icvi gZ Dj

Dj icvjx eYi

icvjx eYi Dj bxjvf mv`v eYi

imvqb qv`k Aaq avZz I avZe agi eenvi mwWqvg (Na) GwU ek big Ges Qzwii mvnvh KvUv hvq| GwU cvwb Acv nvjKv| gvMbwmqvg Gi MjbvsK 6500C zUvbvsK 10900C | (Mg) Avjywgwbqv GwU _K cvZjv cvZ Zwi g (Al) Kiv hvq| Avqib ev jvnv (Fe) Kvjwmqvg(Ca) GwU gvUvgywU big| wRsK ev `v (Zn) 1000C Zvcgvvi wbP wRsK fsi| 1000C-1500C Zvcgvvq GK miZvi ev cvZ cwibZ Kiv hvq| GwU ek big Ges Qzwii mvnvh KvUv hvq| KvMRi Dci Nlj Kvjv `vM KvU

Clr bxjvf a~mi

jW ev mxmv (Pb)

ZvgvU eY

Kcvi ev Zvgv (Cu)

hMi bvg
mwWqvg cviAvBW mwWqvg nvBWvvBW mwWqvg KvebU mwWqvg evB KvebU Av` mwWqvg mvjdU cUvwmqvg mycviAvBW cUvwmqvg nvBWvvBW gvMbwmqvg AvBW Av` gvMbwmqvg mvjdU Kvjwmqvg AvjU

evwYwRK ev eenvwiK bvg

KwK mvWv Kvco KvPvi mvWv Lvevi mvWv Myevi jeY

ivmvqwbK msKZ
Na2O2 NaOH Na2CO3 Na2HCO3 Na2SO4. 10 H2O KO2

KwK cUvm gvMbwmqv Bcmg jeY KvbvjvBU

KOH MgO MgSO4. 7 H2O KCl, MgCl2, 6 H2O COO Ca COO

Kvjwmqvg KvebU Kvjwmqvg AvBW Kvjwmqvg nvBWvvBW Kviv Aw

Pzbvcv_i ev PK KzBK jvBg ev Pyb vKU jvBg ev KwjPzb wewPs cvDWvi

CaCO3 CaO Ca(OH)2 Ca(OCl)Cl

Kvjwmqvg KvivBW Av` Kvjwmqvg mvjdU Kvjwmqvg mvjdU Avjywgwbqvg AvBW wUKvKvi we Avjywgwbqvg AvBW Av` cUvwmqvg Avjywgwbqvg mvjdU Av` wRsK mvjdU jvj jW cvwbhy dwiK AvBW UvB-Avqib UUvvBW ev divmvdwiK AvBW Av` divm mvjdU Av` Kcvi mvjdU

wRcmvg AvbnvBWvWvBU cvwimcvvi Avjywgbv ev evBU Kvivvg ev mwq ev Avjywgbv cUvm Gjvg ev wdUwKwi mv`v wfwUqj iW jW gwiPv gvMbUvBU

CaSO4. 2H2O CaSO4 (CaSO4)2. H2O Al2O3 Al2O3 Al2(SO4)3, K2SO4, 24H2O ZnSO4. 7H2O Pb3O4 Fe2O3. nH2O Fe3O4

meyR wfwUqj gvii jeY ey wfwUqj

FeSO4. 7H2O FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4. 6H2O CuSO4. 5H2O

Avmj msKZ mvwWqvg AvjywgbU NaAl(OH)4 njI `yBwU cvwbi AbyK ev` w`q NaAlO2 jLv nq| Abyicfve, mvwWqvg wRsKU Na2Zn(OH)4 K jLv nq Na2ZnO2 |

wewfb aibi Avqbi cixv

cheY

avZy
mvw Wqvg cUvwm qvg gvMb wmqvg

cixv
wkLv cixv

wkLv cixv

gvMbwmqvg jeYi `eY NH4Cl I NH4OH Ges WvBmvwWqvg nvBWRb dmdU Na2HPO4 `eY hvM

Dj mvbvjxnjy` eYi wkLv| bxj Kvev KvPi wfZi w`q ZvKvj G wkLv `Lv hvq bv| ebx eYi wkLv| bxj Kvev KvPi wfZi w`q ZvKvj G wkLvK jvj eYi `Lv hvq| gvMbwmqvg Avgvwbhvg dmdU Mg(NH4)PO4 Gi Aatc co| MgCl2 + Na2HPO4 + NH4OH = Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NaCl + H2O

Kvjw mqvg

Kvjwmqvg jeYi `eY Avgvwbhvg AvjU COONH4 COONH4 `eY hvM Avjywgwbqvg jeYi `eY NH4Cl I NH4OH hvM

Kvjwmqvg AvjUi mv`v Aatc co| COONH4 CaCl2 + COONH4 COO COO Ca + 2NH4Cl

Avjyw gwbqv g

Avjywgwbqvg nvBWvvBWi mv`v Aatc co| AatcwU AwZwi mvwWqvg nvBWvvBW I GwmW `ebxq wK AwZwi NH4OH G A`ebxq| AlCl3 + 3NaOH = Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl

Al(OH)3 + NaOH = NaAl(OH)4 Al(OH)3 + 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H2O wRsK wRsK jeYi `eY mvwWqvg nvBWvvBW NaOH hvM wRsK nvBWvvWi mv`v Aatc co| AatcwU AwZwi mvwWqvg nvBWvvBW `ebxq| `ebwUZ H2S hvM Kij mvjdvBWi wRsK mv`v Aatc co| ZnSO4 + 2NaOH = Zn(OH)2 + Na2SO4

Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH = NaZnO2 + 2H2O NaZnO2 + H2S = ZnS jW jW Avqbi `eY cUvwmqvg AvqvWvBW KI `eY hvM Avqib jeYi `eY mvwWqvg nvBWvvBW NaOH hvM + 2NaOH

jW AvqvWvBWi njy` Aatc co| Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI = PbI2 + 2KNO3

Avqib

meyR eYi Avqib (II) nvBWvvWi Aatc co| FeCl2 + 2NaOH = Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl

jvjP ev`vgx eYi Avqib (III) nvBWvvBWi Aatc co| FeCl3 + 3NaOH = Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl

Kcvi

wkLv cixv Av` cixv Kcvi (II) jeYi `eY axi axi Avgvwbqv `eY hvM Kij

Nb nvBWKvwiK GwmW wk Kcvi jeY Abyj wk_vq cek Kivj meyRvf bxj iO c`vb Ki| c_g nvv bxj iOi viKxq jeYi Aatc co| AwZwi Avgvwbqv `eY hvM Kij H Aatc `exf~Z nq Mvp bxj iOi `eY Zwi Ki|