Matrix and Determinants

Determinants
a square array of numbers enclosed by two bars
and is subjected to mathematical operation. The
elements of which have corresponding numbers
of rows to that of the columns.



where:
a
ij
= the element of the ith row and jth column
(
(
(

=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
a a a
a a a
a a a
D
Sign of Operators
(
(
(
(
(
(

+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
= D
Properties of Determinants:
1. If the value of a single row or column are all 0 then D =
0.




2. If two rows or columns are interchanged, the sign of
the determinant is changed
0
6 3 0
5 2 0
4 1 0
=
(
(
(

= D
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
9 6 3
7 4 1
8 5 2
9 6 3
8 5 2
7 4 1
D
Properties of Determinants:
3. If each element of a row or column of a determinant
can be multiplied by a common factor then the
determinant is multiplied by that number.




common factor =4




4
6 4 5
5 3 4
4 1 2
6 16 5
5 12 4
4 4 2

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

= D
Properties of Determinants:
4. If two rows or columns are identical then D = 0.





identical
0
6 3 3
5 2 2
4 1 1
=
(
(
(

= D
Properties of Determinants:
5. If two rows or columns are proportional then D is
equivalent to 0.





proportional
0
9 6 3
8 4 2
7 2 1
=
(
(
(

= D
Properties of Determinants:
6. If the corresponding rows and columns of a determinant
are interchanged, its value is unchanged.








(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
9 8 7
6 5 4
3 2 1
9 6 3
8 5 2
7 4 1
D
Properties of Determinants:
7. If three determinants D
1
, D
2
and D
3
have corresponding
equal elements except for a single row or column in
which the elements at D
1
are the sum of the
corresponding elements of D
2
and D
3
then D
1
= D
2
+
D
3





3 2 1
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
33 32 31 31
23 22 21 21
13 12 11 11
D D D
a a b
a a b
a a b
a a a
a a a
a a a
a a b a
a a b a
a a b a
+ =
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

Properties of Determinants:
8. The product of two determinants of the same order is
also a determinant of the same order whose element
in the ith row and jth column is the sum of the products
of the ith row of the first determinant and the jth
column of the second determinant.




(

=
22 21
12 11
a a
a a
A
(

=
22 21
12 11
b b
b b
B
(

+ +
+ +
=
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
*
22 22 12 21 21 22 11 21
22 12 12 11 21 12 11 11
b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a
B A
Properties of Determinants:
9. The value of a determinant is the algebraic sum of the
products obtained by multiplying each element of a
column or row by its co-factor or signed minor.
(Expansion of Determinants by Minor)



Properties of Determinants:
Ex. Expansion by Row
D = a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33

=(+) a
11
a
22
a
23
+ (-) a
12
a
21
a
23
+ (+) a
13
a
21
a
22

a
32
a
33
a
31
a
33
a
31
a
32




Minor and Cofactors
The Minor of the element A
ij
in the ith row and jth
column in any determinant order formed from
the element remained after isolating the ith row
and jth column.
M
13
= a
21
a
22
a
31
a
32
M
23
= a
11
a
12
a
31
a
32
where :
M
ij
= the minor of A
ij
Minor and Cofactors
The cofactor of the element A
ij
in any
determinant of order n is that signed minor
determined by,

D
ij
= ( -1 )
i + j
( M
ij
)
D
13
= ( -1 )
1+3
( M
13
)
= ( +1 ) a
21
a
22

a
31
a
32

D
23
= ( -1 )
2+3
( M
23
)
= ( -1 ) a
11
a
12

a
31
a
32

where :
D
ij
= the cofactor of A
ij
Example
Find the cofactor using the minor of the
given matrix

D = 1 2 3
-2 3 1
3 2 1
EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
1. Conventional Method
used for 2nd degree determinants and
commonly denoted as cross product method.

Ex.
D = 2 1
8 5
D = [ ( 2 x 5 ) - ( 8 x 1 ) ]
D = ( 10 - 8 ) = 2
EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
2. Diagonal Method
used for 3rd degree determinants commonly
described as the sum of products of the
diagonal leaning \ minus the sum of products
of the diagonal leaning / .

EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
Ex.
D = 2 5 4
5 0 1
1 -3 3

D = [( 2 x 0 x 3 ) + ( 5 x 1 x 1 ) + ( 4 x 5 x -3 )]
- [( 1 x 0 x 4 ) + ( -3 x 1 x 2 ) + ( 3 x 5 x 5 )]
D = ( 0 + 5 + -60 ) - ( 0 + -6 + 75 )
D = - 55 - 69 = - 124
EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
3. Expansion by Minor Cofactor Method
used for 3rd degree and higher degree order
of determinants.
a. Expansion by Row

=
=
n
k
ik ik
D A D
1
EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
Find the determinants of the given matrix
using expansion by row.

D = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
b. Expansion by Column

=
=
n
k
kj kj
D A D
1
EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
Find the determinants of the given matrix
using expansion by column.

D = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
Chios Method
Another method in evaluating the
determinant of an (m x m) order matrix
where a
11
is not equal to zero.
EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
Chios Method (3x3)
3 3
33 31
13 11
32 31
12 11
23 21
13 11
22 21
12 11
) 2 (
11
3 3
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
) (
1
. det

=
=
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a
A
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
m
where: m is the size of
the square matrix
EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
Chios Method (4x4)
where: m is the size of
the square matrix
4 4
44 41
14 11
43 41
13 11
42 41
12 11
34 31
14 11
33 31
13 11
32 31
12 11
24 21
14 11
23 21
13 11
22 21
12 11
) 2 (
11
4 4
44 43 42 41
34 33 32 31
24 23 22 21
14 13 12 11
) (
1
. det

=
=
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a a
a
A
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
a a a a
A
m
EVALUATION OF DETERMINANTS
Find the determinants of the given matrix
using Chios method.

D = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

Techniques in Altering the
Elements of the Determinants.
used for 3rd degree and higher degree
order of determinants.

a. Alteration by zero
The element of any row (or column) may
be multiplied by a constant and the result
added to the corresponding element of
any other row (or column) without
changing the value of the determinants.
Techniques in Altering the
Elements of the Determinants.

D = A B C
D E F
G H I

D = A B C
0 E F
0 0 I

D = ( A x E x I )
Techniques in Altering the
Elements of the Determinants.
Find the determinants of the given matrix
using alteration by zero.

D = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

Techniques in Altering the
Elements of the Determinants.
b. Pivotal Element Method
Steps:
1. Select a pivot element except zero.

2. Draw cancellation lines along the row and column of
the pivotal element.

3. Replace the remaining element by subtracting from
the original element, the product of the elements
intersecting the cancellation lines and perpendicular
lines dividing it by the pivot element.

4. Multiply the resulting determinant by the pivot
element along with its corresponding sign of cofactor.
Techniques in Altering the
Elements of the Determinants.
Find the determinants of the given matrix
using pivot element method.

D = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4

Matrix
It is a rectangular array of numbers or functions enclosed
in a pair of brackets and subject to certain rules of
operation.
A = a
11
a
12
a
13
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
31
a
32
a
33
3x3
A = /a
ij
/
mxn
where: a
ij
= element of matrix A
mxn = size of order of matrix
m = number of row matrix
n = number of column matrix

Note: m & n may or may not be equal
Special Type of Matrices
1. Row Vector Matrix
A matrix which contains only one row and several
columns.
Ex.
B = [ 1 2 3 4 .. n ] 1 x n
Special Type of Matrices
2. Column Vector Matrix
A matrix which contains only one column and several
rows.

Ex.
C = 1
2
3
.
.
.
n m x1
Special Type of Matrices
3. Square Matrix
It is a matrix whose elements have equal number of
rows and columns.

Ex.

A = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4
Special Type of Matrices
4. Null or Zero Matrix
It is a square matrix whose elements are all zeros.

Ex.

A = 0 0
0 0
Special Type of Matrices
5. Diagonal Matrix
It is a square matrix wherein the values lie in the main
diagonal and the rest are all zeros.

Ex.

A = 3 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 3
Special Type of Matrices
6. Unity or Identity Matrix
It is a square matrix whose elements in the main
diagonal are all 1s and the rest are all zeros.

Ex.

A = 1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Special Type of Matrices
7. Symmetric Matrix
It is a square matrix whose element A
ij
is equal
to the element A
ji
or the elements of the rows
corresponds to that of the column.

Ex.

A = 1 -5 6
-5 7 2
6 2 3
Special Type of Matrices
8. Skew Matrix
It is a square matrix whose element A
ij
is equal
to the negative of the element A
ji
.

Ex.

