Description You can not use notes or books to take this test.Read your questions carefully. This assessment is worth 100 points. Note: Correct answers appear in Blue. Incorrect answers and skipped questions appear in Red after 'Your response'. 1. In the Gram-staining procedure, the counterstain is (1 point) Your response: b. safranin. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
3. Proteins that are embedded within the cytoplasmic membrane and not easily extracted are called __________ proteins. (1 point) Your response: b. integral (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
4. Square planar configurations that are formed when round bacteria remain attached to each other during reproduction are called (1 point) Your response: c. tetrads. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
5. The first studies delineating the relationship between genes and enzymes were done using which of the following types of microorganisms? (1 point) Your response: b. fungi (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
6. After the primary stain has been added but before the decolorizer has been used, gram-positive organisms are stained __________ and gram-negative organisms are stained __________. (1 point) Your response: a. purple; purple
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a. b. c. d.
7. Mesosomes are (1 point) Your response: c. invaginations of the plasma membrane often found near septa or crosswalls. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
b. found only in gram-negative bacteria. c. invaginations of the plasma membrane often found near septa or cross-walls. d. found only in gram-positive bacteria.
8. The term used to describe bacteria that are rod shaped is (1 point) Your response: b. bacillus. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
9. Regarding the periplasmic space: (1 point) Your response: d. both b and are true.
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a. it is found only in gram-positive bacteria. b. it is located between the plasma membrane and outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. c. it contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins involved in nutrient acquisition. d. both b and are true.
10. An organism with two copies of each chromosome is said to be (1 point) Your response: b. diploid. (You answered correctly!)
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a. b. c. d.
11. The term used to describe bacteria that are shaped like curved rods is (1 point) Your response: c. vibrio. (You answered correctly!)
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a. b. c. d.
12. Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrated the body's defense mechanism against disease known as (1 point) Your response: a. humoral immunity.
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a. b. c. d.
humoral immunity. cell-mediated immunity. both humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. neither humoral immunity nor cell-mediated immunity.
13. Acid-fast organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis resist decolorization by an acid-alcohol wash because of the high concentration of __________ in their cell walls. (1 point) Your response: c. lipids (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
14. Confocal microscopes exhibit improved contrast and resolution by (1 point) Your response: b. blocking out stray light with an aperture located above the objective lens. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. illumination of a large area of the specimen. b. blocking out stray light with an aperture located above the objective lens. c. use of light at longer wavelengths. d. use of ultraviolet light to illuminate the specimen.
15. A 45x objective and a 10x ocular produce a total magnification of (1 point) Your response: c. 450x. (You answered correctly!)
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a. b. c. d.
16. Prior to staining, smears of microorganisms are heat-fixed in order to (1 point) Your response: c. kill the organism and attach the organism firmly to the slide. answered correctly!)
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(You
a. b. c. d.
kill the organism. attach the organism firmly to the slide. kill the organism and attach the organism firmly to the slide. neither kill the organism nor attach the organism firmly to the slide.
17. Which of the following is considered to be a differential staining procedure? (1 point) Your response: c. Both Gram stain and Acid-fast stain.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
Gram stain Acid-fast stain Both Gram stain and Acid-fast stain. Leifson's flagella stain.
18. After the decolorizer has been added, gram-positive organisms are stained __________ and gram-negative organisms are stained __________. (1 point) Your response: c. purple; pink
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a. b. c. d.
19. A cell with a diploid number of 12 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. The number of chromosomes in each of the daughter cells is (1 point)
a. b. c. d.
20. If the decolorizer is not left on long enough in the Gram-staining procedure, gram-positive organisms will be stained __________ and gram-negative organisms will be stained __________. (1 point) Your response: a. purple; purple
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a. b. c. d.
21. The term used to describe bacteria that have a round shape is (1 point) Your response: a. coccus. (You answered correctly!)
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a. b. c. d.
22. Which of these microscopes can be used to create high-resolution 3dimensional images of cell structures? (1 point) Your response: d. Confocal microscopy
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a. b. c. d.
Scanning electron microscopy Dark field microscopy Phase-contrast microscopy Confocal microscopy
23. Which of the following parts of the Golgi complex receives materials from the ER? (1 point) Your response: a. cis face (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
cis face trans face cisternal edges None of these are correct.
