Advanced Metering Infrastructure

The following is presented to NYAPP to promote general awareness of Smart Meters and the advantages they potentially afford utilities

Carl Chermak Meter System Engineer June 04, 2008

Introduction
GE Energy GE Energy
Carl W. Chermak Carl W. Chermak Meter Systems Engineer
Meter Systems Engineer T&D Solutions T&D Solutions T 315 452-7260 T 315 452-7260 C 315 436-8696 C 315 436-8696 Carl.chermak@ge.com Carl.chermak@ge.com www.geenergy.com www.geenergy.com 7400 Round Pond Road 7400 Round Pond Road Syracuse, NY 13212 Syracuse, NY 13212

2/ GE / June 4, 2008

Challenges to Distribution Utilities

Regulatory climate Mandates for increased reliability and operational efficiency improvement Mandates for improved customer service Billing accuracy Collections and dispute resolution Reliability-focused design and operation Leverage existing data sources Design for reliability Performance-based rates gaining momentum Outage response strategies are critical Cost reductions and improved efficiency Fixed or decreasing income Aging infrastructure; equipment obsolescence Asset management imperatives Need for accurate and actionable data/information Shortages of expertise and critical skill sets

3/ GE / June 4, 2008

Critical Utility Technologies

Four key technologies consistently emerge in the strategic thinking of electric utilities:
Asset management Distribution automation AMI Utility software applications integration The intent is to integrate disparate data sources and applications in a manner that reduces costs, mitigates critical skills impacts, and facilitates operational efficiencies
4/ GE / June 4, 2008

Introduction
AMR Automatic Meter Reading is a one-way technology pioneered in the 1980s to
enable remote reading of meters. Communication only from the meter to the reading device.

AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure is a two-way technology that has matured tremendously
in the last four years to permit two way communication with metering endpoints. AMI enables a head end system to request data from the meter (billing and meter state) and issue various commands to meters to: enter a special mode of operation (TOU, Demand, begin Demand Limiting operation, open/close a disconnect switch, etc.

5/ GE / June 4, 2008

AMR vs. AMI Points of Comparison

AMR Function Communications Bandwidth Applications Meter reading One-way Low Meter reading AMI Data gathering Two-way High Meter reading, TOU, outage management, planning Various standards in use and developing

Standards

Proprietary

6/ GE / June 4, 2008

Advanced Metering Infrastructure

An over all communications and integration architecture that brings together data from diverse metering resources for use in new and existing applications

AMI = Meter + Communications + MDM

Meter capable of supporting two-way communications and advanced functionality State-of-the-art communications network; generally includes wireless and PLC systems Meter Data Management (MDM) application that makes available meter data beyond traditional, meter-billing activities and into a variety of knowledge applications Integrates disparate meter data sources and promotes use of meter data Makes available a migration path for existing devices and applications Leverages open technologies and standards

Bottom line: AMI is an infrastructure that supports high bandwidth, two way communications that can effectively provide a daily read.
7/ GE / June 4, 2008

AMI Drivers
Energy bill, emerging regulatory mandates and business models o Time-of-use metering and billing provisions o Decreased meter read costs and reduced reliance on estimates Need to support more frequent meter reads than possible with current technologies Daily reads are a stated benchmark but needing to read on a more frequent basis is likely Desire to use meter data in diverse applications across the organization: o Outage detection and management o Planning activities o Billing and customer interface
8/ GE / June 4, 2008

Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Utility Software Applications
Application s

OMS DMS EMS

WAMS

CIS

GIS

Billing

Other

Meter Data Management

Meter Data Management

RF/2 Way
Broad Band

Communicatio n Infrastructure

Urban
SCADA

Cell

PLC

Rural

Dist. Auto.

