......... 350
17.2 Menghitung Durasi Runner ............................................. .................. 352
17.2.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 353
17.3 Gate Desain ............................................... ............................................ 355
17.3.1 manual pakai Gates ............................................ ............ 360
17.3.2 otomatis pakai Gates ............................................ 360 ......
17.3.3 Aturan Desain Gating ............................................ ..................... 362
17.3.4 Komputer Simulasi Desain Gate ..................................... 363
17.3.5 Jumlah dan Lokasi Gates .......................................... ....... 363
17.3.6 Ukuran Gate ............................................. .................................. 365
17.3.7 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 366
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17.3.8 Gate Tanah Durasi ............................................ ........................ 367
17.3.9 Gate Diameter ............................................. ............................. 367
17.4 Menetapkan Ukuran Gate benar ............................................ .............. 369
17.4.1 Analisis Komputer ............................................. ...................... 370
17.4.2 Analisis Empiris ............................................. ...................... 370
18 Mould Bagian Standar .............................................. .......................................... 373
18.1 Standar Bagian Tersedia .............................................. 373 ..........................
18.1.1 Unit Mould Base ............................................ ......................... 374
18.1.2 Pelat Mould ............................................. ............................... 374
18.1.3 Lokasi dan Komponen Alignment ....................................... 374
18.1.4 Komponen penyemburan ............................................. .................. 374
18.1.5 Feed Sistem ............................................. ............................... 374
18.1.6 Komponen Pendingin ............................................. .................. 375
18.1.7 Komponen unscrewing ............................................. 375 .............
18.1.8 Lain-lain .............................................. ............................ 375
18.2 Alat Mould Merancang Menggunakan Bagian Standar ........................................... 375
18.3 pembuatan alat Menggunakan Bagian Standar ............................................ .............. 376
18,4 Ringkasan ................................................ ............................................... 378
19 Lendutan dan Stres dalam Komponen Mould ........................................... ............ 379
19.1 Diskusi ................................................ ............................................. 379

19.1.1 Kompetisi .............................................. ............................... 380

19.1.2 Biaya Energi ............................................. ............................... 380
19.1.3 pecah .............................................. .................................. 380
19.1.4 Lendutan .............................................. .................................. 381
Panduan Desain Mould
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19.2 Force dan Stres .............................................. ....................................... 381
19.2.1 Definisi Pasukan ............................................ 381 ....................
19.2.1.2 Tekan Force ............................................. ...................... 383
19.3 Stres ................................................ .................................................. ... 384
19.4 Strain ................................................ .................................................. 384 ..
19,5 Stress-Strain Grafik ............................................. .................................. 385
19.5.1 Young Modulus Elastisitas ........................................... ....... 385
19.5.2 Batas Proporsionalitas ............................................ ............... 386
19.5.3 Batas elastis ............................................ 386 ..........................
19.5.4 Yield Stress ............................................. ................................. 386
19.5.5 Kekuatan tarik ............................................. 386 ..........................
19,6 Faktor Safety (FOS )........................................... ................................. 386
19.6.1 rapuh bahan ............................................. 387 ..........................
19.6.2 Ulet bahan ............................................. ......................... 387
19,7 Poisson's Ratio ............................................... ....................................... 388
19.7.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 389
Suhu 19,8 Menekankan ............................................... .............................. 390
19.8.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 390
19,9 Beam Teori ............................................... .......................................... 390
19.9.1 Beam Model ............................................. .............................. 392
19,10 Bending Moments ............................................... ................................... 393
19.10.1 Netral Axis ............................................. ............................... 393
19.10.2 Kedua Momen Daerah ........................................... 394 ................
19,11 Bending Formula ............................................... .................................... 396
19,12 Bagian Modulus ............................................... ..................................... 396
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19,13 lendutan dari balok .............................................. ................................. 397
19,14 Mould Alat Analisis .............................................. ............................ 397
19.14.1 Dua-Plate Contoh ........................................... ....................... 397
19.14.2 Split Tool Contoh ............................................ ...................... 400
19.14.3 Pins Core Menganalisis ............................................ ..................... 403
19,15 Ringkasan ................................................ ............................................... 405
20 Kelelahan ................................................ .................................................. ............ 407
20.1 Pengamatan ................................................ ......................................... 407