24. Gram-positive cells retain the primary stain whereas gram-negative cells do not because (1 point) Your response: c. Both a and b are correct.
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a. the alcohol removes the outer membrane and, therefore, the trapped stain from gram-negative bacteria. b. the alcohol shrinks the pores of the thick peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive cells, therefore, trapping the stain. c. Both a and b are correct. d. None of the above is correct.
25. Intracellular structures that perform specific functions in cells are called (1 point) Your response: a. organelles.
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a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
They help bacteria escape phagocytosis by host cells. They retain water and help prevent desiccation of the bacteria. They prevent entry of many bacterial viruses. All of the above.
27. Proteins that are loosely attached to the cytoplasmic membrane are called __________ proteins. (1 point) Your response: a. peripheral (You answered correctly!)
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a. b. c. d.
28. Shrinkage of the plasma membrane away from the cell wall when the bacterium is placed in a hypertonic environment is called (1 point) Your response: c. hydrolysis.
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a. b. c. d.
29. The instrument that produces a bright image of the specimen against a dark background is called a(n) __________ microscope. (1 point) Your response: d. dark-field (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
30. The cytoplasmic membrane performs which of the following functions? (1 point) Your response: d. It does all of these.
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a. It retains the cytoplasm and its contents. b. It acts as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing some molecules to pass while preventing the movement of others. c. It provides the location for a variety of metabolic processes performed by the cell. d. It does all of these.
31. A cell with a diploid number of 12 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. The number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is (1 point) Your response: d. 12. (You answered correctly!)
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a. b. c. d.
24. 6. 8. 12.
32. The nucleolar organizer is a part of a specific chromosome that directs the synthesis of (1 point) Your response: b. ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
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a. b. c. d.
transfer RNA (tRNA). ribosomal RNA (rRNA). messenger RNA (mRNA). heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).
33. Lipids with polar and nonpolar ends are said to be (1 point)
a. b. c. d.
34. Construction of flagella and/or cilia is directed by the (1 point) Your response: d. basal body.
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a. b. c. d.
35. In transmission electron microscopy, spreading a specimen out in a thin film with uranyl acetate, which does not penetrate the specimen, is called (1 point) Your response: d. negative staining.
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a. b. c. d.
36. In the Gram-staining procedure, the decolorizer is (1 point) Your response: d. alcohol. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
37. The formation of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water, the dark reaction of photosynthesis, takes place in the (1 point) Your response: a. stroma. (You answered correctly!)
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a. b. c. d.
38. An organism with one copy of each chromosome is said to be (1 point) Your response: a. haploid. (You answered correctly!)
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a. b. c. d.
39. The use of enrichment cultures and selective media was pioneered by (1 point) Your response: c. Both a and b are correct.
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a. b. c. d.
40. Protein filaments with a diameter of 8-10 nm that are major components of the cytoskeleton are called (1 point) Your response: c. intermediate filaments.
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a. b. c. d.
41. Who of the following provided strong evidence that DNA was the genetic material and carried the genetic information during transformation? (1 point) Your response: b. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
Luria and Delbruck Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Beadle and Tatum Hershey and Chase
42. Who of the following first defined the relationship between genes and enzymes? (1 point) Your response: c. Beadle and Tatum
1 point awarded.
a. Luria and Delbruck b. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty c. Beadle and Tatum
43. The organelle responsible for processing light as an energy source is the (1 point) Your response: c. chloroplast.
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a. b. c. d.
44. Who of the following is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox? (1 point) Your response: c. Jenner (You answered correctly!)
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a. b. c. d.
45. An instrument that magnifies slight differences in the refractive index of cell structures is called a(n) __________ microscope. (1 point) Your response: a. phase-contrast
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a. b. c. d.
46. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the synthesis of (1 point) Your response: b. lysosomes.
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a. b. c. d.
47. In the Gram-staining procedure, the mordant is (1 point) Your response: a. iodine. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
48. Who of the following is credited with developing a vaccine against chicken cholera? (1 point) Your response: c. Jenner
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a. b. c. d.