Voltage Control

Metering

Distribution Sensing

Data Management & security with multiple communication paths; utility selects communication technology based on functionality and cost Standards compliant communication infrastructure shared by multiple applications Promotes broad use and exchange of data; modular architecture affords scalability
9/ GE / June 4, 2008

Communications
The demands of AMI impose requirements for communications: Support two-way communications High bandwidth Support for multiple backhaul paths/technologies Support remote programming of meter and other devices Incorporate open standards
o IP addressable o Security provisions o Support other uses; built-out network infrastructure o Vendor independence

10 / GE / June 4, 2008

Power Line Carrier AMI Systems

Technology is quite mature first patent issued in 1887 First used by Utilities in the US for controlling switchgear and relays in the 1930s Involves the injection and extraction of signals onto/from an energized power line To be able to push signal through transformers and other distribution devices, bandwidth (frequency) must be kept low making PLC a self-limiting communications technology Various methods are employed - Cellnet+Hunt TS2 - Aclara PLC TWACS - Cannon Emetcon
11 / GE / June 4, 2008

Broadband over Power Line AMI Systems

Although technology has been known for decades, adoption has been slow due to: - Cost of equipment Bridges must be used to take signals around each distribution transformer - Interference with local RF transmissions - Local notching of offending frequencies has addressed this IP Based Network provides outstanding bandwidth BPL offers to: Consumers - Possibility of Internet Access, Streaming Video, etc. Utilities - Full Smart Grid capabilities
12 / GE / June 4, 2008

RF Based AMI Solutions

Many frequencies, but only three basic models: RF has the advantage of not requiring the expensive equipment of PLC and BPL, but various systems are limited in their range by the architectural model and the frequency they use

13 / GE / June 4, 2008

Radio Frequency AMI Systems

- Silver Springs Networks - CellNet UtiliNet - Eka Systems EkaNet - Elster EnergyAxis - Sensus FlexNet - Metro WiFi - Trilliant Networks SecureMesh - Tantalus - Aclara RF (Hexagram) STAR - Itron OpenWay - muNET Webgate System - GE WiMAX

14 / GE / June 4, 2008

Meters
Smart metering is the new standard for AMI
Support two-way communications More capabilities than an energy-only meter
o Demand response o Net metering o Power quality o TOU, distributed generation

Remotely program/configure/upgrade Standards compliance i.e. ANSI compliance ensures meter functions are certified Provision for remote turn on/off Data storage architecture where is meter data stored Power loss and data back-up provisions
15 / GE / June 4, 2008

Smart Meter Profile Options:

kWh
Delivered only Received only Delivered + Received Delivered Received

kVarh Reactive
Lagging only Leading only Lagging + Leading Lagging Leading

kVAh (Phasor Apparent) VA RMS Min, Max, Avg Voltage Sag/Swell (count and magnitude)

16 / GE / June 4, 2008

Smart Meter TOU Option:

Time-of-Use Four time-of-use Tiers (rates) available, each with summations and demand values Two sets of data can be recorded, such as Delivered kWh and Received kWh in each of the Tiers (A, B, C, D) Four seasons, each with three day types and one holiday 80 Tier switches 50 programmable dates (Non-recurring, fixed recurring, and floating recurring dates supported) Two options for time-keeping backup in case of an outage: Same battery as used in the polyphase meter with a 1 year carryover The rechargeable Super capacitor provides 8 hours of carryover

17 / GE / June 4, 2008

Smart Meter Recording Option:

Load Profile / Interval recording Meter can store 1, 2, 3 or 4 channels of load profile/ interval data With enhanced memory option, can store up to 35 days of four channel data with five minute intervals Demand Calculation Select any Two Quantities: - Block Demand - Rolling Demand - Thermal Demand - Maximum Demand - Cumulative Demand - Continuous Cumulative

18 / GE / June 4, 2008

Smart Meter Diagnostics:

Event Logging Record up to 200 events date and time stamped:
Cautions Power up and power down Meter read, written, programmed Demand reset Self read Test mode entered Test mode exited Real time pricing activated Real time pricing deactivated

