Data Booklet

CHEMISTRY 12
Work done in this booklet will not be marked.

Ministry of Education

Revised January 2000

CONTENTS

Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Table Periodic Table of the Elements Atomic Masses of the Elements Names, Formulae, and Charges of Some Common Ions Solubility of Common Compounds in Water Solubility Product Constants at 25C Relative Strengths of Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Acid-base Indicators Standard Reduction Potentials of Half-cells

REFERENCE
D.R. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1999.

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
2

Hydrogen

He
Helium

1.0 14

4.0 5 6 7 8 9 10

Si
Silicon

Li
28.1 10.8 13 14 12.0
Boron Carbon

Be

N
Nitrogen

O
Oxygen

F
Fluorine

Ne
Neon

Lithium

Beryllium

Atomic Number Symbol Name Atomic Mass

14.0 15

6.9

9.0

16.0 16

19.0 17

20.2 18

11

12

Na
Aluminum

Mg
27.0 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Al

Si
Silicon

P
Phosphorus

S
Sulphur

Cl
Chlorine

Ar
Argon

Sodium

Magnesium

23.0

24.3

28.1 32

31.0 33

32.1 34

35.5 35

39.9 36

19

20

21

22

K
Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc

Ca
50.9 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga
Gallium

Ge
Germanium

As
Arsenic

Se
Selenium

Br
Bromine

Kr
Krypton

Potassium

Calcium

Scandium

Titanium

39.1

40.1

45.0

47.9

69.7 49

72.6 50

74.9 51

79.0 52

79.9 53

83.8 54

37

38

39

40

1 Nb
Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver

Rb
92.9 73 74 75 76 77 78 95.9 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 79

Sr

Zr

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd
Cadmium

In
Indium

Sn
Tin

Sb
Antimony

Te
Tellurium

I
Iodine

Xe
Xenon

Rubidium

Strontium

Yttrium

Zirconium

85.5

87.6

88.9

91.2

112.4 80

114.8 81

118.7 82

121.8 83

127.6 84

126.9 85

131.3 86

55

56

57

72

Cs
Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum

Ba
180.9 192.2 109 105 106 107 108 183.8 186.2 190.2 195.1

La

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au
Gold

Hg
Mercury

Ti
Thallium

Pb
Lead

Bi
Bismuth

Po
Polonium

At
Astatine

Rn
Radon

Cesium

Barium

Lanthanum

Hafnium

132.9

137.3

138.9

178.5

197.0

200.6

204.4

207.2

209.0

(209)

(210)

(222)

87

88

89

104

Fr
Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium

Ra
(262) (263) (262) (265)

Ac

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt
Meitnerium

Francium

Radium

Actinium

Rutherfordium

(223)

(226)

(227)

(261)

(266)

58 59 60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

Ce Pr
Praseodymium

Nd
Neodymium

Pm
Promethium

Sm
Samarium

Eu
Europium

Gd
Gadolinium

Tb
Terbium

Dy
Dysprosium

Ho
Holmium

Er
Erbium

Tm
Thulium

Yb
Ytterbium

Lu
Lutetium

Based on mass of C12 at 12.00.

Cerium

140.1 140.9 91 90

144.2 92

(145) 93

150.4 94

152.0 95

157.3 96

158.9 97

162.5 98

164.9 99

167.3 100

168.9 101

173.0 102

175.0 103

Th
Thorium

Pa
Protactinium

U
Uranium

Np
Neptunium

Pu
Plutonium

Am
Americium

Cm
Curium

Bk
Berkelium

Cf
Californium

Es
Einsteinium

Fm
Fermium

Md
Mendelevium

No
Nobelium

Lr
Lawrencium

Values in parentheses are the masses of the most stable or best known isotopes for elements which do not occur naturally.
232.0 231.0

238.0

(237)

(244)

(243)

(247)

(247)

(251)

(252)

(257)

(258)

(259)

(262)