49. After the secondary stain has been added, gram-positive organisms are stained __________ and gram-negative organisms are stained __________. (1 point) Your response: c. purple; pink
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d. pink; pink
50. Endospores represent a challenge to the fields of industrial and medical microbiology because (1 point) Your response: c. Both of these answers are correct.
1 point awarded.
a. they are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of sporing organisms under conditions in which nonsporing organisms would not survive. b. spore forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens. c. Both of these answers are correct. d. Neither of these answers is correct.
51. Chemotaxis implies that bacteria (1 point) Your response: c. move toward an attractant and away from a repellent. correctly!)
1 point awarded.
(You answered
a. b. c. d.
move toward an attractant. move away from a repellent. move toward an attractant and away from a repellent. neither move toward an attractant nor away from a repellent.
52. A filamentous organelle comprised of tubulins with a diameter of 25 nm is called (1 point) Your response: a. microtubule.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
53. If the objective lenses of a microscope can be changed without losing focus on the specimen, they are said to be (1 point) Your response: c. parfocal. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
54. Which of the following is (are) used to define the field of microbiology? (1 point) Your response: c. both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in the study of organisms regardless of their size (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. the size of the organism studied b. the techniques in the study of organisms regardless of their size c. both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in the study of organisms regardless of their size d. neither the size of the organism studied nor the techniques employed in the study of organisms regardless of their size
55. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is found in the outer membrane of gramnegative bacteria is also known as (1 point) Your response: d. endotoxin. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
56. A feature unique to some archaeal plasma membranes is that they may (1 point) Your response: d. consist of a lipid monolayer.
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a. b. c. d.
consist of a lipid bilayer that lacks integral membrane proteins. consist of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. contain sterols such as cholesterol. consist of a lipid monolayer.
57. Enzymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules are found in (1 point) Your response: a. lysosomes.
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a. b. c. d.
58. Who of the following provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation? (1 point) Your response: a. Pasteur (You answered correctly!)
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a. b. c. d.
59. Bacteria that are shaped like rigid helices are (1 point) Your response: b. spirilla. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
60. Which of the following is a function of the mitochondrion? (1 point) Your response: d. All of these are functions of the mitochondrion. correctly!)
1 point awarded.
(You answered
a. b. c. d.
tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme reactions electron transport ATP synthesis All of these are functions of the mitochondrion.
61. As the magnification of a series of objective lenses increases, the working distance (1 point) Your response: b. decreases. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
62. Which of the following organelles is involved in the modification, packaging, and secretion of materials? (1 point) Your response: b. Golgi apparatus
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
63. Regions of the specimen with higher electron density scatter ___________ electrons and, therefore, appear __________ in the image projected onto the screen of a transmission electron microscope. (1 point) Your response: a. more; lighter
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a. more; lighter
64. The composition of the __________ is the basis of the differential reaction of bacteria to the Gram-staining procedure. (1 point) Your response: c. cell wall (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
65. The concept that human and animal diseases are caused by microorganisms is called the (1 point) Your response: b. germ theory.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
66. Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membranedelimited nucleus are called (1 point) Your response: b. eucaryotes.
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a. b. c. d.
67. Small internal cell structures are best visualized with a (1 point) Your response: c. transmission electron microscope.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
light microscope. dark-field microscope. transmission electron microscope. scanning electron microscope.
68. Cells with a relatively simple cell morphology that do not have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called (1 point) Your response: a. procaryotes.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
69. A microscope that exposes specimens to ultraviolet, violet, or blue light and forms an image with the light emitted at a different wavelength is called a __________ microscope. (1 point) Your response: d. fluorescence
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
70. Who of the following first proposed that yeast cells could convert sugar to alcohol? (1 point) Your response: c. Schwann (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
d. Busch
71. Immersion oil can be used to increase the resolution achieved with some microscope lenses because it increases the __________ between the specimen and the objective lens. (1 point) Your response: b. refractive index
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
optical density refractive index optical density and refractive index neither optical density nor refractive index
72. The term used to describe bacteria that are oval shaped is (1 point) Your response: d. coccobacillus.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
73. Scanning electron microscopy is most often used to reveal (1 point) Your response: a. surface structures.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
surface structures. internal structures. both surface and internal structures simultaneously. either surface or internal structures, but not simultaneously.