Cautions Low battery caution Unprogrammed caution Loss of program caution DC detected caution Low potential caution Demand overload caution Leading kVar caution Received kW caution Service error detected

19 / GE / June 4, 2008

The 200 Amp Service Switch:

Through an AMI system, it can be used by utilities to remotely connect/disconnect service in high move-in/move out situations, to impose demand limiting or to provide pre-payment service to a consumer. Available for: Form 1S, Class 100 Form 2S, Class 200 Form 12S, Class 200 Form 25S, Class 200
20 / GE / June 4, 2008

The 200 Amp Service Switch:

Basic switch operations Switch responds to direct commands to Open and Close ( An AMI system can arm the switch for closure switch will then close when consumer presses a Consumer Acknowledgement Push Button) Diagnostic features When switch is open, meter can report presence of load side voltage and whether meter has been bypassed or whether local generation is present. If voltage on load side is detected when switch is open, meter will reject any command to close the switch. Status flags updated every minute. Self diagnostic features alerts provide indication if switch fails to open or close. Outage Open and restoration Can be configured to open the switch in the event of an outage or maintain state. Can be programmed to delay reclosure after power restoration, to achieve staggered reconnection Can be programmed to auto-reclose after a delay, if AMI system fails to reconnect after an outage. Prepayment Metering Available in the single phase forms only, the meter performs a basic prepayment metering function. Supports prepay register that can be loaded with a kWh value that is decremented as energy is 21 / consumed GE / Allows alert threshold, and can be configured to allow negative accumulation
June 4, 2008

The 200 Amp Service Switch:

DLP is an acronym for Demand Limiting Period. A Utility can send a command down through an AMI system to a specific meter telling it to switch from normal operation mode to DLP mode. In that mode, the meter will continuously monitor demand over a fixed interval and will compare it with the programmed Threshold. If the measured interval demand exceeds the programmed demand threshold, the meter will open the RD Switch.
Threshold this specifies the level of Demand in kW that actual measurements will be compared to. Load Control Demand Interval Length this specifies the time Interval over which the meter should measure Demand with the default value being 5 minutes. Load Control Reconnect Time Duration Period this specifies how long (up to 60 minutes) the meter each time it opens the RD Switch during DLP - will leave the RD Switch open before attempting to re-close it. Load Control Reconnect Attempts - this field specifies how many times the meter will reconnect the RD Switch (after opening it) before it permanently opens it and leaves it open until a command to end DLP operation is sent down to the meter through the AMI system. The meter can be told to make no reconnections, a specific number of reconnections up to 254, or to continue reconnecting indefinitely until DLP operation ends. Load Control Demand Delay this specifies the time period that initiation of demand measurement should be delayed after power is restored to a meter that has experienced a loss of power (to prevent inadvertent opening based upon inrush current and associated demand measurement).

22 / GE / June 4, 2008

The 200 Amp Service Switch:

ECP is an acronym for Emergency Conservation Period. ECP is intended to allow a utility to send a signal through the AMI system to a large group (or all) meters enforce a mandatory emergency conservation policy for all (or a large group of) residential customers. It works in a very similar fashion to DLP to limit demand (by comparing actual to a programmed Threshold) except that a utility can define the duration of time for it to be in effect and also can program individual meters to function in specific ways during ECP. Prior to the issuance of the ECP command, a Utility can program a meter to:
Operate in ECP mode after the direct ECP command is received for a specific period of time (up to a maximum of 24 hours) and then revert to normal operation or, continue in ECP mode until a subsequent direct command is received terminating the ECP mode of operation, or When a direct ECP command is received: a) Ignore the command and continue in Normal operation mode b) Enter ECP mode of operation and (like DLP) begin to continuously monitor demand over a fixed interval and compare it with the programmed Threshold . If the measured interval demand exceeds the programmed demand threshold, the meter will open the RD Switch. c) Enter ECP mode of operation but instead of opening the RD Switch when it determines that measured Demand exceeds the Threshold, to record the kWh Consumption above that limit (calculated from the Threshold - the Delta) in a separate ECP register so the utility can charge the customer a different rate for that above Threshold consumption. d) Enter ECP mode of operation but instead of opening the switch when it determines that measured Demand exceeds the Threshold, to record all the kWh Consumption in the ECP register so the utility can charge the customer a different rate for all consumption during23 / the GE / ECP. June 4, 2008

