GASES STATES OF MATTER Each physical state of matter has characteristics that can be observed, detected or measured at the

molecular level.
SOLID STATE with definite volume and shape molecules are so close to each other, hence solids have the greatest intermolecular attraction pressure and temperature have very little effect on the volume of solids, hence there are no volume changes under pressure not compressible due to solids rigid structure LIQUID STATE with definite volume, no definite shape rate of diffusion is less than that of gases pressure and temperature have little effect on the volume; there are only slight volume changes under pressure compressible only by a small amount fraction under high pressure GASEOUS STATE with no fixed volume and shape; follows the shape of its container molecules are widely separated and move independently of one another compressible the volume of gases is affected by pressure and temperature molecules move rapidly molecules of gases distribute evenly to occupy available space

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PRESSURE OF A GAS Gas pressure results from collisions of the gas particles with the walls of the container. Force of gas particles hitting the walls of the container divided by the surface area of the container ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE the force experienced by any area exposed to the earths atmosphere equal to the weight of the column of air above it, the value of which depends on location, temperature and weather conditions FACTORS AFFECTING GASES Unlike solids and liquids, gases change significantly when the conditions in which they are found are altered. Changing the temperature, pressure or volume of a gas results in a significant response from the gas. All gases respond to these physical changes in the same way.
INSTRUMEN STANDARD T USED TO CONDITION MEASURE S [STP] Pressure Force Pa {SI barometer 101,325 Pa per unit unit} manometer 14.7 psi area psi 1 atm atm 760 mm Hg mm Hg 760 torr torr 1 bar bar
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FACTO RS

DEFINI TION

UNITS

Temper ature

Degree K {SI thermometer of unit} hotness 0C or coldness Space occupie d L mL cc M3

273 K 00C

Volume

Volume of the 1 mole of any container gas occupies 22.4 L at STP

THE GAS LAWS 1. BOYLES LAW (THE PRESSURE-VOLUME RELATIONSHIP) The pressure of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas. V 1/P PV = k where k = proportionality constant P1V1 = P2V2 where V1 and V2 are the volumes at pressures P1 and P2 respectively 2. CHARLESS and GAY-LUSSACS LAW (THE TEMPERATURE-VOLUME RELATIONSHIP) The volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. VT (V/T)=k (V1/T1)=(V2/T2)
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where V1 and V2 are the volumes of the gas at temperatures T1 and T2 respectively Another form of Charless law shows that at constant amount of gas and volume, the pressure of a gas is proportional to the temperature. PT P = kT (P1/T1)=(P2/T2) where P1 and P2 are the pressures of the gas at temperatures T1and T2 respectively ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE If the temperature of a gas continuous to decrease, the volume will decrease to a point where it will theoretically become zero. But it is impossible for matter to have a volume less than zero. The volume of a gas becomes zero at 2730C, this is ABSOLUTE ZERO. Sir William Thomson (1824-1907), better known as Lord Kelvin, invented the Kelvin Temperature scale, where 0 K is the lowest possible temperature and is equivalent to -2730C. Therefore, K = 0C + 273 Practice Exercise 5.1 A sample of chlorine gas occupies 946 mL at 726 mm Hg. Calculate the pressure of the gas [in atm] if the volume is reduced to 154 mL at constant temperature.