20.2 Fakta tentang Kelelahan .............................................. ....................................... 408

20.3 Menghitung Tutup-off Wilayah ............................................ ......................... 410
20.3.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 412
20.4 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Hidup Kelelahan ............................................. 414 ....................
20.4.1 Stres Konsentrasi ............................................. .................. 414
20.4.2 Stres RAISERS ............................................. .............................. 416
20.4.3 Machining Marks ............................................. ........................ 418
20.4.4 Pengaruh Finish Permukaan .......................................... ............ 419
20.4.5 Faktor Kekerasan ............................................. ........................ 420
20.5 Ringkasan ................................................ ............................................... 421
21 Batas dan Fits .............................................. .................................................. ... 423
21.1 Menukar ................................................ .................................. 423
21.2 Toleransi ................................................ .............................................. 423
21.2.1 Sepihak .............................................. ................................... 424
21.2.2 Bilateral .............................................. ..................................... 424
21.3 Batas ................................................ .................................................. 424 ..
Panduan Desain Mould
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21,4 Fits ................................................ .................................................. 425 ......
21.4.1 Menjalankan Fit ............................................. ................................. 425
21.4.2 Push Fit ............................................. ...................................... 426
21.4.3 Drive Fit ............................................. ..................................... 426
21.4.4 Force Fit ............................................. ..................................... 426
21,5 Hole British Standard dan Fits poros ........................................... ............ 426
21.5.1 Clearance Fit ............................................. ............................... 427
21.5.2 Transisi Fit ............................................. .............................. 427
21.5.3 Interferensi Fit ............................................. ............................ 427
21,6 Clearance British Standard Fits ............................................. .................. 427
21.7 Clearance British Standard Fits - Dasar Hole .......................................... .429
21.7.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 430
21,8 geometris tolerancing ............................................... ........................... 431
22 Tayangan Blanking ............................................... ........................................... 437
22.1 Alasan untuk Blanking Tayangan ............................................. ............... 437
22.2 Contoh ................................................ ................................................ 438
22.2.1 Asli Perkiraan ............................................. ........................ 438
22.2.2 Pengaruh Berjalan pada Enam Tayangan ........................................ 439
22.2.3 Pengaruh Menjalankan pada Dasar 6-imp dengan Cycle 18-detik ...... 440
22.2.4 Siklus Diperlukan untuk Mencapai Tingkat Laba Original ........................ 440
22.2.5 Siklus Diperlukan untuk Break Even .......................................... ......... 441
22.3 Pengamatan ................................................ ......................................... 442
22,4 Ringkasan ................................................ ............................................... 442

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22,5 Metode Tayangan Blanking ............................................. .............. 442
22.5.1 pengeleman .............................................. ...................................... 443
22.5.2 Gate Memblokir ............................................. ............................. 443
22.5.3 Cavity Rotasi ............................................. 443 ..........................
22.5.4 Blanking yang Runner Cabang ........................................... .......... 445
22,6 Ringkasan ................................................ ............................................... 445
23 ofMould Perhitungan Ringkasan .............................................. 447 ..........................
23.1 Harga Produksi ............................................... .................................... 447
23.2 Pendingin Diameter Channel .............................................. ...................... 447
23.3 Runner Panjang Formula .............................................. 448 ..........................
23.4 Gate Desain ............................................... ............................................ 449
23,5 penyemburan Angkatan ............................................... ........................................ 449
23,6 Stres dan Strain .............................................. ....................................... 450
23.7 Faktor Keselamatan .............................................. ...................................... 450
23.7.1 Untuk Material Mengular ............................................ ..................... 450
23.7.2 Untuk Material Ulet ............................................ ................... 450
23.8 Poisson's Ratio ............................................... ....................................... 450
23.9 Momen Inersia .............................................. .................................. 451
23.9.1 Rectangular Bar ............................................. 451 ..........................
23.9.2 Edaran Bar ............................................. ................................ 451
23.10 Suhu Menekankan ............................................... .............................. 452
23,11 Bending Formula ............................................... ................................... 452
23.11.1 SectionModulus .............................................. ........................ 453
23,12 lendutan dari balok .............................................. ................................. 453
23,13 Blanking Tayangan ............................................... .............................. 454
Panduan Desain Mould
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24 Contoh Desain Terpadu .............................................. ................................. 455
25 Matematika dan Referensi Tabel ............................................. ...................... 485
Logaritma 25.1 ................................................ ............................................ 486
25.2 Anti-logaritma .............................................. ....................................... 488
25.3 Alam Sines ............................................... ......................................... 490
25,4 Alam cosinus ............................................... ...................................... 492
25,5 Alam garis singgung ............................................... .................................... 494
25,6 Square Akar ............................................... .......................................... 496
25,7 reciprocals ................................................ ............................................ 500
25,8 Powers, Akar dan reciprocals ............................................ ................... 502
25.9 Termal Sifat Beberapa Bahan pembuatan Mould Common ............. 504

25,10 Termal dan Mekanik Khas

dari Baja untuk Cetakan Injeksi ............................................. 505 ....................
25,11 Sifat Termal Material Plastik ............................................ ..... 506
25,12 I.S.O. Metrik Fine Threads in mm ............................................. 507 .............
25,13 I.S.O. Metrik kasar Threads in mm ............................................. ......... 508
25,14 B.S.F. Threads (55 ) ............................................. .................................. 509
25.15 Whitworth Threads (55 ) ........................................... ............................ 509
25,16 Thread Pipa Inggris (BSP) - Ukuran Dasar di Inches ................................... 510
25.17 British Standard Pipe Taper (B.S.T.P.)
Toleransi dan Tunjangan, Ternyata dari Thread ......................................... 511
25,18 Kekerasan Tabel Perbandingan .............................................. 512 ....................
25.19 Konversi Faktor ............................................... ................................. 513
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26 Istilah Moulding Terminologi ............................................. ....................... 515
26.1 Sisa Elemen dalam Siklus Moulding ........................................... ............ 515
26,2 Mould dan Pengolahan Terminologi ............................................. .......... 517
Indeks ................................................. .................................................. ...................... 527