HAN- Standards Based Systems

Wireless: - ZigBee Pros: Low Cost, Low Power requirements long battery life Cons: Limited wall penetration capability, range, bandwidth - WiFi Pros: Widely deployed already in many homes Cons: Each device must have constant power source (battery operation not practical today) -Others such as Z-Wave and Bluetooth Wired: - HomePlug or Ethernet Pros: More reliable than wireless Cons: Cant directly reach Thermostat 24 /
GE / June 4, 2008

ecomagination Smart Home

Homes become active participants in balancing generation and loads

Energy-Participating Homes (EPH) Homes incorporate one or more of: On-site energy resources (solar energy) Energy storage (backup functions) Energy efficiency and conservation
TOU and RTP capability via AMI Demand response Home automation Consumer Portal new services

Consumer Benefits Reduced energy bills (~50% reduction seen in examples to date) Improved reliability through off-grid operation (with storage) Simplified participation in Demand Response programs (automation) Simplified energy billing & trending
25 / GE / June 4, 2008

The Future Home

Energy star appliance Photovoltaic panels Dimmable fluorescent/CF L lighting

Utility demand side mgt control Home area network Plug in hybrid electric vehicles

Utility

Digital net meter

26 / GE / June 4, 2008

System Architecture with Future Additions Power

Washing/Drying Machine Refrigerator Lighting

Communication

Grid Utility Network

ecoDashboard Thermostat Meters

Solar Inverter

Energy Storage ( Backup Battery/PHEV )

27 / GE / June 4, 2008

Water and Gas Meter Reading

Water and/or Gas Meter Reads are increasingly being included in the scope of work defined in RFIs and RFPs Some companies such as Sensus, Aclara RF and Elster have a long history with AMR systems for those meters WiFi is not a good choice for communication due to its power requirements and the fact that these meters must operate on battery power alone. ZigBee and RF systems in the 800-900 MHz range are better choices for collection from water and gas meters Traditionally, AMR was sufficient but some water utilities are looking at two-way capabilities so that they can capture TOU data in areas affected by drought (and adjust the TOU tier time boundaries)

28 / GE / June 4, 2008

Why Open Protocols and Standards

Strongly advocate the adoption and use of open protocols and standards; this is in the best interest of utilities and AMI providers alike A broad array of proven, open communications protocols are available to support AMI Standards are often embodied on chip level devices that facilitate development and significantly reduced costs Open technologies promote interoperability Facilitate multiple use communications Variety of layered security alternatives Vendor independence; extensibility Open communications technologies mitigate the need for and value of proprietary communications protocols, freeing development monies and engineering efforts for high business value applications such as MDM
29 / GE / June 4, 2008

AMI Business Benefits

System control: 4 - 11%

Significant potential for business benefits will drive the take-up of AMI; . The following benefits have been realized through AMI implementation:

Billing and customer care: 2 7% Asset management: 4 19% Collections: 15 25% Load forecasting: 9 14% Demand management: 2 - 22% Tariff and regulatory: 1 4%

Benefits can also accrue from other applications areas depending on the specifics of the utilitys operations, the extent and nature of AMI deployment, and business process changes associated with that deployment
30 / GE / June 4, 2008

Technology Challenges
Evolving computer technology and applications requirements must be considered; these drive an approach grounded in standards:
Chip level technology issues
o Technology turns over every 18-24 months o Obsolescence at 2-5 times historical rates

Devices are undergoing similar changes

o Remote upgrade o Advanced communications protocols and feature sets

Currently, most commercial AMR communication technologies present a dilemma with regard to future capability
o Proprietary protocols; limited upgrade potential; very limited bandwidth o Not developed with an integrated, operational view