A = 1 5 -6
-5 7 2
6 -2 3
Special Type of Matrices
9. Singular Matrix
It is a square matrix whose determinant value is
equivalent to 0.

Ex.

A = 1 4
2 8
Special Type of Matrices
10. Non-singular Matrix
It is a square matrix whose determinant value is not
equivalent to 0.

Ex.

A = 1 4 3 determinant value
4 4 5 /A/ = 3
2 5 4
MATRIX LAWS
1. A + B = B + A (Matrix addition is commutative)
2. A + 0 = 0 + A = A (0 is the zero for matrix addition)
3. A + (-A) = (-A) + A = 0 (-A is the negative of A)
4. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)(Matrix addition is associative)
5. (sA)B = A (sB) = s(AB) (Scalars can be moved through
products)
6. For A
mxn
, I
m
A = Ai
n
= A (I is the identity for matrix
multiplication)
7. (A + B)C = AC + BC (Right distributive law)
8. A(B + C) = AB + AC (Left distributive law)
9. A(BC) = (AB) C (Matrix multiplication is
associative)
MATRIX OPERATION
In matrix operation, only addition, subtraction,
and multiplication are defined. Division is done
by a different technique.

1. Addition / Subtraction
-two matrices may be conformable to
addition/subtraction, if and only if the size
of the two matrices are equal.
A
mxn
+ B
mxn
= C
mxn
MATRIX OPERATION
Example:
Evaluate A & B
A = 1 2 3
3 2 1 2x3
B = 1 2
4 1
0 1 3x2
A + B = not possible because they are not of the
same order.
MATRIX OPERATION
Example:

Find the sum and difference of the two matrices
based on the following conditions:
a. C = A + B
b. C = B A

A = 1 4 7 B = 2 5 1
2 5 8 1 6 4
3 6 9 3x3 0 3 7 3x3
MATRIX OPERATION
2. Multiplication
a. By scalar
Example:
A x 5 where A = 1 0 1
3 -4 3
4 5 2

A x 5 = 5 0 5
15 -20 15
20 20 10

MATRIX OPERATION
b. By another matrix
-two matrices can be multiplied if the number of
column (left hand) of the first matrix is equal to
the number of row (right hand) of the second
matrix.
MATRIX OPERATION
A * B = a
11
a
12
a
13
b
11
b
12

a
21
a
22
a
23
b
21
b
22

a
31
a
32
a
33 3x3
b
31
b
32 3x2



MATRIX OPERATION
A * B = (a
11
b
11
+a
12
b
21
+a
13
b
31
) (a
11
b
12
+a
12
b
22
+a
13
b
32
)
C
11
C
12

(a
21
b
11
+a
22
b
21
+a
23
b
31
) (a
21
b
12
+a
22
b
22
+a
23
b
32
)
C
21
C
22

(a
31
b
11
+a
32
b
21
+a
33
b
31
) (a
31
b
12
+a
32
b
22
+a
33
b
32
)
C
31
C
32


MATRIX OPERATION
A * B = C = c
11
c
12

c
21
c
22

c
31
c
32 3x2

MATRIX OPERATION
3. Division
Inverse of a matrix

B = 1 = A
-1

A

where: A
-1
inverse of matrix A

MATRIX OPERATION
a. Inverse of a matrix
A
-1
= 1 adj A
T

/A/
where: /A/ = determinant value of a matrix
A
T
= transpose of a matrix
adj = adjoint of a matrix

Note: Division operation is not conformable to
matrices of unequal rows & columns. Hence, this
operation is restricted to square matrices only.

MATRIX OPERATION
Transpose of a matrix ( A
T
)
-to determine the transpose of a matrix,
interchange the corresponding rows and
columns of the given determinant.
Example:

A = 1 4 3 A
T
= 1 4 2
4 4 5 4 4 5
2 5 4 3 5 4


MATRIX OPERATION
Adjoint of a Matrix ( adj. )
-to obtain the adjoint of any matrix, replace each
element by its corresponding co-factor.
Example:
A = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4


MATRIX OPERATION
adj A = (+)4 5 (-)4 5 (+)4 4
5 4 2 4 2 5

(-)4 3 (+)1 3 (-)1 4
5 4 2 4 2 5

(+)4 3 (-)1 3 (+)1 4
4 5 4 5 4 4



MATRIX OPERATION
Ex. Solve for the inverse matrix.