ATOMIC MASSES OF THE ELEMENTS

Based on mass of C12 at 12.00. Values in parentheses are the mass number of the most stable or best known isotopes for elements that do not occur naturally. Element Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Mendelevium Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Md Atomic Number 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 101 Atomic Mass (227) 27.0 (243) 121.8 39.9 74.9 (210) 137.3 (247) 9.0 209.0 10.8 79.9 112.4 40.1 (251) 12.0 140.1 132.9 35.5 52.0 58.9 63.5 (247) (262) 162.5 (252) 167.3 152.0 (257) 19.0 (223) 157.3 69.7 72.6 197.0 178.5 4.0 164.9 1.0 114.8 126.9 192.2 55.8 83.8 138.9 (262) 207.2 6.9 175.0 24.3 54.9 (258) 2 Element Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulphur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Symbol Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr Atomic Number 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 104 62 21 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 40 Atomic Mass 200.6 95.9 144.2 20.2 (237) 58.7 92.9 14.0 (259) 190.2 16.0 106.4 31.0 195.1 (244) (209) 39.1 140.9 (145) 231.0 (226) (222) 186.2 102.9 85.5 101.1 (261) 150.4 45.0 79.0 28.1 107.9 23.0 87.6 32.1 180.9 (98) 127.6 158.9 204.4 232.0 168.9 118.7 47.9 183.8 238.0 50.9 131.3 173.0 88.9 65.4 91.2

NAMES, FORMULAE, AND CHARGES OF SOME COMMON IONS

* Aqueous solutions are readily oxidized by air. ** Not stable in aqueous solutions. Positive Ions (Cations) Al3+ NH4+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Cr2+ Cr3+ Cu + Cu2+ H+ H 3 O+ Fe 2+ Fe 3+ Pb 2+ Aluminum Ammonium Barium Calcium Chromium(II), chromous Chromium(III), chromic Copper(I)*, cuprous Copper(II), cupric Hydrogen Hydronium Iron(II)*, ferrous Iron(III), ferric Lead(II), plumbous Negative Ions (Anions) Br CO3 2 ClO3 Cl ClO2 CrO4 2 CN Cr 2O7 2 H2 PO4 CH3 COO F HCO3 HC2O 4 HSO4 HS HSO3 Bromide Carbonate Chlorate Chloride Chlorite Chromate Cyanide Dichromate Dihydrogen phosphate Ethanoate, acetate Fluoride Hydrogen carbonate, bicarbonate Hydrogen oxalate, binoxalate Hydrogen sulphate, bisulphate Hydrogen sulphide, bisulphide Hydrogen sulphite, bisulphite 3 OH ClO I HPO 42 NO3 NO2 C 2O 42 O 2 ClO4 MnO4 PO 43 SO 42 S2 SO 32 SCN Hydroxide Hypochlorite Iodide Monohydrogen phosphate Nitrate Nitrite Oxalate Oxide** Perchlorate Permanganate Phosphate Sulphate Sulphide Sulphite Thiocyanate Pb4+ Li+ Mg2+ Mn2+ Mn4+ Hg 22+ Hg2+ K+ Ag+ Na+ Sn2+ Sn4+ Zn2+ Lead(IV), plumbic Lithium Magnesium Manganese(II), manganous Manganese(IV) Mercury(I)*, mercurous Mercury(II), mercuric Potassium Silver Sodium Tin(II)*, stannous Tin(IV), stannic Zinc

SOLUBILITY OF COMMON COMPOUNDS IN WATER

The term soluble here means > 0.1 mol/L at 25C. Negative Ions (Anions) All Positive Ions (Cations) Alkali ions: Li+ , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , Fr + Solubility of Compounds Soluble

All

Hydrogen ion: H +

Soluble

All

Ammonium ion: NH 4 +

Soluble

Nitrate, NO3

All

Soluble

or or

Chloride,Cl Bromide, Br Iodide, I

All others

Soluble

Ag+ , Pb 2+ , Cu + All others Soluble

Low Solubility

Sulphate, SO4 2

Ag+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba2+ , Pb2+ Alkali ions, H + , NH 4 + , Be2+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+ Soluble

Low Solubility

Sulphide, S2

All others Alkali ions, H + , NH 4 + , Sr 2+ Soluble

Low Solubility

Hydroxide, OH

All others Phosphate, PO4 3 Carbonate, or

CO32

Low Solubility

or

Alkali ions, H + , NH 4 +

Soluble

Sulphite, SO3 2

All others

Low Solubility

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS AT 25C

Name Barium carbonate Barium chromate Barium sulphate Calcium carbonate Calcium oxalate Calcium sulphate Copper(I) iodide Copper(II) iodate Copper(II) sulphide Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(II) sulphide Iron(III) hydroxide Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) iodate Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) sulphate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium hydroxide Silver bromate Silver bromide Silver carbonate Silver chloride Silver chromate Silver iodate Silver iodide Strontium carbonate Strontium fluoride Strontium sulphate Zinc sulphide Formula BaCO3 BaCrO4 BaSO4 CaCO3 CaC2 O4 CaSO4 CuI Cu IO 3 CuS Fe OH FeS Fe OH PbBr2 PbCl2 K sp 2.6 10 9 1.2 1010 1.1 10 10 5.0 10 9 2.3 109 7.1 105 1.3 10 12 6.9 10 8 6.0 10 37 4.9 1017 6.0 10 19 2.6 10 39 6.6 10 6 1.2 105 3.7 1013 8.5 109 1.8 108 6.8 10 6 5.6 10 12 5.3 105 5.4 10 13 8.5 1012 1.8 1010 1.1 10 12 3.2 10 8 8.5 1017 5.6 10 10 4.3 10 9 3.4 10 7 2.0 10 25