31 / GE / June 4, 2008

Meter Data Management

Meter Data Management (MDM) is a software application that promotes utilization of meter data across the enterprise. MDM provides the following:
Single repository for all meter data; scalable to support millions of meters and years of data Consolidates data from new and existing, commercial and residential metering, and makes it available for broad use in enterprise applications Provides modular applications to address issues such as:
o o o o o o o o o Data collection and meter control Data and event analysis Outage management Time-of-use metering Revenue protection System planning Rate case support Billing issue resolution Analysis and reporting
32 / GE / June 4, 2008

Current Industry Activities

About one in three utilities interviewed say they have installed or are installing advanced metering Many utilities have adopted a wait-and-see attitude regarding AMI Current inhibitions to AMI:
o o o o o Lack of regulatory imperatives Emerging industry standards Perceived risks associated with early adoption Cost issues Utility staffing considerations

There is currently significant activity in California that will drive consensus: o Three major California utilities are pursuing AMI technology and have the attention of regulators o Will drive down costs, solidify standards, mitigate perceived risks o California is a bellwether and action there will impact other regulatory jurisdictions
33 / GE / June 4, 2008

What is a Smart Grid?

To a Meter Engineer

It is Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

34 / GE / June 4, 2008

What is a Smart Grid?

To a Protection & Control Engineer

It is Substation & Distribution Automation

35 / GE / June 4, 2008

What is a Smart Grid?

To a Control Room Operator

It is Distribution & Outage Management

36 / GE / June 4, 2008

What is a Smart Grid?

To a Design & Planning Engineer

It is Asset Management
37 / GE / June 4, 2008

What is a Smart Grid?

To an IT Engineer

It is the challenge of bringing it all together

38 / GE / June 4, 2008

What is a Smart Grid?

And they are all right!!!!!!!!!!!!!

39 / GE / June 4, 2008

Defining The Smart Grid

A power system made up of numerous automated T&D systems, all operating in a coordinated, efficient and reliable manner. A power system that handles emergency conditions with self-healing actions and is responsive to energy-market and utility needs. A power system that serves millions of customers and has an intelligent communications infrastructure enabling the timely, secure and adaptable information flow needed to provide power to the evolving digital economy
The integration of two infrastructures securely Electrical Infrastructure

Information Infrastructure
40 / GE / June 4, 2008

Source: EPRI Intelligrid

Smart Grid Value Story

Operational Efficiency
Reduced Onsite Premise Presence / Field Work Required Shorter Outage Durations Optimized Transformer Operation Standards & Construction Improved Network Operations Reduce Integration & IT maintenance cost Condition-based Asset Maintenance / Inspections Momentaries-directed Vegetation Mgmt.

Energy Efficiency
Reduced Energy Losses Active/Passive Demand-side Management

Customer Satisfaction
Enable Customer Self-Service / Reduce Call Center Inquiries Improved Revenue Collection

Intelligent Grid

Environmental Impact
Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions Delayed Generation & Transmission Capital Investments

41 / GE / June 4, 2008

Anticipated Smart Grid Benefits*

Relative potential financial benefits

Operational Efficiency Environmental Impact Energy Efficiency Customer Satisfaction

plus un-quantified incremental value from intangibles

However, your mileage may vary.

*Model developed based on a study conducted with 31 global Utilities
42 / GE / June 4, 2008

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1.20

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Inv es tm en ts

Anticipated Smart Metering / Intelligent Grid Benefits (Relative )

Anticipated Benefits thru Leveraging Smart Metering

Relatively small incremental investments to Smart Metering can provide significant, additional Benefits!
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43 / GE / June 4, 2008

Smart Grid Potential Savings by Benefit Category

Average Annual Benefits to Utility (100K Customer Basis)