74. Bacteria that are variable in shape and lack a single characteristic morphology are called (1 point) Your response: b. pleomorphic.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
75. If the decolorizer is left on too long in the Gram-staining procedure, grampositive organisms will be stained __________ and gram-negative organisms will be stained __________. (1 point) Your response: d. pink; pink (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
76. Which of the following is not true of bacterial plasmids? (1 point) Your response: c. They are required for host growth and/or reproduction. answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
(You
a. b. c. d.
They can exist and replicate independently of the chromosome. They may carry genes for drug resistance. They are required for host growth and/or reproduction. They may carry genes that enhance the metabolic capabilities of the bacterium.
77. The Golgi apparatus consists of vesicles called __________, which may be clustered in one region or scattered throughout the cell. (1 point) Your response: c. cisternae (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
d. vesiculae
78. Older cultures of bacteria that have lost their ability to cause disease are said to be (1 point) Your response: d. attenuated.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
79. Penicillin inhibits cell wall synthesis, but cells will continue to grow normally in the presence of penicillin if they are maintained in a(n) __________ environment. (1 point) Your response: b. isotonic (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
80. The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called (1 point) Your response: c. spontaneous generation.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
81. Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease? (1 point) Your response: b. Koch (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
82. Who of the following showed that mutations in bacteria arise randomly and are not directed by the environment? (1 point) Your response: c. Luria and Delbruck
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
Beadle and Tatum Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Luria and Delbruck Hershey and Chase
83. A cell with a diploid number of 12 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. The number of chromosomes in each of the daughter cells is (1 point) Your response: c. 12. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
84. An atomic force microscope uses a scanning probe that maintains a fixed distance from the surface of the specimen. It is useful for specimens that (1 point) Your response: a. do not conduct electricity well.
1 point awarded.
b. have extremely uneven surfaces. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
85. A(n) __________ is a special type of lysosome used by a cell to digest portions of its own cytoplasm. (1 point) Your response: d. autophagic vacuole
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
86. An arrangement of microtubules along the length of cilia and flagella is called the __________. (1 point) Your response: c. axoneme (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
87. The first surgical antiseptic to be used was (1 point) Your response: c. phenol. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
88. Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by (1 point) Your response: b. Lister. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
89. Bacteria that are shaped like flexible helices are (1 point) Your response: c. spirochetes.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
90. Which of the following is useful in distinguishing between procaryotic and eucaryotic cells? (1 point) Your response: c. the presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
the use of DNA for the storage of genetic information the presence of ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins the presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm All of these.
91. The process by which a cell imports large particles by enclosing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane is called (1 point) Your response: b. phagocytosis.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
92. The proteosome (1 point) Your response: d. All of the above are true.
1 point awarded.
a. functions to degrade most eucaryotic proteins. b. produces peptides for antigen presentation during immunological responses. c. hydrolyzes ubiquitin-marked eucaryotic proteins in an ATP dependent process. d. All of the above are true.
93. The process by which a cell imports solutes by enclosing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane is called (1 point) Your response: c. pinocytosis.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
94. A 30x objective and a 20x ocular produce a total magnification of (1 point) Your response: d. 600x. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
95. The endoplasmic reticulum is composed of flattened sacs called (1 point) Your response: c. cisternae. (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
96. Who of the following was the first to observe and accurately describe microorganisms? (1 point) Your response: c. van Leeuwenhoek
1 point awarded.
d. Tyndall
97. The enzymes and electron carriers involved in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are located in the __________ membrane of the mitochondrion. (1 point) Your response: a. inner (You answered correctly!)
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
98. The major site of cell membrane synthesis is the (1 point) Your response: d. endoplasmic reticulum.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
99. In the Gram-staining procedure, the primary stain is (1 point) Your response: c. crystal violet.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
100. Protein filaments with a diameter of 4-7 nm that play a role in cell movement and shape change are called (1 point) Your response: b. microfilaments.
1 point awarded.
a. b. c. d.
97 points out of 100 awarded. (97%) Click here for assessment statistics. You may now close this window to return to PageOut.
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