Kesetimbangan ion dalam Asam dan Basa

Senyawa paling banyak diproduksi

Sulfuric acid = H2SO4 = Asam sulfat Hydrochloric acid = HCl = Asam Klorida Nitric acid = HNO3 = Asam Nitrat Sodium Hydroxide = NaOH = Basa Natrium hidroksida Calcium hydroxide = Ca(OH)2 = Basa Kalsium hidroksida Ammonia = NH3 = bakal Basa NH4OH

Indikator
Vinegar (cuka) = bersifat asam Lemon juice (air jeruk) = bersifat asam Air teh = cenderung basa Sari jeruk mengubah sifat basa air teh Buktinya warna air teh dari coklat menjadi kuning

 Senyawa spt dalam teh yang bisa berubah dari coklat menjadi kuning, ketika terjadi perubahan ke-asam/basa-an, bisa disebut sebagai indikator Indikator menjadi penanda bahwa telah terjadi perubahan kimia dalam larutan Indikator sintetis: phenolphtalein, methylene blue, bromokresol, dll.

Contoh asam yang populer

Cuka = larutan yang mengandung acetic acid = CH3COOH = HC2H3O2 = asam cuka

Sifat Asam
Dalam air melepaskan ion H+ CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ Asam + Logam Garam + Hidrogen CH3COOH + Mg (CH3COO)2Mg + H2 Sifat mampu melepaskan Hidrogen ini yang mendasari sifat asam Asam mengubah kertas litmus menjadi merah

Citric acid = Asam Sitrat

Air jeruk = larutan mengandung citric acid = H3C6H5O7= asam sitrat

Sifat Basa
Dalam air melepaskan ion OH NaOH Na+ + OH-

Basa + Asam Garam + Air NaOH + CH3COOH CH3COONa + H2O

Teori awal Asam Basa

Tahun 1800-an awal: tiap molekul asam mengandung minimal satu atom H. Th 1887 Svante Arrhenius (Bapak teori ionisasi): atom H berhubungan dengan sifat keasaman. Asam = donor H+ HCl Cl- + H+ CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ (dalam H2O) CH3COOH CH3COO- + H3O+

Listrik
Walau Terlarut CH3COOH maupun HCl

Pelarut = Benzene = C6H6 Nonelectrolyte

Listrik
Terlarut 0,5 M CH3COOH Asam Lemah

Pelarut = Air Larutan ion dalam air = electrolyte

Listrik
Terlarut 0,5 M HCl Asam Kuat

Pelarut = Air Larutan ion dalam air = electrolyte

Asam sbg elektrolit

HCl Cl- + H+ HCl dalam H2O (air) = strong electrolyte

CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH dalam H2O (air) = weak electrolyte

HCl dalam C6H6 (benzene) = non electrolyte

Basa sebagai elektrolit

NaOH Na+ + OH NaOH dalam H2O (air) = strong electrolyte NH4OH NH4+ + OH NH4OH dalam H2O (air) = weak electrolyte

NH4OH dalam C6H6 (benzene) = non electrolyte

Konsep Asam dan Basa

Svante Arrhenius (1887): Asam = pemberi H+ Basa = penerima H+ Gilbert N. Lewis (1916): Asam mendapatkan muatan Basa mendapatkan muatan + Johannes N. Bronsted & Thomas M. Lowry (1923): Asam = pemberi proton Basa = penerima proton

Arrhenius: HCl asam Lewis: HCl juga asam Bronsted & Lowry: HCl = juga asam Yang berbeda alasannya Saling melengkapi

Konstanta Ionisasi : Asam (Ka) dan Basa (Kb)

HCl H+ + Cl-

[H+] [Cl-]
Ka =

[HCl]

107

>102

Maka HCl digolongkan Strong Acid (asam kuat)

Ka Asam Lemah
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+

[CH3COO- ] [H+ ]
Ka =

[CH3COOH ]

= 1,8 x 10-5

10-8 < Ka CH3COOH < 10-3

Maka CH3COOH digolongkan Weak Acid (asam lemah)