44 / GE / June 4, 2008

Requirements for a Smart Grid

Self-Healing to correct problems early Interactive with consumers and markets Optimized to make best use of resources Predictive to prevent emergencies Distributed assets and information Integrated to merge all critical information More Secure from threats from all hazards

Source: EPRI Intelligrid

45 / GE / June 4, 2008

Smart Grid Building Blocks

Advanced Metering
Smart Meters (single phase & polyphase), 2-way communications, interface to enterprise applications

Distribution Automation
Fault Detection, Isolation, Restoration (FDIR), Integrated Volt/VAR management, including switch/cap controllers, switched capacitors & voltage regulators

Substation Automation/M&D
Substation controller and transformer monitoring and diagnostics

Distribution Operations
DMS/OMS software and interface to existing applications, control center digitization, and enterprise integration

Utility Enterprise Applications

Electric, Gas & Telecommunications utility geospatial based applications, DSM application, and advanced analytics & visualization

Systems Integration
Enterprise Service Bus with adapters to all building blocks
46 / GE / June 4, 2008

Smart Grid Architecture

Utility Enterprise
Operations EMS/WAM, OMS/DMS/DA Business Applications GIS/Apps, CIS, ERP, Asset Mgmt.

Integrated Network Manager Mini-Grid Communications Infrastructure

Smart grid devices

LTC Voltage Regulator

Cap Bank RTU

M&P Sensors Relays & PMUs

WiMax / BPL /RF Home area network Zigbee/ Homeplug

AMI, smart home & demand response

47 / GE / June 4, 2008

Smart Grid a complete view

Generation
Renewables
Wind Turbines Solar Power Biogas Engines Hydro Power Energy Finance

T&D
Back Office
Geospatial Asset Mgmnt SCADA/EMS/DMS Software Optimization & Diagnostics Metering Comm Systems Communications Security Work Force Management

Customer
Comm & Indust
C&I Smart Meters Water Treatment Appliances Lighting Automation Energy Finance

Natural Gas
Large-Frame Turbines LM Turbines Energy Finance

Substations
Communications from Office to Sub to Meter Automation Protection Network Equipment Physical and Cyber Security Asset Condition Monitoring Engr Procure Const Projects Transformers - Pwr, Dist, Net Capacitors Voltage Regulators Surge Arrestors Busway Medium Volt Breaker

Residential
Smart Meters Home Area Nets Appliances EcoPanel Security Lighting Healthcare Entertainment Consumer Services Water Systems Load Control DSM Sensors
48 / GE / June 4, 2008

Base Steam Load Turbines

IGCC Cleaner Coal ESBWR Nuclear

Infrastructure

CO2 Capture
BP H2 Joint Venture Synfuels Technology

Going Forward with AMI/ Smart Grid

Many utilities have implemented AMR typically one way systems - for a variety of reasons:
Reduce meter read costs Overtime avoidance Respond to regulator-mandated reductions in estimated billing Enhance utility case with non-paying customers Expedite resolution of non-payment situations (i.e. payment or shut-off) Address meter-read issues in low access situations Address staff and subcontractor issues concerning meter reading territory and performance

Now there is a need to rationalize current metering practices against emerging needs and requirements:
Determine future needs and applications demands that will be placed on the metering infrastructure Survey existing metering infrastructure and assess its capabilities against future demands such as time-of-use, outage management, remote turn-on/off, etc Determine migration path to future technologies including internal use of meter data

49 / GE / June 4, 2008

AMI/ Smart Grid Final Comments

Two-way, standards-based, communication technology is the best technical approach for addressing both short and long term needs. Smart Grid will generate more demanding bandwidth/capacity. Meter Data Management is the differentiating component of any AMI architecture. Data utilization is critical to realization of business cases that utilities will put forward for AMI. Smart Grid requires an end-to-end full security suite. Utilities will be well advised to view any metering-related projects in terms of AMI or Smart Grid capabilities Standards-based approaches are strongly advised. There is little value in proprietary communications vehicles in light of currently available technologies.

50 / GE / June 4, 2008