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Practice Exercise 5.2 A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 1250C. Calculate the temperature at which the gas will occupy 1.54 L if the pressure remains constant. 3. COMBINED GAS LAW The volume of a fixed amount of a gas is directly proportional to the ratio of its absolute temperature and pressure. V (T/P) (PV/T)=k (P1V1/T1)=(P2V2/T2) Practice Exercise 5.3: A gas initially at 4.0 L, 1.2 atm and 660C undergoes a change so that its final volume and temperature are 1.7 L and 420C. What is its final pressure? Assume the number of moles remains unchanged. 4. AVOGADROS LAW (THE VOLUMEAMOUNT RELATIONSHIP) At constant pressure and temperature, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas present. Vn (V/n)=k (V1/n1)=(V2/n2) where n = moles of the gas Practice Exercise 5.4: If a 10.0 L balloon contains 0.80 mol of a gas, what will be the volume of the balloon that contains 0.20 mol of
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the gas if the temperature and pressure remain constant? 5. IDEAL GAS EQUATION This is an equation expressing the relationships among pressure-volume-temperature and amount of gas. IDEAL GAS - a hypothetical gas whose pressure volume temperature behavior can be completely accounted for by the ideal gas equation; the molecules of an ideal gas do not attract or repel one another and their volume is negligible. Boyles Law V 1/P Charless Law VT Avogadros Law Vn Combining to form a single equation for the behavior of gases V (nT/P) PV=nRT where: R = gas constant R = 0.08205 L-atm/K-mol = 62.36 mmHg-L/mol-K = 8.314 Pa-m3/mol-K = 10.73 psi-ft3/lbmol-K Density and Molar Mass of a Gaseous Substance PV=nRT PV=(m/M)RT
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where m is the mass of the gas and M is the molar mass of the gas M=mRT/PV d=PM/RT where d is the density of the gas Practice Exercise 5.5 : Calculate the volume (in liters) occupied by 2.12 moles of nitric oxide (NO) at 6.54 at, and 760C. Practice Exercise 5.6: What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl at STP? Practice Exercise 5.7 : What is the density [in g/L] of uranium hexafluoride [UF6] at 779 mm Hg and 620C? Practice Exercise 5.8: The density of a gaseous organic compound 3.38 g/L is at 400C and 1.97 atm. What is the molar mass of the organic compound? Practice Exercise 5.9: A gaseous compound is 78.14% boron and 21.86% hydrogen. At 270C, 74.3 mL of the gas exerted a pressure of 1.12 atm. If the mass of the gas is 0.0934 g, what is its molecular formula? GAS STOICHIOMETRY When gases are involved in a chemical reaction, the gas laws provide the means in determining the number of moles of gas in relation to the pressure, temperature and volume of the
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gas. Stoichiometric calculations can be done to relate the number of moles of gas with the other components of the chemical reaction. Practice Exercise 5.15: The equation for the metabolic breakdown of glucose {C6H12O6} is the same as the equation for the combustion of glucose in air. C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at 370C and 1.0 atm when 5.60 g of glucose is used up in the reaction. Practice Exercise 5.16: One way to reduce air pollution is to remove potential pollutant gases from an exhaust stream before they are released into the air. Carbon dioxide can be removed by reacting it with calcium oxide to form calcium carbonate. If 5.50 L of CO2 at STP were reacted with excess CaO, what mass of calcium carbonate will form? 6. DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases. These gases behave independently and exert the same pressure they would exert if they were in the container alone.
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PT = P1 + P2 + P3 where PT = the total pressure of the mixture P1, P2, and P3 = partial pressures of gases 1, 2 & 3 P 1 = x 1P T P 2 = x 2P T P 3 = x 3P T where x1, x2, and x3 = mol fractions of gases 1, 2&3 Practice Exercise 5.10: A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of methane (CH4), 0.421 mole of ethane (C2H6), and 0.116 mole of propane (C3H8). If the total pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm, what are the partial pressures of the gases? Practice Exercise 5.11: What is the partial pressure of each gas in a mixture which contains 40.0 g of He, 56.0 g of N2, and 16.0 g of O2 if the total pressure of the mixture is 5 atm. COLLECTING GAS OVER WATER Daltons law of partial pressures is useful for calculating volumes of gases collected over water. Gas from a chemical reaction is collected by the displacement of water from an inverted tube filled with water. As the gas is bubbled through the tube, the gas pushes the water out. The gas pressure of the dry gas is derived by subtracting
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the vapor pressure of water at the temperature of the gas collection from the total pressure. Pgas = PT PH2O where PH2O = vapor pressure of water Practice Exercise 5.12: Hydrogen gas generated when calcium metal reacts with water is collected over water. The volume of gas collected at 300C and 988 mm Hg is 641 mL. What is the mass (in grams) of the hydrogen gas obtained? The pressure of water vapor at 300C is 31.82 mm Hg. Practice Exercise 5.13: Suppose 100 mL of oxygen were collected over water in the laboratory at a pressure of 700 torr and 200C. What would be the volume of the dry gas at STP? 7. GRAHAMS LAW OF DIFFUSION Diffusion the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties Effusion the process by which a gas under pressure escapes from one compartment of a container to another by passing through a small opening or orifice. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, rates of diffusion for gases are

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inversely proportional to the square roots of their molar masses. 1 r = -----M The comparative rates of effusion / diffusion of gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their molar masses. r1 M2 where r1 and r2 = the rates of gases 1 & 2 -- = -------r2 M1 M1 and M2 = molar masses of gases 1 & 2 Practice Exercise 5.14: It takes 192 seconds for an unknown gas to effuse through a porous wall and 84 seconds for the same volume of N2 gas to effuse at the same temperature and pressure. What is the molar mass of the unknown gas? KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES A theory or model which provides the relationship among the observe macroscopic properties of gases, the gas laws and the behavior of the gases on the microscopic level. Assumptions: 1. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from each other by distances far greater

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than their own dimensions. They possess mass but have negligible volume. 2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions, and they frequently collide with one another. Collisions among molecules are perfectly elastic. (Energy can be transferred from one molecule to another as a result of a collision, but nevertheless, the total energy of all the molecules remains the same.) 3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces on one another. 4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas and does not depend on the identity of the gas. Any two gases at the same temperature will have the same average kinetic energy. PROPERTIES OF GASES 1. Gases exert pressure. This is because their molecules move freely and collide with any surface in their paths. 2. Compressibility, Gases can be compressed easily to occupy less volume because molecules in the gas phase are separated by relatively large distances. 3. Gases expand to fill the volume of their container completely and uniformly. 4. Gases diffuse, i.e., they mix with one another
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readily and thoroughly. Conversely, different gases in a mixture do not separate on standing.

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