Strong Acid (Ka > 102)

Perchloric acid = HClO4 Sulfuric acid = H2SO4 Iodide acid = Hydrogen Iodide = HI Bromide acid = Hydrogen Bromide = HBr Chloride acid = Hydrogen Chloride = HCl Nitric acid = HNO3

Weak Acid (10-8 < Ka < 10-3)

Acetic acid = CH3C00H Carbonic acid = H2CO3 Hydrogen Sulfide = H2S Nitrous acid = HNO2 H3PO4 , H2SO3

Ka Meningkat seiring Bil. Oksidasi

Acid Formula Oxidation Ka Number

Hypochlorous Chlorous Chloric

HClO HClO2 HClO3

1+ 3+ 5+

5 x 10-8 1 x 10-2 1 x 1010

Perchloric

Catatan: Ka HCl

107

HClO4

7+

1 x 1011

Ka Air
H2O H+ + OH-

Ka =

[H+] [OH- ] [H2O]

= 1 x 10-14

Pada [H2O]=1 mole/L, Didapatkan [H+] [OH- ]= 1 x 10-14 mole/L Karena [H+] = [OH-] maka [H+] [OH-] = [H+] [H+] = [H+]2 Jadi [H+]2 = 1 x 10-14 dan [H+] = (1 x 10-14) = 1 x 10-7 dipermudah penulisannya: - log 1 x 10-7 = - log 10-7 = -(7) = 7 Maka pH air murni = 7

Selanjutnya Ka (a=acid) Air menjadi Kw (w=water)

Kw = Kw =

[H+] [OH- ] = 10-14

[H+] [H+ ] = 10-14 [H+ ]2 [H+ ] = 10-14

= 10-7

pH = -Log[H+ ] = -Log(10-7) pH air = 7

Kesetimbangan ion-ion dalam larutan didasarkan pada Kw air ini

Ka Air Kw
Air murni terurai sebagian H+ maupun OH Dalam suatu larutan ------dengan pelarut air, ada juga ion H+ maupun OH Jika [H+] > [OH-], sifat asam, pH < 7 Jika [H+] = [OH-], sifat netral, pH = 7 Jika [H+] < [OH-], sifat basa, pH > 7 Range pH pH=1....................pH=7....................pH=14 Asam...................Netral...................Basa

pH (Power of Hydrogen)
pH = - log [H+] Problem: Suatu larutan, volume 200 mL, diukur dg alat pH-meter ternyata pH-nya = 5 Jika larutan diencerkan 10 x menjadi 2000 mL, berapa pH-nya sekarang?

pH (Power of Hydrogen)
pH = - log [H+]

5 = - log [H+]
5 = - (-5)

5 = - (log 10-5)
Jadi [H+] = 10-5 mole/Liter

 Diencerkan 10 x, [H+] menjadi 10-5 x 10-1 mole/Liter = 10-6 mole/Liter pH sekarang = - (log 10-6) = -(-6) = 6 Pengenceran membuat pH mendekati netral

pH Asam Kuat
Berapa pH dari larutan 0,01 M HCl? HCl H+ + Cl Dalam air, Asam Kuat diasumsikan terdisosiasi sepenuhnya menjadi ion-ion, maka: [H+] = [HCl] = 0,01 mole/L = 10-2 mole/L pH = -Log(10-2) = -(-2) = 2

pH Basa Kuat
Berapa pH dari larutan 0,01 M NaOH? NaOH Na+ + OH-

Dalam air, Basa Kuat diasumsikan terdisosiasi

sepenuhnya menjadi ion-ion, maka:

[OH-] = [NaH] = 0,01 mole/L = 10-2 mole/L

 Rumus kesetimbangan ion dalam air:

Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 10-14

[H+] (10-2) = 10-14 [H+] = 10-14/(10-2) = 10-12 pH = -Log(10-12) = -(-12) = 12

pH beberapa zat
Nama Zat Gastric juice (cairan lambung) Lemons (bangsa Jeruk) Vinegar (Cuka) Wine (Anggur) Apples Oranges (bangsa Jeruk) Beer Urine (air kencing) Water saturated with CO2 (bangsa minuman Sprite) pH 1 3 (Sangat asam) 2,2 2,4 (Sangat asam) 2,4 3,4 2,8 3,8 2,9 3,3 3-4 4-5 5-8 6

Cows milk (susu sapi)

Saliva (Air liur)

6,3 6,6
6,5 7,5 (netral)

The importance of pH Pentingnya pH

The effectiveness of enzymes depends very much on pH Efektivitas enzim- sangat tergantung pada pH tertentu Plants grow best in soil in the right pH range (slightly basic or acidic) depending on the plant Tanaman tumbuh baik pada kisaran pH tertentu (bisa basa maupun asam)

 The rate of deterioration of metals, stone and concrete is determined largely by pH of the water to which they are exposed Laju kerusakan logam, batu dan batu beton sangat ditentukan oleh air yang menerpa mereka Rain water has been becoming more acidic because of increasing pollution of the atmosphere by SO2, NO2, etc. Air hujan menjadi lebih asam karena polusi gas-gas SO2, NO2, dll.

pH Asam Lemah
Acetic acid CH3COOH memiliki Ka 1,75 x 10-5 Jika konsentrasinya 0,1 M, berapa pHnya? CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ (0,1-y) y y

Ka

[CH3COO-] [H+ ]

[CH3COOH]

= 1,75 x 10-5

Ka =

(y) (y)
(0,1 y) (y2)

= 1,75 x 10-5 = 1,75 x 10-5

(0,1 y)

Karena diasumsikan y sangat kecil, maka (0,1-y) dianggap = (0,1-0) = 0,1 sehingga

y2 = 1,75 x 10-6

y = (1,75 x 10-6) 1/2 y = (1,751/2 x 10-6/2)

-Log (y) = -Log(1,751/2 x 10-6/2)

-Log (y) = -Log1,75) pH = -Log1,75 + (-Log10-6/2) +3

pH = -Log1,322875656

+3

pH = - Log1,322876 pH = - 0,121519024 + 3

+3

pH
pH

= - 0,1 + 3

= 2,9

pH Basa Lemah
Ammonia NH4OH memiliki Kb 5,65 x 10-10 Jika konsentrasinya 0,2 M, berapa pHnya? NH4OH NH4+ + OH(0,2-y) y y

Kb =

[NH4+ ]

[OH- ]

[NH4OH]

= 5,65 x 10-10

= 5,65 x 10-10 (y2) (0,2 y)

= 5,65 x 10-10

Karena diasumsikan y sangat kecil, maka (0,2 - y) dianggap = (0,2 - 0) = 0,2 sehingga

y2 = (5,65 x 10-10) 0,2

y2 = (1,13 x 10-10)

y y y

= (1,13 x 10-10)1/2 = (1,13 1/2) x (10-5) = 1.063014581 x 10-5

Karena NH4OH =Basa, maka y = [OH-] [OH-] = 1.063014581 x 10-5

Kw

[H+] [OH- ] = 10-14 10-14 [OH- ] 10-14

[H+] =

[H+] =

1.063014581 x 10-5

[H+] =(1/1,063014581) x 10-14-(-5)

[H+] =(0,940720869)

x 10-9)

pH = - Log(0,940720869) pH = - (-0,026539221)

- Log(10-9)
+9

pH
pH

= +0,0 + 9

= 9,0

Self-Test: 1.Find the pH of solution in which [H+] = 6.38 x 10-6 mol/L. 2.Calculate [H+] for a solution of pH 8.37 3.Calculate the pH of a strong base 1.0 x 10-3 M NaOH 4.Calculate the pH of a strong base 5.0 x 10-3 M Ba(OH)2 5.Calculate the pH of a weak acid 2.0 x 10-3 M H2CO3 (Ka = 5.64 x 10-11)