University of Phoenix Material

Motivation Concepts Table

Use the following table to complete the Motivation Concept Table assignment for Week One. You are encouraged to modify table formatting to suit your needs. Please consult with course instructor for additional assignment specifications. The completed table will serve as a resource for the remainder of the course. Major Theorist(s) Theory Name Will: Descartes Time Period Created 1637 Key Theory Concepts The will motivates all action. The will initiated and directed action. Rand 1964 Deciding whether to act or not

Ruckmick

1936

STRIVING-creating impulses to act Resisting- Self-denial or Resisting temptation

Instinct

Darwin

1859-1872

Behavior Unlearned, Automated, and Mechanistic Biological Urges, Impulses, & Appetites Function of behavior was to serve bodily needs

Drive

Woodworth

1918

Freud

1915

All Behavior was motivated to serve the satisfaction of needs Drive had a purely physiological basis and bodily need was the ultimate basis of motivation, and could be predicted before it occured

Drive Internal Stimulation VIA Bodily Disturbances & External VIA Quality of Incentive

Clark Hull

1943, 1952

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Equity

John Stacy Adams

1960

Need

David McClelland

1961

Hierarchy Of needs

Abraham Maslow

1943

ERG Existence Relatedness Growth

Clayton Alderfer

1969-1972

Two Theory

Factor

Frederick Herzberg

1966

It is not the actual reward that motivates; it is the perception of it. Based from the effort put into something and the efforts of others. It is a comparison of the rewards received to the rewards of others. Different needs motivate different people. ACHIEVEMENT: Seeks achievement, over realistic but challenging goals, and advancement in the job. There is a strong need for feedback. AFFILIATION: form close personal relationships and interaction with other people. POWER: motivated by authority, these type of people need to be influential, effective and to make an impact. personal status and prestige Categorized as selfactualization, esteem, belongingness, safety, physiological. Power needs take priority and must be fulfilled before others. Theories includes classification of each aspect of life such as sex, food, friends, freedom, approval, education, religion etc. Advancement of Maslows hierarchy. EXISTENCE: physiological and safety needs (lower order needs) RELATEDNESS: intrapersonal love and esteem of others GROWTH: self-actualization and self-esteem. If one of the higher order needs are not met, person will put extra effort into a lower category need to compensate. Content factor: contention associated with feeling good, taking care. Context factor: surroundings or peripheral aspects of environment

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SelfDetermination (sub-theory: cognitive evaluation)

Maarten Vansteenkiste Edward Deci

1975-2000

COMPETENCE: Seek to control the outcome and experience mastery RELATEDNESS: Is the universal want to interact, be connected to, and experience caring for others AUTONOMY: Is the universal urge to be causal agents of one's own life and act in harmony with one's integrated self There are INTRINSIC and EXTRINSIC motivators.

MOTIVATION THEORY Achievement motivation Arousal Attribution Cognitive dissonance Cognitive evaluation Differential emotions Drive Dynamics of action Effectance motivation Ego development Expectancy value

SUPPORTIVE REFERENCE CITATION Atkinson (1964) Berlyne (1967) Weiner (1986) Harmon-Jones and Mills (1999) Deci and Ryan (1985a Izard (1991) Bolles (1975) Atkinson and Birch (1978) Harter (1981) Loevinger (1976) Vroom (1964)

Facial feedback hypothesisLaird (1974) Flow Goal setting Learned helplessness Opponent process Positive affect Psychodynamics Reactance Self-actualization Self-determination Self-efficacy Csikszentmihalyi (1997) Locke and Latham (1990) Peterson, Maier, and Seligman (1993) Solomon (1980) Isen (1987) Westin (1997) Wortman and Brehm (1975) Rogers (1959) Rigby, Deci, Patrick, and Ryan (1992) Bandura (1997)

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MOTIVATION THEORY Sensation seeking Stress and coping

SUPPORTIVE REFERENCE CITATION Zuckerman (1994) Lazarus (1991a)

NINE THEMES RUN THROUGH MOTIVATION STUDY: 1. MOTIVATION BENEFITS ADAPTATION 2. MOTIVES AFFECT BEHAVIOR BY DIRECTING ATTENTION 3. MOTIVE STRENGTHS VARY OVER TIME AND INFLUENCE THE STREAM OF BEHAVIOR 4. MOTIVATION INCLUDES BOTH APPROACH AND AVOIDANCE TENDENCIES 5. MOTIVATION STUDY REVEALS THE CONTENTS OF HUMAN NATURE 6. MOTIVATION VARIES NOT ONLY IN INTENSITY BUT ALSO IN ITS TYPE 7. WE ARE NOT ALWAYS CONSCIOUSLY AWARE OF THE MOTIVATIONAL BASIS OF OUR BEHAVIOR 8. MOTVATIONAL PRINCIPALS CAN BE APPLIED 9. THERE IS NOTHING SO PRACTICAL AS A GOOD THEORY

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