( )2

( )2 ( )3 ( )2

Pb IO3 PbI2 PbSO4

MgCO3 Mg OH 2 AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2 CO3 AgCl Ag2 CrO4 AgIO3 AgI SrCO3 SrF2 SrSO 4 ZnS

( )

RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF BRNSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES

in aqueous solution at room temperature. Name of Acid Perchloric Hydriodic Hydrobromic Hydrochloric Nitric Sulphuric Hydronium Ion Iodic Oxalic Sulphurous (SO 2 + H 2 O) Hydrogen sulphate ion Phosphoric Hexaaquoiron ion, iron( III ) ion Citric Nitrous
STRENGTH OF ACID

Acid HClO 4 HI HBr

Base H + + ClO 4 H +I
+ + + + +

Ka very large very large very large very large very large very large 1.0 1.7 10 1 5.9 10 2 1.5 10 2 1.2 10 2 7.5 10 3 6.0 10 3 7.1 10 4 4.6 10 4 3.5 10 4 1.8 10 4 1.5 10 4 6.5 10 5 6.4 10 5 1.8 10 5 1.7 10 5 1.4 10 5 4.3 10 7 4.1 10 7 1.0 10 7 9.1 10 8
2 4

STRONG

H + Br

HCl H + Cl

HNO 3 H + NO 3

Hydrofluoric Methanoic, formic Hexaaquochromium ion, chromium( III ) ion Benzoic Hydrogen oxalate ion Ethanoic, acetic Dihydrogen citrate ion Hexaaquoaluminum ion, aluminum ion Carbonic (CO 2 + H 2 O) Monohydrogen citrate ion Hydrogen sulphite ion Hydrogen sulphide Dihydrogen phosphate ion Boric Ammonium ion Hydrocyanic Phenol Hydrogen carbonate ion Hydrogen peroxide Monohydrogen phosphate ion Water Hydroxide ion Ammonia

HF H + + F HCOOH H + + HCOO 3+ H + + Cr(H O) (OH)2 + Cr(H 2 O)6 2 5 H + + C H COO C H COOH HC 2 O 4 H + + C 2 O 4 2 H + + CH COO CH 3COOH 3 2 + H C H O H + HC H O
2 6 5 7 3+ 6 5 7 6 5 6 5

H 3 PO 4 H + + H 2 PO 4 3+ 2+ + Fe(H 2 O)6 H + Fe(H 2 O)5 (OH) H 3C 6 H 5 O 7 H + + H 2 C 6 H 5O 7 HNO H + + NO

2 2

H 2 C 2 O 4 H + + HC 2 O 4 H + + HSO H 2 SO 3 3 2 + HSO H + SO
4 4

H 2 SO 4 H + HSO 4 H 3O + H + + H 2 O HIO H + + IO
3 3

WEAK STRENGTH OF BASE

Al(H 2 O)6

H 2 CO 3 HC 6 H 5O 7 2

HSO 3 H + + SO 3 H + + HS H 2S H PO H + + HPO
2 4

H + + Al(H O) (OH)2 + 2 5 H + + HCO 3 H + + C H O 3

6 5 7 2

6.2 10 8 7.3 10 10 5.6 10 10 4.9 10 10 1.3 10 10 5.6 10 11 2.4 10 12 2.2 10 13 1.0 10 14 very small very small
STRONG

WEAK

C 6 H 5OH H + + C 6 H 5O HCO 3 H + + CO 3 2 H + + HO H O
2

H 3 BO 3 H + + H 2 BO 3 + + NH 4 H + NH 3 HCN H + + CN

HPO 4

H + + PO 3 4 H + + OH H2O NH 3 H + NH 2
+

2 2

OH H + + O 2

ACID-BASE INDICATORS
Indicator Methyl violet Thymol blue Orange IV Methyl orange Bromcresol green Methyl red Chlorophenol red Bromthymol blue Phenol red Neutral red Thymol blue Phenolphthalein Thymolphthalein Alizarin yellow Indigo carmine pH Range in Which Colour Change Occurs 0.0 1.6 1.2 2.8 1.4 2.8 3.2 4.4 3.8 5.4 4.8 6.0 5.2 6.8 6.0 7.6 6.6 8.0 6.8 8.0 8.0 9.6 8.2 10.0 9.4 10.6 10.1 12.0 11.4 13.0 Colour Change as pH Increases yellow to blue red to yellow red to yellow red to yellow yellow to blue red to yellow yellow to red yellow to blue yellow to red red to amber yellow to blue colourless to pink colourless to blue yellow to red blue to yellow

STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS OF HALF-CELLS

Ionic concentrations are at 1M in water at 25C. Oxidizing Agents Reducing Agents E (Volts )
+ 2.87

MnO 2( s ) + 4 H + + 2 e Mn 2 + + 2 H 2 O IO 3 + 6H + + 5e 1 I 2( s ) + 3H 2 O 2 Br2(l ) + 2 e 2 Br AuCl 4 + 3e Au ( s ) + 4Cl NO 3 + 4 H + + 3e NO ( g ) + 2 H 2 O Hg 2 + + 2 e Hg (l ) + 7 1 H2O 2 O 2 ( g ) + 2 H 10 M + 2 e 2 NO + 4 H + + 2 e N O + 2 H O

Cr2 O 7 2 + 14 H + 6e 2Cr 3 + + 7H 2 O 1 O + 2H + + 2e H O
2 2( g ) 2

F2( g ) + 2 e 2 F S2 O 8 2 + 2 e 2SO 4 2 H 2 O 2 + 2H + + 2e 2H 2 O MnO 4 + 8H + + 5e Mn 2 + + 4 H 2 O Au 3 + + 3e Au ( s ) BrO 3 + 6H + + 5e 1 Br2(l ) + 3H 2 O 2 ClO 4 + 8H + + 8e Cl + 4 H 2 O Cl + 2 e 2Cl

2( g ) +

WEAK

STRONG

+ 2.01 +1.78 +1.51 +1.50 +1.48 +1.39 +1.36 +1.23 +1.23 +1.22 +1.20 +1.09 +1.00 + 0.96 + 0.85 + 0.82 + 0.80 + 0.80 + 0.80

Overpotential Effect

STRENGTH OF OXIDIZING AGENT

O 2( g ) + 2 H + + 2e H 2 O 2 MnO 4 + 2 H 2 O + 3e MnO 2( s ) + 4OH I 2( s ) + 2e 2 I Cu + + e Cu ( s ) H SO + 4 H + + 4e S + 3H O

2 3

Ag + + e Ag ( s ) 2+ 1 + e Hg (l ) 2 Hg 2 Fe 3 + + e Fe 2 +

STRENGTH OF REDUCING AGENT

+ 0.77 + 0.70 + 0.60 + 0.54 + 0.52 + 0.45 + 0.34 + 0.17 + 0.15 + 0.15 + 0.14 + 0.00 0.13 0.14 0.26 0.28 0.28 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.45 0.69 0.74 0.76 0.79 0.83 1.19 1.66 2.37 2.71 2.87 2.89 2.91 2.93 2.98 3.03 3.04

SO 4 2

Cu 2 + + 2 e Cu ( s ) + 4 H + + 2 e H 2 SO 3 + H 2 O Cu 2 + + e Cu + Sn 4 + + 2 e Sn 2 + + 2H + + 2e H S
2

(s)

S( s )

Ni 2 + + 2 e H 3 PO 4 + 2 H + + 2 e Co 2 + + 2 e Se ( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e Cr 3 + + e

2 H + + 2e H 2( g ) Pb 2 + + 2 e Pb ( s ) Sn 2 + + 2 e Sn
(s)

(g)

Ni ( s ) H 3 PO 3 + H 2 O Co ( s ) H 2 Se Cr 2 +
(s)

Overpotential Effect

Te ( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e H 2 Te 2H O + 2e H + 2OH Mn + 2 e Mn ( s ) 3+ Al + 3e Al
(s) (s)
2 2+ 2( g )

Ag 2 S( s ) + 2 e 2 Ag (s) + S2 Cr 3 + + 3e Cr( s ) Zn 2 + + 2 e Zn
(s)

2 H 2 O + 2 e H 2 + 2OH 10 7 M Fe 2 + + 2 e Fe

Mg 2 + + 2 e Mg ( s ) Na + + e Na Ca 2 + + 2 e Ca ( s ) Sr 2 + + 2 e Sr(s) Ba 2 + + 2 e Ba
(s )

STRONG

WEAK

K + + e K (s ) Rb + + e Rb (s) Cs + + e Cs Li + + e Li ( s )
(s)