A = 1 4 3
4 4 5
2 5 4




Solutions to Linear Equations
Cramers Rule
Gauss-Jordan Methods

Cramers Rule
It is a theorem, which gives an expression for
the solution of a system of linear equations with
as many equations as unknowns, valid in those
cases where there is a unique solution.
The solution is expressed in terms of the
determinants of the (square) coefficient matrix
and of matrices obtained from it by replacing
one column by the vector of right hand sides of
the equations.
Cramers Rule
Use Cramers Rule to solve the system:
4x - y + z = -5
2x + 2y + 3z = 10
5x 2y + 6z = 1
GAUSS-JORDAN METHODS
Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Gauss-Jordan Reduction
Gauss-Jordan Reduction
To obtain the values of the unknown
variables in a given linear equation: plot
the constants along with the coefficients
of the unknown variables and then apply
alteration by zero producing simplified
equations to solve for the unknown
variables.
Gauss-Jordan Reduction
A
1
X
1
+ B
1
X
2
+ C1 X
3
= D
1
A
2
X
1
+ B
2
X
2
+ C2 X
3
= D
2
A
3
X
1
+ B
3
X
2
+ C3 X
3
= D
3

A
1
B
1
C
1
: D
1
A
2
B
2
C
2
: D
2
A
3
B
3
C
3
: D
3

A
1
B
1
C
1
: D1 1
0 B
2
C
2
: D2 2
0 0 C
3
: D3 3

X
1
X
2
X
3
K
Gauss-Jordan Elimination
To obtain the values of the unknown
variables in a given linear equation: plot
the constants along with the coefficients
of the unknown variables and then apply
row-by-row transformation to change the
given matrix to a unity matrix thus,
altering the value of the constants
yielding the values of the unknown
variables.
Gauss-Jordan Elimination
A
1
X
1
+ B
1
X
2
+ C
1
X
3
= D
1
A
2
X
1
+ B
2
X
2
+ C
2
X
3
= D
2
A
3
X
1
+ B
3
X
2
+ C
3
X
3
= D
3

A
1
B
1
C
1
: D
1
A
2
B
2
C
2
: D
2
A
3
B
3
C
3
: D
3

1 0 0 : X
1
0 1 0 : X
2
0 0 1 : X
3
Cramers Rule
Use Gauss-Jordan Reduction and Gauss-
Jordan Elimination to solve the given
system:
4x - y + z = -5
2x + 2y + 3z = 10
5x 2y + 6z = 1
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
of a Matrix
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
x x
M
y y
x x
M
y y
x x
M I
y y
x
M I
y

( (
=
( (

( ( (
=
( ( (

( ( (
=
( ( (

( (
=
( (

M is a matrix and is a scalar constant
Rearranging
In order to factorise scalar must turn
into a matrix by multiplying it by the
identity matrix.
now it can be factorise
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
M I
y
a b
M
c d
a b
M I
c d
a b
M I
c d
a b x
c d y

( (
=
( (

(
=
(

( (
=
( (

(
=
(

( ( (
=
( ( (

If the determinant of (M- I) was non-
zero, it could be inverse and multiplied
by the RHS.
Write (M- I) in the following way and
then simplify the equation.
Write M as a matrix
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
a b x
c d y
x a b
y c d
x
y

( ( (
=
( ( (

( ( (
=
( ( (

( (
=
( (

If the determinant of (M- I) was non-
zero, it could be inverse and multiply it
by the RHS.
This would mean that the vector was
zero.
This means that the determinant of
(M- I) must be zero so is singular.
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
( )( )
( ) ( )
2
0
0
0
a b
c d
a d bc
a d ad bc

=
+ + =
This is called the characteristic
equations and will allow to find the
eigenvalues (characteristic values)
The Eigenvalues represent the scale factor of the distance our position
vector (which we still need to find) moves in relation to its original
position. There may be 1, 2 or no real eigenvalues in a 2x2 matrix.
This bit is the useful bit to remember
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
x x
M
y y

( (
=
( (

Once the Eigenvalues have found, substitute these back to find their
corresponding Eigenvectors.
Eigenvectors represent Invariant Lines. These are the lines of points
that map onto themselves after a transformation.
This represents the Eigenvector.
It is not unique as any multiple of
it would still be an Eigenvector!
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Find the eigenvalues and corresponding
eigenvectors of matrix A.
3 2
4 1
= A